step to im step to

STEP TOStudent Book

Official preparation material for Anglia ESOL International ExaminationsFor the revised and updated papers

MASTERS C2

STEP TOSTU

DENT BO

OK

MAS

TERS

C2

The STEP TO series consists of ten titles:

Step To First Step

Step To Junior

Step To Primary

Step To Preliminary

Step To Elementary

Step To Pre-Intermediate

Step To Intermediate

Step To Advanced

Step To AcCept Proficiency

Step To Masters

STEP TO books are specifically designed for students preparing for Anglia Examinations. The books have 10-12 units and include a QR code linking to audio files and a sample test. Each unit is topic based (covering high-frequency test topics and vocabulary) and has a fresh, attractive, and colourful design.

The books provide guided test practice for every test section. There are explanations and exercises for essential grammar patterns, collocations and vocabulary.

For teachers, the accompanying teachers' guides make things easy. Each book is

the teachers' guide for each level has language and cultural explanations, test tips, and transcripts of all the recordings.

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Copyright ©2020 AIM Qualifications and Assessment Group All rights reserved.

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STEP TO MASTERSSTUDENT BOOK

Developed and published by:

AIM Qualifications and Assessment Group.

any resemblance of names, characters, and incidents to actual persons, living or dead, business establishments, events or locales is coincidental.

About AIM

offers four distinct services across the UK and overseas:

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vocational qualifications for delivery by colleges, universities, training providers and by employers in the workplace. Our qualifications cover a range of academic levels and subject areas such as Foundation learning, creative, counselling, education compliance, Access to Higher Education and a range of specialised qualifications to suit specific skill areas.

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About Anglia ExaminationsAnglia offers a comprehensive and structured programme of assessing English language competence, from beginner through to full competence as an expert user. This step-by-step approach to testing encourages and motivates students to make clear and effective progress.Anglia exams measure all four language skills - listening, reading, writing and speaking. There are no minimum age requirements for the exams. The young learner levels are taken by students as young as four years old. The upper levels and Business English exams are taken by students who plan to continue their studies at an English

career prospects.

Further information can be found at:www.anglia.org

Copyright ©2020 AIM Qualifications and Assessment Group. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means – graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher.

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AIM Qualifications and Assessment GroupAnglia Examinations have partnered with AIM Qualifications and Assessment Group (AIM) to offer Ofqual approved qualifications for all candidates following the top four levels* of our STEP TO suite of general English (ESOL International) examinations:

B1 Intermediate AIM Entry Level Certificate in ESOL International (Entry 3) (B1) (Anglia Intermediate) Ofqual qualification number 601/4946/2

B2 Advanced AIM Level 1 Certificate in ESOL International (B2) (Anglia Advanced)Ofqual qualification number 601/4947/4

C1 Proficiency AIM Level 2 Certificate in ESOL International (C1) (Anglia Proficiency)Ofqual qualification number 601/4949/8

C2 Masters AIM Level 3 Certificate in ESOL International (Anglia Mastery) Ofqual qualification number 601/4948/6

All centres delivering the qualifications will be approved by both AIM and Anglia Examinations and the quality assurance process for the qualifications will be undertaken by both parties.



Step To First Step

Step To Junior

Step To Primary

Step To Preliminary

Step To Elementary


Step To Intermediate*

Step To Advanced*

Step To AcCept Proficiency*

Step To Masters *

For teachers, the accompanying teachers' guides make things easy. Each book is a comprehensive one-stop solution for test preparation. In addition to instructions, the teachers' guide for each level has language and cultural explanations, test tips, and transcripts of all the recordings.

Samples of each STEP TO books and audio can be found at: www.aim-group.org.uk/stepto

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UNIT 1: TRAVEL

69 UNIT 6:QUESTIONS OF EQUALITYSpeaking: Gender Inequality (70) | Section L1 (71) | Reading & Speaking: Crowded World (72) | Idioms (74) | Section W2 - Part 2 (74-77) | Section R1: Not all tourists are equal (78) | Summary Writing (79)

81 UNIT 7: THE SEASpeaking: Maritime Quotations (82) | Section L1 (83) Vocabulary: Outdoor Activities (84) | Section W1 (85) | Joseph Conrad’s ‘Youth’ (86) | Section R4 (87) | Teenage Girls Shake up Solo Sailing World (88) | Novels with a Nautical Flavour (89)Maritime Idioms (90-91)

93 UNIT 8: WAR AND PEACESpeaking: War Quotations (94) | Essay: Gun Control (95-97) Section R2 (98-101)

103 UNIT 9:SCIENCESpeaking: Science Quotations (104) | IP Protection (105) Reading: SKA (106) | Section L1 - Professor Peter Quinn (107-108) | Idioms and Proverbs (109) Section L1 - GoCarShare (110-111) | Commonly Confused Words (112) | Section R1 (113)

115 UNIT 10:IN THE SPOTLIGHTSpeaking: Arts & Media Quotations (116) | Section W1 (116) Section L4 & W1 (117) | Section R2 (119) | Section L3 (121) Section W2 (122) | Section L2 (124) | Section W3 (124)

127 SAMPLE PAPERSListening Paper (128) | Reading & Writing Paper (136) | Speaking Test (152)

Note: This book contains sections which relate to the Anglia exam so, for example, SECTION W is writing, SECTION R is reading, and SECTION L is listening.

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INTRO

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• Introduction to the Masters Examination (8)

• Preparation Advice (9)

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INTRODUCTION TO THE AIM / ANGLIAB2 MASTERS EXAM

Anglia’s Masters Exam is divided into two parts. Paper One is the Reading and Writing Paper. Paper Two is the Listening Paper. One element of the Listening Paper will contribute to the writing mark.

Paper One – Reading and Writing(95 marks, 2 hours 30 minutes)

Section R1

(10 marks) Reading: Two extracts with five gap-fill questions and five multiple choice questions

Section R2

(10 marks) Reading: Matching news headlines

Section R3

(10 marks) Idioms:Ten gap-fill questions with one word missing from an idiom in each sentence

Section W2

(10 marks) Idioms: Ten gap-fill questions with one word missing from an idiom in each sentence

Section W3

(15 marks) Writing:Two emails – one formal and one semi-formal / informal – of 80–100 words each. Both tasks are compulsory and are of the same function, e.g. complaining, apologizing etc.

Section R4 (20 marks)

Part 1: (10 marks)

Paraphrasing words from a long article

Part 2: (10 marks) Writing a summary

Section W4

(20 marks) Writing: An essay of 300–350 words

Paper Two – Listening(50 marks and 5 marks for W1, 45 minutes)

Section L1

(16 marks) Listening for unfamiliar information: A long interview with 8 multiple-choice questions

Section L2

(10 marks) Listening for inference and implication: A dialogue with 5 multiple-choice questions

Section L3

(8 marks) Listening for oblique reference: Two short monologues with two multiple-choice questions for each

Section L4 (16 marks) / W1 (5 marks)

Listening for relevant information: Note taking and writing a letter

SCORING: Your final score comes from

combining Sections writing (W) and reading

(R) (33.3%) and the Listening (L) section

(33.3%). You will be given a Refer (<55%), a

C1 Pass (55–64%), a C2 Pass (65–74%), a C2

Merit (75–89%), or a Distinction (90%+).

Writing W1, W2, W3, W4 Reading R1, R2, R3, R4Listening L1, L2, L3, L4

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INTRODUCTION TO THE AIM / ANGLIAB2 MASTERS EXAM PREPARING FOR THE MASTERS EXAM

The Speaking TestThe speaking test score is not aggregated into the reading, writing and listening scores. Therefore, it is separately certificated. It is not a compulsory part of the qualification but it is an obligatory test to pass if you want or need to show that you have achieved Masters level in all four skills. It is usually done with two students and an examiner. There are three parts. The speaking test (for two students) takes about 20 minutes.

Have a look at the test sample and information at the back ofthis book for a detailed description and breakdown.

A Few Words of AdviceStudy the exam and expose yourself to English. At this level of English, doing well on a test requires deep familiarity with advanced aspects of the English language, including paraphrasing, idiomatic language, semantic fields and having a wide structural range which enables you to make subtle distinctions of style. It is important to know the format of the exam and to practise the type of questions, but it is more important to immerse yourself in the language as much as possible. So, how do you go about practising?

• Use this book.

• Practise old tests. You can download them from the Central Documents page of Anglia’s website: www.anglia.org/central-documents. Just remember that the old tests are a little different from the new version.

• Concentrate on the sections of the exam that you find hardest.

• Have a look at the online resources for other exams at this level (C2) e.g. the Cambridge Proficiency Exam (CPE). This is Cambridge’s most advanced exam and equivalent to Anglia’s Masters You can download some free samples for extra practice; the reading sections aren't really relevant but the Use of English ones are good practice for Section R3 and W2, and the listening sections are worthwhile, too.

• If you are looking for extra reading practice, the Guardian newspaper website is packed full of interesting material. Other than articles that are of personal interest whether that be sports, news, or culture, it is worthwhile looking at the ‘Comments’ page. This has short opinion pieces on topical issues that are useful reading practice for Section R4. Try to choose pieces that are broader in nature rather those with a narrower, more specific political topic.

• The Guardian website also has some good audio material: (guardian.co.uk/audio). Regular podcasts include those on books, science, sport, media, music, and technology.

• The BBC website, bbc.co.uk, has a vast selection of material.

• Have a look at the BBC iPlayer for radio programmes that are of interest. The best stations for Masters preparation are BBC Radio 4, Radio 4 extra, and the World Service. The most relevant listening for the L1 interview is an arts programme on BBC Radio 4 called Front Row. The programme has interviews with actors, musicians, writers and other artists. The website is: www.bbc.co.uk/frontrow.

Varieties of EnglishAnglia Exams use British English but test takers can use other varieties e.g. American

English. In speech, consistency is not important as varieties are naturally blended in

international communication. In written English, it can be more important to be consistent

in obvious markers such as spelling, to avoid readers thinking you have made a mistake.

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TRAVEL01• Speaking: Travel Quotations (12)

• Section L4 & W1 (12–14)

• Reading: Favourite Place Names (15)

• Reading & Speaking: Regulating Tourism (16–18)

• Idioms (19)

• Section R1 (20-21)

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01 TRAVEL

What do the quotations mean? Do you agree with them?

I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel's sake. The great affair is to move.

Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894, Scottish novelist)

Tourists don’t know where they’ve been, travelers don’t know where they’re going.

Paul Theroux (American travel writer)

Too often travel, instead of broadening the mind, merely lengthens the conversation. Elizabeth Drew (American political writer)

A journey is best measured in friends, rather than miles.

Tim Cahill (American travel writer)

I did not fully understand the dread term ‘terminal illness’ until I saw Heathrow for myself.

Dennis Potter (English playwright, 1935–1994)

Sections L4 & W1

This section combines listening (L4) and writing (W1). The candidate hears a radio advertisement for a trip, concert, sports event or a similar activity. You should take notes while listening, being careful to distinguish between material which is relevant to the instructions given and material which is irrelevant because it is about another place, event or activity, for example. This listening section is heard TWICE only.

The greatest reward and luxury of travel is to be able to experience everyday things as if for the first time, to be in a position in which almost nothing is so familiar it is taken for granted.

Bill Bryson (American travel writer)

Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts. Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime.

Mark Twain (American author, 1835–1910)

When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.

Samuel Johnson (English author, 1709–1784)

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SAMPLE LETTER

Correct the factual mistakes in the letter.

Hi Tony,How are things? I’ve got a great idea for a fun weekend away. You’ve never been to Chichester, have you? I’ve always wanted to visit the city but never got round to it. I just heard some info about Chichester on the radio and there’s a new museum that sounds like it’s worth checking out.

Anyway, here’s a rough plan. Tell me what you think. We can visit Chichester Cathedral. It’s a must-see and, best of all, it's free. It opens at 09:00. We can just walk around on our own or join a free guided tour at 10:00 or 13:00. The new museum is just a ten-minute walk from the cathedral, and entry is £8.00. Chichester has some old walls, dating back to Roman times. It takes a little under an hour to walk around the walls, and they give you good views of the city.

If we go by car, Chichester is just off the M3 but you can get there by train or bus too and the stations are right near the centre of the city. Chichester also sounds like it’s near a great beach called West Wittering, I think. Fancy a swim? We can get there along a special cycling route called the SAWTURNS if you want to look it up. It’s 14 kilometres long. Perhaps we could take our bikes or rent bikes there.

Anyway, let me know what you think. Write back soon or call me after work.

Cheers,John

Note: The letter does not require an address or a date.

Targeted notetaking: Don’t waste your precious time writing down information you won’t use in the letter. Read the instructions carefully to see what is required. If the exam instructions don’t specify children, for example, then don’t bother writing down admission prices for kids. There will always be two elements to the advertisement, one of which will not be needed in your letter. Take note of which place, event or activity you are listening for and try not to confuse yourself by writing down anything about the other one. You will hear the recording twice, so if you have noted surplus information the first time around, the second time you hear it is your chance to cross it out and be clear what is relevant and what is not.

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REGULATED TOURISM – SHOULD WE FOLLOW BHUTAN’S EXAMPLE?

Read the article about tourism in Bhutan and answer the questions on page 17.

Sandwiched between India and China, the land-locked Himalayan

Kingdom of Bhutan is slightly smaller than Switzerland, but it has a

population of only 720,000. It is sometimes called the ‘last Shangri-

La’ for its amazing setting, seclusion and the preservation of its rich

culture. As well as being isolated by the rugged topography, the

country has pursued a policy of cautious interaction with the outside

world. Bhutan first opened its doors to foreign sightseers in 1974, and only 287 tourists visited that

year. The industry grew strongly after 1991 when the quasi-government tourism body was privatised

and the private sector was allowed to become involved in tourist activities. In 2011, approximately

47,000 tourists arrived (not including visitors from neighbouring countries).

Today Bhutan is one of the world’s most exclusive travel destinations. The guiding principle for its

tourism industry is ‘low volume, high value’. ‘Low volume’ refers to keeping tourist numbers down.

Rather than impose a quota on the number of arrivals, things are kept in check by the limited

infrastructure and a high tourist tariff. Visitors cannot travel independently. They are required to book

tours through registered tour operators and pay a minimum of US$200 per person per night (this is

$250 in the high season). Sixty-five dollars is taken directly by the Bhutanese government in the form

of a tariff which goes towards providing social services such as free health care for the population.

Bhutan’s leaders have long believed that unregulated tourism would mean a large influx of tourists

which would adversely impact the country’s unique culture and its near-pristine environment. The

‘low volume, high value’ approach is seen as bringing the maximum benefits while minimising the

downsides. It is part of the nation’s ‘Gross National Happiness’ philosophy, whereby progress is

measured in terms of equality, good governance, environmental conservation and culture, rather than

by the usual economic factors that determine Gross National Product.

The policy of targeting ‘quality’ tourists over quantity has been judged a success by most observers. It

has stimulated the economy, bringing in large tax revenues and providing employment, with minimal

impact on its culture and environment. However, there is another side to Bhutan’s tourism story.

Large numbers of Indian tourists are visiting the country (more than the total of all non-Indian tourists

combined); they do not pay the daily tariff and they are not required to hire approved guides. This

unregulated tourism has resulted in damage to popular trekking routes; trees are cut for firewood and

litter is left along trails. Bhutan enjoys a close relationship with India and is economically dependent

on it (almost one hundred percent of the kingdom’s exports go there) so placing restrictions on their

neighbours’ visits would be politically difficult.

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RK02• Speaking: Work Quotations (24)

• Section L3 (25)

• Listening & Speaking: Outsourcing (26)

• Proverbs (27)

• Essay: Globalisation (28)

• Writing: Essay Tips, Academic Language, Balance & Conclusions (29–31)

• Section L2 (32)

• Section W3 (32–33)

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02 WORKSpeaking


The truth is, everybody I’ve ever met who’s successful is a workaholic.

ICE-T (American rapper)

People love chopping wood. In this activity one immediately sees results.

Albert Einstein (German physicist, 1878–1955)

It is impossible to live without failing at something, unless you live so cautiously that you might as well not have lived atall – in which case, you fail by default.

J.K. Rowling (British author)

It’s a recession when your neighbor loses his job; it’s a depression when you lose your own.

Harry S. Truman (U.S. president between 1945 and 1953)

The big secret in life is that there is no big secret. Whatever your goal, you can get there if you’re willing to work.

Oprah Winfrey (American media personality)

When I work I relax; doing nothing or entertaining visitors makes me tired.

Pablo Picasso (Spanish painter, 1881–1973)

Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven’t found it yet, keep looking.

Steve Jobs (Apple Inc. co-founder, 1955– 2011)

GUESS THE OCCUPATION

SECTION L3

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ESSAY: GLOBALISATION

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Writing

Over the last few decades, globalisation has had a generally negative impact on developed countries. Discuss.

Adding Nuance: Complete the essay by adding words from the box.

There is a growing feeling in developed countries that something is

fundamentally wrong with the system of global free market capitalism. It seems that real incomes

have not risen, the middle class is shrinking, and the gains have been enjoyed

by a super-rich elite. However, I believe that globalisation has, , been a good

thing for developed countries.

Greater interaction between nations allows for more efficient allocation of resources. Countries

can specialise in areas in which they have a competitive advantage. Consumers enjoy imports

of greater variety, quality and lower prices. These low prices translate into a large annual saving

for the consumer, in effect giving us a higher standard of living. Increased

competition is often harsh but it results in better products; compare the cars available today with

those produced in the old days of protected markets, where domestic vehicles such as the East

German Trabant were forced on the populace.

Furthermore, the greater movement of people travelling and living abroad is an immensely

positive trend. Never has it been so cheap or easy to go overseas. Within a generation, this has

produced a tectonic shift in attitudes about the commonality of humankind. Stereotypes, and the

idea of ‘otherness’, are giving way to better informed and more tolerant attitudes. This increased

integration between peoples and their countries lessens the likelihood they will go to war.

Globalisation gets the blame when other factors are the real culprit.

Outsourcing have decimated the manufacturing sector in the West. Many

companies have moved part or all of their production overseas, to China, to

take advantage of cheap labour. There is to this but many more factory jobs

have been lost to increased automation.

, developed nations have benefited from the prosperity, peace, and cultural

richness that have come from the rise of the global village. The perception that this is otherwise

is due to misplaced blame.

most of many in particular average all in all on balance in part is said to some truth often

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ACADEMIC LANGUAGE

STATING YOUR OPINION

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Choose the best sentence from each pair. What is wrong with the other sentence?

Sure, it’s not easy for graduates to find work, but… While it is certainly difficult for graduates to find work,…

My uncle lost his job because his factory moved to China. Many workers have lost their jobs because companies have moved production facilities to China.

Affirmative action is a complex issue with compelling arguments for and against it. Affirmative action is a hot issue, and like the proverb says, ‘every coin has two sides’.

At the end of the day, bosses and workers need to compromise. The unavoidable reality is that both employers and employees need to compromise.

Although a worthy aim, having a high minimum wage has several negative consequences. Having a high minimum wage is a double-edged sword.

Females are still unable to get to the top. Apart from a tiny minority, female executives are still failing to reach the highest positions.

Information technology companies such as Google employ relatively very few workers. IT companies like Google employ very few workers.

Alas, job security has gone the way of the dinosaur. Unfortunately, job security is increasingly rare.

So, what can we do about so many people being out of work? There are several possible solutions that would help reduce unemployment.

Many corporations seem to have a preference for workers who are submissive and obedient rather than those who are too independent and likely to challenge authority. The corporations want workers who are like ants, worker ants slaving away in front of their machines, lifeless and dull, unquestioning and obedient.

The ‘Discuss’ command in the essay question is asking for a discussion of the topic, not directly focusing on your opinion. You should give your opinion, but once or twice is enough.Where can I state my opinion, in the introduction then again in the conclusion? This is a matter of personal preference rather than one of right and wrong. Having your opinion in the introduction as well as the conclusion may make your essay easier to follow, but it carries the risk of repetition. In general, it is better to stick with just one opinion in the conclusion.Can I state my opinion directly? Yes, you can write sentences such as: All things considered, I am convinced that unions still have an important role to play.You can also write a more depersonalised opinion such as: All things considered, the inescapable conclusion is that unions still have an important role to play.Although indirect opinions are more academic, they are not necessarily better for the essay because they are more difficult to write and sometimes the writer fails to accurately convey their opinion.

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03• Speaking: Political Quotations (36)

• Section R2 (37–39)

• Idioms (40)


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Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Lord Acton (19th century historian, writer and politician)

(Note: usually misquoted as ‘Power corrupts…’)

Democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time. Winston Churchill (British statesman and Prime Minister of Britain, 1940-45 and 1959-64)

It is not power that corrupts but fear. Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it. Aung San Suu Kyi (State Counsellor of Myanmar 2016 - )

People really don’t care if politicians attack each other with untrue stories. They figure if you don’t want to get hurt, you shouldn’t have filed for office. They figure whatever happens to us, our lives will be better than theirs.Bill Clinton (U.S. President, 1993–2001)

Politics is too serious a matter to be left to the politicians.Charles de Gaulle (French statesman, President of France, 1959 – 1969)

The reasonable man adapts himself to the world: the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.George Bernard Shaw (Irish playwright, 1856–1950)


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Reading

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Short words are common in headlines. Sometimes these are unusual words, or confusing because they are both verbs and nouns. e.g. TORIES SLAM DONOR CAP CALL

Look at the headlines and circle the best definition of the highlighted word.

CELTIC AXE COACH (close down, abolish, fire, closure, abolition)

HOSPITAL FACES AXE (close down, abolish, fire, closure, abolition)

SOMALI PIRATES: GOVT URGED TO ACT (do something, perform, law, performance)

PM BACKS BAN ON JUNK FOOD ADS (moves away from, returns, supports)

STORM ENDS EVEREST BID (submit, propose, proposition, attempt )

UNIONS CALL FOR MINIMUM WAGE RISE (demand, deserve, need)

PENSIONERS FOIL BANK ROBBERS (thwart, sword, comparison)

HIGH-SPEED RAIL GETS GO-AHEAD (continue, approval, movement)

BUSINESS LEADERS HAIL TAX CHANGES (frozen rain, praise, summon)

REBELS SEIZE CAPITAL CITY (confiscate, take control of)

CUSTOMS SEIZE 20KG COCAINE (confiscate, take control of)

LABOUR DENIES RIFT OVER DEFENCE POLICY (crack, serious disagreement, gap)

MASSACRE TOLL CLIMBS TO 22 (tax, small charge, damage, number of deaths)

GOVT MULL PEACE TALKS (heat, consider)

ARTS FUNDING ROW THREATENS FESTIVAL (argument, line, move through water, noise)

UK TROOPS EXIT KABUL (march, soldiers, travel, performers)

What are the following headlines most likely referring to?

FUEL RISES HIT MANUFACTURING PROFITS

DEATH MARS FIRST STAGE OF DAKAR RALLY

COUNCIL SCRAPS NEW PARKING SYSTEM

PAKISTAN & EU TO BOOST TERROR CO-OP

BOMB SCARE ‘FALSE ALARM’

STRIKING TRUCKERS FACE SACK

MOB RIOTS IN CITY CENTRE

UNION LEADER VOWS TO FIGHT

COMMON HEADLINE VOCABULARY

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Revising inversionsInversion involves putting an auxiliary verb (and the verbs ‘to be’ or ‘to have’) before the subject of a

clause. Common with questions, it is also sometimes used in sentences, especially in formal English

after negative words and adverbial expressions such as Never, Not only, No sooner, Never, At no

time, Only later, and Hardly.

Never have I been so insulted! Not only is he funny, but he’s also very kind.

No sooner had we graduated than the economy took a nosedive. Never before have I seen such

heavy rain. At no time did he consider giving up. Only later did she realise her mistake. Hardly

had we walked in the door when the phone started ringing. Little did we know that he was wanted

by the police.

Look at these examples.She was a brilliant novelist, and she was also an accomplished singer. (Not only)

Not only was she a brilliant novelist, but she was also an accomplished singer.

A moment after leaving the house, it started to rain. (No sooner)

No sooner had we left the house than it started to rain.

Inversions are something you should have been somewhat familiar with from B2 onwards. At C2 now,

you should be able to manipulate them in sentences with multiple clauses and with creativity if needed.

Reword these sentences.

She’d been a real comfort to Lilian as well as a great help with practical matters. (but)

Not

As long as she lived, she would never, ever forget his kindness. (Never)

Never

When he offered to buy our house, we had no idea that he was facing bankruptcy. (know)

Little

A short time after he bought the car, it was stolen. (No)

No

It started to snow as soon as I left the house. (when)

Hardly

It was the most terrible blizzard they had ever encountered. (before)

Never

No-one answered the door; then she realised she was at the wrong house. (did)

Only

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• Reading: Book Reviews (47)


• Section L1 (50–52)

• Vocabulary: Latin Loanwords (52–53)


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Britain’s Favourite Novels Below is a list of 40 popular novels, arranged by author in alphabetical order. The list was compiled by combining various recent British surveys. Each writer has been limited to one title only, so for J.K. Rowling there is only one ‘Harry Potter’ book. Similarly, the list has Tolkein’s ‘The Lord of the Rings’ but not his equally beloved ‘The Hobbit’.

Which of these books have you read or seen television / film adaptations of?Money by Martin AmisPride and Prejudice by Jane AustenJane Eyre by Charlotte BrontëThe Princess Diaries by Meg CabotAlice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis CarrollThe Hunger Games by Suzanne CollinsCharlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald DahlCaptain Corelli’s Mandolin by Louis de BernièresThe Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-ExupéryGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens Crime and Punishment by Fyodor DostoevskyThe Hound of the Baskervilles by Arthur Conan DoyleThe Name of the Rose by Umberto EcoThe Horse Whisperer by Nicholas EvansBirdsong by Sebastian FaulksBridget Jones’s Diary by Helen FieldingThe Pillars of the Earth by Ken FollettSophie’s World by Jostein GaarderCross Stitch by Diana GabaldonThe Beach by Alex Garland

The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth GrahameStormbreaker by Anthony HorowitzLes Misérables by Victor HugoBrave New World by Aldous HuxleyThe Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C. S. LewisAtonement by Ian McEwan Twilight by Stephenie MeyerWinnie-the-Pooh by A. A. MilneLolita by Vladimir NabokovNineteen Eighty-Four by George OrwellSmall Gods by Terry PratchettThe Shipping News by E. Annie ProulxHis Dark Materials by Philip PullmanHarry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone by J. K. RowlingTreasure Island by Robert Louis StevensonThe Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. TolkienWar and Peace by Leo TolstoyBrideshead Revisited by Evelyn WaughGirls in Love by Jacqueline WilsonThe Day of the Triffids by John Wyndham

Discuss the following:

A book you have read in the last few years.

A non-fiction book / novel you recommend.

(An English textbook (or textbook series) that you like.

A favourite childhood book.

A book that has changed your life (or at least had an impact).

A book that you started but never finished.

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SECTION R4 - MANDARIN IS NO RIVAL TO ENGLISH

1 Read the article about learning Mandarin and then answer the questions on the next page.

From the media hype, you would think that Mandarin (the official form of Chinese based on the Beijing dialect) was fast on its way to becoming the first-choice foreign language to learn, and that it was just a matter of time before it challenges English as the world’s lingua franca. The reality is very different indeed. In most countries, Mandarin remains a minor player in the language market, with enrolments onto language courses being a fraction of those studying Spanish and French. It’s true that it’s one of the fastest growing languages yet a closer look at the numbers is telling. Firstly, Mandarin classes have a very high dropout rate; there’s been a big increase in students at the lower end, but not many follow it through so the number of students getting a real mastery of the language is quite low. Secondly, a high percentage of students are ‘heritage learners’, that is, of Chinese ancestry raised in households with the language present.

It might be an exaggeration to call it a passing fad, but the growth will slow as people realise that learning Mandarin does not open doors to riches. Whether a school student or an adult learner, vague motivations stemming from China’s dramatic rise, its massive population and market, or the need to understand one’s rival, are not the motivating forces that work day after day at the linguistic coalface. Put simply, Mandarin is too much hard work for too little return. For English learners, it takes about three times as much work to reach a reasonable level of speaking, reading, and writing Mandarin as it does to reach a comparable level in French or Spanish.

There are two main things that make Mandarin difficult: tones and the hieroglyph-like characters that constitute the writing script. As a tonal language, the particular tone used – high, rising, falling and rising, falling, or neutral – imparts meaning. Mastering characters in order to read and write requires brute force memorization, a soul-crushing endeavour for most who take on the challenge.

Mastery of Mandarin is not a golden ticket to lucrative employment in China or anywhere else. The idea of tapping into the world’s largest market and striking it rich is in most cases self-delusion along the lines of “I’m going to Hollywood to make it big in movies.” Supply and demand determine the economic value of speaking Mandarin. The demand is higher than before, but consider the almost endless supply: over a billion speakers in China, and tens of millions around the world. Chances are that your home country has numerous Chinese immigrants and their bilingual children. Canada is a prime example, almost one in thirty of the national population speak Mandarin or a Chinese dialect as their mother tongue.

Mandarin proficiency by itself is no guarantee of a good job. Nor is Mandarin proficiency on top of a standard liberal arts degree. It needs to go alongside qualifications and relevant experience in fields like business, engineering, finance, or law. And, increasingly, specialization is required: for example, a knowledge of patent law rather than just general law. English is the only truly international language, the lingua franca of business, science, shipping, diplomacy, aviation, space exploration, and rock n’ roll. It’s useful the world over. Mandarin is none of these things. Even with the perfect match of work skills, experience and Mandarin, career options are restricted; most of the jobs are in China, particularly in its big eastern cities.

Reading

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Listening

ad hoc b

ad nauseam

bona fide

caveat emptor

magnum opus

per annum

per capita

status quo

terra incognita

verbatim

vice versa

a. unknown land

b. ‘for this’, of makeshift solutions, solutions for a specific problem

c. continued to an annoying / sickening extent

d. ‘in good faith’ means real, not fake

e. let the buyer beware

f. using exactly the same words as were originally used

g. the other way round

h. the existing state of affairs

i. for each year

j. ‘great work’

k. for each person

Should that be in italics? Although we often use italics to show that a word is not English, commonly used foreign words such as those above should not be italicised. New words start off italicised, ‘kung fu’ for example, and then lose the italics once they become mainstream.

Tricky Plurals

Some Latin and Greek words have irregular plurals. To confuse matters, there are some words

with two plural forms. For example, ‘cactus’ can be written according to Latin rules, ‘cacti’, or

English ones, ‘cactuses’.

Latin Singular

analysis

bacterium

formula

fungus

stimulus

Plural

analyses

bacteria

formulae / formulas

fungi / funguses

stimuli

Greek Singular

crisis

criterion

diagnosis

hypothesis

phenomenon

Plural

crises

criteria

diagnoses

hypotheses

phenomena

Some words have seen changes over time. The ‘dice’ we play board games with was originally

the plural form for ‘die’. Today ‘dice’ is usually used for both the singular and plural. Similarly, the

singular form ‘datum’ has been superseded by ‘data’.

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• Vocabulary: Noun Collocations (58)

• Section L3 (59)

• Section L4 & W1 (60–62)


• Vocabulary: French Loanwords (64)

• Section W2 (65)

• Email Writing (66)

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05 FOOD

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Speaking

Complete these common collocations

a carton of milk a drop of water a flash of lightning

bravery salt soap applause advice luck emergency rage

a grain of sand / truth / rice /

an act of God / war / terrorism /

a stroke of genius /

a round of ammunition / drinks /

a state of disrepair / mind / shock /

a piece of paper / luggage / music /

a bar of chocolate / gold /

a fit of anger / pique / coughing /

speck spell lump breath head cube flock case pack

a of wine

a of fresh air

a of birds

a of hot weather

a of lettuce

a of dust

a of cards

a of clay

a of sugar

Don't eat anything your great-grandmother wouldn't recognize as food.

Michael Pollan (American food writer)

Ice-cream is exquisite. What a pity it isn’t illegal.

Voltaire (French writer and philosopher, 1694–1778)

Your body is not a temple, it's an amusement park. Enjoy the ride.

Anthony Bourdain (American chef)

I've never done any advertising becauseI feel I am in a position of trust, and thathas been very liberating.

Delia Smith (British chef)

The public should have the right at any time to walk into the kitchen and seehow the food is being prepared.

Gordon Ramsay (British chef)

Champagne, if you are seeking the truth,is better than a lie detector. It encouragesa man to be expansive, even reckless, while lie detectors are only a challengeto tell lies successfully.

Graham Greene (English author, 1904–1991)

Gluttony is an emotional escape, a sign something is eating us.

Peter De Vries (American writer, 1910–1993)

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3 Complete the letter with words from the box.

especially pretty basically anyway ground up for check out excuse head

Hi James, Marco, and Victor,

Hope you’re all well. __________________the group email but I’m flat out at work today. I

just heard about a food festival this weekend. It’s up near the Welsh border in a small town called

Ludlow. It’s really interesting. There are loads of local food producers set up in an old castle, and

they have these trails through the town, which __________________, you follow sampling

the food. One of them is a sausage trail, which sounds __________________good as I know

you all love sausages! ‘How much?’ I hear you ask? Well, prices seem __________________

reasonable: £9 a day for the whole food fest at the castle and £3.50 for the sausage trail. For the

trails, you have to buy the ticket there on the morning of the event, from 9.30. The food fest can

be booked online at www.foodfestival.co.uk.

It’s probably best for us to take the train. It’s just over a 3-hour trip (one transfer) from

Paddington. I think it’s too far for a day trip so why don’t we stay there Saturday night? We could

_________________ up on Saturday morning and come back after lunch on Sunday.

Would you mind roughing it? I don’t know about you but I’m quite broke after the summer

holidays and I’d like to spend what cash I’ve got on the food. There’s a festival camping

__________________ at the local rugby club. It’d only be £7 each per night. Has anyone got a big

tent we can use?

__________________, I’ve got to get on now. Victor, can you do me a big favour and co-

ordinate this? __________________the details online, get a show of hands from the lads

and start booking things. Hope you’re all __________________this. I reckon it could be a

blast.

I’ll be in touch soon.

Cheers,

John

Note:The exam letter instructions probably won’t state where you are. For organising things, it may be useful to take London as a starting point. If you are familiar with another place, use that as a starting point.

SAMPLE LETTER

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Write the highlighted words / phrases next to the correct definition in A to J.

I had a weird déjà vu experience when I visited Paris.

Ordering a set meal is quicker and cheaper than ordering à la carte.

Many of the upper class dismiss them as nouveau riche.

We live in a quiet cul-de-sac.

Thai cuisine can be divided into four regional cuisines.

Kevin made a faux pas when he was too familiar with his new boss and called him by his first name.

The supermarket has introduced a range of gourmet breads.

I know it’s a cliché, but the best things in life are free.

All the hotel rooms have an en suite bathroom.

The boutique sells high-end leather goods.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

I.

J.

lit. ‘by the card’, i.e. ‘from the menu’ refers to selecting dishes from a menu, rather than set meals.

a small shop selling fashionable clothes, accessories etc, or a specialist shop

a style of cooking, literally ‘kitchen’ from Old French

lit. ‘bottom of the bag’, a street, often short, that is blocked at one end

lit. ‘already seen’, the illusion that you have seen or experienced something before although it is actually your first time to do so

(of food) very high quality / a person who is knowledgeable and appreciative of high-quality food

words or behaviour that are a social mistake or impolite

lit. ‘new rich’, (disapproving) newly rich poor people who have ‘vulgar’ tastes and behaviour

an often-made comment that is therefore not original and not interesting

describes a bathroom and bedroom which are directly connected

Café or Cafe? Unlike most European languages, English has very few words that contain diacritical marks (also

known as accent marks). These rare exceptions are foreign loanwords, often French, and the

trend is to omit the mark; élite has become elite and rôle is simply role. As for the question, café

and cafe are both acceptable. Accent marks are most commonly used for words where they help

distinguish words with the same spelling; résumé and the verb resume, exposé and expose, rosé

and rose.

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LITY06• Speaking: Gender Inequality (70)

• Section L1 (71)

• Reading & Speaking: Crowded World (72)

• Idioms (74)

• Section W2 - Part 2 (74-77)

• Section R1: Not all tourists are equal (78)

• Summary Writing (79)

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ITCHY FEET

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06 QUESTIONS OF EQUALITY

Gender Equality Snapshot

• Women account for two thirds of the 1.4 billion people currently living in extreme poverty.• In 2008, just over 18 percent of the seats in national parliaments were held by women.• Life expectancy in the United Kingdom is 78.4 years for males and 82.6 for females.• The average age of (first) marriage in Sweden is 35.1 for men and 32.5 women.• In China, for every 100 girls born, there are 118 male births. • Globally, 77% of women are literate, compared to 87% for men.• Ratio of female to male tertiary students in the United States: 57:43.• In England and Wales, female prisoners account for 4.8% of the total prison population.

Give reasons to explain the situations described in the sentences. Which of these gender inequalities are serious problems? What are some possible solutions?

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For a thousand years prior to its eventual demise in the early 20th century, the Chinese practised the custom of binding young girls’ feet. The painful process deformed women’s feet and essentially meant a life of disability.

You're going to hear an interview with Professor Katharine Minchin, a Professor of Chinese History and expert on foot-binding. Listen and answer questions 1-6.

What first interested Professor Minchin in foot-binding?

a. the tiny lotus shoesb. a medical paperc. old picturesd. a Chinese colleague

At its peak, foot binding was practised by

a. the vast majority of Chinese women in the Qing dynasty.b. only two per cent of Chinese women. c. all Chinese women by law.d. half of all Chinese women.

What does Professor Minchin theorise the reason for foot-binding was?

a. to inflict pain as proof of a strong characterb. to ensure girls’ eligibility for marriage c. to make sure women sat still while workingd. to make women undesirable to rivals

Professor Minchin argues that one consequence of foot-binding was

a. a particular kind of architecture b. economic stagnation in Chinac. earlier female emancipation in Chinad. a failure to colonise distant lands

What is Professor Minchin’s main feeling about foot-binding?

a. perplexityb. angerc. compassiond. fascination

How did professor Minchin obtain her collection?

a. She purchased it online.b. Individuals gave her shoes.c. She inherited them from a relative.d. She rescued them from a museum.

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Listening

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THE SEA

07• Speaking: Maritime Quotations (82)

• Section L1 (83)

• Vocabulary: Outdoor Activities (84)

• Section W1 (85)

• Joseph Conrad’s ‘Youth’ (86)

• Section R4 (87)

• Teenage Girls Shake up Solo Sailing World (88)

• Novels with a Nautical Flavour (89)

• Maritime Idioms (90-91)

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UNDER THE WEATH-ER

07 THE SEASpeaking

Being in a ship is being in a jail, with the chance of being drowned.

Samuel Johnson (English author, 1709–1784)

At sea a fellow comes out. Salt water is like wine, in that respect.

Herman Melville (American novelist, 1819–1891)

We must plant the sea and herd its animals using the sea as farmers instead of hunters. That is what civilization is all about – farming replacing hunting.

Jacques Yves Cousteau (French oceanographer and documentary maker, 1910 - 1997)

Red sky at night, sailor’s delight. Red sky at morning, sailor take warning.

Old saying

Most of the southern hemisphere is unexplored. We had more exploration ships down there during Captain Cook’s time than now. It’s amazing.

Robert Ballard (American oceanographer and underwater archaeologist)

There is NOTHING – absolutely nothing – half so much worth doing as simply messing about in boats.

Kenneth Grahame (Scottish writer, 1859–1932)

Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover.

Mark Twain (American author, 1835–1910)

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SECTION W1

Sample LetterComplete the letter with words from the box. Note: You will not use all of the words.

promotion long fellow tonnes book guy ASAP offer laugh lots taster brochure forthcoming sale surplus promptly excursion

Hi Susan,

How are things? Have you got any plans for the weekend? That’s why I’m writing. I’ve

got an idea for a great weekend away. I just heard a on the local radio talking

about a water sports centre in Portsmouth. They’ve got lots of short courses, and they have a

special promotional this weekend. I’m up for anything but my first choice would

be the kayaking and windsurfing. They’ve also got sailing, rowing, and power boating. They run

one-day and two-day courses and they also have something called courses which

are a couple of hours in the evening. To give you an idea of the prices, the windsurfing taster

session costs £25 and the 2-day course is £185, minus 10% because of their .

There’s of info on their website, www.portsmouthwatersports.com, including

a PDF you can download. Have a look and see what you think. I know it’s not

much notice but at least the weather forecast is good. How about getting a bit of sun down in

Portsmouth?

Let me know what you think , and then I’ll book the activities and check out

accommodation options. Hope you say yes – it will be a good .

of love,

Andrea

Remember: Keep the language in the letter informal. Avoid essay-style words and phrases. They’ve also got sailing… is better than, Furthermore, they have sailing…

Test takers often misuse the phrase ‘look forward to’. What’s wrong with the following sentences? I look forward to your reply. I’m looking forward to hear from you.

The first is too formal, and the second is grammatically wrong (‘hear’ should be ‘hearing’) and also a little formal. How can we use this phrase in a more informal way? We can drop the ‘I’. Looking forward to hearing from you. Or, we could use a different more informal phrase. Dying to hear what you think. Write back soon.

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UNDER THE WEATH-ER

CONRAD'S YOUTH

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Reading

Read the article about author, Joseph Conrad and his short story, Youth, and then discuss questions one – three.

To many Britons, the name Joseph Conrad conjures up memories of high school English

classes; his novella ‘Heart of Darkness’ has long been an assigned text, although it has fallen

out of fashion in recent years. A familiar name but little read today, Conrad, 1857–1924, is

one of the greats of English literature. The complex narrative structures, dense prose, and

profound themes (not to mention outdated historical contexts) of his works make them a

poor choice not only for teenage students, but also for the majority of non-native English

speakers. However, Conrad’s literary achievements are an inspiration for those whose

mother tongue is not English, especially latecomers to the language. Conrad only began

learning English at the age of twenty. His first language was Polish, French his second. After

leaving school at the age of sixteen, he spent nineteen years as a sailor in the French and

British merchant navies.

Below is an extract from Conrad’s Youth, a short story

about an ill-fated ship sailing from England to Bangkok.

The story is based on Conrad’s own first voyage to Asia.

In Youth the narrator, Marlow, is an old sailor recounting

his first trip to the East many years before. The ship’s

cargo of coal catches fire and the crew abandon the

ship off the coast of Indonesia. Marlow, Conrad’s alter

ego, is in command of a small lifeboat.

“I remember nights and days of calm when we pulled, we pulled, and the boat

seemed to stand still, as if bewitched within the circle of the sea horizon. I remember the

heat, the deluge of rain-squalls that kept us bailing for dear life (but filled our water-cask),

and I remember sixteen hours on end with a mouth dry as a cinder and a steering-oar over

the stern to keep my first command head on to a breaking sea. I did not know how good a

man I was till then. I remember the drawn faces, the dejected figures of my two men, and I

remember my youth and the feeling that will never come back any more – the feeling that I

could last for ever, outlast the sea, the earth, and all men; the deceitful feeling that lures us

on to joys, to perils, to love, to vain effort – to death; the triumphant conviction of strength,

the heat of life in the handful of dust, the glow in the heart that with every year grows dim,

grows cold, grows small, and expires – and expires, too soon – before life itself.

“And this is how I see the East. I have seen its secret places and have looked into its

very soul; but now I see it always from a small boat, a high outline of mountains, blue and

afar in the morning; like faint mist at noon; a jagged wall of purple at sunset. I have the feel

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08• Speaking: War Quotations (94)

• Essay: Gun Control (95-97)

• Section R2 (98-101)

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I do not know with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.

Albert Einstein (German physicist, 1878–1955)

No society that feeds its children on tales of successful violence can expect them not to believe that violence in the end is rewarded.

Margaret Mead (American anthropologist, 1901–1978)

Recognizing that sustainable development, democracy and peace are indivisible is an idea whose time has come.

Wangari Maathai (Kenyan environmental and political activist, 1940–2011.)

Great men are almost always bad men.

Lord Acton (19th century historian, writer and politician)

I hate war as only a soldier who has lived it can, only as one who has seen its brutality, its stupidity. Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. president and army general, 1890–1969)

The death of one man is a tragedy. The death of millions is a statistic. Joseph Stalin (leader of the Soviet Union, 1878–1953)

Patriotism: Your conviction that this country is superior to all other countries because you were born in it.

George Bernard Shaw(Irish playwright, 1856–1950)

Every nation in every region now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.

George W. Bush (US President, 2001–2009)

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STRICTER GUN LAWS

‘Governments should tighten gun laws.’ Discuss.Are points 1–11 more likely to be used in arguments F (for) or A (against) stricter gun control?

The underlying reasons for crime such as unemployment and poverty need to be addressed.

Domestic violence would be less likely to escalate into deadly incidents.

It would demonise and ostracise honest sportsmen, collectors and farmers.

They are a defence against a tyrannical government.

Tragic accidents are common; the greatest danger to the owner is from his own gun.

Death rates are skewed by suicides.

In the modern world there is no real need for them.

They encourage a macho culture of violence.

Gun ownership is a matter of personal freedom.

We have an inalienable human right to defend one’s life, one’s family and property.

High profile cases of abuse paint a false picture of what is actually a minor problem.

Useful Gun VocabularyComplete the sentences with words from the box.

ammunition pistol shotgun amnesty firearms armed

In the UK, the police do not usually carry .

A , i.e. a handgun, has a much shorter barrel than a rifle.

The robber was shot dead by a police marksman.

A uses cartridges rather than bullets.

The semi-automatic rifle has a magazine that holds 30 rounds of .

Ten thousand firearms were handed in during the month-long gun .

Is there really a trend?It’s very common to start essays with a trend, and it’s a useful way of introducing the topic and

explaining its importance.

In recent decades, rates of childhood obesity have risen to alarming levels.

People are living longer than ever before and this trend is expected to continue.

However, we need to be careful not to overstate things or make false assertions. For the ‘gun laws’

essay, it would be factually wrong to assert that gun-related crime is increasing. Firearm homicides

in the US have dropped significantly in the last 20 years. Likewise, in the UK, the trend of increasing

gun crime has reversed; Firearm offences have fallen by about a third over the past decade.

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C. Russian businessman Xiao Li Bei has received permission to keep his deceased friend in an industrial freezer. Police in the town of Novosibirsk discovered the body during a routine health and safety inspection of Xiao’s warehouse. Xiao, of Chinese ancestry, told police that his friend had died of natural causes two years previously. D. Commuters in Melbourne, Australia, faced chaos today as a summer heat wave caused 200 trains to be cancelled. Track buckled between Jolimont and Flinders Street stations on the Melbourne loop as temperatures peaked at 43.2 degrees Celsius (109.7°F), causing local train operator Connex to send track workers out to hose rails down.

E. Macy’s flagship store in Herald Square, New York City, was evacuated due to a fire on Sunday. The fire started in an escalator and smoke began to spread throughout the department store. Nobody was seriously injured. The fire was reported at 16:00 EDT (21:00 UTC) and the store reopened at around 18:00 EDT (23:00 UTC) and will stay open until 18:00 EDT Christmas Eve, according to Macy’s spokesperson Elina Kazan.

F. A major snowstorm, potentially the most severe in years, is currently affecting the East Coast of the United States. What began as a low pressure system off the coast of Florida that resulted in widespread flash flooding is now on its way to the Northeast, where it is expected to dump over a foot of snow in many areas.

G. Tens of thousands of people were evacuated from areas near Mount Mayon in the Philippines on Tuesday, after lava started flowing out of the volcano. Local scientists caution that Mayon might be on the verge of a powerful eruption. “After the series of ash puffs and ash explosions of 1,000 metres, we cannot rule out a major explosion,” said Cedric Daep, the head of local disaster relief operations.

H. Edwina, believed to be the oldest recorded living duck in the United Kingdom, has died at the age of 22. The mallard was first discovered by Ian Knight and Christine Christopher in a lake near their residence. Edwina had been abandoned by her own mother. Ian helped the duck to recover its health and, after a failed attempt to release the creature back into the wild, the duck was adopted as a family pet.

I. A second day of winter weather and snow has caused further disruption in the UK. Forecasters have warned of further snow in Scotland later today into Saturday evening, with some higher ground experiencing as much as 15 centimetres into Sunday. Heavy snow for parts of Northern England has also been forecast.

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• IP Protection (105)

• Reading: SKA (106)

• Section L1 - Professor Peter Quinn (107-108)

• Idioms and Proverbs (109)

• Section L1 - GoCarShare (110-111)

• Commonly Confused Words (112)

• Section R1 (113)

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We must not forget that when radium was discovered no one knew that it would prove useful in hospitals. The work was one of pure science. And this is a proof that scientific work must not be considered from the point of view of the direct usefulness of it. It must be done for itself, for the beauty of science, and then there is always the chance that a scientific discovery may become like radium a benefit for humanity. Marie Curie (Polish-French physicist, 1867–1934)

If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.

Isaac Newton (English physicist, 1642–1727)

Men have become the tools of their tools. Henry David Thoreau (American author, philosopher and naturalist, 1817–1863)

We are still in the very beginnings of the Internet.

Jimmy Wales (co-founder of Wikipedia)

A new consciousness is developing which sees the earth as a single organism and recognizes that an organism at war with itself is doomed. We are one planet. One of the great revelations of the age of space exploration is the image of the earth finite and lonely, somehow vulnerable, bearing the entire human species through the oceans of space and time. Carl Sagan (American astronomer, 1934–1996)

I don’t think the human race will survive the next thousand years, unless we spread into space. There are too many accidents that can befall life on a single planet. But I’m an optimist. We will reach out to the stars. Stephen Hawking (British physicist)

I don’t think we’re yet evolved to the point where we’re clever enough to handle as complex a situation as climate change...The inertia of humans is so huge that you can’t really do anything meaningful.

James Lovelock (British scientist)

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Discuss: Is violation of intellectual property rights a serious crime? Is IP protection tenable in today’s high-tech world?

Now listen to two people discussing IP protection and complete the phrases below with words from the recording.

It’s not a choice.

It’s not a zero-sum . Everyone can benefit.

Tighter copyright enforcement creativity by financially rewarding creators.

In an environment of lax , creators will be discouraged because…

It’s easy to cherry examples but for most artists...

Too much copyright protection creativity…

Songwriters are unable to reinterpret old classics because that would be an

. Describing Arguments Match the arguments 1-6 with their definitions A-F.

The idea that the new law will result in hospital closures is just a straw man argument.

He has been accused of cherry picking evidence that shows economy recovery.

Painting Stalin as some latter day Oliver Cromwell is a false analogy.He responded with ad hominem attacks on the candidate’s supposed history of tax avoidance rather than his tax policies.

Journalists are not as objective as they would like to believe. As with the rest of us, they’re subject to confirmation bias.

It’s a false dilemma that universities either have to get more state funding or raise tuition fees.

A. literally ‘at the man’, meaning attacking the person, not the person’s argument

B. an invented argument / claim which misrepresents the position of your opponents, in order

to attack them

C. a false reduction of choices to just two alternatives, often extreme positions

D. the tendency to favour information that supports one’s ideas

E. choosing only the best from a group, i.e. selecting cases that support your position and ignoring those that don’t

F. an argument based on a comparison that is misleading and superficial

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THE SQUARE KILOMETRE ARRAY

One of the greatest scientific projects of our age is quietly underway in the Southern Hemisphere. The Square Kilometer Array (SKA) is an international radio telescope project involving 20 countries, but concentrated in two core areas in remote desert regions of Australia and South Africa. Consisting of thousands of dishes (equivalent to a square kilometer), the SKA will be the world’s largest ground-based telescope array. It will help answer questions about galaxy formation, dark energy, Earth-like planets, and the formation of black holes.

Construction of the SKA will commence in 2016 and it is expected to be fully operational in 2024. It will be the world’s largest scientific instrument, have 10,000 times the survey speed of present radio telescopes, and be so sensitive that it will be able to detect an airport radar on a planet 50 light years away.

The SKA will generate enormous amounts of data. As well as three thousand 15-metre dishes, there will be other types of radio wave receptors known as aperture array antennas. One hundred and sixty Gigabits of data per second will be transmitted from each radio dish to a central processor. Together the dishes will produce ten times the current global Internet traffic. Add the data from the aperture array receptors and the data rates will be 100 times current global Internet traffic! Handling the data will require the processing power 50 times more powerful than the most powerful supercomputer in 2010.

In 2012, the Australia Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) project began operation. This is a cutting edge radio telescope project consisting of 36 antenna dishes. A testbed for SKA technology, it will be incorporated into Phase One of SKA.

Artist’s impression of the SKA dishes.Credit: SKA Organisation / TDP / DRAO / Swin-burne Astronomy Productions

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• Section W1 (116)

• Section L4 & W1 (117)

• Section R2 (119)

• Section L3 (121)


• Section L2 (124)


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It’s better to fade away like an old soldier than to burn out. I don’t appreciate worship of dead Sid Vicious or of dead James Dean… Making Sid Vicious a hero, Jim Morrison – it’s garbage to me. I worship the people who survive.

John Lennon (English musician, singer and songwriter, 1940–1980)

All children are artists. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up.

Pablo Picasso (Spanish painter, 1881–1973)

The man who reads nothing at all is better educated than the man who reads nothing but newspapers.

Thomas Jefferson (third President of the United States, 1743–1826)

Letter Writing TipsAdd personal ‘history’: the letter shouldn’t read like a series of notes put into sentence form. It’s a letter to a friend. Personalise things by adding some ‘history’ to the event – a line or two but don’t overdo it. Here are some examples:

My sister went last year and she hasn’t stopped raving about it. She absolutely loved it.I went ten years ago and it was awesome. I’ve wanted to do it for ages but never got around to it.

Explain why you’re giving contact details and / or asking for help.The Section W1 letters are a bit artificial in that they require you to put in telephone numbers and

other details. Asking a friend to organise things or at least to agree on your suggestions provides a

reason for you to write down the website address and telephone numbers. Of course, suggesting

an activity to people and asking them to organise it is quite lazy. It requires an excuse such as:I’m not going to have any Internet access over the next 48 hours. Can you…My thesis deadline is this Friday so I’m incredibly busy. Would you mind…Can you make the bookings? I don’t have a credit card any more (don’t ask – it’s a long story).

Well, competition is so important, even when you’re an artist. And if you deny that there’s competition, then you’re a liar. That’s what gives you your ambition.

Daniel Craig (British actor)

Abstract art: a product of the untalented sold by the unprincipled to the utterly bewildered.

Al Capp (American cartoonist, 1909–1979)

Advertising is the greatest art form ofthe 20th century.

Marshall McLuhan (Canadian academic, 1911–1980)

I think dance music is a beautiful thing, it’s a great thing, and that’s what I want to show the world: dance music can really bring people together.

Armin van Buuren (Dutch DJ)

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Section L1 often involves people in the arts talking about their lives and careers. Complete the sentences with words from the box.

influences wonder curve separated disillusioned nominated overnight humble place comeback break auditions

There was little training. I was pretty much thrown in at the deep end and had to get on

with things. It was a very steep learning .

He’s trying to make a with his first album in twelve years.

My early were British punk rock bands like the Clash and the Sex Pistols.

Our band was a one-hit . We topped the charts in 2003 but never managed another top-40 song.

He rose from beginnings, and along the way swapped his Cockney accent

for a more polished mid-Atlantic one.

We were described by the press as being an success but the fact is we’d

more than paid our dues. We’d been playing pubs and small-time gigs for years.

My lucky was being cast in a film that became an unexpected hit.

I don’t think I was especially talented. It was very much a case of being in the

right at the right time.

After a few years at the top, I became with the music industry and decided

to call it quits.

Our marriage hit the rocks soon after and we in 2010. We formally divorced

two years later.

After years of and two-bit walk-on parts, I finally landed a leading role in a

major Hollywood production.

I’ve been for several Golden Globes but not actually won one, yet.

USEFUL VOCABULARY FOR SECTION L1

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Word Play in News Headlines Sometimes idioms are used in a literal way.

FRIENDS FALL OUT OVER ORANGES To ‘fall out’ means to argue and/or end a friendship, but in such a title you might expect that it is used literally (and perhaps also figuratively), that the friends actually physically fell out of something. This mixing of literal and figurative meanings is common. When we see a heading like GREENGROCER GOES BANANAS we would guess that the greengrocer is doing something unusual with bananas. Figuring out whether idioms are used literally or figuratively is important. In a headline such as, BOEING PURCHASE UP IN THE AIR, the idiom ‘up in the air’ probably refers to the ‘Boeing purchase’ being undecided.

Sometimes, well known proverbs, idioms, and cultural references such as song and film names may be tweaked, i.e. a word or two changed.

LORD OF THE RINGTONES LOSES PATENT BATTLE This utilises a reference to the novel and film ‘Lord of the Rings’, and one would assume the ‘lord’ to be a successful businessman selling ‘ringtones’.

In what ways have the following sentences modified the popular sayings? What stories could such headlines be about?

ALL’S FAIR IN LOVE AND LAWN BOWLS YOU CAN TEACH AN OLD DOG NEW TRICKSIT TAKES THREE TO TANGO NO PLACE LIKE PARENT’S HOME TOO MANY COOKS SPOIL THE BANQUET

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• Listening Paper (128)

• Reading & Writing Paper (136)

• Speaking Test (152)

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For Examiner’s Use Only

L1 [16]

L2 [10]

L3 [8]

L4 [16]

W1 [5]

These materials may not be altered or reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

© AIM, 3 Pride Point Drive, Pride Park, Derby, DE24 8BX © Anglia Examinations Ltd. Reg. in England Co. No. 2046325

Chichester College, Westgate Fields, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 1SB, ENGLAND

Anglia Examinations

Candidate Instructions:

Marker’s ID Listening Total [50]

CEFR C2

AIM Qualifications ESOL Int ernational

Level 3 Listening Examination Qualification: 601/4948/6

Paper Number: MastersSample4

You must ask any questions now as you cannot speak during the test.

Writing Total [5]

Time allowed – FORTY FIVE minutes.

You may use correcting fluid if necessary.

Use a blue or black PEN.

Make sure you have the correct candidate label in the box above.

Sections L1 and L4/W1 will be heard twice. Sections L2 and L3 will be heard once only.

Answer ALL the questions clearly in the space provided.

Please stick your

candidate label here

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Sample4-10-2 Page 2 of 7

Section L2 (10 marks) You will hear two friends, one male and one female, discussing their trip to France. For questions 9–13 decide whether the opinions are expressed by Flora, the female speaker, by Marcus, the male speaker or whether both speakers agree. Write B if both speakers agree

F for Flora

M for Marcus

You will hear the recording once only.

9. Climbing the Eiffel Tower is a priority. 9

10. French cuisine is delicious. 10

11. French is relatively simple to learn. 11

12. The drive to Marseilles will be enjoyable. 12

13. They have a sufficient amount of money. 13

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Section L3 (8 marks) You will hear two extracts from different conversations. After each extract, there are two multiple-choice questions. For questions 14-17, choose the answer which fits best, according to what you hear. You will hear the extracts once only.

Extract One - You will hear a woman talking about having her broken computer mended.

14. Why is the speaker angry?

a. She had not had the computer very long.

b. The shop staff were unhelpful.

c. The price of fixing the computer was high.

15. What happened when the speaker returned home?

a. The computer wouldn’t turn on.

b. The computer worked better than before.

c. The computer had a virus.

Extract Two - You will hear a man talking about his business trip.

16. Why is the speaker pleased?

a. His meetings are going well.

b. He has no further meetings.

c. His meetings were cancelled.

17. When he has free time in Spain, the speaker does a lot of

a. swimming.

b. hiking.

c. kayaking.

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R1 [10]

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W4 [25]

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Level 3

Anglia Examinations AIM Qualifications ESOL International


Answer ALL the questions. Check the back page.

Use a blue or black PEN in the spaces provided.


Time allowed – TWO hours and THIRTY minutes. (Not including listening)

Writing Section [50] Marker’s IDReading Section [50]

CEFR C2 Qualification: 601/4948/6



INVIGILATOR: PLEASE ENSURE THAT CANDIDATES UNDERSTAND THESE INSTRUCTIONS

Please stick your




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W4 [25]

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Level 3

Anglia Examinations AIM Qualifications ESOL International


Answer ALL the questions. Check the back page.

Use a blue or black PEN in the spaces provided.


Time allowed – TWO hours and THIRTY minutes. (Not including listening)

Writing Section [50] Marker’s IDReading Section [50]

CEFR C2 Qualification: 601/4948/6



INVIGILATOR: PLEASE ENSURE THAT CANDIDATES UNDERSTAND THESE INSTRUCTIONS

Please stick your




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Section R1 Reading (10 marks) For questions 1–5, read the following extract from an article and decide which word (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Sweets

The concept of a ‘sweet’, also known as candy, may (1) _______________ any sweet confection, including chocolate, chewing gum and sugar candy. Sweets are different to dessert in that they usually come in smaller pieces, but different countries have different ideas about what (2) _______________ sweets. Something like sweets have been produced for at least 3,000 years and almost certainly originated in India, where sugarcane is (3) _______________. Pieces of candy were produced by boiling sugarcane juice. The Persians and then the Greeks adopted their practices and spread sugarcane agriculture to Europe. Sweets were also made using honey. It was very popular in the Roman empire to (4) _______________ fruits in honey and serve them as treats on special occasions. It was even considered good for you. It was not until the 1830s and the Industrial Revolution that sweets as we know them were produced for a mass market. In the west, they were heavily marketed towards children, and candy businesses relied almost solely on children to keep them (5) _______________.

1. A. envelop B. encompass C. encircle D. enclose 2. A. complements B. integrates C. develops D. constitutes 3. A. intuitive B. indigenous C. ingrained D. inbred 4. A. coat B. conceal C. camouflage D. cap 5. A. frequent B. repetitive C. afloat D. conducive

For questions 6–10, read a passage from Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best answers each question.

That was after he had been cured of a string of boils between his elbows and wrists, where the wet jersey and oilskins cut into the flesh. The salt water stung them unpleasantly, but when they were ripe Dan treated them with Disko's razor, and assured Harvey that now he was a "blooded Banker"; the affliction of gurry-sores being the mark of the caste that claimed him.

Since Harvey was a boy and very busy, he did not bother his head with too much thinking. He was exceedingly sorry for his mother, and often longed to see her and above all to tell her of this wonderful new life, and how brilliantly he was acquitting himself in it. Otherwise he preferred not to wonder too much how she was bearing the shock of his supposed death. But one day, as he stood on the foc'sle ladder, guying the cook, who had accused him and Dan of hooking fried pies, it occurred to him that this was a vast improvement on being snubbed by strangers in the smoking-room of a hired liner.

He was a recognized part of the scheme of things on the We're Here; had his place at the table and among the bunks; and could hold his own in the long talks on stormy days, when the others were always ready to listen to what they called his "fairy-tales" of his life ashore. It did not take him more than two days and a quarter to feel that if he spoke of his own life—it seemed very far away—no one except Dan (and even Dan's belief was sorely tried) credited him. So he invented a friend, a boy he had heard of, who drove a miniature four-pony drag in Toledo, Ohio, and ordered five suits of clothes at a time and led things called "germans" at parties where all the presents were solid silver. Salters protested that this kind of yarn was desperately wicked, if not indeed

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positively blasphemous, but he listened as greedily as the others; and their criticisms at the end gave Harvey entirely new notions on "germans," clothes, cigarettes with gold-leaf tips, rings, watches, scent, small dinner-parties, champagne, card-playing, and hotel accommodation.

6. Where is this novel set?

a. in an illegal tavern b. in a prison kitchen c. on a fishing vessel d. in army barracks 7. Harvey’s mother thinks he is

a. deceased. b. working. c. missing. d. travelling. 8. What does ‘acquitting’ mean in the second paragraph?

a. absolve or exonerate b. shame or humiliate c. give up or capitulate d. perform or execute 9. Harvey appreciates the ______________ of the men.

a. discretion b. companionship c. humour d. work ethic 10. Why does Harvey invent the life of a friend?

a. He does not want to talk about his own life. b. His own life was mundane. c. Nobody will listen to the story of his own life. d. The men don’t believe the story of his own life.

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Section R3 (10 marks) Read the following sentences and write ONE word only in each gap. 1. The council won’t do it. There’s too much red ____________________ to

contend with.

2. He’s not as aggressive as he seems. He’s all ____________________ and no bite.

3. A little ____________________ told me you two are getting married soon.

4. Red buses in London are a ____________________ a dozen. They’re everywhere!

5. Don’t look a gift ____________________ in the mouth. Be a bit more grateful.

6. Every cloud has a ____________________ lining.

7. Don’t tell anyone about it, all right? Mum’s the ____________________.

8. This choice is impossible. I’m between a ____________________ and a hard

place.

9. He’s as fit as a ____________________ and finished the race in 34 minutes.

10. I’ll be there, come hell or ____________________ water.

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Email B

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From:

Date & Subject:

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Section R4 (10 marks) Read this passage about biomimicry and answer all the questions in your own words.

Biomimicry: The Answers are All Around Us

Biomimicry is the imitation of the models and systems of nature for the purpose of design. For example, Japan’s Shinkansen Bullet Train was redesigned to imitate birds. This was done because it travelled so fast that when the blunt nose of the train came out of a tunnel, it pushed air out the other end with such force that it resulted in a sonic boom (a very loud noise), which disturbed residents. The company set to work researching bird flight. The newly designed nose of the train echoed the beak of a kingfisher, which dives silently to catch its prey, and the carriages were reworked to resemble the Adelie Penguin, whose smooth body allows it to swim and slide effortlessly. The train no longer made a sound.

Biomimicry is a fairly new scientific field, which in some ways is baffling. Why, when designing something, do inventors look at what other humans have done, when the answers are all around us in nature? Biomimicry is a great research tool. When generating concept ideas, one can ask, ‘Where does nature do something similar?’ It’s becoming increasingly common for biologists to be brought to the table to help designers with their knowledge of nature.

Design based on nature is often superior. Nothing in nature needs to be ‘repaired’ by someone or something else: organisms self-heal. Knowing this, a team of researchers used proteins from rings of teeth on squid suckers to make a coating for protective clothing. This clothing was very important for workers handling hazardous chemicals, but the fabric would be constantly damaged, often without the workers knowing. The squid-inspired coating fixes and closes tears in the clothing itself, just as a squid sucker repairs itself when it suffers damage.

Biomimetic answers are also often more sustainable than any other. Ships’ hulls have been covered with a range of incredibly toxic substances for decades, polluting the ocean. This has been done to prevent bacteria and waste sticking to the hulls, which increases ocean drag and consumes time and fuel. Sharks have a better solution, however – they can’t afford to pollute the ocean where they live, so they have tiny ridged scales which bacteria can’t latch onto and therefore they suffer no drag. This design of shark skin has been applied to ships’ hulls – resulting in fewer gratuitous toxins in the sea.

What makes biomimicry even more attractive for sustainability is its capacity for reducing waste or eliminating it altogether. There’s no rubbish in nature: everything decays and is absorbed back into the natural environment. Taking this idea, it’s possible to produce systems that produce no waste. The city of Kalundborg in Denmark is already trying this: it has a symbiotic network of companies which incorporate each other's waste products as inputs into their own industrial processes. If this system could be replicated widescale, then there would be no more landfill, no more sewage, and no more ocean plastic.

Natural organisms are often more resilient than human-designed technology. Materials in nature use various strategies to prevent cracks or breakages in their design. For example, an abalone shell is made of thousands of tile-like plates made of chalk. They are organised in a brick-like design to yield a structure arranged in the toughest way theoretically possible. The abalone shell also has a protein glue that binds this structure together: it is strong enough to keep the structure unscathed, but flexible enough to absorb strong blows. Designs inspired by this structure could include ceramics that wouldn’t break when you dropped them, and even buildings that could withstand powerful earthquakes.

The scope for biomimicry is limitless. Life has been around on Earth for 3.8 billion years – and what designers are starting to realise is how much research and development time that really is. Has the time come to phase out human-inspired design?

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© AIM Awards, 3 Pride Point Drive, Pride Park, Derby, DE24 8BX © Anglia Examinations Ltd. Reg. in England Co. No. 2046325

CHICHESTER COLLEGE, WESTGATE FIELDS, CHICHESTER, WEST SUSSEX, PO19 1SB, ENGLAND These materials may not be altered or reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

electrical, chemical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

AIM Awards & Anglia Examinations

Level 3 (Masters C2)

Speaking Test

2019 Set 1

Instructions for Candidates The test will take 20 minutes. You will take the test with another candidate.

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Procedure The Anglia Masters Speaking Test consists of three tasks and should take approximately 20 minutes to complete. There are two candidates at each session. The examination will be recorded. The recording is sent to Chichester College for moderation. AFTER the examination, you must not return to the area where candidates yet to take the test are still waiting. Preparation Two articles to read and think about. You should be prepared to talk briefly on one of them before discussing it. Task One: up to 4 minutes: Introductory warm-up. The assessor will ask you to talk about who you are, why you are taking the examination and so on. Task Two: up to 8 minutes: Prepared discussion (newspaper article). The assessor will ask you to talk briefly about the article you have chosen to prepare, and then you must be prepared to discuss the issues arising from it. Task Three: up to 8 minutes: Unprepared discussion (topic only). The assessor will ask you to choose a statement card. He/She will then indicate to you which of the statements on your chosen card you should talk about. You can talk alone for a moment and then you must be prepared to engage in discussion about the proposition in the statement.

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STEP TOStudent Book

Official preparation material for Anglia ESOL International ExaminationsFor the revised and updated papers

MASTERS C2

STEP TOSTU

DENT BO

OK

MAS

TERS

C2


Step To First Step

Step To Junior

Step To Primary

Step To Preliminary

Step To Elementary


Step To Intermediate

Step To Advanced

Step To AcCept Proficiency

Step To Masters



For teachers, the accompanying teachers' guides make things easy. Each book is

the teachers' guide for each level has language and cultural explanations, test tips, and transcripts of all the recordings.

IM

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