still failing to solve energy poverty - sierra club...as noted in the 2014 report, energy poverty...

SIERRA CLUB AND OIL CHANGE INTERNATIONAL APRIL 2016

STILL FAILING TO SOLVE ENERGY

POVERTY:International Public Finance for Distributed Clean

Energy Access Gets another “F”

STILL FAILING TO SOLVE ENERGY POVERTY: International Public Finance for Distributed Clean Energy Access Gets another “F”2


Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The Poor Need Access to Energy, and Distributed Clean Energy Is Key . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Criteria for Assessing Energy Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Key Findings and Energy Access Scorecard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Energy Access at Multilateral Development Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Endnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

APPENDIX A . Methodology for Determining Energy Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

APPENDIX B: World Bank Projects Evaluated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

APPENDIX C: Inter-American Development Bank Projects Evaluated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

APPENDIX D: African Development Bank Projects Evaluated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

APPENDIX E: Asian Development Bank Projects Evaluated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

TABLE OF CONTENTS


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report provides a new look at the 2014 report by Oil Change International

and the Sierra Club titled Failing to Solve Energy Poverty: How Much

International Public Investment is Going to Distributed Clean Energy Access?

As noted in the 2014 report, energy poverty remains a major global issue, as

approximately 1 .1 billion people still lack access to electricity worldwide .

Centralized power plants and expanding the grid remain

the default approach in addressing energy poverty.

However, the grid has not yet reached many rural areas,

remains unreliable in many areas it has reached, and

often is unaffordable for poor households, even those

in close proximity to the grid. Of the world’s population

that lacks access to electricity, 84 percent are located

in rural areas, where it is often very costly to extend

existing grids. Therefore, if the goal of universal energy

access is to be reached by 2030, the world must consider

other electrification options that are both affordable and

capable of being widely distributed .

Distributed clean energy solutions, including off-grid

renewable energy and mini-grids, meet these criteria

and must constitute a major component of the world’s

approach to expanding energy access. In its Energy for

All Case, the International Energy Agency (IEA) finds

that in order to achieve energy access for all by 2030,

new investments will need to be balanced among grid

extension, mini-grids, and off-grid energy (receiving 36

percent, 40 percent, and 24 percent of total additional

investment, respectively). This IEA scenario indicates that

the lion’s share of additional investment in energy access,

or 64 percent, would go to distributed solutions.

Using that lens, this report assesses how four multilateral

development banks (MDBs) — World Bank Group, Inter-

American Development Bank, African Development Bank,

and Asian Development Bank — are measuring up in their

efforts to address the global energy access challenge. The

report uses the same methodology that was used in 2014

for grading the portfolios of the four MDBs, and evaluates

their performance by looking across fiscal years 2012,

2013, and 2014 for each institution. The funding breakdown

from the IEA Energy for All Case, which achieves universal

energy access by 2030, is used as the key benchmark

for multilateral development bank spending on energy

access. As institutions dedicated to eliminating poverty,

MDBs must prioritize the elimination of energy poverty

and ensure that their approaches are aligned with best

practices for doing so.

KEY FINDINGS FROM THIS UPDATED VERSION OF

THE REPORT INCLUDE:

• All of the banks again received a failing grade of

“F” when evaluated against the five energy access

criteria, as they did in the previous version of this

report released in 2014. This is a disappointing

outcome given the increased awareness of the

importance of universal energy access spurred by,

among other things, the Sustainable Energy for All

initiative.

• For some institutions, energy access investment

actually declined year on year.

• Absolute investments in energy access and

distributed renewable energy increased slightly

since the previous report was published. Across

most criteria, performance remained relatively

stagnant amongst the banks, with major declines in

some areas and modest improvements in others.

• The African Development Bank was the only bank

to increase its score relative to the previous version

of the report. The reason for the increase was the

announcement of the New Deal on Energy for Africa,

which was counted as a program dedicated (in part)

to distributed renewables. The African Development

Bank’s scores in the other areas evaluated declined

substantially.

• Out of the four banks examined, the Asian

Development Bank and the African Development

Bank had the highest proportion of their energy

portfolios dedicated to access, but they still remain

far below the benchmarks in this area.

• Within their energy access portfolios, out of the four

banks examined, the Inter-American Development

Bank and the World Bank Group devoted the highest

proportion to distributed renewable energy, but

they still remain far below the benchmarks in this

area.

• No MDB has come close to aligning investment with

the IEA Energy for All Case.


• Fossil fuel projects financed by the MDBs are not

serving the poor. As was found in the previous

report, project documents show that fossil fuel-

based projects analyzed across the four MDB energy

portfolios rarely addressed energy access for the

poor in any meaningful way. Just five percent of

fossil fuel funding was clearly linked to energy access

objectives.

IN RESPONSE TO THESE FINDINGS, FOUR KEY

RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE:

• All of the banks should increase their level of

funding for energy access projects to account

for at least 50 percent of overall energy portfolio

financing, until the regions in which they are

operating have achieved 100 percent energy access.

• All of the banks need to significantly increase their

funding for off-grid and mini-grid clean energy

projects with the aim of coming closer to allocating

64 percent of energy access financing to distributed

clean energy sources highlighted in this report.

• The MDBs should work together to immediately

establish clear definitions and criteria for what

counts as “energy access,” and measure projects to

determine whether they have achieved energy access

for the poor.

• In line with the preceding recommendation, the

MDBs should commit to clearly and transparently

reporting on energy access at the project level.

Currently, project descriptions and documents can

be vague with regard to expected energy access

outcomes, using inconsistent metrics and indicators,

making it difficult and, in some cases, impossible, for

observers to establish a clear picture of MDB energy

access activities and funding levels.

THE POOR NEED ACCESS TO ENERGY, AND DISTRIBUTED CLEAN ENERGY IS KEY

Worldwide, 1.1 billion people lack access to electricity.1

Because lack of energy access limits potential for social

and economic development, various international

development institutions have made supporting universal

energy access a priority. For example, the United Nations

General Assembly declared 2014 to 2024 the “Decade of

Sustainable Energy for All” and launched the Sustainable

Energy for All initiative (SE4All) in 2011.2 The major

multilateral development banks included in this report

have also acknowledged the importance of energy

access, but unfortunately their investment decisions are

not aligned with the approaches needed in order to best

achieve the goal of energy for all. According to SE4All’s

observations of 2010 to 2012, the most recent period

examined in its 2015 Global Tracking Framework report,

electrification is not happening at the rate required in

order to achieve universal energy access by 2030 (the

energy access goal of SE4All).3

While investment is not the only factor contributing to

slow progress in global electrification, there remains

a gap between what is needed for the attainment of

universal energy access by 2030 and what is currently

being invested. Recent estimates from the International

Energy Agency (IEA) on the amount of investment

required in order to achieve universal access to modern

energy services are around $48 billion4 or $49 billion5 per

year. In 2013, only $13.1 billion worldwide was invested

into improving access to electricity and clean cooking

facilities,6 leaving a significant investment gap. However,

the amount of funding required remains a subject of

debate; some have argued that the figure provided by

the IEA is too high, and that universal energy access can

be attained with less funding. Whereas the International

Energy Agency has estimated that $640 billion is needed

over the course of 20 years to achieve universal energy

access,7 a 2014 report from the Sierra Club estimated that

universal energy access could be achieved for only $200

billion.8

Given that the MDBs examined in this report have annual

energy portfolios that collectively exceeded $17 billion in

2014, only 11 percent of which was dedicated to access,

financial constraints are clearly not the major limiting

factor on achieving energy access.

Though the debate around investment levels is ongoing,

for purposes of this report the authors are most interested

in how investments are distributed among different

types of solutions. As argued in a 2015 report from the

Overseas Development Institute and Oxfam, the challenge

of addressing energy poverty (in Africa) is less about

ambitiously increasing electricity generation and more

about ambitiously distributing energy services to poor

people.9 They note that “ambitiously scaling up the

distribution even of relatively small amounts of electricity”

is an important way to serve poor people.


According to the IEA’s 2011 World Energy Outlook, the

current approach to energy access — which relies heavily

on centralized grid extension — will still leave one billion

people without energy access in 2030.10 Considering the

grid has not yet reached many rural areas of the world, is

unreliable in many areas it has reached, and often remains

unaffordable to poor homes even in the areas where it

does reach,11 it is important to consider electrification

options that meet the criteria of being affordable and

possible to distribute widely. In many cases, off-grid

and mini-grid solutions meet these criteria and may

even represent the most cost-effective option for rural

electrification.12

Accordingly, instead of a continued emphasis on grid

extension, the 2011 IEA analysis suggests that energy

access investments would need to be weighted more

heavily towards distributed, beyond-the-grid energy

solutions in order for universal energy access to be

attained by 2030. The IEA Energy for All Case, in which

universal energy access is achieved by 2030, suggests:

• about 36 percent of all additional energy access

investment would need to go to grid extension and

centralized power plants;

• about 40 percent would need to go to mini-grids;

• about 24 percent would need to go to off-grid

solutions.

In other words, 64 percent of additional funding for energy

access projects should be accounted for by off-grid and

mini-grid solutions. Figure 1, from the IEA’s 2011 World

Energy Outlook, shows the distribution of funding in the

Energy for All Case, broken down into several time periods

from 2010 to 2030.

A concerted effort by just the four MDBs included in

this report could help provide a significant portion of

additional investment by redirecting current energy

financing towards projects that specifically and effectively

achieve access for poor communities.

Finally, there is an important link between climate change

and poverty eradication (for example, negative impacts

from climate change disproportionately affect poor

individuals and threaten to push back poverty gains).

Noting that fossil fuels cause climate change, which

adversely impacts the poor, this report further specifies

distributed energy access as solutions stemming from

clean, renewable energy sources. Projects that exclusively

supported energy solutions such as diesel generator sets

were not counted as distributed renewables.

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

0

30

15

45

60

75

90

2026–20302021–20252010–2015 2016–2020

Investment in the New Policies Scenario

Additional investment in the Energy for All Case:

Isolated o�-grid

Mini-grid

On-grid

Additional people gaining access per year in the Energy for All Case (right axis)

Bill

ion

Do

llars

(20

12)

Mill

ions

FIGURE 1:

Average annual investment in access to electricity by type and number of people connected in the Energy for All Case

SOURCE: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2011


CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING ENERGY ACCESS

This report reviews energy projects at the African

Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-

American Development Bank, and World Bank Group13 for

fiscal years 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014. All data except that

from fiscal year 2014 was previously presented in the 2014

version of the scorecard report; it is provided again here for

reference and comparison. This report utilizes data from Oil

Change International’s Shift the Subsidies database, which

tracks energy projects financed by the World Bank Group,

major regional development banks, and a number of export

credit agencies.14 The database includes funding originating

from any given bank’s own capital resources, i.e. what

a particular MDB’s budget is directly supporting. Thus,

funding coming from single– or multi-donor funds, such as

the Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Initiative Multi-

Donor Trust Fund, is not included.

This assessment reviewed energy projects included in the

Shift the Subsidies database, which indicates whether a

project provides or intends to provide energy access for

the poor. See Appendix A for a detailed explanation of how

energy access was determined. The methodology has not

changed since the 2014 version of the report, with the ex-

ception of Criteria 5, for which it is now possible to achieve

a partial score rather than an all-or-nothing score. In ad-

dition to evaluating energy access, the assessment deter-

mined the amount of project funding spent on off-grid and

mini-grid renewable energy per bank, per year. See Appen-

dices B-E for lists of MDB energy access projects included

in the assessment. Lastly, each of the four MDBs received

an overall grade based on the following five criteria:

1. Percentage, measured by dollar amount, of overall

energy portfolio dedicated to energy access (three

year average) (35 points);

2. Percentage of energy access spending dedicated to

off-grid or mini-grid renewable solutions (three year

average) (35 points);

3. The bank has a stated goal for increasing energy

access (5 points);

4. The bank has a program dedicated to distributed

(off-grid and mini-grid) clean energy (15 points);

5. In the period examined, there is an increase in the

absolute amount of funding the bank has dedicated

to off-grid and mini-grid clean energy (10 points);

For criterion 1, a bank’s score reflects the overall

percentage of its energy portfolio that is dedicated to

energy access measured against a target of 50 percent.

For example, if the bank’s energy portfolio is 40 percent

for access, the score equals 28 (or (40/50)*35). Any

energy access percentage that is equal to or higher than

50 percent gets a score of 35 points. The 50 percent

target was chosen to reflect a significant commitment

to delivering energy access. However, this is actually

a moderate target; it is not unreasonable to think that

entire energy portfolios of ‘development’ banks focused

on eradicating poverty could be dedicated to supporting

the nearly 20 percent of the world’s population that

lacks access to electricity. Additionally, given the recent

attention15 that has been afforded to social problems

created by large-scale energy projects,16 it is worth

pointing out that small-scale distributed renewables

are far less likely to cause problems such as involuntary

population resettlement than large-scale, centralized

energy projects.

For criterion 2, a bank’s score is measured against its

fulfillment of the target derived from the IEA’s Energy

for All Case, in which 64 percent of additional financing

for energy access is dedicated to off-grid and mini-grid

solutions. For example, if the Bank’s energy access portfolio

includes 50 percent of funding for off-grid and mini-grid

solutions, the score equals 27 (or (50/64)*35). Any access

portfolio with an off-grid and mini-grid percentage equal to

or higher than 64 percent gets a score of 35.

Criteria 3 and 4 are simple “yes/no” determinations. A

bank receives 5, 10, or 15 points for a “yes” and 0 points

for a “no.” Criterion 5 is assessed in the following way: if

absolute funding for off-grid and mini-grid clean energy

has increased in each year studied, a bank receives 10

points. If absolute funding has increased from the first year

assessed and the final year assessed, but has not increased

each year, the bank receives 5 points. If absolute funding

has remained the same or decreased each year, the bank

receives 0 points. The assessment of Criterion 5 is the

only methodological change from the scoring in the 2014

version of the report. This change was instituted due to

features of the results that were not present in the results

from the previous version of this report, in order to give

partial credit to institutions that had increased funding

to distributed renewables overall, even in the event of a

decline in support over the most recent two years.


KEY FINDINGS AND ENERGY ACCESS SCORECARD

Table 1 below shows how each of the MDBs performed

on each of the five energy access criteria. For each MDB,

the scores from each of the five criteria are combined

for a total score—out of a possible 100 points—for the

institution. Criteria based on portfolio composition — the

percent of the energy portfolio dedicated to energy

access, and the percent of energy access funding

dedicated to distributed renewables — are assessed using

a 3-year average of portfolio figures for each bank. For

this report, that 3-year period is FY 2012 to FY 2014

inclusive. The scorecard developed for the previous

version of this report looked at the 3-year average from

FY 2011 to FY 2013 inclusive. Despite there being only

one year of new data for this analysis, some significant

changes were observed compared to the findings of the

previous report.

This table is followed by several key findings and

observations about the results, as well as graphs

visualizing the data.

KEY FINDINGS INCLUDE:

• All banks failed. All of the banks again received a

failing grade of F when evaluated against the five

energy access criteria, as they did in the previous

version of this report released in 2014. This marks a

disappointing outcome given the increased awareness

of the importance of universal energy access spurred

by, among other things, the Sustainable Energy for All

initiative.

• African Development Bank improved its overall

score. The only bank to increase its score relative to

the previous version of the report was the African

Development Bank. The deciding factor was the

announcement of the New Deal on Energy for Africa,

which was counted as a program dedicated (in part)

to distributed renewables. However, the African

Development Bank maintains the worst record for

the proportion of resources dedicated to off-grid and

mini-grid solutions, which is cause for concern given

the strong potential of these solutions in Sub-Saharan

Africa in particular.

• Little improvement year on year. Absolute

investments in energy access and distributed

renewable energy increased slightly since the

previous report was published. Across most criteria,

performance remained relatively stagnant amongst

TABLE 1:

Multilateral Development Bank Scorecard for Energy Access

Energy

portfolio dedicated to

access (35 points)

Energy access

portfolio dedicated to distributed renewables (35 points)

Goal for increasing

energy access (5 points)

Program dedicated to distributed renewables (15 points)

Increase in funding

dedicated to distributed renewables

projects (10 points)

Total score/grade for 2015 (100 points)

Previous score from

2014 version of report

World Bank Group

7 11 5 15 0 38 / F 49

Inter-American Development

Bank4 14 0 0 5 23 / F 28

Asian Development

Bank19 4 5 15 5 48 / F 49

African Development

Bank18 0 5 15 10 48 / F 32

WORLD BANK

GROUP

2.0% 8.2%

89.8% 94.4%

50%

18%

32%

INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT

BANK

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT

BANK

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT

BANK

WHAT’S NEEDED

O�-grid and mini-grid access spending

Other energy access spending

Non-access energy spending

1.4% 4.2%

2.0%

24.9% 25.5%

73.1% 94.4%

.5%

FIGURE 2:

Off-Grid and Mini-Grid Renewable Energy Spending as a Percentage of the Annual Energy Portfolio

(THREE YEAR AVERAGE)


the banks, with major declines in some areas and

modest improvements in others.

• For some institutions, energy access investment is

declining. The proportion of banks’ energy portfolios

dedicated to energy access increased only marginally

relative to the previous report, though the African

Development Bank slid backward. Due to corrections

to FY 2012 data used in the previous report, the Asian

Development Bank now leads in this area, with 27

percent of its energy portfolio (by dollar amount)

focusing on energy access in the three year period

from FY 2012 and FY 2014, though the share has

declined from a laudable 47 percent in FY 2012 to

just 8 percent in FY 2014. The African Development

Bank dedicated 26 percent of its energy portfolio to

energy access, a sharp decline from 38 percent over

the previous period (note that these figures — and

some of the figures that follow in this section — differ

from the scorecard points assigned above; the

scorecard uses a formula to assess a total score out

of 100 across all criteria, rather than percentage

values). The share of the World Bank Group’s energy

portfolio dedicated to energy access increased from 7

percent to 10 percent over the same period. The Inter-

American Development Bank’s share increased only

slightly from 5 to just under 6 percent.

• The Asian Development Bank and the African

Development Bank have the highest proportion

of their energy portfolios dedicated to energy

access, which is still far too low. At 27 and 26

percent, respectively, the African Development Bank

and Asian Development Bank remain the leaders

in percentage of their energy portfolios dedicated

to energy access for the poor, while 10 percent or

less of energy financing at the World Bank Group

and at the Inter-American Development Bank was

dedicated to energy access for the poor. However,

the African Development Bank also devotes the

least resources — in both absolute and percentage

terms — to off-grid and mini-grid solutions, making up

just 0.2 percent of the African Development Bank’s

energy access portfolio from FY 2012 to FY 2014.

• No MDB is aligning its investment with the IEA’s

Energy for All Case. The Inter-American Development

Bank and World Bank Group are devoting the highest

proportions of their energy access portfolios to

distributed renewable energy, but are still providing

orders of magnitude below what is required. In FY

2014, the banks’ current approaches to energy access

strayed even further out of alignment with the IEA

scenario of achieving universal energy access by

2030, in which 64 percent of additional energy access

funding flows to distributed energy solutions. The

previous version of this report found that the Inter-

American Development Bank and World Bank Group

were devoting the highest proportion of their energy

access portfolios to distributed renewables energy. This

analysis found this trend to be holding steady. While

the World Bank Group’s investments in distributed

renewables declined as a proportion of its energy

access portfolio from 25 percent to 20 percent, the

dollar amount invested increased (due to a significant

increase in the size of the energy access portfolio).

Even so, the Inter-American Development Bank and

World Bank Group’s percentage of distributed energy

investment as a percentage of energy access projects

still significantly misses the 64 percent target based

on the IEA’s Energy for All Case. Their investment in

distributed renewable energy relative to their overall

energy portfolios is still orders of magnitude below

what is required according to the agency.

• Fossil fuels are not serving the poor. As with

the previous report, the fossil fuel-based projects

analyzed for this report across the four MDB energy

portfolios rarely addressed energy access for the

poor in any meaningful way. Over the three years

from FY 2012 to FY 2014, about five percent of

funding (by volume) for fossil fuel energy projects

included provisions that would increase access for the

poor (or 6 out of 190 fossil fuel projects).

USD

Mill

ions

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Total distributed renewable energy investmentTotal energy access investment

201420132012

FIGURE 3: MDB energy access investment over time

(ABSOLUTE – DOLLARS)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

201420132012

Percent of energy access portfolio for distributed renewablesPercent of total energy portfolio for energy access

FIGURE 4: MDB energy access investment over time

(AS PERCENT OF PORTFOLIO)


ENERGY ACCESS AT MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS

WORLD BANK GROUPThe World Bank Group increased the proportion of

energy access-oriented projects in its energy portfolio

substantially year over year, growing to nearly 13 percent

of the Bank’s total energy portfolio (see Table 2). This

between FY13 and FY14 was sharp, and was dominated

by two very large electricity transmission and distribution

expansion projects in FY14, one in Bangladesh and one in

Indonesia, totaling $925 million. Given the size of these

grid extension projects, it is perhaps not surprising that

the World Bank Group’s percentage of energy access

projects devoted to distributed renewable energy declined

over the same period. Though absolute dollar amounts

for distributed renewables remained roughly constant

between FY 2013 and FY 2014, the proportion was lower

in both years because the World Bank Group’s overall

energy access portfolio was considerably larger. After

remaining between 30 and 40 percent from FY 2012 to

FY 2013, the proportion of energy access funding focused

on distributed renewables plummeted to just over 10.5

percent in FY 2014.

Notable distributed renewables projects the World

Bank Group did support in FY 2014 were $10,000,000

to the global responsAbility Energy Access Fund aimed

at providing working capital to distributed renewable

0

500

1000

1500

2000

201420132012

USD

Mill

ions


FIGURE 5: World Bank Group energy access investment over time

(ABSOLUTE – DOLLARS)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

201420132012


FIGURE 6: World Bank Group energy access investment over time

(AS PERCENT OF PORTFOLIO)

TABLE 2: Summary of World Bank Group Support for Energy Access

FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 3-year average

Total energy access funding (US$) $449,800,000 $571,440,000 $ 1,504,020,000 $841,753,333.33

Energy access funding as % of total energy portfolio

7.00% 8.00% 12.94% 10.2%

Total funding to off-grid and minigrid renewable energy (US$)

$172,500,000 $169,480,000 $160,280,000 $167,420,000

Off-grid and mini-grid renewable energy funding as % of total

energy access portfolio38.00% 30.00% 10.66% 19.9%

Stated goal for increasing energy access?

YES: the paper Toward a Sustainable Energy Future for All: Directions for the World Bank Group’s Energy Sector informs the World Bank Group’s operations, as agreed upon by the World Bank Group’s Executive Board in July 2013. This paper supports universal access to

modern energy.

Distributed renewables program(s) or initiative(s)?

YES: Lighting Global, Lighting Africa, and Lighting Asia are all collaborations that include the World Bank Group which support off-grid lighting markets globally and in Africa and Asia. It should be noted that these initiatives are funded by in large part by donors and not from the

World Bank Group’s budget.


energy enterprises; $78,400,000 in additional financing

to continue supporting the successful approaches to

off-grid renewable energy deployment in Bangladesh;

$3,380,000 in debt financing for the distributed renewable

energy enterprise Off-Grid Electric, which is partnering

with Tanzania’s government to deliver electricity access

to 1 million homes by 2017; and $25,000,000 to support

the development and expansion of a successful mini-grid

model in Mali. These investments are important for the off-

grid and mini-grid sectors, and demonstrate that with the

relatively small amount of money the World Bank Group

is investing in distributed renewables, it is targeting a mix

of tried-and-true approaches with a proven track record

as well as more innovative, high-potential approaches. For

example, off-grid solar products are already improving

the energy access of 89 million people in Africa and Asia.17

It is notable that the World Bank Group supported these

projects. Greatly scaling up support for these types of

activities would be an important step towards an approach

that best addresses energy poverty.

DATA AVAILABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY

Some issues were observed while undertaking data

collection for this analysis. Many of the biggest challenges

relate to the IFC’s presentation of project information.

The IFC appears to list its projects by “disclosure date”

(when documents are made publicly available) rather

than by “approved” date. Thus, projects approved in

a given calendar year may have been disclosed one,

two, or even more calendar years earlier. To identify all

approved projects necessitates combing through multiple

years of records. In addition, projects disclosed — but not

approved — in previous years can subsequently be updated

to “approved” on the IFC website, thereby necessitating

an ongoing review of old projects, making it possible for

reviewers to overlook newly-approved projects that were

originally disclosed a year or more earlier.

In addition, in the case of the IFC, not all projects with

an energy focus or a partial energy component are

categorized under energy-themed headings. Rather they

may appear under alternative categories such as financial

intermediary, infrastructure, or manufacturing.

INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANKThe Inter-American Development Bank’s overall funding

for energy access fluctuated between 2012 and 2014, with

the highest percentage for access at 11 percent in 2013,

THE WORLD BANK GROUP AND THE ELECTRICITY ACCESS CHALLENGE — WORLD BANK INDEPENDENT EVALUATION GROUP REPORT

In October 2015, the World Bank Group’s

Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) released

a report assessing the World Bank Group’s

performance in addressing the electricity access

challenge between 2000 and 2014.

A number of the IEG report findings echo the

findings of “Failing to Solve Energy Poverty”, the

original version of our analysis released in 2014,

and the findings are in many ways are consistent

with the updated analysis here. The IEG’s findings

include the following points, which underscore

the importance of the World Bank Group quickly

and dramatically changing its approach to energy

access investment if it hopes to deliver on its

objective of contributing to universal energy access

by 2030:

• “The Bank Group’s support for off-grid

electrification was a small part of its overall

portfolio,” consistent with our findings across

FY 2011 to FY 2014.

• “Affordability, equity, and inclusion need to be

addressed by targeting the poor and those in

remote and inaccessible areas,” consistent with

our findings that distributed renewables are an

important but underutilized means for World

Bank Group investments to serve the poorest.

• “Support for off-grid electrification was low

and sporadic, with a few notable exceptions,”

which aligns with our findings.

• “[O]verall, the Bank Group’s commitment

to the SE4All goal to achieve universal

electricity access in 15 years clearly requires

the institution to commit or organize

resources and activities that are several

orders of magnitude greater than it has so far

in low-access countries,” which is consistent

with our finding that the World Bank Group’s

support for energy access-focused projects,

and for distributed energy solutions, are orders

of magnitude too low if the World Bank Group

hopes to meet its universal energy access goal.


backsliding to 6.3 percent in 2014 (see Table 3). In terms

of dollar amounts, it had by far the lowest finance for

access across all years, and remained the institution with

the lowest overall percentage of energy access financing

among the multilateral development banks studied.

As with the previous analysis, it is worth noting that a

significant number of access projects at the Inter-American

Development Bank are funded through multi-donor and

other trust funds and therefore were not included in this

review, which only considers how an institution uses

its core capital. The Inter-American Development Bank

devoted a quarter of its energy access funding to off-grid

and mini-grid clean energy, a proportion higher than any

other development bank. However, much of this funding

was not going definitively to distributed energy, but rather

had a distributed energy component with lack of clarity on

the amount of funding. The Latin America and Caribbean

region has a much higher level of energy access than other

developing regions (e.g. Asia and Africa), and the Inter-

American Development Bank may be responding to the

needs of its region. However, it’s important that the use of

public development money for energy activities focus on

energy access until an universal access is achieved. The

Inter-American Development Bank still lacks a specific

goal or program dedicated to increasing energy access

and to off-grid and mini-grid clean energy, something that

hasn’t changed since the predecessor to this analysis was

published in 2014. Such a program could potentially help

focus attention on increasing funding for such projects.

See Appendix C for the list of Inter-American Development

Bank energy access projects from FY 2012 to 2014.


Funding volumes provided from IDB capital (rather than

from IDB-administered trust funds or other sources) were

not clear, causing significant issues in data collection. On

the project page for each individual IDB project, the line

“IDB Financing” is often blank, even where IDB capital is

part of the investment. The IDB’s 2014 Annual Report lists

dollar amounts approved for energy sector projects, but

the source of the figures cited is not clear; likewise, it is

unclear as to how much of the financing listed comes from

IDB resources.

0

20

40

60

80

100

201420132012

USD

Mill

ions


FIGURE 7: Inter-American Development Bank energy access

investment over time (ABSOLUTE – DOLLARS)

0

20

40

60

80

100

201420132012


FIGURE 8: Inter-American Development Bank energy access

investment over time (AS PERCENT OF PORTFOLIO)

TABLE 3: Summary of Inter-American Development Bank Support for Energy Access


Total energy access funding (US$) $37,923,475 $65,966,481 $ 85,030,000 $62,973,318.67


3.00% 11.00% 6.31% 5.6%


$10,530,586 $19,971,481 $16,730,000 $15,744,022




NO


NO


AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANKOut of all the multilateral development banks, the African

Development Bank remains the closest to meeting the

recommended 50 percent of total energy portfolio

aimed towards energy access, though this number saw

a worrying decline in FY 2014, dropping from 35 percent

to under 15 percent year over year (see Table 4). The

percentage of AfDB’s total energy portfolio that was

focused on energy access was dramatically lower in

FY14 than in any of FY11, FY12 or FY13; as a percentage

of AfDB’s total energy portfolio, energy access-focused

projects were less than half that of any preceding year in

percentage terms, and also lower in absolute dollar terms

than any of the preceding years.

On the flipside, the AfDB remains by far the lowest

performing institution when it comes to investments in

distributed renewables. In FY 2014, AfDB finally notched

some investments in distributed renewables, after no listed

investments in off-grid and mini-grid solutions from FY 2011

to FY 2013. It is commendable that AfDB made investments

in these solutions, particularly given the energy access

need in many African countries, but these new investments

in FY 2014 were at a very modest level — less than 1 percent

of AfDB’s total energy access portfolio for the year.

Rapidly scaling up AfDB’s support for these solutions will

be crucial in reaching Africa’s rural poor, who represent a

large portion of the 58.2 percent of Africa’s population who

lack access to energy. Grid extension projects continue

to dominate the AfDB’s energy access portfolio, but by

increasing its focus instead on distributed clean energy, the

African Development Bank could better serve populations

that lack access to electricity, particularly in rural areas.

See Appendix D for the list of African Development Bank

energy access projects from FY 2012 to 2014.

The African Development Bank recently unveiled the

New Deal on Energy for Africa, which contains a major

component focused on delivering energy access through

off-grid technologies.

0

100

200

300

400

500

201420132012

USD

Mill

ions


FIGURE 9: African Development Bank energy access


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

201420132012


FIGURE 10: African Development Bank energy access


TABLE 4: Summary of African Development Bank Support for Energy Access


Total energy access funding (US$) $410,806,470 $239,191,414 $ 229,370,000 $293,122,628.00


37.00% 35.00% 14.45% 26.0%


$0 $0 $1,570,800 $523,600




YES: the new 2012 Energy Sector Policy of the African Development Bank includes as a guiding principle “Ensuring energy security and increasing access for all.”


YES: the AfDB “New Deal on Energy for Africa” contains a target of 75 million off-grid connections by 2025 through AfDB-supported activities.



The data collection process encountered many

discrepancies between the funding amounts cited in

AfDB’s annual report, individual project pages compared,

AfDB’s news releases, appraisal reports, and AfDB

board minutes, making it difficult to ascertain the actual

approved amount in many cases.

At least one major approved project did not appear to

have a formal project page, while several other projects

had project pages marked with earlier fiscal years despite

listing funding approved for FY 2014, and it was not clear

whether the FY 2014 approvals represented new funding

or more recent tranches of earlier-approved funds.

Several projects have the year for the approval date listed

as “1901” — this would appear to be some form of typo but

it makes it difficult to confirm that a project was indeed

approved in FY 2014.

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKNote that the figures tracked internally by the Asian

Development Bank differed substantially from the figures

used in the previous (2014) edition of this report. Based

on input from the Asian Development Bank, this version

of the report incorporates corrected FY 2012 and FY 2013

data, and includes the addition of several projects to the

database, which were determined to be consistent with

the criteria for energy access and distributed renewable

energy as applied in this report’s methodology.

The Asian Development Bank tied for the highest score

amongst the institutions assessed, but still received a

failing grade. Asian Development Bank’s energy access

funding decreased dramatically from FY 2012 to FY 2014

as a proportion of the total energy portfolio (see Table

5). Corrected figures for FY 2012 show that the Asian

Development Bank came very close to devoting 50 percent

of its energy portfolio to energy access, something that

all of these banks should strive to achieve. However, this

TRANSPARENCY AND REPORTING OF ENERGY FINANCE IN THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK, INCLUDING FOR THE “NEW DEAL ON ENERGY FOR AFRICA”

Among all of the multilateral development banks

assessed for this study, AfDB data on energy

investments showed some of the least agreement

between sources (for example, AfDB funding listed

on a project page frequently differed from the

amounts in annual reports and other sources). AfDB

reporting makes it difficult to assess what funding

is from AfDB core funds versus donor trust funds

administered by AfDB, while details on the energy

access implications of energy projects were rarely

present in project documents.

Given the significant undertaking the AfDB has

signaled through its large, energy-access focused

“New Deal on Energy for Africa” initiative, it is

important that the AfDB improve its tracking and

reporting of energy access-related projects to allow

for sufficient monitoring of the initiative’s progress.

This information should be made publicly available,

using clear, appropriate, and granular metrics to

describe the anticipated energy access implications

of each project.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

201420132012

USD

Mill

ions


FIGURE 11: Asian Development Bank energy access


0

20

40

60

80

100

201420132012


FIGURE 12: Asian Development Bank energy access



leadership did not last: in FY 2014, the percentage of the

Asian Development Bank’s energy portfolio dedicated to

energy access was just one quarter of what it was in FY

2013. Because the Asian Development Bank’s entire energy

portfolio shrunk from FY 2013 to FY 2014, the decline

in dollars dedicated to energy access projects was even

more pronounced. While there was an uptick in funding

for distributed renewables in FY 2013, this funding fell

off a cliff in FY 2014, crashing from 12 percent of access

funding to just 2 percent. This is still an improvement from

the complete absence of funding for distributed renewable

energy projects in FY 2011, but the trend line is moving

in the wrong direction. As the previous version of this

report uncovered, many energy access projects, including

distributed clean energy projects, are funded through

multi-donor funds run by the Asian Development Bank, but

are not from the bank’s core funds, so they are not counted

here. Funding for energy access and off-grid and mini-

grid clean energy is still well below recommended levels

and heading in the wrong direction despite increasing

urgency to meet the challenge of universal energy access.

The Asian Development Bank deserves credit for some

early efforts to highlight energy access investment. The

Bank’s “Energy for All” partnership has a stated goal of

increasing energy access, especially for the poor, and was

established in 2008, long before the Sustainable Energy

for All Initiative came into being. Both within and outside

of this partnership, the Asian Development Bank has made

some important contributions to clean energy access

projects. These include investments in the successful IDCOL

solar home system program in Bangladesh, as well as in

innovative distributed solar enterprise Simpa Networks,

along with efforts to develop an investable pipeline of clean

energy access enterprises, including through the Energy for

All Project Development Facility. While these initiatives and

approaches have been positive, the Asian Development

Bank could benefit from turning greater attention to off-

grid and mini-grid opportunities to increase energy access

in the regions it serves. See Appendix E for the list of Asian

Development Bank energy access projects from FY 2012

to 2014.


Most projects — but not all — had supporting project

documents that provided supplemental information

adequate to understand whether projects were supporting

energy access and / or distributed renewable energy. In

general, funding volumes and approval dates listed in

project documents match up well (but not entirely) with

other ADB sources of information such as annual reports

and news releases.

CONCLUSION

Despite an increase in public awareness about the

scale and urgency of the energy access challenge in

recent years, as well as a newly-minted United Nations

Sustainable Development Goal devoted to ensuring

affordable, reliable, and modern energy solutions for all,18

finance for energy access through the MDBs continues

TABLE 5: Summary of Asian Development Bank Support for Energy Access


Total energy access funding (US$) $946,500,000 $1,192,400,000 $243,700,000 $794,200,000


46.89% 31.71% 7.90% 26.9%

Total funding to off-grid and minigrid

renewable energy (US$)$37,000,000 $137,500,000 $5,250,000 $59,916,667




YES: one of the three pillars of the Asian Development Bank’s energy policy is “maximizing access to energy for all.”


YES: The “Energy for All Initiative” was founded to increase the Asian Development Bank’s energy access project portfolio, and seeks to improve household access to electricity.

Technologies for doing so include micro-hydro, solar, biomass, wind power, and clean cooking fuel. The initiative also includes an “Energy for All Partnership,” which brings together actors

from government, the private sector, and civil society to advance the goal of providing modern energy to 100 million people by 2015.


to fall far short of what’s needed. When it comes to MDB

investments in distributed clean energy, the picture is

even more alarming. Despite some recent, promising

investments that promote innovative approaches to

delivering clean energy access, investments in off-grid

clean and mini-grid clean energy still make up just a small

percentage of MDBs’ total energy portfolios.

Off-grid and mini-grid clean energy remain promising

solutions to energy poverty that can be rapidly and cost-

effectively deployed in both rural and urban settings. As

this assessment shows, none of the four MDBs received

a passing grade on how their energy portfolios address

energy access for poor communities and distributed clean

energy. How can they do better?

RECOMMENDATIONS

The recommendations from the 2014 report have been

updated. Now, the following should be achieved within the

next two years:

• All of the banks should increase their level of

funding for energy access projects to account

for at least 50 percent of overall energy portfolio

financing, until the regions in which they are

operating have achieved 100 percent energy access.

Across the MDBs, virtually no significant progress

has been made on this recommendation since

the 2014 report, with some institutions actually

backsliding. Development banks have a mandate

to support the world’s lowest-income populations,

but as this analysis demonstrates, energy finance

is still largely not targeted towards or meeting this

goal. These banks must redouble their efforts to

ensure that a significant portion of their funding goes

toward increasing energy access for the poor. The

banks should simultaneously encourage investment

in energy access by other actors, including non-

government investors.

• All of the banks need to significantly increase

their funding for off-grid and mini-grid clean

energy projects with the aim of meeting the IEA’s

64 percent of energy access financing toward

distributed clean energy scenario highlighted in

this report. As with the previous recommendation,

virtually no progress has been made on this

recommendation, with some institutions backsliding

in the most recent years for which data are available.

Investment in the actual deployment and installation

of off-grid and mini-grid clean energy projects

is a critical need at this stage of the market’s

development. While there is an important role for

capacity-building and technical assistance, banks

must focus efforts on increasing deployment of

distributed renewables, while also ensuring that

projects are appropriately managed and provide

maximum benefit to local communities.

• The MDBs should work together to immediately

establish clear definitions and criteria for what

counts as “energy access,” and measure projects

to determine whether they have achieved energy

access for the poor. There is currently a lack

of transparency among the MDBs around what

constitutes “energy access,” despite progress in

the development of the SE4All Global Tracking

Framework. The MDBs should clearly define energy

access, with appropriate criteria for measurement,

with an emphasis on direct energy service benefits

to the lowest-income individuals. The MDBs should

also move away from counting “inferred connections”

as new connections, as this inferred form of

measurement is becoming less acceptable as a metric

of success.19 These definitions and criteria should be

transparent, and project documents should reflect

how the project will work towards increasing energy

access. Completed projects should be assessed as to

whether they have achieved these goals. Ideally, the

MDBs should align their definitions and criteria with

those of peer institutions.

• In line with the preceding recommendation, the

MDBs should commit to clearly and transparently

reporting on energy access at the project level.

Currently, project descriptions and documents can

be vague as to expected energy access outcomes,

using inconsistent metrics and indicators, making it

difficult and, in some cases, impossible, for observers

to establish a clear picture of MDB energy access

activities and funding levels.

In addition to the four main recommendations, the

following are suggested as necessary actions towards

achieving those recommendations:

• Banks should adopt credit enhancement programs,

including loan guarantees, which directly support

off-grid and mini-grid clean energy deployment.

Credit enhancement programs reduce risk for private

sector entrepreneurs delivering services in these

markets. MDBs can stretch their investments much

further, and help unlock private sector investment, by

using their investments wisely. Credit enhancements,

including loan guarantees, are an essential tool to

help increase the size of the off-grid and mini-grid

clean energy sector.


• Banks should move beyond pilot projects to

incorporate off-grid and mini-grid lending in

their core energy portfolios. While several of the

banks included some pilot projects for off-grid and

mini-grid clean energy projects, a more significant

integration of these projects into the banks’ energy

access portfolios would allow for actual large-scale

deployment of distributed clean energy beyond the

grid.

• Banks should increase funding for emerging

programs focusing on distributed clean energy

access for all. The Asian Development Bank’s Energy

for All Initiative and the World Bank’s Lighting Global,

Lighting Africa, Lighting Asia, and Green Power for

Mobile programs are promising, as is the African

Development Bank’s recently-announced New Deal

on Energy for Africa. However, these programs

need to be expanded to include more funding for

deployment, and a greater voice in the finance

decisions for the investment coming from the core

portfolio. Actual investment decisions must align with

proclamations of support for energy access, in order

to truly demonstrate substantial support.

• Banks should examine successful off-grid and mini-

grid programs from different country contexts, such

as Bangladesh’s IDCOL program, and incorporate

applicable lessons in a manner suitable to specific

country circumstances. All MDBs should incorporate

lessons from a variety of countries into the dedicated

finance vehicles they develop to catalyze off-grid

and mini-grid markets. Bangladesh’s IDCOL program

is the most successful off-grid program in the world.

The structure and design of this program and others

offer significant learning opportunities for other

MDBs seeking to expand investments in this space.

• Banks should work with client countries to develop

national energy access strategies that include

distributed clean energy solutions. While it is true

that MDBs respond to demands of client countries,

MDBs also must play a role in helping staff in client

countries keep up with developments in the energy

access space and consider policy options which

include off-grid and mini-grid clean energy. This is

in line with the recommendation from the World

Bank Group’s IEG, which suggests a “[m]ove from a

predominantly project-by-project approach—which

lacks the scale and speed to achieve universal access

by 2030 in low-access countries—to a far greater use

of a sector-wide organizing framework and process

for mainstreaming the sustained engagement needed

for implementing rapid access scale-up,” and which

also notes that, ideally, “grid and off-grid rollout

should be undertaken simultaneously in a coordinated

manner nationwide.” Technical advice and planning

support for clients should emphasize clean

energy access opportunities and reflect the latest

understanding of the costs and benefits of different

approaches to delivering energy services.

• Banks should work with clients to create the

enabling conditions for more resources to flow

toward distributed renewable energy solutions. This

means considering how to tailor finance to smaller,

dynamic initiatives designed to deliver clean energy

access, including entrepreneurs looking to scale

up successful approaches. Reducing transaction

times — and transaction costs — for recipients of funds

is an important component of achieving this goal.

This would also include committing resources to

develop investable pipelines of clean energy access

solutions.

• Banks should examine internal incentive structures,

to ensure that distributed clean energy projects are

not systemically discriminated against in favor of

larger projects. In other words, banks should align

staff incentives for advancement more closely with

the unique characteristics of off-grid and mini-grid

deployment rather than simply incentivizing staff to

close large energy infrastructure projects.

• Banks should benchmark and review distributed

clean energy funding. The IEG review of the World

Bank’s electricity access work, discussed in the box

on page 11, noted that coordinated national plans that

combine grid and off-grid approaches are a good

practice for achieving universal energy access.20

The review also suggested that banks move beyond

simply measuring access by headcount, and begin

considering quality, reliability, and affordability of

service as well.

The recommended energy portfolio targets for energy

access and distributed clean energy should be met within

the next two years. This builds on the recommendations

from the 2014 version of this report, which were made

with the overall goal of universal access by 2030 in mind.

This would demonstrate a commitment to solving energy

poverty, and would address a need that is currently unmet.

Overall, a major shift in energy funding is needed by all the

MDBs evaluated in this report. All MDBs need to dedicate

a greater proportion of their energy portfolios to energy

access, and to shift beyond the grid to dedicate a greater

proportion of their energy access funding to off-grid

and mini-grid clean energy. Doing so is needed to ensure

energy for all, particularly the poor populations of the

world these MDBs are supposed to exist to serve.


ENDNOTES

1 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and International Energy Agency (2015). Progress Toward Sustainable Energy: Global Tracking Framework 2015 Summary Report. Available at: http://www.se4all.org/tracking-progress.

2 United Nations General Assembly (2012). “United Nations General Assembly Declares 2014 - 2024 Decade of Sustainable Energy for All.” Press Release. Available at: http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/ga11333.doc.htm.

3 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and International Energy Agency (2015). Progress Toward Sustainable Energy: Global Tracking Framework 2015 Summary Report. Available at: http://www.se4all.org/tracking-progress

4 International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011. Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo-2011.html

5 International Energy Agency (2012). World Energy Outlook 2012. Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/world-energy-outlook-2012.html

6 International Energy Agency (2013). “Financing energy access.” Available at: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyforallfinancingaccessforthepoor/

7 International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011. Available at: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo-2011.html

8 Craine, Stewart, Evan Mills, & Justin Guay (2014). Clean Energy Services for All: Financing Universal Electrification. Sierra Club. Available at: https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/0747_Clean_Energy_Services_Report_03_web.pdf

9 Hogarth, Ryan & Ilmi Granoff (2015). Speaking truth to power: Why energy distribution, more than generation, is Africa’s poverty reduction challenge. Overseas Development Institute and Oxfam. Available at: http://policy-practice.oxfamamerica.org/publications/speaking-truth-to-power-why-energy-distribution-more-than-generation-is-africas-poverty-reduction-challenge-executive-summary/

10 International Energy Agency (2011). World Energy Outlook 2011. Available at: http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/weo2011/

11 Oyuke, Abel et al. (2016) Off-grid or ‘off-on’: Lack of access, unreliable electricity supply still plague majority of Africans. Afrobarometer. Available at: http://

afrobarometer.org/publications/ad75-unreliable-electricity-supply-still-plague-majority-of-africans

12 International Renewable Energy Agency (2013). IOREC 2012 International Off-Grid Renewable Energy Conference: Key Findings and Recommendations. Available at: http://irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IOREC_Key%20Findings%20and%20Recommendations.pdf

13 The World Bank Group institutions providing finance include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.

14 Oil Change International. “Shift the Subsidies.” Website. Available at: http://shiftthesubsidies.org/.

15 The World Bank Inspection Panel (2016). “Panel Presents Highlights of Emerging Lessons Series to Executive Directors.” Available at: http://ewebapps.worldbank.org/apps/ip/Lists/NewsFromThePanel/NewsFromThePanelDisp.aspx?ID=236&Source=/apps/ip/Pages/Home.aspx

16 Alexander, Nancy et al (2013). “Responsible Investment in Infrastructure: Recommendations for the G20.” Available at: http://www.g20civil.com/documents/225/1546/

17 Lighting Global and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016). Off-Grid Solar Market Trends Report 2016. Available at: https://www.lightingglobal.org/launch-of-off-grid-solar-market-trends-report-2016/

18 United Nations (2016). “Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.” Available at: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/

19 Power Africa (2016). The Roadmap: A Guide to Reaching 30,000 Megawatts and 60 Million Connections. Available at: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/power-africa-roadmap-v2.pdf

20 World Bank Independent Evaluation Group (2015). “World Bank Group Support to Electricity Access, FY2000-2014.” Available at: https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations/world-bank-group-support-electricity-access

21 Oil Change International (2014). “Shift the Subsidies: Methodology.” Available at: http://shiftthesubsidies.org/#methodology

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A . METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING ENERGY ACCESS

A project is labeled positively for “energy access” if the project

in question “targets increased energy access for the poor.”

• This designation is determined by whether project

documents indicate that the project meets one or more of

the following criteria:

• The project focuses on a targeted number of new electricity

connections or energy services, such as clean cook stoves,

to poor households.

• The project focuses on electricity for services

important to the poor, such as health clinics, schools, or

telecommunications.

• The project focuses on improving the reliability of electricity

services in an area that largely serves poor households and/

or electricity services important to the poor and currently

has intermittent or unreliable access.

• The project focuses on provisions to make energy affordable

for the poor e.g., effective, transparent safety nets to ensure

that poor people can afford energy for basic needs, such as

subsidies targeted at access, not consumption (as opposed

to only having measures aimed at cost recovery, such as

tariff increases).

• The project is focused on productive uses in energy poor

communities, such as providing energy to smallholder

farmers, small and medium enterprises and labor-intensive

industries.

• The project involves power grid extension to new periurban

or rural areas (as opposed to simply feeding into the

existing grid system).

• The project involves rural, off-grid solutions for providing

energy services.21

It is important to note that this method of evaluating projects

for energy access has limitations due to lack of available

information. MDB energy project documents often do not

establish specific, measureable outcomes related to increasing

energy access for all communities. Thus, MDB energy projects

often lack specific project measures aimed at access for poor

communities and do not follow up with verification of a project’s

success in actually increasing access.

From the projects meeting the above “energy access”

criteria, we further examined relevant project documents (e.g.

project information documents, project appraisal documents,

procurement plans, and project data sheets) to determine which

“energy access” projects supported off-grid or mini-grid clean

energy. If a project’s funding was split between these forms and

other forms of energy development (i.e. grid extension or energy

efficiency), we tried to determine what portion of the funding

was applied to off-grid or mini-grid clean energy. Our efforts to

make this determination included close examination of available

project documents, project budgets, and attempts to correspond

with project MDB contacts.

Reliable information was unavailable in some cases, and actual

spending sometimes differed from the spending outlined in

project documents. In cases of uncertainty, we attempted to

communicate with a project contact but did not always receive

a response. If after these attempts, we were still unable to

determine a specific funding amount, we assigned 50 percent of

energy project funds to distributed solutions

http://www.se4all.org/tracking-progress


http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/ga11333.doc.htm



http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo-2011.html

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/world-energy-outlook-2012.html

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/world-energy-outlook-2012.html

http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyforallfinancingaccessforthepoor/

http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/resources/energydevelopment/energyforallfinancingaccessforthepoor/

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo-2011.html

https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/0747_Clean_Energy_Services_Report_03_web.pdf



http://policy-practice.oxfamamerica.org/publications/speaking-truth-to-power-why-energy-distribution-more-than-generation-is-africas-poverty-reduction-challenge-executive-summary/



http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/weo2011/

http://afrobarometer.org/publications/ad75-unreliable-electricity-supply-still-plague-majority-of-africans



http://irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IOREC_Key%20Findings%20and%20Recommendations.pdf

http://irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IOREC_Key%20Findings%20and%20Recommendations.pdf

http://shiftthesubsidies.org/

http://shiftthesubsidies.org/

http://ewebapps.worldbank.org/apps/ip/Lists/NewsFromThePanel/NewsFromThePanelDisp.aspx?ID=236&Source=/apps/ip/Pages/Home.aspx



http://www.g20civil.com/documents/225/1546/

http://www.g20civil.com/documents/225/1546/

https://www.lightingglobal.org/launch-of-off-grid-solar-market-trends-report-2016/

https://www.lightingglobal.org/launch-of-off-grid-solar-market-trends-report-2016/

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/

https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/power-africa-roadmap-v2.pdf

https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/power-africa-roadmap-v2.pdf

https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations/world-bank-group-support-electricity-access

https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/evaluations/world-bank-group-support-electricity-access

http://shiftthesubsidies.org/#methodology

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http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/0/129257289d15d160852577f30079be62

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126724/additional-financing-ii-rural-electrification-renewable-energy-development-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126724/additional-financing-ii-rural-electrification-renewable-energy-development-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126355/sierra-leone-fifth-governance-reform-growth-credit?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126355/sierra-leone-fifth-governance-reform-growth-credit?lang=en

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/01c496358be12bed85257917006ac626?opendocument

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/01c496358be12bed85257917006ac626?opendocument

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P119893/electricity-network-reinforcement-expansion-project-enrep?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P119893/electricity-network-reinforcement-expansion-project-enrep?lang=en

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/7ea1e280add18091852579f1006a79b3?opendocument

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/7ea1e280add18091852579f1006a79b3?opendocument

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P130493/dj--power-access-diversification-project-additional-financing-ii?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P130493/dj--power-access-diversification-project-additional-financing-ii?lang=en

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/6b0b992c95fca6a4852579cf006d1a84?opendocument

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/6b0b992c95fca6a4852579cf006d1a84?opendocument

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P122944/second-rural-investment-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P131263/rural-electrification-renewable-energy-development-ii-rered-ii-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P131263/rural-electrification-renewable-energy-development-ii-rered-ii-project?lang=en

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/203700709f273b7c85257a1e0063f550?opendocument




http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P127203/rebuilding-energy-infrastructure-access?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P127203/rebuilding-energy-infrastructure-access?lang=en

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/ea69474deb8c96be85257aae00523d4c?opendocument

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/ea69474deb8c96be85257aae00523d4c?opendocument

http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/651aeb16abd09c1f8525797d006976ba/e281914cc8c539a685257ad4007a43ba?opendocument

http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/651aeb16abd09c1f8525797d006976ba/e281914cc8c539a685257ad4007a43ba?opendocument

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/5fbd34eaa8310a3285257a72005a16fa?opendocument

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/5fbd34eaa8310a3285257a72005a16fa?opendocument

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126489/rwanda-electricity-access-additional-financing?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P126489/rwanda-electricity-access-additional-financing?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P101578/png-energy-sector-development-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P101578/png-energy-sector-development-project?lang=en

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/26aff23f50ea48c485257afe006bba4c?opendocument

https://ifcndd.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/26aff23f50ea48c485257afe006bba4c?opendocument

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P133445/liberia-accelerated-electricity-expansion-project-laceep?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P133445/liberia-accelerated-electricity-expansion-project-laceep?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P127208/economic-reconstruction-growth-development-policy-credit?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P127208/economic-reconstruction-growth-development-policy-credit?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P144324/hn-rural-infrastructure-project-af?lang=en


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http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P123994/indonesia-second-power-transmission-development-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P123994/indonesia-second-power-transmission-development-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2013/07/08/indonesia-second-power-transmission-development

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2013/07/08/indonesia-second-power-transmission-development

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/07/08/world-bank-approves-power-transmission-program-support-indonesia-goal-electrify-90-percent-households-by-2020



http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P128768/burkina-faso-electricity-access-energy-supply?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P128768/burkina-faso-electricity-access-energy-supply?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2013/07/30/burkina-faso-electricity-sector-support-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2013/07/30/burkina-faso-electricity-sector-support-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/07/30/burkina-faso-world-bank-to-help-bring-electricity-to-urban-and-rural-areas

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/07/30/burkina-faso-world-bank-to-help-bring-electricity-to-urban-and-rural-areas

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P131084?lang=en

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/AFR/2014/04/08/090224b0823b588a/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Mali000Mali0Ru0Report000Sequence001.pdf



http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P129920/bangladesh-rural-electricity-transmission-distribution-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P129920/bangladesh-rural-electricity-transmission-distribution-project?lang=en

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/02/28/bangladesh-rural-electricity-transmission-distribution-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/02/28/bangladesh-rural-electricity-transmission-distribution-project

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/SAR/2014/07/03/090224b082555902/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Official0Docum0BD00Closing0Package0.pdf




http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/03/07/yemen-mocha-wind-park-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/03/07/yemen-mocha-wind-park-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/03/07/world-bank-announces-a-us20-million-grant-yemen-first-wind-power-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/03/07/world-bank-announces-a-us20-million-grant-yemen-first-wind-power-project


http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/03/14/inner-city-jamaicans-services-crime-prevention

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/03/14/inner-city-jamaicans-services-crime-prevention

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/02/27/000442464_20140227100812/Rendered/PDF/842040PAD0P146010Box382154B00OUO090.pdf





http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/03/21/solomon-islands-sustainable-energy-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/03/21/solomon-islands-sustainable-energy-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/03/21/solomon-islands-gets-13-million-improve-efficiency-reliability-electricity-services-honiara

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/03/21/solomon-islands-gets-13-million-improve-efficiency-reliability-electricity-services-honiara

http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/d65d78de6d88622185257ca9006ceeea?opendocument

http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/d65d78de6d88622185257ca9006ceeea?opendocument

http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/928bf473ba8389c485257c63006cfadb?opendocument

http://ifcext.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/928bf473ba8389c485257c63006cfadb?opendocument


http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/05/27/bolivia-access-and-renewable-energy-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/05/27/bolivia-access-and-renewable-energy-project

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/05/27/boliviawb-electricity-for-27-thousand-homes-130-schools-and-rural-health-care-centers

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/05/27/boliviawb-electricity-for-27-thousand-homes-130-schools-and-rural-health-care-centers


http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/06/13/burkina-faso-electricity-sector-support-project-additional-financing

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2014/06/13/burkina-faso-electricity-sector-support-project-additional-financing

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/06/13/wb-electricity-irrigation-agriculture-markets-burkina-faso

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/06/13/wb-electricity-irrigation-agriculture-markets-burkina-faso

http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/c5b71e3c3d8bf00185257cbb0064c506?opendocument

http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/78e3b305216fcdba85257a8b0075079d/c5b71e3c3d8bf00185257cbb0064c506?opendocument

http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext%5CPressroom%5CIFCPressRoom.nsf%5C0%5C2F2FE7F8015E52E185257E1A005A9B91

http://ifcextapps.ifc.org/ifcext%5CPressroom%5CIFCPressRoom.nsf%5C0%5C2F2FE7F8015E52E185257E1A005A9B91


http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/06/30/000442464_20140630101030/Rendered/PDF/880000PJPR0REP0C0disclosed060190140.pdf




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http://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2014-12-18/haiti-electricity-transmission-line,11038.html

http://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2014-12-18/haiti-electricity-transmission-line,11038.html




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http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-cv-fa0-002/

http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ma-fa0-003/

http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-zm-fa0-003/

http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-fa0-026/



http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-rw-fa0-006/


http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-km-fa0-001/

http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-f00-044







http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-z1-f00-057/



http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Ghana_-_Electricity_Distribution_System_Reinforcement_and_Extension_-_Appraisal_Report.pdf



http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-gh-f00-005

http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/ghana-electricity-distribution-network-to-be-reinforced-and-extended-with-afdb-support-12856

http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/ghana-electricity-distribution-network-to-be-reinforced-and-extended-with-afdb-support-12856

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Ghana%20-%20Electricity%20Distribution%20System%20Reinforcement%20and%20Extension%20Project%20-%20ESMP%20Summary.pdf






http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-bi-fa0-100

http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/afdb-finances-construction-of-two-hydropower-plants-in-burundi-13327

http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/afdb-finances-construction-of-two-hydropower-plants-in-burundi-13327

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Environmental-and-Social-Assessments/Burundi_-_Jiji_and_Mulembwe_Hydropower_Plants_Development_Project_-_Executive_RAP_Summary.pdf



http://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/project-portfolio/project/p-ke-fa0-010

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Boards-Documents/HIGHLIGHTS_-_BOARD_MEETING_OF_19_NOVEMBER_2014.pdf

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Boards-Documents/HIGHLIGHTS_-_BOARD_MEETING_OF_19_NOVEMBER_2014.pdf

http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/rural-and-low-income-kenyans-to-benefit-from-afdb-energy-loan-13772

http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/rural-and-low-income-kenyans-to-benefit-from-afdb-energy-loan-13772

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/Annual_Report_2014_-Full.pdf

http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic-Documents/Annual_Report_2014_-Full.pdf


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http://www.adb.org/projects/43576-013/main




http://www.adb.org/projects/45406-001/main#project-pds


















http://www.adb.org/projects/38456-037/main#project-pds

http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/80745/46014-002-rrp.pdf


http://www.adb.org/news/adb-signs-assistance-package-boost-hydropower-generation-solomon-islands

http://www.adb.org/news/adb-signs-assistance-package-boost-hydropower-generation-solomon-islands





http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/150537/41614-036-pfr.pdf

http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/150537/41614-036-pfr.pdf

http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/152624/48323-001-tar.pdf

http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/152624/48323-001-tar.pdf

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