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differentiation of BMSCs in neuronal and glial cells.

doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.03.293

P.P. Kale, V. Addepalli / Int. J. D

xcitatory projection neuron subtypes control the distributionf local inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex

. Lodato a,∗, C. Rouaux a, K.B. Quast b, C. Jantrachotechatchawan a,

.K. Hensch b, P. Arlotta a

Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stemell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USACenter for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biol-gy, Harvard University, USA

-mail address: slodato@mgh.harvard.edu (S. Lodato).The activity and function of the mammalian cerebral cortex

ely on the integration of an extraordinary diversity of excita-ory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons into balancedocal circuitry. The developmental events governing the propernteraction between excitatory projection neurons and inhibitorynterneurons are poorly understood. Here, we report that differentubtypes of projection neurons uniquely and differentially deter-ine the laminar distribution of cortical interneurons into cortical

ayers. We find that in Fezf2−/− cortex, the exclusive absencef subcerebral projection neurons and their replacement by cal-osal projection neurons cause distinctly abnormal lamination ofnterneurons. This results in physiological imbalance of excitationue to altered GABAergic inhibition. In addition, experimental gen-ration of either corticofugal neurons or callosal neurons belowhe cortex is sufficient to recruit cortical interneurons to thesectopic locations. Strikingly, the identity of the projection neu-ons generated, rather than strictly their birth date, determines thepecific types of interneurons recruited. These data demonstratehat in the neocortex individual populations of projection neuronsell-extrinsically control the laminar fate of interneurons and thessembly of local inhibitory circuitry.

oi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.03.290

tereological estimation of volume, total neuron number andeuronal nuclear area of chick brainstem auditory nuclei andippocampus following prenatal patterned and unpatternedound stimulation

ania Sanyal (Chatterjee) ∗, T.C. Nag, Shashi Wadhwa

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India

Prenatal auditory stimulation in chicks with species spe-ific sound and music of moderate sound pressure level (65 dB)acilitates spatial orientation and learning associated with mor-hological and biochemical changes in the hippocampus andrainstem auditory nuclei. To explore whether prenatal patternedmusic) and unpatterned (noise) sound of high sound pressure level110 dB) has any effect on the morphology of these regions, weave measured the total neuron and glia number, mean neuronaluclear area and the total volume of brainstem auditory nucleind hippocampus of post hatch day 1 (PH1) chicks, by using thetereology software. Both hippocampus and brainstem auditoryuclei showed a significant increase in total volume (p ≤ 0.001),otal neuron number (p ≤ 0.001) and mean neuronal nuclear areap ≤ 0.001) in music stimulated group as compared to control. Inontrast, noise treated group showed significantly reduced volumep ≤ 0.001), total neuron number (p ≤ 0.001) and mean neuronaluclear area (hippocampus: p ≤ 0.002, brainstem: p ≤ 0.001) in bothhe regions. Percentage of neurons with large nuclear area was

ore in the music stimulated group and less in the noise stimulated

roup as compared to control. Glial cell number was significantlyncreased (p ≤ 0.001) in both the experimental groups being highestn the noise stimulated group. Neuron to glia ratio in hippocampusemained unaltered between control and music, but was higher in

uroscience 30 (2012) 640–671 659

the noise stimulated group. In brainstem auditory nuclei, this ratiowas increased in both the experimental groups compared to con-trol. It is thus evident that though the sound pressure level in bothexperimental groups is the same at 110 dB, the differential changein the morphological parameters indicates that the characteristicsof the sound are important in mediating the effects.

doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.03.291

Effect of bone marrow stromal cells transplantation on sen-sorimotor and autonomic function in complete spinal cordtransection injury rats

Suneel Kumar 1,∗, Suman Jain 1, Sujata Mohanty 2, JitendraBehari 3, Ajay Pal 1, Krishan Gopal 2, Rashmi Mathur 1

1 Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences(AIIMS), New Delhi 110026, India2 Department of Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sci-ences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110026, India3 School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, NewDelhi 110016, India

Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to a devastatingcascade of events including anatomical, physiological and neuro-chemical changes often leading to neuronal cell death. Loss of motorand altered sensory function; development of chronic or neuro-pathic pain may develop depending on injury location and severity.Both human and rodent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) havebeen studied and demonstrated behavioral efficacy (BBB score) inmany rodent SCI. We report the effect of BMSC transplantationon sensorimotor and autonomic function in complete spinal cordtransection (CT-SCI, T13) injury rats.

Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into Sham,SCI + Vehicle and SCI + BMSC groups. In ketamine and xylazine (60and 10 mg/kg BW) anesthetized rats, laminectomy followed bycomplete spinal cord transection (T13) was done. BBB score, tailflick latencies (TFL) to various temperatures; hot plate latency(HPL); threshold of tail flick (TTF); acetone test (AT) and bladdercontrol were assessed during 8 weeks. Rat BMSCs were culturedand identified the presence of specific cell-surface antigens (CD44,CD90, CD45 and HLAII) using flowcytometry. PKH26 labelled BMSCs(∼2.5 × 105 cells) were transplanted post-SCI day 9 at the site ofinjury and rats were sacrificed at wk 8.

Results: BMSCs were non-hematopoietic and in undifferentiatedstate. There was a significant recovery in sensorimotor parame-ters (post-SCI wk 2–8 in BBB score; wk 6–8 in TFL, HPL, TTF andAT) by BMSC transplantation. Bladder recovery was significantlyfaster (p < 0.02) and lesion volume was reduced in SCI + BMSC group.BMSCs were observed in spinal cord around the injury site and werepositive for neuronal, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes markers (�-III tubulin, GFAP and Olig4, respectively).

Discussion: Our results suggest the beneficial effects of BMSCtransplantation on sensorimotor and bladder control in CT-SCI rats.The results are supported by the reduction of lesion volume and