stephen i of hungary

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Stephen I of Hungary 1

Stephen I of Hungary

Saint Stephen IKing of the Hungarians, King of the Pannonians or King of Hungary

Portrayal of Stephen I on the Hungarian coronation pall from 1031

King of Hungary

Reign 1000 or 10011038

Coronation 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001

Predecessor Himself as Grand Prince

Successor Peter I

Grand Prince of the Hungarians

Reign 9971000 or 1001

Predecessor Gza

Successor Himself as King of Hungary

Spouse Gisela of Bavaria

Issue

OttoSaint Emeric

Dynasty rpd dynasty

Father Gza of Hungary

Mother Sarolt

Born c. 975Esztergom, Principality of Hungary

Died 15 August 1038 (aged 6263)Esztergom or Szkesfehrvr, Kingdom of Hungary

Burial Szkesfehrvr Basilica, Szkesfehrvr, Hungary

Signature

Religion Catholic

Stephen I, also Saint Stephen, (Hungarian:I. Szent Istvn; Latin: Sanctus Stephanus;[1]Slovak: tefan I. or tefan

Vek) was the last GrandPrince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001, and the first King of Hungary

from 1000 or 1001 until his death in 1038. He was born as Vajk in Esztergom. The year of his birth is uncertain, but

many details of his life suggest that he was born in or after 975. He was the only son of Grand Prince Gza and his

wife, Sarolt, who was descended from the prominent family of the gyulas. Although both of his parents were

baptized, Stephen was the first member of his family to become a devout Christian. He married Gisela of Bavaria, a

scion of the imperial Ottonian dynasty.

After succeeding his father in 997, Stephen had to fight for the throne against his relative, Koppny, who wassupported by masses of pagan warriors. He defeated Koppny mainly with the assistance of Vecelin, Hont and

Pzmny and other knights of foreign origin, but also with help from native lords. He was crowned on 25 December
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1000 or 1 January 1001 with a crown sent by Pope Sylvester II. In a series of wars against semi-independent tribes

and chieftainsincluding the Black Hungarians and his uncle, Gyula the Youngerhe unified the Carpathian Basin.

He protected the independence of his kingdom by forcing the invading troops of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor to

withdraw from Hungary in 1030.

Stephen established at least one archbishopric, six bishoprics and three Benedictine monasteries; thus the Church in

Hungary developed independently of the archbishops of the Holy Roman Empire. He ensured the spread ofChristianity among his subjects with severe punishments. His system of local administration was based on counties

organized around fortresses and administered by royal officials. Hungary, which enjoyed a lasting period of peace

during his reign, became a preferred route for pilgrims and merchants traveling between Western Europe and the

Holy Land or Constantinople.

He survived all of his children, which caused bitter conflicts among his relatives, lasting for decades. He died on 15

August 1038 and was buried in his new basilica, built in Szkesfehrvr and dedicated to the Holy Virgin. Pope

Gregory VII canonized him together with his son, Emeric, and Bishop Gerard of Csand, in 1083. Stephen is a

popular saint in Hungary and the neighboring territories. In Hungary, his feast day (celebrated on 20 August) is also

a public holiday commemorating the foundation of the state.

Early years (c. 975997)

Stephen's birth depicted in theIlluminated Chronicle

The date of his birth is uncertain, because it was not recorded in

contemporaneous documents.[2] Hungarian and Polish chronicles

written centuries later give three different years: 967, 969 and 975. [3]

The unanimous testimony of his legends and other Hungarian

sources, which state that Stephen was "still an adolescent" [4] in 997,

substantiate the reliability of the later year (975).[2][3] Stephen's

Lesser Legend adds that he was born in Esztergom.[2][3] His place of

birth also implies that he was born after 972, because his father,Gza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, chose Esztergom as royal

residence around that year.[2]

Hungarian chronicles unanimously report that Stephen's mother was

Sarolt, a daughter of Gyula, the Hungarian chieftain with jurisdiction

either in Transylvania[5] or in the wider region of the confluence of

the rivers Tisza and Maros.[6] Many historiansincluding Pl Engel

and Gyula Kristpropose that her father was identical with

"Gylas", who had around 952 been baptized in Constantinople and

"remained faithful to Christianity",[7] according to the Byzantine

chronicler, John Skylitzes.[8][9] However, this identification is not

unanimously accepted; for instance, Gyrgy Gyrffy proposes that it

was not Sarolt's father, but his younger brother who was baptized in

the Byzantine capital.[5] In contrast with all Hungarian sources, the

Polish-Hungarian Chronicle and later Polish sources state that

Stephen's mother was Adelhaid, an otherwise unknown sister of

Duke Mieszko I of Poland, but the reliability of this report is

dubious.[10]
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Baptism of Vajk, painting by Gyula Benczr

He was born as Vajk,[11] which derived from a Turkic word baj,

meaning "hero", "master", "prince", or "rich".[3][10] Stephen's

Greater Legend narrates that he was baptized by Bishop Adalbert of

Prague,[12] who stayed in Gza's court several times between 983

and 994.[13][14] However, Adalbert's nearly contemporaneous

Legend, written by Bruno of Querfurt, does not mention of theevent.[13][12][14] Accordingly, the date of Stephen's baptism is

unknown: Gyrffy argues that Stephen was baptized soon after

birth,[12] while Krist proposes that he only received baptism just

before his father's death in 997.[14] He was given his baptismal name

in honour of the first martyr, Saint Stephen.

Stephen's Legend, written by Hartvik, narrates that he "was fully

instructed in knowledge of the grammatical art"[15] in his childhood,

implying that he studied Latin.[3] His two other legends do not

mention Stephen's grammatical studies. They only state that he "was

brought up by receiving an education appropriate for a little

prince".[3] Krist says that the latter remark only refers to Stephen's

physical training, including his participation in hunts and military

actions.[3] According to the Illuminated Chronicle, one of his tutors

was a Count Deodatus from Italy, who later founded a monastery in Tata. [16]

According to Stephen's legends, Grand Prince Gza convoked an assembly of the Hungarian chieftains and warriors

when Stephen "ascended to the first stage of adolescence", when he was 14 or 15. [17][18] Gza nominated Stephen as

his successor and all those who were present took an oath of loyalty to the young prince.[18] Gyrgy Gyrffy also

writes, without referring to his source, that Gza appointed his son to rule the "Nyitra ducate" around that time. [12]

Slovak historians, including Jn Steinhbel and Jn Lukaka, accept Gyrffy's view and propose that Stephenadministered Nyitra (now Nitra, Slovakia) from around 995.[19][20]

Upon his father's initiative, Stephen married Gisela, the daughter of Henry the Wrangler, Duke of Bavaria (r.

955995) in or after 995.[21] This marriage established the first family link between a Hungarian ruler and a Western

European ruling house,[22] because Gisella was closely related to the Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman

Emperors.[14] According to popular tradition preserved in the Scheyern Abbey in Bavaria, the ceremony took place

at the castle of Scheyern and was celebrated by Bishop Adalbert of Prague. [18] Gisela was accompanied to her new

home by Bavarian knights, many of whom received land grants from her husband and settled in Hungary. [23] The

arrival of these heavy-armed warriors strengthened Stephen's military position.[24] Gyrffy writes that Stephen and

his wife "presumably" settled in Nyitra after their marriage.[23]

Reign (9971038)

Grand Prince (9971000)

Grand Prince Gza died in 997.[11][25] Stephen soon convoked an assembly to Esztergom where his supporters

declared him grand prince.[26] Initially, he only controlled the northwestern regions of the Carpathian Basin;the rest

of the territory was still dominated by tribal chieftains. Stephen's ascension to the throne was in line with the

principle of primogeniture of Christian monarchies which prescribed that a father was succeeded by his son. [24]

However, it contradicted the traditional idea of seniority, according to which Gza should have been succeeded by

the most senior member of the rpd dynasty, who was Koppny at that time.[24][27]

Koppny, who held the title ofduke of Somogy,[28] had for many years administered the regions of Transdanubia to the south of Lake
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Balaton.[25][22]

Koppny announced his claim to the throne and rebelled against Stephen. [26][29] He also decided to marry Gza's

widow, Sarolt, in accordance with the pagan custom of levirate marriage.[26][30] Although it is not impossible that

Koppny had already in 972 been baptized,[26] most of his partisans were pagans, opponents of Christianity

represented by Stephen and his predominantly German retinue.[31] A charter of 1002 for the Pannonhalma

Archabbey even writes of a war between "the Germans and the Hungarians" when referring to the armed conflictsbetween Stephen and Koppny.[32][31] Even so, Gyrffy says that Oszlar ("Alan"), Beseny ("Pecheneg"),Kr and

other place names, referring to ethnic groups or Hungarian tribes in Transdanubia around the supposed borders of

Koppny's duchy, suggest that significant auxiliary units and groups of Hungarian warriorswho had been settled

there by Grand Prince Gzafought in Stephen's army.[33]

Koppny's execution after his defeat by Stephen

Krist states that the entire conflict between Stephen and Koppny

was only a feud between two members of the rpd dynasty, with no

effect on other Hungarian tribal leaders. Koppny and his troops

invaded the northern regions of Transdanubia, took many of

Stephen's forts and plundered his lands.[31] Stephen, who "was for

the first time girded with his sword",[34] placed the brothers Hontand Pzmny at the head of his own guard and nominated Vecelin to

lead the royal army.[35][31][36] The latter was a German knight who

had come to Hungary in the reign of Gza.[37] Hont and Pzmny

were, according to Simon of Kza's Gesta Hunnorum et

Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle, "knights of Swabian

origin"[38] who settled in Hungary either under Gza or in the first

years of Stephen's reign. On the other hand, Lukaka and other

Slovak historians say that Hont and Pzmny were "Slovak"

noblemen who had joined Stephen during his rule in Nyitra.[39]

Koppny was besieging Veszprm when he was informed of the

arrival of Stephen's army.[33] In the battle between Veszprm and

Vrpalota,[33] Stephen won a decisive victory over his enemies.[29]

Koppny himself was killed on the battlefield.[22] His body was

quartered and its parts were displayed at the gates of the forts of Esztergom, Gyr, Gyulafehrvr (Alba Iulia,

Romania) and Veszprm in order to threaten all of those who were conspiring against the young monarch. [29][40][41]

Stephen occupied Koppny's duchy and granted large estates to his own partisans.[42][25] According to the

interpolated deed of the foundation of the Pannonhalma Archabbey,[43] he also prescribed that Koppny's former

subjects were to pay tithe to this monastery.[31] The same document declares that "there were no other bishoprics and

monasteries in Hungary" at that time.[44] On the other hand, the nearly contemporary Bishop Thietmar of Merseburgclearly states that Stephen "established bishoprics in his kingdom"[45] before being crowned king.[44] If the latter

report is valid, the dioceses of Veszprm and Gyr are the most probable candidates. [46]
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Coronation (10001001)

King Saint Stephen's modern sculpture in Budapest

When sending one part of Koppny's quartered corpse to

Gyulafehrvr, the seat of his maternal uncle, Gyula the Younger,

Stephen demonstrated his claim to reign all lands dominated by

Hungarian lords.[47] He also decided to confirm his international

position by adopting the title of king.[48] However, the exactcircumstances of his coronation and its political consequences are

subject to scholarly debate.[49]

Thietmar of Merseburg writes that Stephen received the crown "with

the favour and urging" of Emperor Otto III (r. 9961002),[50]

implying that Stephen accepted the emperor's suzerainty before his

coronation.[49] On the other hand, all of Stephen's legends emphasize

that he received his crown from Pope Sylvester II (r. 9991003).[49]

Krist[51] and other historians[52] point out that Pope Sylvester and

Emperor Otto were close allies, which implies that both reports are

valid: Stephen "received the crown and consecration" from the pope,

but not without the emperor's consent. Around 75 years after the

coronation, Pope Gregory VII (r. 10751085), who claimed

suzerainty over Hungary, declared that Stephen had "offered and

devotedly surrendered" Hungary "to Saint Peter" (that is to the Holy

See).[53][50][52] In a contrasting report, Stephen's Greater Legend

states that the king offered Hungary to the Virgin Mary.[52] Modern historiansincluding Pl Engel, Gyrgy

Gyrffy and Mikls Molnrwrite that Stephen always demonstrated his sovereignty, which excludes that he ever

accepted papal or imperial suzerainty.[22][49][54] For instance, none of his charters were dated according to the years

of the reign of the contemporary emperors, which would have been the case if he had been the German monarch'svassal.[55] Furthermore, Stephen declared in the preamble to his First Book of Laws that he governed his realm "by

the will of God".[56][55]

The exact date of Stephen's coronation is unknown.[51] According to later Hungarian tradition, he was crowned on

the first day of the second millennium, which may refer either to 25 December 1000 or to 1 January 1001. [57][11]

Details of Stephen's coronation preserved in his Greater Legend suggest that the ceremony, which took place in

Esztergom, followed the rite of the coronation of the German kings.[58] Accordingly, Stephen was anointed with

consecrated oil during the ceremony.[58] Stephen's portrait, preserved on his royal cloak from 1031, proves that his

crown, similarly to the Holy Roman Emperor's diadem, was a hoop crown decorated with gemstones. [59]

Besides his crown, Stephen regarded a spear with a flag as an important symbol of his sovereignty.

[59]

For instance,his first coins bear the inscription LANCEA REGIS ("the king's spear") and depict an arm holding a spear with

flag.[59] According to the contemporaneous Admar de Chabannes, a spear had been given to Stephen's father by

Emperor Otto III in a token of Gza's right to "enjoy the most freedom in the possession of his country". [60] Stephen

is styled in various waysUngarorum rex ("king of the Hungarians"),Pannoniorum rex ("king of the Pannonians")

orHungarie rex ("king of Hungary")in his charters.[50]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabanneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gemstoneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoop_crownhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anointmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virgin_Maryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_VIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Sylvester_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyula_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AAftnn_King_Stephen%2C_who_we_reckon_was_responsible_for_Christianity_in_eastern_Europe.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budapest


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that the Polish duke occupied large territories north of the Danube as far as Esztergom in the early 1000s.[81][82]

According to Steinhbel, the latter source proves that a significant part of the lands that now form Slovakia were

under Polish rule between 1002 and 1030.[82] In contrast with the Slovak historian, Gyrffy writes that this late

chronicle "in which one absurdity follows another" contradicts all facts known from 11th-century sources. [83]

Stephen defeats Kean "Duke of the Bulgarians and

Slavs"

The Illuminated Chronicle narrates that Stephen "led his army

against Kean, Duke of the Bulgarians and Slavs whose lands are bytheir natural position most strongly fortified"[84] following the

occupation of Gyula's country.[85] According to a number of

historians, including Zoltn Lenkey[85] and Gbor Thoroczkay,[65]

Kean was the head of a small state located in the southern parts of

Transylvania and Stephen occupied his country around 1003. Other

historians, including Gyrffy, say that the chronicle's report

preserved the memory of Stephen's campaign against Bulgaria in the

late 1010s.[86]

Likewise, the identification of the "Black Hungarians"[87]who

were mentioned by Bruno of Querfurt and Admar de Chabannes among the opponents of Stephen's proselytizing

policyis uncertain.[88] Gyrffy locates their lands to the east of the river Tisza,[89] while Thoroczkay to the

southern parts of Transdanubia.[65] Bruno of Querfurt's report of the Black Hungarians' conversion by force suggests

that Stephen conquered their lands at the latest in 1009 when "the first mission of Saint Peter" [90]a papal legate,

Cardinal Azoarrived in Hungary.[91] The latter attended the meeting in Gyr where the royal charter determining

the borders of the newly established Bishopric of Pcs was issued on August 23, 1009. [90]

The Diocese of Eger was also set up around 1009.[92][90] According to Thoroczkay, "it is very probable" that the

bishopric's establishment was connected with the conversion of the Kabarsan ethnic group of Khazar origin[93]

and their chieftain.[94] The head of the Kavarswho was either Samuel Aba or his father[95] married Stephen's

unnamed younger sister on this occasion.[94][96]

The Aba clan was the most powerful among the native families whojoined Stephen and supported him in his efforts to establish a Christian monarchy.[97] The reports by Anonymous,

Simon of Kza and other Hungarian chroniclers of the Br-Kaln, Csk and other 13th-century noble families

descending from Hungarian chieftains prove that other native families were also involved in the process. [97]

Stephen abolished tribal divisions[98] and set up a territory-based administrative system,[75] establishing counties.[99]

Each county, headed a by royal official known as a count or ispn, were administrative units organized around royal

fortresses.[99] Most fortresses were earthworks in this period,[100] but the castles at Esztergom, Szkesfehrvr and

Veszprm were built of stone.[101] Forts serving as county seats also became the nuclei of Church organization.[100]

The settlements developing around them, where markets were held on each Sunday, were important local economic

centers.[100]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isp%C3%A1nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cs%C3%A1k_%28genus%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anonymus_%28chronicler%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aba_%28family%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Abahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khazarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Egerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_P%C3%A9cshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gy%C5%91rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_legatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiszahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Hungarianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Bulgarian_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIstv%C3%A1nkir%C3%A1ly.jpg


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Active foreign policy (c. 10091031)

A statue of the king in Miskolc

Stephen's brother-in-law, Henry II, became King of Germany in

1002 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1013.[55] Their friendly

relationship ensured that the Western borders of Hungary

experienced a period of peace in the first decades of the

11th century.[102][55] Even when Henry II's discontented brother,Bruno, sought refugee in Hungary in 1004, Stephen preserved the

peace with Germany and negotiated a settlement between his two

brothers-in-law.[55][103] Around 1009, he gave his younger sister in

marriage to Otto Orseolo, Doge of Venice (r. 10081026), a close

ally of the Byzantine Emperor, Basil II (r. 9761025), which

suggests that Hungary's relationship with the Byzantine Empire was

also peaceful.[104]

On the other hand, the alliance between Hungary and the Holy

Roman Empire brought Hungary into a war with Poland lasting fromaround 1014[105] until 1018.[106] The Poles occupied the Hungarian

posts along the river Morava.[107] Gyrffy and Krist write that a

Pecheneg incursion into Transylvania, the memory of which has

been preserved in Stephen's legends, also took place in this period, because the Pechenegs were close allies of

Boleslav the Brave's brother-in-law, Grand Prince Sviatopolk I of Kiev (r. 10151019).[105][108] However, 500

Hungarian horsemen who accompanied Boleslav the Brave to Kiev already in 1018 indicate that Hungary had been

included in the Peace of Bautzen between Poland and the Holy Roman Empire.[108] The historian Ferenc Makk says

that the peace treaty obliged Boleslav the Brave to hand over all the territories he had occupied in the Morava valley

to Stephen.[107]

For some night suddenly awakaned by some revelation, [Stephen] ordered a courier to hasten in one day andnight to Alba in Transylvania, and gather all those living in the country within the fortifications of the city as

fast as he could. For he foretold that the enemies of Christians would come upon them, the Pechenegs, who

then threatened the Hungarians, in order to plunder their estate. Scarcely had the messenger completed the

orders of the king, when behold the unexpected onslaught of the Pechenegs devastated everything by burning

and plundering. Through the revelation of God, which was granted because of the merits of the blessed man,

the souls of everyone were saved by the shelter of the fortifications.

Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary[109]

According to Leodvin, the first known Bishop of Bihar (r. c. 1050 c. 1060), Stephen allied with the Byzantines and

made a military expedition in order to assist them against "barbarians" in the Balkan Peninsula.

[110]

The Byzantineand Hungarian troops jointly took "Cesaries", a town identified with Ohrid by Gyrffy[111] and other historians.

Here, Stephen collected relics of a number of saints, including Saint George and Saint Nicholas of Myra.[112]

Leodvin's report suggests that Stephen intervened in the war ending with the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria in

1018.[112] However, the exact date of his expedition is uncertain.[111] Gyrffy argues that it was only in the last year

of the war that Stephen led his troops against the Bulgarians, because in the previous years he had fought against the

Poles.[111]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Nicholas_of_Myrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Georgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relichttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohridhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balkan_Peninsulahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbarianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Oradea_Marehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartvikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyulafeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revelationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_of_Bautzenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kievhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sviatopolk_I_of_Kievhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pechenegshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doge_of_Venicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Orseolohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruno_of_Augsburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIstvanKiraly_sculpture_miskolc.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miskolc


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Ruins of the Pcsvrad Abbey

Stephen donated the relics acquired in Cesaries to his triple-naved,

new basilica dedicated to the Holy Virgin[113] in Szkesfehrvr.[114]

He also set up a cathedral chapter here.[115] Stephen transferred his

seat from Esztergom to Szkesfehrvr. His decision was not

independent of the opening, in 1018 or 1019, of a new pilgrimage

route, connecting Western Europe and the Holy Land throughHungary, while bypassing his old seat.[116][117] Stephen often met

the pilgrims, contributing to the spread of his fame throughout

Europe.[118] Abbot Odilo of Cluny, for example, wrote in his letter

to Stephen that "those who have returned from the shrine of our

Lord" testify to the king's passion "towards the honour of our divine religion".[119] Stephen himself also established

four hostels for pilgrims in Constantinople, Jerusalem, Ravenna and Rome.[120]

[Almost] all those from Italy and Gaul who wished to go to the Sepulchre of the Lord at Jerusalem abandoned

the usual route, which was by sea, making their way through the country of King Stephen. He made the road

safe for everyone, welcomed as brothers all he saw and gave them enormous gifts. This action led many

people, nobles and commoners, to go to Jerusalem.

Rodulfus Glaber: The Five Books of the Histories[121]

In addition to pilgrims, merchants often used the safe route across Hungary when travelling between Constantinople

and Western Europe.[116] Stephen's legends also write of 60 wealthy Pechenegs who travelled to Hungary, but were

attacked by Hungarian border guards.[122] The king sentenced his soldiers to death in order to demonstrate his

determination to preserve internal peace.[122] Regular minting also began in Hungary in the 1020s.[123] Stephen's

silver dinars[116] bearing the inscriptions STEPHANUS REX ("King Stephen") and REGIA CIVITAS ("royal city")

were popular in contemporary Europe, as demonstrated by their conterfeited copies unearthed in Sweden.[123]

Modern statute of Bishop Gerard of Csand and his

disciple, Prince Emeric (both were canonized along

with King Stephen in 1083)

Stephen convinced some pilgrims and merchants to settle in

Hungary.[116][119] Gerard, a member of the Sagredo or Morosinifamily,[124] who arrived in Hungary from the Republic of Venice

between 1020 and 1026 initially planned to continue his journey to

the Holy Land, but decided to stay in the country after his meeting

with the king.[118] Stephen also established a number of Benedictine

monasteriesincluding the abbeys at Pcsvrad, Zalavr and

Bakonybl[125]in this period.[126]

Stephen's brother-in-law, Emperor Henry, died on 13 July 1024.[127]

He was succeeded by a distant relative,[128] Conrad II (r.

10241039), who adopted an active foreign policy.[129] Conrad II

expelled Doge Otto Orseolothe husband of Stephen's sisterfrom

Venice in 1026.[129][118] He also persuaded the Bavarians to

proclaim his own son, Henry, as their duke in 1027, although

Stephen's son, Emeric had a strong claim to the Duchy of Bavaria

through his mother.[128]

Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the Byzantine

Empire and dispatched one of his advisors, Bishop Werner of

Strasbourg, to Constantinople.[113][130] The bishop seemingly

travelled as a pilgrim, but Stephen, who had been informed on his actual purpose, refused to let him enter into his

country in the autumn of 1027.[113][130] Conrad II's biographer, Wipo of Burgundy narrated that the Bavarians

incited skirmishes along the common borders of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in 1029, causing a rapid
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wipo_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_I_%28Bishop_of_Strasbourg%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_I_%28Bishop_of_Strasbourg%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Bavariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conrad_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakonyb%C3%A9l_Abbeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zalav%C3%A1rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9csv%C3%A1rad_Abbeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Venicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morosini_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morosini_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Sagredohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASzekesfehervar_Puspokkut3.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emeric_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Sagredohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodulfus_Glaberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerusalemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odilo_of_Clunyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Landhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilgrimagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_chapterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACivertanPecsvarad.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9csv%C3%A1rad_Abbey


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deterioration in relations between the two countries.[131][132]

Stephen's conflict with Ajtony, a chieftain in the region of the river Maroswhich is narrated in the Long Life of

Saint Gerardis also dated by many historians to the very end of the 1020s, although Gyrffy [81] and other scholars

wrote that it happened at least a decade earlier.[133] The conflict arose when Ajtony, who "had taken his power from

the Greeks", levied tax on the salt transported to Stephen on the river. [134] The king sent a large army led by Csand

against Ajtony, who was killed in a battle.[135]

His lands were transformed into a county and the king set up a newbishopric at Csand (Cenad, Romania), the former seat of Ajtony, which was renamed after the commander of the

royal army.[135] According to the Annales Posonienses, the Venetian Gerard was consecrated as the first bishop of

the new diocese in 1030.[136]

Emperor Conrad personally led his armies to Hungary in June 1030 and plundered the lands west of the river

Rba.[131][137] However, as theAnnals of Niederalteich reported it, the emperor, suffering from consequences of the

scorched earth tactics applied by the Hungarian army,[138] returned to Germany "without an army and without

achieving anything, because the army was threatened by starvation and was captured by the Hungarians at

Vienna".[137] The peace was restored after Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers Lajta and Fischa to

Hungary in the summer of 1031.[139]

At this same time, dissensions arose between the Pannonian nation and the Bavarians, through the fault of theBavarians. And, as a result, King [Stephen] of Hungary made many incursions and raids in the realm of the

Norici (that is, of the Bavarians). Disturbed on this account Emperor Conrad cameupon the Hungarians with a

great army. But King [Stephen], whose forces were entirely insufficient to meet the Emperor, relled solely on

the guardianship of the Lord, which he sought with prayers and fasts proclaimed through his whole realm.

Since the Emperor was not able to enter a kingdom so fortified with rivers and forests, he returned, after he

had sufficiently avenged his injury with lootings and burnings on the borders of the kingdom; and it was his

wish at a more opportune time to complete the things he had begun. His son, King Henry, however, still a

young boy entrusted to the care of Eigilbert, bishop of Freising, received a legation of King [Stephen] which

asked for peace; and solely with the counsel of the princes of the realm, and without his father's knowledge, he

granted the favor of reconciliation.

Wipo: The Deeds of Conrad II[140]

Last years (10311038)

King Stephen at the funeral of his son, Saint Emeric

Stephen's biographer, Hartvic narrates that the king, whose children

died one by one in infancy, "restrained the grief over their death by

the solace on account of the love of his surviving son",[141]

Emeric.[142] However, Emeric was wounded in a hunting accident

and died in 1031.[116] After the death of his son, the elderly king

could never "fully regain his former health",[143] according to theIlluminated Chronicle.[142] Krist writes that the picture, which has

been preserved in Stephen's legends, of the holy king keeping the

vigils and washing the feet of paupers, is connected with Stephen's

last years, following the death of his son.[144]

Emeric's death jeopardized his father's achievements in establishing

a Christian state,[145] because Stephen's cousin, Vazulwho had the

strongest claim to succeede himwas suspected to incline toward

paganism.[146] The Annals of Altaich narrated that Stephen

disregarded his cousin's claim and nominated his own sister's son,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AImrich_stepan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AImrich_stepan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vazulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AImrich_stepan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AImrich_stepan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annales_Altahenseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AImrich_stepan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AImrich_stepan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annales_Altahenseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vazulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vigilshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Emeric_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AImrich_stepan.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Emeric_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wipo_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_of_Freisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyep%C3%BChttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fischahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lajtahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scorched_earthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1bahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annales_Posonienseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Szeged-Csan%C3%A1dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Szeged-Csan%C3%A1dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Csan%C3%A1d_Countyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Csan%C3%A1dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mure%C8%99_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajtony


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the Venetian Peter Orseolo as his heir.[147] The same source adds that Vazul was captured and blinded; his three

sons, Levente, Andrew and Bla, were expelled from Hungary.[147] A report, preserved in Stephen's legends, of an

unsuccessful attempt upon the elderly king's life by members of his court indicate that Vazul was mutilated for his

participation in the plot.[144] That Vazul's ears were filled with molten lead was only recorded in later sources,

including theIlluminated Chronicle.[148]

Provisions in Stephen's Second Book of Laws on the "conspiracy against the king and the kingdom"[149]

implies thatthis book was promulgated after Vazul's unsuccessful plot against Stephen.[71] However, historians have not

universally accepted this view.[71] Gyrffy wrote that the law book was issued, not after 1031, but around 1009.[150]

Likewise, the authenticity of Stephen's decree on the tithe is debated: according to Gyrffy, it is duly attributed to

Stephen, but Berend, Laszlovszky and Szakcs wrote that it "might be a later addition".[150][43]

Ten villages shall build a church and endow it with two manses and the same number of bondmen, a horse and

mare, six oxen, two cows, and thirty small animals. The king shall provide vestments and altar cloths, and the

bishop the priests and books.

Laws of King Stephen I[151]

Stephen died on 15 August 1038.[152] He was buried in the basilica of Szkesfehrvr.[147] A long period of

instability followed his reign, which was characterized by civil wars, pagan uprisings and foreign invasions. [153][154]

The period ended in 1077 when Ladislaus, a grandson of Vazul, ascended the throne.[155]

Family

King Stephen and his wife Gisela of Bavariafounding a church at buda from the Chronicon

Pictum

Stephen married Gisela, a daughter of Duke Henry the Wrangler of

Bavariahimself a nephew of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor[156]and

his wife, Gisela of Burgundy, a member of the Welf dynasty.[18][157]

Born around 985, Gisela was younger than her husband, whom she

survived.[18][157] She abandoned Hungary in 1045 and died as Abbess

of the Niedernburg Abbey in Passau in Bavaria around 1060.[158]

Although theIlluminated Chronicle narrates that Stephen "begot many

sons",[159][160] only two of them, Otto and Emeric, are known by

name.[61] According to Krist, Otto was born before 1002 and was

named after Emperor Otto III.[61] He died as a child.[160]

Emeric who received the name of his maternal uncle, Emperor Henry

II, was born around 1007.[61] His Legend from the early 1100s

describes Emeric as a saintly prince who preserved his chastity even

during his marriage.[160] According to Gyrffy, Emeric's wife was a

kinswoman of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II.[111] His prematuredeath caused the series of conflicts leading to Vazul's blinding and civil

wars.[116][161]

Be obedient to me, my son. You are a child, descendant of rich parents, living among soft pillows, who has

been caressed and brought up in all kinds of comforts; you have had a part neither in the troubles of the

campaigns nor in the various attacks of the pagans in which almost my whole life has been worn away.

Stephen'sAdmonitions to his son, Emeric[122]

The following family tree presents Stephen's ancestors and his relatives who are mentioned in the

article.[157][162][157]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chastityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Emeric_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elder_House_of_Welfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisela_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisela_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AChronicon_Pictum_P042_%C3%93budai_templom_alap%C3%ADt%C3%A1sa.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronicon_Pictumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronicon_Pictumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%93budahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisela_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladislaus_I_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Altar_clothhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bondmenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9la_I_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_I_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leventehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Orseolo


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Gyula the Elder Grand Prince

Taksony

a "Cuman"

lady*

Henry of

Bavaria

Gisela of

Burgundy

Gyula the

Younger

Sarolt Grand Prince Gza

two daughters daughter Doge Otto

Orseolo

daughter Samuel Aba**

Gisela of Bavaria Stephen I

Peter Orseolo

Otto Emeric Byzantine

princess

*A Khazar, Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian lady.

**Samuel Aba might have been the son of Stephen's sister instead of her husband.

Legacy

Founder of Hungary

A miniature of King Saint Stephen from the

Illuminated Chronicle

Stephen has always been considered one of the most important

statesmen in the history of Hungary.[163] His main achievement was

the establishment of a Christian state which ensured that the

Hungarians have survived in the Carpathian Basin, in contrast with

the Huns, Avars and other peoples who had before them controlled

the same territory.[163] Stephen, as Bryan Cartledge emphasizes, also

gave his kingdom "forty years of relative peace and sound but

unspectacular rule".[164]

His successors, even those who were descended from Vazul, were

eager to emphasize their devotion to Stephen's achievements.[165]

Vazul's son, Andrew I of Hungary (r. 10461060), although he

acquired the throne due to a pagan uprising, prohibited pagan rites

and declared that all of his subjects should "live in all things

according to the law which King St. Stephen had tought them"[166]

following his coronation.[165]

In medieval Hungary, communities which claimed a privileged status or attempted topreserve their own "liberties" often declared that the origin of their special status was to be attributed to King Saint

Stephen.[167] In a letter of 1347, for example, in their grievances against the Pannonhalma Archabbey to the king, the

people of Tp stated that taxes levied upon them by the Abbot contradicted "the liberty granted to them in the time of

King Saint Stephen".[168]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A1phttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Privilege_%28law%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281000%E2%80%931526%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vata_pagan_uprisinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_I_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Avarshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AIstvan-ChroniconPictum.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminated_Chroniclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Emeric_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Orseolohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisela_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Aba%2C_King_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Orseolohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Orseolohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za%2C_Grand_Prince_of_the_Hungarianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarolthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyula_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyula_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisela_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gisela_of_Burgundyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_the_Wranglerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_the_Wranglerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taksony_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyula_II


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The Holy King

King Saint Stephen

King and Confessor

Born c. 975

Esztergom, Hungary

Died 15 August 1038Szkesfehrvr, Hungary

Honored in Roman Catholic Church

Eastern Orthodox Church

Canonized 20 August 1083, Szkesfehrvr by Pope Gregory VII

Major shrine Saint Stephen's Basilica in Budapest, Hungary

Feast 16 August

20 August (in Hungary)

30 May (his Holy Dexter in Hungary)

Attributes Crown; Sceptre; globe

Patronage Patron saint of Hungary

Patron of kings, masons, stonecutters, stonemasons and

bricklayers

Protector against child death

Stephen's cult emerged after thelong period of anarchy characterizing the rule of his immediate successors. His tomb

at Szkesfehrvr became a popular shrine where healing miracles were said to have occurred.[161][169] King

Ladislaus I of Hungary (r. 10771095)although himself a grandson of Prince Vazul, who had been blinded on

Stephen's ordersinitiated his canonization,[170] which was permitted by Pope Gregory VII.[169] The ceremony

started at Stephen's tomb, where masses of believers spent three days fasting and praying from 15 August 1083. [171]

Legend says that Stephen's coffin could not be opened until King Ladislaus held his dethroned cousin, Solomon, incaptivity in a prison at Visegrd.[171] Stephen's "balsam-scented" remains were elevated from the coffin, which was

filled with "rose-colored water", on 20 August.[171] On the same day, Stephen's son, Emeric, and the holy bishop of

Csand, Gerard, were also canonized.[170]

A certain youth, all his limbs weakened, suffering paralysis for twelfe years who was without the use of his

hands and feet, who was carried there with the aid of his parents, having received the cure of all his body, was

the first of the signs. Running to the altar far from sluggishly, he increased the joy of all those shouting praises

to Christ.


Stephen's first legend, the so-called Greater Legend, was written between 1077 and 1083.[173] It provided an

idealized portrait of the king,[174] who dedicated himself and his kingdom to the Virgin Mary.[173] However,

Stephen's Lesser Legendwhich was composed around 1100,[174] under King Coloman (r.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartvikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coloman_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartvikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visegr%C3%A1dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladislaus_I_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patron_sainthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globus_crucigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sceptrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crown_of_St._Stephenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_symbologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calendar_of_saintshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budapesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Stephen%27s_Basilicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shrinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Gregory_VIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canonizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodox_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hungary_%281000%E2%80%931526%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1rhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esztergomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St._Stephen%2C_Esztergom.jpg


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10951116)[173]emphasized Stephen's severity, with Gyrffy's words, "in an unlegendary way".[174] Stephen's

third legend was composed, also in King Coloman's reign, by Bishop Hartvik, who based his text on the previous

two legends.[173] Sanctioned in 1201 by Pope Innocent III, Hartvik's work served as Stephen's official legend.[173]

Gbor Klaniczay writes that Stephen's legends, suggesting that a monarch can achieve sainthood through actively

using his royal powers, "opened a new chapter in the legends of holy rulers as a genre".[175] Stephen was the first

triumphant miles Christi ("Christ's soldier") among the canonized monarchs.[176]

He was also a "confessor king"whose cult was sanctioned, in contrast with earlier holy monarchs, without suffering martyrdom. [177]

Stephen's cult spread beyond the borders of Hungary. Initially he was primarily venerated in Scheyern and Bamberg

in Bavaria, but his relics were also taken to Aachen, Cologne, Montecassino and Namur. Upon the liberation of Buda

from the Ottoman Turks, Pope Innocent XI expanded Stephen's cult to the entire Roman Catholic Church in 1686.

He declared 2 September as King Saint Stephen's feast day.[161] As the feast of Saint Joachim was moved, in 1969,

from 16 August,[178] the day immediately following the day of Stephen's death, the latter's feast was moved to that

date.[179] Stephen is venerated as the patron saint of Hungary. He also protects kings, masons, stonecutters,

stonemasons and bricklayers.[169] He is the protector of children suffering from serious illnesses menacing their

lives.[169] The canonization of Saint Stephen was recognized by Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of

Constantinople in the year 2000. In the calendar of the Hungarian Roman Catholic Church, the feast is observed on20 August, the day on which his relics were translated. In Hungary, a separate feast day (30 May) is dedicated to

Stephen's "Holy Dexter".

His Holy Dexter

The Holy Dexter: King St. Stephen's intact right

hand

Stephen's intact right hand (Hungarian: Szent Jobb) became the

subject of a cult after it was miraculously found when his tomb was

opened in 1083.[170][180] In Bihar County, an abbey was dedicated to

its veneration and named Szentjobb (Sniob, Romania) after the

relic.[170] The relic was kept for centuries in the monastery with the

exception during the Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242, when it

was transferred to Ragusa (Dubrovnik, Croatia).[180] The Holy

Dexter was taken to Szkesfehrvr around 1420.[180] Following the

occupation of the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary by

the Ottoman Turks in the middle of the 16th century, the relic was

kept in many places, including Bosnia, Ragusa and Vienna. It was

returned to Hungary in 1771 when Queen Maria Theresa (r.

17401780) donated it to the cloister of the Sisters of Loreto in

Buda. The relic was kept in the St. Sigismund Chapel in the Buda

Castle between around 1900 and 1944, in a cave near Salzburg inAustria in 1944 and 1945, by the Sisters of Loreto in Buda between

1945 and 1950, and in the St. Stephen's Basilica in Budapest since

1950. An annual procession has celebrated the relic since 1938, but

in the period between 1950 and 1987 its celebration was forbidden by the Communist authorities.

Why is it, brothers, that his other limbs having become disjointed and, his flesh having been reduced to dust,

wholly separated, only the right hand, its skin and sinews adhering to the bones, preserved the beauty of

wholeness? I surmise that the inscrutability of divine judgement sought to proclaim by the extraordinary nature

of this fact nothing less than that the work of love and alms surpasses the measure of all other virtues. ... The

right hand of the blessed man was deservedly exempt from putrefaction, because always reflourishing from the

flower of kindness it was never empty from giving gifts to nourish the poor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Putrefactionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartvikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartvikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartvikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartvikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Putrefactionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinewshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Stephen%27s_Basilicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salzburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buda_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buda_Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters_of_Loretohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_Theresahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bosniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Hungaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croatiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubrovnikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szentjobbhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihar_Countyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ASztjobb.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_%28relics%29https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecumenical_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecumenical_Patriarch_Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joachimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feast_dayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Innocent_XIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namur%2C_Belgiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montecassinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aachenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope_Innocent_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hartvik


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His Admonitions

Stephen's Greater Legend writes that the king "himself compiled a book for his son on moral education".[182] This

work, now known as Admonitions or De institutione morum,[183] was preserved in manuscripts written in the Late

Middle Ages.[50]Although scholars debate whether it can actually be attributed to the king or rather to a cleric, most

of them agree that it was composed in the first decades of the 11th century. [50][184]

The Admonitions underlines that kingship is inseparably connected with the Catholic faith.[50][184] Its author alsoemphasizes that a monarch is required to make donations to the Church and regularly consult his prelates, but he is

entitled to punish clergymen who did wrong.[50] One of the basic ideas expressed in this work was that a sovereign

has to cooperate with the "pillars of his rule", meaning the prelates, the aristocrats, the ispns and the warriors.[184]

My dearest son, if you desire to honor the royal crown, I advise, I counsel, I urge you above all things to

maintain the Catholic and Apostolic faith with such diligence and care that you may be an example for all

those placed under you by God, and that all the clergy may rightly call you a man of true Christian profession.

Failing to do this, you may be sure that you will not be called a Christian or a son of the Church. Indeed, in the

royal palace, after the faith itself, the Church holds second place, first constituted and spread through the

whole world by His members, the apostles and holy fathers, And though she always produced fresh offspring,

nevertheless in certain places she is regarded as ancient. However, dearest son, even now in our kingdom the

Church is proclaimed as young and newly planted; and for that reason she needs more prudent and trustworthy

guardians less a benefit which the divine mercy bestowed on us undeservedly should be destroyed and

annihilated through your idleness, indolence or neglect.

Stephen'sAdmonitions to his son, Emeric[185]

Artistic representation

King Stephen of Hungary has been a popular theme in art, especially since the 19th century, with the development of

Romantic nationalism. Paintings, such as The Baptism of Vajk by Gyula Benczr from 1875), and many statues

representing the king throughout Hungary and the neighboring countries testify to Stephen's importance inHungarian national thought. Ferenc Erkel's last complete opera from 1885, Istvn kirly ("King Stephen"), was

named for him.

Stephen I is also represented in a number of musical compositions. His best known representation in music was

Ludwig van Beethoven'sKing Stephen Overture. In 1938, Hungarian composer Zoltn Kodly wrote a choral piece

titledHymn to King Stephen (Hungarian:nek Szent Istvn Kirlyhoz). Levente Szrnyi and Jnos Brdy composed

a rock opera, Istvn, a kirly ("Stephen, the King"), of the early years of his reign in 1983. A sequel to it, Veled,

Uram! ("You, Sir!"), was composed in 2000 by Szrnyi.

References[1][1] Zsoldos 2001, p. 36.

[2][2] Gyrffy 1994, p. 64.

[3][3] Krist 2001, p. 15.

[4] Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary (ch. 5), p. 381.

[5][5] Gyrffy 1994, p. 44.

[6][6] Slgean 2005, p. 147.

[7] John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 8111057 (ch. 11.5.), p. 231.

[8][8] Engel 2001, p. 24.

[9] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 28.

[10][10] Gyrffy 1994, p. 46.

[11][11] Engel 2001, p. 27.

[12][12] Gyrffy 1994, p. 78.

[13] Berend, Laszlovszky & Szakcs 2007, p. 329.

[14][14] Krist 2001, p. 16.
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sequelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Istv%C3%A1n%2C_a_kir%C3%A1lyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_operahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_Br%C3%B3dyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levente_Sz%C3%B6r%C3%A9nyihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1lyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nig_Stephanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_van_Beethovenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Erkelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyula_Bencz%C3%BArhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romantic_nationalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Late_Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Late_Middle_Ages


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[15] Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary (ch. 4), p. 381.

[16][16] Gyrffy 1983, p. 132.

[17][17] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 79-80.

[18][18] Krist 2001, p. 17.

[19][19] Steinhbel 2011, p. 19.

[20][20] Luka ka 2011, p. 31.

[21][21] Krist 2001, pp. 16-17.

[22][22] Molnr 2001, p. 20.[23][23] Gyrffy 1994, p. 81.

[24][24] Krist 2001, p. 18.

[25][25] Luka ka 2011, p. 33.

[26][26] Gyrffy 1994, p. 83.

[27][27] Kontler 1999, pp. 52-53.

[28][28] Engel 2001, p. 30.

[29][29] Cartledge 2011, p. 11.

[30][30] Krist 2001, pp. 18-19.

[31][31] Krist 2001, p. 19.

[32][32] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 83-84.

[33][33] Gyrffy 1994, p. 84.

[34] The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 39.64), p. 105.[35][35] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 63, 83.

[36][36] Engel 2001, p. 39.

[37][37] Gyrffy 1994, p. 63.

[38] Simon of Kza: The Deeds of the Hungarians (ch. 78.), p. 163.

[39][39] Luka ka 2011, pp. 32-33.

[40][40] Kontler 1999, p. 53.

[41][41] Gyrffy 1994, p. 85.

[42][42] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 85-86.


[44][44] Thoroczkay 2001, p. 52.

[45] The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg (ch. 29.), p. 193.

[46][46] Thoroczkay 2001, pp. 52-54.

[47][47] Krist 2001, p. 20.

[48][48] Krist 2001, p. 21.

[49][49] Engel 2001, p. 28.


[51][51] Krist 2001, p. 22.

[52][52] Gyrffy 1994, p. 96.

[53] Pope Gregory VII's letter to King Solomon of Hungary, claiming suzerainty over that kingdom, p. 48.

[54][54] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 96-97.

[55][55] Makk 2001, p. 45.

[56] Laws of King Stephen I (Stephen I:Preface), p. 1.

[57][57] Krist 2001, pp. 22-23.

[58][58] Gyrffy 1994, p. 98.

[59][59] Gyrffy 1994, p. 97.[60][60] Makk 2001, p. 41.

[61][61] Krist 2001, p. 23.

[62][62] Thoroczkay 2001, p. 54.

[63][63] Thoroczkay 2001, p. 53.

[64][64] Kontler 1999, p. 54.

[65][65] Thoroczkay 2001, p. 58.


[67][67] Thoroczkay 2001, pp. 55-57.

[68][68] Cartledge 2011, p. 14.



[71][71] Gyrffy 1994, p. 135.

[72][72] Cartledge 2011, p. 15.

[73] Laws of King Stephen I (Stephen I:12), p. 4.


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[74] The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 40.65), p. 105.

[75][75] Krist 2001, p. 24.

[76][76] Slgean 2005, pp. 150-151.

[77][77] Curta 2001, p. 145.

[78][78] Curta 2001, p. 146.

[79] The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg(ch. 8.4), pp. 363364.

[80] The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles(ch. 6.), pp. 3133.

[81][81] Gyrffy 1994, p. 142.[82][82] Steinhbel 2011, pp. 19-21.

[83][83] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 107-108, 142.


[85][85] Lenkey 2003, p. 37.

[86][86] Gyrffy 1994, p. 91.

[87] Life of the Five Brethren by Bruno of Querfurt (ch. 10.), p. 245.

[88][88] Lenkey 2003, pp. 38-39.

[89][89] Gyrffy 1994, p. 187.

[90][90] Thoroczkay 2001, p. 60.

[91][91] Lenkey 2003, p. 39.

[92][92] Gyrffy 1994, p. 108.

[93][93] Engel 2001, p. 22.[94][94] Thoroczkay 2001, p. 61.

[95][95] Engel 2001, p. 29.

[96] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 63.

[97][97] Engel 2001, pp. 40, 85.

[98] Butler, Cumming & Burns 1998, pp. 159-160.

[99][99] Engel 2001, pp. 40-41.

[100][100] Gyrffy 1994, p. 119.

[101][101] Engel 2001, p. 41.

[102][102] Gyrffy 1994, p. 140.

[103][103] Gyrffy 1994, p. 133.

[104][104] Gyrffy 1994, p. 144.

[105][105] Krist 2003, p. 71.

[106][106] Lenkey 2003, p. 88.

[107][107] Makk 1993, pp. 48-49.

[108][108] Gyrffy 1994, p. 143.

[109] Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary (ch. 16.), p. 388.

[110][110] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 145-146.

[111][111] Gyrffy 1994, p. 146.

[112][112] Krist 2003, p. 72.

[113] Butler, Cumming & Burns 1998, p. 159.

[114][114] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 146, 151.

[115][115] Engel 2001, p. 43.

[116][116] Cartledge 2011, p. 16.

[117][117] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 147, 151.

[118][118] Gyrffy 1994, p. 148.[119][119] Gyrffy 1994, p. 147.

[120][120] Gyrffy 1994, p. 150.

[121] Rodulfus Glaber: The Five Books of the Histories (ch. 3.1.2.), p. 97.

[122][122] Krist 2001, p. 28.

[123][123] Gyrffy 1994, p. 160.

[124][124] Thoroczkay 2001, p. 63.


[126][126] Gyrffy 1994, p. 110.

[127][127] Wolfram 2006, p. 40.

[128][128] Wolfram 2006, p. 187.

[129][129] Lenkey 2003, p. 90.

[130][130] Wolfram 2006, pp. 197-198.

[131][131] Gyrffy 1994, p. 149.

[132][132] Krist 2003, p. 74.


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[133][133] Curta 2001, p. 40.

[134][134] Gyrffy 1994, p. 101.

[135][135] Curta 2001, p. 142.

[136][136] Thoroczkay 2001, p. 62.

[137][137] Wolfram 2006, p. 231.

[138][138] Krist 2003, pp. 74-75.

[139][139] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 149-150.

[140] The Deeds of Conrad II (Wipo)(ch. 26.), pp. 8586.[141] Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary (ch. 19), p. 390.

[142] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 48.


[144][144] Krist 2001, p. 32.

[145][145] Gyrffy 1994, p. 169.

[146][146] Kontler 1999, pp. 58-59.

[147][147] Gyrffy 1994, p. 170.

[148][148] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 169-170.

[149] Laws of King Stephen I (Stephen II:19), p. 11.

[150][150] Gyrffy 1994, p. 136.

[151] Laws of King Stephen I (Stephen II:1), p. 9.

[152][152] Guiley 2001, p. 136.[153][153] Engel 2001, pp. 29-32.

[154][154] Molnr 2001, pp. 25-27.

[155][155] Molnr 2001, p. 27.

[156][156] Engel 2001, p. 26.

[157][157] Veszprmy 1994, p. 236.

[158][158] Veszprmy 1994, p. 237.


[160][160] Gyrffy 1994, p. 168.

[161] Butler, Cumming & Burns 1998, p. 160.

[162] Krist & Makk 1996, pp. 17, Appendices 1-2.

[163] Krist & Makk 1996, p. 51.

[164][164] Cartledge 2011, p. 17.

[165][165] Lenkey 2003, p. 106.


[167][167] Tringli 2001, p. 129.

[168][168] Tringli 2001, p. 139.

[169][169] Guiley 2001, p. 314.

[170][170] Engel 2001, p. 33.

[171][171] Klaniczay 2002, p. 124.


[173][173] Berend 2001, p. 375.

[174][174] Gyrffy 1994, p. 90.

[175][175] Klaniczay 2002, p. 136.

[176][176] Klaniczay 2002, p. 134.

[177][177] Klaniczay 2002, p. 16.[178][178] "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), pp. 98 and 135

[179][179] "Calendarium Romanum" (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), pp. 100, 137

[180][180] Csorba 2004, p. 7.


[182][182] Gyrffy 1994, pp. 166-167.

[183][183] Gyrffy 1994, p. 166.

[184][184] Gyrffy 1994, p. 167.

[185][185] O'Malley 1995, pp. 46-47.


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Sources

Primary sources

"Hartvic, Life of King Stephen of Hungary" (Translated by Nora Berend) (2001). In Head, Thomas.Medieval

Hagiography: An Anthology. Routledge. pp. 378398. ISBN 0-415-93753-1.

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megyei nkormnyzat Hajd-Bihar megyei Mzeumok Igazgatsga. ISBN 963-7194-15-0.
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