stop station terminal

8/2/2019 Stop Station Terminal

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Stop, Station, andTerminal Capacity

May 4, 2004

Todays Topics

Station elements

Sizing station elements

Emergency evacuation considerations


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StationElements

GuidewayGuidewayPlatformPlatform

ShelterShelter

ElevatorElevator

StairsStairs

TicketTicket

MachineMachine

PedPedAccessAccess

BusBusAccessAccess

WalkwayWalkway

CustomerCustomer

InfoInfo

BenchBenchPhonePhone

Trash CanTrash Can

LightingLighting

LandscapingLandscaping


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Not Pictured

Faregates

Park-and-ride access

Bike storage

Artwork

Electronic displays

Station agents

Doorways

Moving walkways

Restrooms

Driver break areas

Vending

Escalators

Kiss-and-ride access

Types of Passenger Facilities

Bus stops

On-street

No to few amenities

Transit centers

Usually off-street

Few to many amenities

Transit stations

Off-street

Many amenities


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Types of Passenger Facilities

Design Issues

How many bus bays (loading areas) are needed?

Is there enough room for passengers to wait andcirculate?

Is there enough space & passenger demand forparticular amenities?


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Design Issues

Additional considerations for stations andterminals:

Are passenger processing elements (e.g., stairs and faregates) adequately sized?

What station element constrains capacity?

Emergency evacuation needs

Design Issues

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

ADA requirements affect design

Addressed in TCQSM to the extent it impacts the sizing ofstation elements

TCQSM provides input into the design process, but isnt a

design manual


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Passenger Access

Location Walk/Bike Feeder Bus Kiss & Ride Park & Ride

Bus Stop transfer points

Transit Center sometimes

Bus/Rail Station

Intermodal Terminal

Bus Stop Elements

Limited passenger waiting area

Shelters and/or benches at higher boardingvolume stops

Trash receptacle

May have printed schedule information

Limited other amenities


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On-Street Bus Stop Capacity

Short dwell times (no layovers)

Use TCQSM bus capacity procedures

On-Street Bus Stop Capacity

Short dwell times (no layovers)

Use TCQSM bus capacity procedures


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Bus Transit Center Elements

Usually serve as transfer points

Multiple bus bays, usually off-street

Adjacent park & ride / kiss & ride possible

Site landscaping and lighting

Passenger plaza with shelters, benches, trashreceptacles, telephone, newspaper stand

Bus Transit Center Elements

Longer dwell times (> 3 min)

Buses terminating at transit center or station

Buses waiting for transfer connections

Typical practice is to provide a separate bus stopfor each route

More than one berth might be needed, dependingon route frequency and layover/recovery timeneeds


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PassengerWaitingAreas

Passenger Waiting Areas

Sizing passenger waiting areas based onmaintaining a desirable level of service

Concepts presented in Fruins Pedestrian Planning& Design

HCM has similar concepts, but intended forsidewalksTCQSMs levels of service are intended

for transit facilities

Level of service measure:average space per person


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Waiting Area LOS

LOS A

LOS B

LOS C

LOS D

LOS E

LOS F

>= 13 ft2 per person

10-13 ft2 per person

7-10 ft2 per person

3-7 ft2 per person

2-3 ft2 per person

< 2 f t2 per person

Sizing Passenger Waiting Areas

General process used for passenger waiting areasis applicable to most station elements, althoughspecifics (e.g., LOS thresholds) will differ

Presentation will only go through process once

1. Pick a design LOS

A function of how long people will be waiting: elevator vs.

15-minute wait on platform

LOS C a reasonable design level

LOS D a minimum design level


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2. Estimate maximum passenger demand

Also check effects of irregular operations to make suredangerous levels of crowding can be avoided or controlled

3. Calculate effective waiting area

(number of passengers) * (design space per passenger)


4. Include a buffer

Add a 1.5-ft buffer along platform edges and next to walls

Add a 1.0-ft buffer next to other obstructions, includinglow walls up to 3 feet high


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5. Allow space for passenger circulation

Use walkway procedures (shown later)

From stairs/escalators to platform

From trains to stairs/escalators

Transferring passengers traversing the platform


6. Allow for queue space at platform exits

Passengers may arrive at vertical circulation elements(stairs, escalators, elevators) faster than they can beprocessed

Provide 5 ft2 per person in queue at entrance to stair, etc.

Provide clear space at exit


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7. Account for space used by physical obstructions

Stairwells, escalators

Benches, pillars

Ad signs

8. Calculate total area needed

Sum areas from steps 3-7

Walkways


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Principles of Pedestrian Flow

Ped speed is related to density

The more pedestrians, the slower the average ped speed

Flow (how many pedestrians can pass by a givenpoint) is the product of speed and density:

V = S * D

Units: pedestrians per foot width per minute

Average space per pedestrian is related to speed

and flow

M = S / V, units: ft2/ped

Principles of Pedestrian Flow

Most design problems relate to solving for either:

Station element width (e.g., stairway width)

Station element area (e.g., platform area)

Result is a station element sized to accommodatea given number of persons per hour, at a designlevel of service


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Pedestrian Flow on Walkways

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Pedestrian Space (ft2/p)

PedestrianFlow(

p/ft/min)

Commuter uni-directionalCommuter bi-directional

Shoppers multi-directional

Walkway LOS

LOS A

LOS B

LOS C

LOS D

LOS E

LOS F

>= 35 ft2/p, avg. speed 260 ft/min

25-35 ft2/p, avg. speed 250 ft/min




< 5 f t2/p, avg. speed


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Walkway LOS

Walkways

Typical ped speed for design: 250 ft/min

Capacity occurs at LOS E/F threshold

Peds walk at a shuffle


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Walkway Design Process

1. Based on desired LOS, identify maximum flowrate per unit width

2. Estimate peak 15-minute demand

3. Allow for wheelchairs, users with large items

4. Compute design ped flow: (Step 2) / 15

5. Effective width = (Step 4 / Step 1)

6. Add buffer width: 1.5 feet on each side

Stairs&

Escalators


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Stairway LOS

Avg. Ped. Space Flow per Unit WidthLOS (ft2/p) (m2/p) (p/ft/min) (p/m/min) Description

A 20 1.9 5 16Sufficient area to freely select speed and topass slower-moving pedestrians. Reverseflows cause limited conflicts.

B 15-20 1.4-1.9 5-7 16-23

Sufficient area to freely select speed withsome difficulty in passing slower-movingpedestrians. Reverse flows cause minorconflicts.

C 10-15 0.9-1.4 7-10 23-33Speeds slightly restricted due to inability topass slower-moving pedestrians. Reverseflows cause some conflicts.

D 7-10 0.7-0.9 10-13 33-43Speeds restricted due to inability to passslower-moving pedestrians. Reverse flowscause significant conflicts.

E 4-7 0.4-0.7 13-17 43-56Speeds of all pedestrians reduced.Intermittent stoppages likely to occur.Reverse flows cause serious conflicts.

F 4 0.4 Variable Variable Complete breakdown in pedestrian flow withmany stoppages. Forward progressdependent on slowest moving pedestrians.

Pedestrian Flow on Stairs

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Pedestrian Space (ft2/p)

PedestrianFlow(

p/ft/min)


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Pedestrian Ascent Speed on Stairs

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Pedestrian Space (ft2/p)

SlopeSpeed(ft/min)

Stairway Capacity Factors

Even minor reverse flows may reduce stairwaycapacity by as much as one-half

Although sizing procedures may suggest acontinuum of stairway widths, capacity is reallyadded in one-person-width increments(roughly 30 inches)


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Stairway Design Factors

Most new construction will use escalators as theprimary vertical circulation element

Can design to LOS E in this case

Where stairs will be the primary verticalcirculation element, design to LOS C to D

Emergency evacuation needs may require betterLOS (discussed later)

Stairway Design Process

1. Based on desired LOS, identify maximum flowrate per unit width

2. Estimate peak 15-minute demand

3. Compute design ped flow: (Step 2) / 15

4. Required width = (Step 3 / Step 1)

5. If minor, reverse-flow use occurs, add width ofone lane (30 inches)


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Escalator Capacity Factors

Angle of incline

Stair width

Operating speed

Escalator Capacity Factors

Manufacturers often state capacity based on amaximum theoretical capacitytwo people onevery stepwhich is never obtained

Capacity reduction factors

Intermittent ped arrivals

Ped inability to board quickly

Peds carrying baggage or packages Ped desire for a more comfortable space


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Escalator Capacity

Nominal capacity values based on oneperson every other step (single-width), orone person every step (double-width)

Elevators


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Elevator Usage

Vertical circulation within station

Deep station access

New York: 168th, 181st, 191st

Washington, DC: Forest Glen

Portland, OR: Washington Park

When not working, impacts station access for

mobility impaired

Elevator Capacity

Calculated similarly to transit vehicles

Car capacity is combination of loading standard (area perpassenger) and elevator floor area

Time to make round-trip, including loading and unloadingpassengers

Station access elevators often have doors on bothsides for simultaneous loading/unloading


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MovingWalkways

Moving Walkways

Typical speed 100 ft/min, some up to 160 ft/min

Less than typical walking speed

Capacity limited at entrance

Speed not a factor unless it causes persons to hesitate whenentering

Similar capacity as escalators

Double-width: about 90 p/min


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Doorways

Doorway Capacity


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FareControl

Fare Control Capacity


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TicketMachines

Ticket Machine Capacity

Time per passenger varies widely depending onmachine design and complexity of fare system

Least standardized element of transit design

Infrequent passengers require more time

Consider impacts of out-of-service machines


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Ticket Machine Examples

EmergencyEvacuation


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Emergency Evacuation Design

Must address evacuation requirements(person flow determined from the maximumperson accumulation and the maximum time toevacuate station)

Ability to remove passengers from platform areabefore next vehicle arrives

Overall passenger flow through station is animportant consideration (bottlenecks!)


General considerations

Sufficient exit capacity to evacuate station occupants(including those on trains) from platforms in 4.0 minutesor less, and to reach point of safety in 6.0 minutes or less

Sufficient exit capacity to get from most remote point onplatform to point of safety in 6.0 minutes or less

Second egess route remote from major

egress route from each platform


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Number of people to design for:

Loads of one train on each track during peak 15 minutes

Assume each train one headway late (i.e., is carrying twice itsnormal load, but no more than a maximum schedule load)

Passengers on platform during peak 15 minutes, assumingtrains are one headway late


Changes to normal design procedure:

NFPA 130 specifies passenger flow rates for specificstation elements

NFPA 130 specifies minimum widths for egress routes

Assume one escalator out of service; escalators cannotprovide more than half of exit capacity

Elevators cannot be used for exit capacity


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Maximum capacity required for normal operationsor emergency evacuation will govern

Because emergency evacuation routes may bedifferent than routes taken by passengers duringnormal operations, you cant assume thatevacuation needs will govern in all cases

PlatformSizing

Example


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Platform Sizing Example

New underground light rail station

Design year conditions:

A.M. exiting volume: 3,200 p/h

A.M. entering volume: 500 p/h

P.M. exiting volume: 500 p/h

P.M. entering volume: 2,900 p/h

Current peak hour factor (PHF) on completedportion of system is 0.714


Convert hourly volumes to peak 15-min volumes

Highest entering volume occurs during p.m. peak:

)(4 PHF

PP

h

15=

p015,1)714.0(4

900,2 ==15

P


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Two 4-car (300-ft) trains arrive in each directionin each 15-minute period

Under normal operating conditions, half of thepeak 15-minute demand could be on the platform

just before trains arrived

507 passengers

At a design LOS C (7 ft2/p), 507 * 7,

or 3,549 ft2

is required to store passengers


During the peak 15 minutes, approximately 175passengers will arrive on four trains

Forecast that highest-volume (outbound) trains wouldbring 61 passengers each

Designer estimates that 3/4 of passengers would be onplatform at any given time, given proposed locations ofstation exits

From walkway procedure, design LOS C is 15 ft2/p

Required space = 61 * 15 * 0.75 = 686 ft2


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Look at queue storage needs at exit points

Two escalators proposed to be provided

Escalator procedure gives capacity of 68 p/min at a typicalincline speed of 90 ft/min

Escalator capacity of 136 p/min is greater than passengerdemand of 61 exiting passengers per outbound trainnoqueue would develop


Consider unused platform space

Elevator shafts, stairways, escalators

Benches, information displays, advertising displays

Pillars

Designer determines 550 ft2 required based onproposed station elements


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Calculate buffer area required

Platform is 300 feet long to accommodate 4-car trains

Provide 1.5-ft buffer next to platform edges

Two edges on a center (island) platform

300 * 2 *1.5 = 900 ft2 required

Also consider any other walls designed into platform

Example assumes buffer space associated with elevators,stairs, escalators was built into the unused-space calculation


Calculate total area required

Passenger waiting area: 3,549 ft2

Walking area: 686 ft2

Queue storage: 0 ft2

Unused platform space: 550 ft2

Buffer space: 900 ft2

Total area required under normal operations andLOS C conditions: 5,685 ft2


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Also check:

Emergency evacuation needs and impacts on stationelement sizing

Irregular train operations resulting in more passengerswaiting on platform

How long a disruption could occur before platform crowdingreached uncomfortable or dangerous levels?

See TCQSM Part 7, Example Problem 3

stop station terminal

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