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Abstract: Additional members of the Phallales are recorded fromthe Hawaiian Islands. Asero arachnoidea, Phallus atrovolvatus, and aProtuberasp. have been collected since the publication of the fieldguideMushrooms of Hawaiiin 2002. A complete list of species andtheir distribution on the various islands is included.

Key Words: Phallales, Asero , Phallus, Mutinus, Dictyophora,Pseudocolus, Protubera, Hawaii.

Roger Goos made the earliest comprehensive record of mem- bers of the Phallales in the Hawaiian Islands (Goos, 1970) and

listed Anthurus javanicus(Penzig.) G. Cunn., Asero rubraLabill.:Fr., Dictyophora indusiata(Vent.: Pers.) Desv.,Linderiella columnata(Bosc) G. Cunn., andPhallus rubicundus(Bosc) Fr. Later, Goos,along with Dring and Meeker, described the uniqueClathrusspe-cies,C. oahuensisDring (Dring et al., 1971) from the Koko HeadDesert Botanical Gardens on Oahu. The records of Dictyophoraindusiataand Linderiella columnatain Gooss paper actually camefrom observations by N. A. Cobb in the early 1900s (Cobb, 1906;Cobb, 1909) who reported these two species in sugar cane fieldson Hawaii Island (also known as the Big Island) and Kauai, re-spectively, and thought they might be parasitic on sugar cane. To

our knowledge, neitherLinderiella columnata(now known asClathrus columnatusBosc) norClathrus oahuensishas been seen inthe islands since these early observations. In our surveys and in-ventories studies of mushrooms of Hawaii over the past 15 years,we have frequently encountered Asero rubraand have collectedPseudocolus fusiformis(reported as Anthurus javanicusby Goos) andPhallus rubicundus(Hemmes and Desjardin, 2002). In addition,we have collected Asero arachnoideaE. Fisch., Phallus cinnabarinus(Lee) Kreisel,Phallus multicolor Berk. & Broome,Phallus atrovolvatusKreisel & Colonge,Mutinus bambusinus(Zoll.) E. Fisch.,Mutinuselegans(Mont.) E. Fisch., and a species of Protubera.

By far the most commonly encountered stinkhorn in the is-lands is Asero rubra, the starfish stinkhorn. Asero rubrahas beenseen inEucalyptusforests on all the major islands, but can also befound in composted wood chips and other disturbed areas. Hun-dreds of fruiting bodies were observed in composted woodchipsspread around landscaping trees at a park in Honokaa on the Big

1. Biology Department, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. KawiliSt., Hilo, HI 96720. 2. Department of Biology, San Francisco StateUniversity, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132.* Corresponding author: hemmes@hawaii.edu.

Don E. Hemmes1* and Dennis E. Desjardin2

Stinkhor Stinkhor Stinkhor Stinkhor Stinkhor ns of thens of thens of thens of thens of theHawHawHawHawHaw aiian Islaiian Islaiian Islaiian Islaiian Isl andsandsandsandsands

Island in 2006 (Fig. 1). Fruiting bodies with 6 to up to 10 were noted. In 2007 a resident of Hilo called the Universiinquire about some stinky growths on a newly established After chasing away mounds of flies covering the fruiting bwe found a half dozen fairy rings of A. arachnoidea(Fig. 2), the firsrecord of this species in Hawaii. The underlying soil for thilawn had been delivered from a local source near town, so aguess of how the fungus arrived would be in the grass seed,is difficult to know exactly what conditions were present foestablishment of these fairy rings. No fruiting bodies were on contiguous lawns.

Mutinusspp. in Hawaii includeM. bambusinusandM. elegans.The two species are easily differentiated asM. bambusinushas adistinct and abrupt demarcation between the red-colored uhalf of the fruiting body, which is covered by the gleba, and to pinkish lower half (Fig. 3), whereas the orangish-red colM. elegansgradates from top to bottom (Fig. 4).Phallus rubicundu(Fig. 5) is especially common in woodchip compost at HoomBotanical Garden on Oahu and in community garden plo

Figure 1. Asero rubrais commonly encountered inEucalyptusplantationsin Hawaii but these fruiting bodies are growing in wood chip msurrounding landscape plants in a park.

Figure 2. Asero arachnoideaforming fairy rings on a lawn in Hilo.

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Figure 3. The gleba has been washed off these fruiting bodies of Mutinusbambusinus.

Figure 4.Mutinus elegansfrequents well-manured agricultural areas.Figure 5. This fruiting body of Phallus rubicundus, and many more like it, appeain senior-citizen gardens in Manoa Valley on Oahu. Figure 6. The best description of the odor of Pseudocolus fusiformisis fresh pig manure. Figure Phallus cinnabarinus, with its elegant cinnabar-colored indusium, fruits on lawns and in wood chip piles on the windward side of HawFigure 8.Phallus multicolor at Mackenzie Park on Hawaii Island.

4 5 6 7 8

Manoa Valley on Oahu, andPseudocolus fusiformis(Fig. 6), with itswretched odor, like these other three species, is also found aroundagricultural areas and garden plots, in banana patches, and espe-cially in well composted wood chip mulch.

Phallus cinnabarinus(also known asDictyophora cinnabarinaLee)with its orangish-pink, cinnabar-colored indusium, appears onlawns and in composted wood chip piles on the windward side of the Big Island from MacKenzie Park to Honokaa (Fig. 7). It isinteresting that one lawn will be covered with fruiting bodies of Ph. cinnabarinuswhile at the same time contiguous lawns have none.We surmise it may have to do with the source of the soil that was brought in to start the lawn, the source of the grass seed, or thetype of fertilizer application.Phallus cinnabarinusis probably whatCobb reported from Pepeekeo along the Hamakua Coast of Hawaii Island asDictyophora indusiatain 1907 because he statedthose specimens had yellow indusia.Phallus multicolor , with its

relatively short, lemon-yellow indusium, is much more restrin its distribution and has been found only at MacKenzie Pthe Big Island, where it can be relatively common during periods (Fig. 8). Netted stinkhorns have not been recorded any other Hawaiian island at this point.

Both of these nettedPhallusspecies may occasionally pduce a fruiting body with a pure white indusium. A solitary ing body with a purely white indusium was observed in the of a large grouping of Ph. cinnabarinuson a lawn in Hilo (Fig. 9The indusium was fresh and turgid and had not faded to wPhallus multicolor , too, may occasionally drop a near-white insium (Fig. 10). In 2007 a large grouping of Phalluswith whiteindusia (Fig. 11) closely resemblingPhallus atrovolvatus, a speciesdescribed from Costa Rica (Calonge et al., 2005), appearthe University of Hawaii at Hilo agricultural farm. These ing bodies have a dark gray volva, a white indusium that exto midway between the receptacle and volva, and have the of growing in composted wood chips. The only noticeable dence is that the surface of the unexpanded fruiting bodies Ph.atrovolvatusis described as black, whereas the fruiting bodithe Hawaiian specimens are gray.

Finally, aProtuberaspecies was collected recently from KokKauai, in a mixed forest area containingEucalyptusand Acaciakoa. The surface of this secotioid species is white and has a gnous, convoluted interior (Fig. 12). A summary list of phafungi currently known from the Hawaiian Islands and their kdistribution at this point is found in Table 1.

We have received photos of what resemblesLysurus mokus(L.:Pers.) Fr. from pastures surrounding Haleakala on Maui redClathrusfrom the National Tropical Botanical Garden on K but the photos were of poor quality and no specimens werelected for analysis. Our search for additional species of thisesting group of fungi in the Hawaiian Islands continues.

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References Cited

Cobb, N. A. 1906. Fungus maladies of the sugar cane. Hawaiian Planters Association Experiment Station, Division of PathologPhysiology,Bulletin 5, 1254.

Cobb, N. A.1909. Fungus maladies of the sugar cane. Hawaiian Sugarers Association Experiment Station, Division of Pathology and ology,Bulletin 6, 530.

Colonge, F. D., H. Kreisel, and M. Mata. 2005.Phallus atrovolvatus, a newspecies from Costa Rica.Boletin de la Sociedad Micologica de Madrid29:58.

Dring, D. M., J. Meeker, and R. Goos. 1971.Clathrus oahuensis, a newspecies from Hawaii.Mycologia63: 893-897.

Goos, R. D. 1970. Phalloid fungi in Hawaii.Pacific Science24: 28287.Hemmes, D. E., and D. E. Desjardin. 2002.Mushrooms of Hawaii. Ten

Speed Press, Berkeley, California, pp. 212.

Figure 9. A fruiting body of Phallus cinnabarinuswith a white indusium.

Figure 10. A fruiting body of Phallusmulticolor with a near white indusium.

Figure 11. A newly foundPhallusthat closely resemblesPhallus(=Dictyophora) atrovolvatusdescribed from Costa Rica. Note that thewhite indusium onDictyophora atrovolvatusextends to no more thanone-half of the length of the stipe.

Figure 12. AProtuberasp. from the Kokee region of Kauai.

Table 1

Genus/species Location Asero arachnoidea H Asero rubra H,K,L,Ma,Mo,OClathrus columnatus KClathrus oahuensis OPhallus atrovolvatus H

Phallus cinnabarinus HPhallus multicolor HPhallus rubricundus H,OMutinus bambusinus HMutinus elegans HPseudocolus fusiformis H,KProtuberasp. KKey:H = Hawai i I slan d

K = Kauai

L = Lanai

Ma = Maui

Mo = Molokai

O = Oahu