Annex 1 to ISPM No. 26 Annex 1 to ISPM No. 26 (ESTABLISHMENT OF PEST FREE (ESTABLISHMENT OF PEST FREE

AREAS FOR FRUIT FLIES AREAS FOR FRUIT FLIES (TEPHRITIDAE))(TEPHRITIDAE))

Fruit fly trappingFruit fly trapping(200-)(200-)

Steward: Walther EnkerlinSteward: Walther Enkerlin

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATIONOUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• Trapping Survey Objectives and Control Trapping Survey Objectives and Control SituationsSituations

• Trapping ScenariosTrapping Scenarios • Trapping Systems for Fruit Fly SurveysTrapping Systems for Fruit Fly Surveys • Trap densitiesTrap densities• Delimiting SurveyDelimiting Survey• Supervision activitiesSupervision activities• Selected referencesSelected references

FRUIT FLY TRAPPINGFRUIT FLY TRAPPING This annex provides detailed information for trappingThis annex provides detailed information for trappingsurveys under different scenarios of pest population andsurveys under different scenarios of pest population andcontrol situations for different fruit fly species control situations for different fruit fly species

(Tephritidae)(Tephritidae)of economic importance. Different trapping systems andof economic importance. Different trapping systems andprocedures should be used depending on the fruit flyprocedures should be used depending on the fruit flystatus of the target area, which can be either an infestedstatus of the target area, which can be either an infestedarea, an area of low pest prevalence (ALPP), or a pest freearea, an area of low pest prevalence (ALPP), or a pest freearea (PFA). The information in this annex can therefore bearea (PFA). The information in this annex can therefore beapplied to other ISPMs relating to fruit flies. applied to other ISPMs relating to fruit flies. The annex describes the most widely used trappingThe annex describes the most widely used trappingsystems and procedures.systems and procedures.

Trapping Survey Objectives and Trapping Survey Objectives and Control SituationsControl Situations

Objectives:Objectives:

• Monitoring surveysMonitoring surveys. . To verify the characteristics of the pest populationTo verify the characteristics of the pest population• Detection surveys. Detection surveys. To determine if the pest is present in an areaTo determine if the pest is present in an area • Delimiting surveys. Delimiting surveys. To determine the boundaries of an area considered to be To determine the boundaries of an area considered to be

infested or free from the pestinfested or free from the pest Control Situations:Control Situations:

• No control.No control. The pest population is present but not subject to any suppression The pest population is present but not subject to any suppression measures. measures.

• Suppression.Suppression. surveys are required to monitor the efficacy of these measures. surveys are required to monitor the efficacy of these measures.• Eradication of established population.Eradication of established population. surveys are required to monitor the surveys are required to monitor the

progress towards eradication of the pest population.progress towards eradication of the pest population.• Exclusion.Exclusion. T The pest free area (PFA) is under exclusion measures, and surveys are he pest free area (PFA) is under exclusion measures, and surveys are

required to detect the entry of the pest. required to detect the entry of the pest. • Eradication of incursion.Eradication of incursion. After detection of an incursion of the target pest, After detection of an incursion of the target pest,

delimiting surveys are required. Once delimiting surveys are required. Once surveys have determined surveys have determined the nature and the nature and extent of the incursionextent of the incursion and if it is actionable (an outbreak), and if it is actionable (an outbreak), eradication surveys may eradication surveys may be required. be required.

Trapping ScenariosTrapping ScenariosTrapping survey required for each specific control situationTrapping survey required for each specific control situation

Control situationsControl situations

Trapping Trapping surveyssurveys

No controlNo control

(FTD>Suppr(FTD>Suppression)ession)

SuppressioSuppressionn

(FTD>Eradic(FTD>Eradication)ation)

Eradication Eradication

establisheestablished d

populationpopulation(FTD~0)(FTD~0)

ExclusionExclusion

(FTD=0)(FTD=0)

EradicationEradication

of of incursionincursion

(FTD~0)(FTD~0)

MonitoringMonitoring AA BB CC

DetectionDetection DD

DelimitingDelimiting EE

Interaction of the three types of Interaction of the three types of trapping surveys and the five control trapping surveys and the five control

situations:situations:

• Scenario A:Scenario A: uncontrolled population subject to monitoring surveys uncontrolled population subject to monitoring surveys• Scenario B:Scenario B: population under suppression subject to monitoring population under suppression subject to monitoring

surveyssurveys• Scenario C:Scenario C: population under eradication subject to monitoring population under eradication subject to monitoring

surveyssurveys• Scenario D:Scenario D: no population, detection surveys for exclusion in a PFA no population, detection surveys for exclusion in a PFA• Scenario E:Scenario E: incursion detected through ongoing detection surveys, incursion detected through ongoing detection surveys,

therefore additional implementation of delimiting surveys.therefore additional implementation of delimiting surveys.

Trapping Systems for Fruit Fly Trapping Systems for Fruit Fly SurveysSurveys

Componentes:Componentes:

• Attractants and lures (pheromones, para-pheromones or Attractants and lures (pheromones, para-pheromones or food attractants)food attractants)

• Killing agents (dry and wet) Killing agents (dry and wet) • Devices for trapping (The most common traps used are Devices for trapping (The most common traps used are

described in detail) described in detail) • Procedures for use of the traps (layout, deployment, Procedures for use of the traps (layout, deployment,

mapping, mapping, servicing and inspectionservicing and inspection, records, flies per trap records, flies per trap per day (FTD))per day (FTD))

Trapping Systems for Fruit Fly SurveysTrapping Systems for Fruit Fly Surveys cont….cont….

This Section presents the following Tables:This Section presents the following Tables:

• Table 2.Table 2. Major fruit fly species of economic importance Major fruit fly species of economic importance and their attractantsand their attractants

• Table 3a.Table 3a. Attractants and traps for male fruit fly surveys Attractants and traps for male fruit fly surveys• Table 3b.Table 3b. Attractants and traps for female-biased fruit Attractants and traps for female-biased fruit

fly surveys fly surveys • Table 4. Table 4. List of attractantsList of attractants

Flies Per Trap Per Day (FTD)Flies Per Trap Per Day (FTD)

• FTD is a population index that indicates the average number of flies of FTD is a population index that indicates the average number of flies of the target species captured per trap per day during a specified period in the target species captured per trap per day during a specified period in which the trap was exposed in the field. which the trap was exposed in the field.

• The function of this population index is to have a comparative measure The function of this population index is to have a comparative measure of the size of the adult pest population in a given space and time. of the size of the adult pest population in a given space and time.

• It is used as baseline information to compare the size of the population It is used as baseline information to compare the size of the population before, during and after the application of a fruit fly control programme. before, during and after the application of a fruit fly control programme.

• The FTD should be used in all report of trapping surveys.The FTD should be used in all report of trapping surveys.

• FTD = FTD = F F T × DT × D

F = total number of fliesF = total number of fliesT = number of inspected trapsT = number of inspected trapsD = average number of days traps were exposed in the fieldD = average number of days traps were exposed in the field

Trap DensitiesTrap Densities

Trap density is critical for fruit fly surveys. The trap Trap density is critical for fruit fly surveys. The trap densities need to be adjusted based on many factors densities need to be adjusted based on many factors including type of survey, trap efficiency, location including type of survey, trap efficiency, location regarding type and presence of host, climate, topography regarding type and presence of host, climate, topography and programme phase. In terms of type and presence of and programme phase. In terms of type and presence of hosts, as well as the risk involved, the following types of hosts, as well as the risk involved, the following types of location are of concern:location are of concern:

+ production areas+ production areas+ marginal areas+ marginal areas+ urban areas+ urban areas+ points of entry (and other high-risk areas such as fruit + points of entry (and other high-risk areas such as fruit markets). markets).

Trap density cont…..Trap density cont….. Trap densities have to vary as a gradient from production areas to Trap densities have to vary as a gradient from production areas to

marginal areas, urban areas and points of entry (Tables 5a to 5f).marginal areas, urban areas and points of entry (Tables 5a to 5f).

Production Production areaarea

Marginal Marginal areaarea

Urban areaUrban area Points of Points of entryentry

Free area(trap

density)

Low prevalence (trap density)

Delimiting SurveysDelimiting Surveys

A delimiting survey is designed to determine the A delimiting survey is designed to determine the boundaries of an incursion into a fruit fly free area and boundaries of an incursion into a fruit fly free area and to determine if it is an outbreak. The area immediately to determine if it is an outbreak. The area immediately surrounding each find is termed a core area. The core surrounding each find is termed a core area. The core area is defined by a set radius surrounding each find. area is defined by a set radius surrounding each find. The area defined by this radius is often squared off to The area defined by this radius is often squared off to produce a grid. The trapping density in the core area is produce a grid. The trapping density in the core area is higher than that used for detection surveys. Around the higher than that used for detection surveys. Around the core area may be one or more surrounding zones where core area may be one or more surrounding zones where the trap density is higher than for detection surveys but the trap density is higher than for detection surveys but usually lower than that of the core area, as appropriate. usually lower than that of the core area, as appropriate. Trap densities in the surrounding zones may be Trap densities in the surrounding zones may be proportionally tiered in a decreasing density the further proportionally tiered in a decreasing density the further away they are from the core area. away they are from the core area.

Example of a delimiting survey showing a Example of a delimiting survey showing a multiple km² core and surrounding zones multiple km² core and surrounding zones

(number in squares represent traps per km2)(number in squares represent traps per km2)

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 20 20 20 20 10 10

10 10 20 40 40 20 10 10

10 10 20 40 40 20 10 10

10 10 20 20 20 20 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Supervision ActivitiesSupervision Activities

Supervision of trapping activities includes Supervision of trapping activities includes

assessing the quality of the materials used and assessing the quality of the materials used and

reviewing the effectiveness of the use of these reviewing the effectiveness of the use of these

materials and trapping procedures. materials and trapping procedures.

Selected ReferencesSelected References

References to accessible scientific References to accessible scientific

publications may provide further guidance on publications may provide further guidance on

the methods and procedures contained in the methods and procedures contained in this this

document.document.