steven marzuola introduction to introduction oil and gas ... · pdf filetypical rotary...
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Steven Marzuola
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Introduction toOil and Gas Production
Steven Marzuola
ATA Energy Conference
May 4-6, 2007
Houston Texas
http://www.techlanguage.com/ATA 2
Introduction
Dope, Joints, Tripping
Strippers
Casing, Tubing, Liner
API - American Petroleum Institute
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Life of an Oilfield
• Reservoir formation
• Discovery and exploration
• Drilling
• Production, well intervention
• Abandonment
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Early oil discoveries• Usually guided by surface seepage. Lake
Maracaibo was destination for ships,seeking tar for repairs.
• Oil was usually a nuisance encounteredwhen drilling water wells
• Research in mid 1800’s, search toreplace whale oil used in lamps
• First rotary drilled well -1859, Titusville, PA
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Blowouts
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Historical practices
• On land, in the USA: Surface owner ownseverything to the center of the earth.Often led to inefficiencies, legal battles.
• Today, mineral rights on most propertyare bought and sold separately from thesurface land. Field or reservoir usuallymanaged as a single unit.
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Congestion
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Requirements of a Reservoir
1. Source or Generator rock
2. Reservoir
3. Seal or cap rock
4. Structure, hydrocarbons trap
5. Timing
6. Maturation
7. Migration
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Exploration aided by geology
• Surface features– Anticlines
– Faults, Salt domes
– Presence of iron
• Subsurface surveys– Gravimeter, Magnetometer
– Seismic - 2D, 3D
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Anticlines Salt dome
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Structural trap
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Gravimeter
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Seismic surveying
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3D Seismic images
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Today’s drilling• Most wells drilled using rotary drilling
• Steel drill pipe comes in 30-foot sectionsthat are threaded on both ends.
• Each section of drill pipe is called a joint.After drilling 30 feet, the kelly must beraised and another joint of pipe addedbelow the kelly. This is called making aconnection.
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Drill string components
Typical rotary drillingBottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
Additional components: mudmotors, LWD / MWD tools,
steerable subs
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Drill bits
Diamond bits
Tricone rock bit - jets,teeth.
Some use tungstencarbide teeth
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Surface components
• Kelly, kelly bushing, swivel, hose20
Pipehandling tools
Drill pipe slips Tongs
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Pressure control
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Flow of drilling mud
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Hydrostatic pressure
• Pressure is proportional to:– Height (depth) of fluid column
– Density (i.e. lbs/gallon)
• Water (8.34 lb/gal) provides a“pressure gradient” of 0.433 psi/ft
• 10,000 ft well full of water; bottomhole pressure = 4333 psi
• Drilling mud usually weighs 1.6 - 2.5times more than water
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Mud system components
• Shale shakers
• Desanders and desilters (hydrocyclones)
• Degassers
• Centrifuges
• Mud agitators
• Cuttings washers
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Water-based vs. oil-based muds
• Water most widely used, but can cause“skin” damage, contaminate formation
• In response, oil-based muds weredeveloped
• Adverse effects on rubber products,(seals, pump parts), environmentalconcern
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Modern improvements
• Major changes in past 20 years are:– 3D seismic, software, computer
– Top drive - all offshore rigs, big/deeponshore
– MWD - Measure While Drilling technology
– Mud motors
– Directional drilling => horizontal wells
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Horizontal drilling
Multilateralcompletions
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Top Drive
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Completions
• Most wells lined with steel casing.Purposes:– Protect from cave-ins
– Protect surface formations, water supply
– Isolate producing formations
– Prevent blowouts
• Innermost pipe is “tubing”, removable, toisolate flow from casing
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Casing and wellhead
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Wellheads/Christmas trees
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Separationequipment
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Stages of production
• Primary recovery - natural flow
• Secondary recovery - mechanicalpumping, gas lift
• Tertiary or Enhanced Oil Recovery - Gasinjection, thermal, chemical
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Workover and well servicing
• Together known as “intervention”
• Workover rig similar to drilling. Performsacidizing, fracturing stimulation,cementing, deeper drilling, recompletionto a different zone, sidetracking
• Well servicing - wireline, rod pullingunits, flexible tubing
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Flexible tubing rig
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Pumping
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TypicalRod Pump
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Other methods
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Offshore - Everything is BIG
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• Water depth 303 meters
• Overall height 472meters
• Weighs 656,000 tons.
• Produces gas from 40wells
• Towed 200 km to theNorwegian Sea. Talleststructure ever moved byman.
Norske Shell “Troll A”
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FPSO - Floating ProductionStorage, Offtake
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ChevronTexaco “Genesis”
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Chevron “Typhoon” meets “Rita”
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Peak Oil, or Hubbert’s Peak
• M. King Hubbert - Shell geophysicist
• Theory: production tends to followbell-shaped curve. Can be predictedin advance.
• Production increases early due todiscoveries and new infrastructure.Later declines due to depletion.
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Peak Oil, or Hubbert’s Peak (cont)
• In 1956, Hubbert predicted peak of USAproduction late 1960s - early 1970s.
• Controversial, but proven right by 1976.Actual peak was in 1970.
• Is it applicable to world production?– Rapidly growing demand in China, India
– New technologies
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Historical oil production
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Steven Marzuola281-381-9337