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CircuitsLesson 01: ChargeLesson 02: Circuit DiagramsLesson 03: Series CircuitsLesson 04: Parallel Circuits
Which Circuit?Lesson 05: ResistanceLesson 06: Voltage, Current and ResistanceLesson 07: Voltage, Current and ResistanceLesson 08: Revision
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Glossary
ammeter – A device used to measure current. ampere – The unit used to measure current. Its symbol is A. battery – The scientific word for two or more cells that are joined together. cell – A chemical source of voltage. The chemicals inside this device react and electrons are pushed out into
the circuit. circuit – A complete path that current can travel along. current – The rate of flow of electric charge in a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A). electron flow – The movement of negatively-charged electrons from a negative terminal around a circuit. parallel circuit – A complete circuit that branches into two or more paths. potential difference – The scientific name for voltage, measured in volts (V). Measured across a
component, it is the difference in electrical potential energy between the two sides of the component. series circuit – A complete circuit in which components are wired one after the other in a continuous loop. volt – The unit used to measure potential difference (voltage). Its symbol is V. voltmeter – A device used to measure potential difference (voltage). voltage – Another name for potential difference. For a cell, it is the amount of energy that the cell gives to
each electron pushed out into the circuit. diode – A component that allows current to flow in one direction only. light dependent resistor – A component whose resistance changes in response to light intensity. ohm – The unit of electrical resistance, named after
Georg Ohm. Ohm’s law – Formula used to relate current, voltage and resistance, if the temperature remains constant. R
= V/I. resistance – The opposition to the flow of charge. resistor – A component that opposes the flow of charge. thermistor – A component whose resistance changes in response to temperature. variable resistor – A component whose resistance can be adjusted to vary the amount of current.
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Double Award Syllabus: explain why a series or parallel circuit is more appropriate for
particular applications, including domestic lighting (P2.10) understand that the current in a series circuit depends on the
applied voltage and the number and nature of other components (P2.11)
describe how current varies with voltage in wires, resistors, metal filament lamps and diodes, and how this can be investigated experimentally (P2.12)
describe the qualitative effect of changing resistance on the current in a circuit (P2.13)
describe the qualitative variation of resistance of LDRs with illumination and of thermistors with temperature (P2.14)
recall and use the relationship between voltage, current and resistance:
voltage = current × resistance V = I × R (P2.15) understand that current is the rate of flow of charge (P2.16) recall and use the relationship between charge, current and time:
charge = current × time Q = I × t (P2.17) recall that electric current in solid metallic conductors is a
flow of negatively charged electrons (P2.18).
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Separate Science Syllabus
Energy and Potential Difference in Circuits explain why a series or parallel circuit is more appropriate for particular applications, including domestic
lighting understand that the current in a series circuit depends on the applied voltage and the number and nature of
other components describe how current varies with voltage in wires, resistors, metal filament lamps and diodes, and how this can
be investigated experimentally describe the qualitative effect of changing resistance on the current in a circuit describe the qualitative variation of resistance of LDRs with illumination and of thermistors with temperature recall and use the relationship between voltage, current and resistance:
voltage = current × resistance V = I × R
understand that current is the rate of flow of charge recall and use the relationship between charge, current and time :
charge = current × time Q = I × t
recall that electric current in solid metallic conductors is a flow of negatively charged electrons recall that:
voltage is the energy transferred per unit charge passed the volt is a joule per coulomb
Electric charge identify materials which are electrical conductors or insulators, including metals and plastics recall that insulating materials can be charged by friction explain that positive and negative electrostatic charges are produced on materials by the loss and
gain of electrons recall that there are forces of attraction between unlike charges and forces of repulsion between
like charges explain electrostatic phenomena in terms of the movement of electrons recall the potential dangers of electrostatic charges, e.g. when fuelling aircraft and tankers recall some uses of electrostatic charges, e.g. in photocopiers and inkjet printers
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Charge 19/04/23
Aim: To generate a charge To calculate chargeStarter: Where is the static electricity in the picture?
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What did Benjamin Franklin do?
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How is Static Charge Generated? How can you generate static charge?
Around the outside of an atom are electrons, which have a negative charge.
The nucleus at the centre of an atom contains protons, which have a positive charge.
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Charging materials
Video
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Investigating pairs of chargesSeparate Science
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Separate ScienceCharge Insulators can be charged by friction If a material is turned positive then electrons have
been lost if the material becomes negative the electrons have
been gained Like charges repel Different charges attract
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Demos Water Paper
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Experimenting with static charge
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Charge The number of electrons (or other ions) Symbol: Q Units: coulomb (C) Charge on 1 electron = 1.6 × 10-19 C
Charles–Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806)
Charge = current x time
(in C) (in A) (in s)
Q
tI
Q u I t
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Example questions
Charge (C) Current (A) Time (s)
5 2
0.4 1
20 0.5
50 250
3 60
1) A circuit is switched on for 30s with a current of 3A. How much charge flowed?
2) During electrolysis 6A was passed through some copper chloride and a charge of 1200C flowed. How long was the experiment on for?
3) A bed lamp is switched on for 10 minutes. It works on a current of 0.5A. How much charge flowed?
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A build up of static charge when refuelling a plane could cause an explosion.
The wire provides a path for electricity to flow along, and so prevents the build up of any potentially dangerous static charge.
This can be prevented by joining the delivery tanker and the fuel tank electrically with a metal wire.
metal wire
How are planes refuelled safely?Separate Science
Petrol Pump
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Separate ScienceDangers
Sparks are caused by electrons moving When a plane is refuelling you can get a build up of
electrostatic charges
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How does a photocopier work?Separate Science
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What happens in a photocopier?Separate Science
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Inkjet printer
•The ink droplets are charged as they thrust against the nozzle•The droplets are deflected as they pass between two electrically
charged plates•The amount of charge, i.e. the size and direction of the voltage, on
the plates keeps changing to drive each droplet to the right place on your paper
•What charge will the droplets deflected upwardly have? Why?•They will be negatively charged, because -ve charges are attracted
by the positive plate at the top and repelled by the negative plate at the bottom.
A4 paper
Fine nozzle
Positive plate
Negative plate
Separate Science
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How does spray painting cars work?Separate Science
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How does static charge reduce pollution?
A precipitator in the chimney of a power station uses static electricity to filter smoke particles from waste gases.
The smoke particles pass through a charged grid and pick up a negative charge.
positively- charged metal plates
metal grid at a high voltage
smoke particles
They are then attracted to the positively-charged collecting plates.
The smoke particles lose their charge and fall back down the chimney, so the waste gases emitted are free of polluting smoke.
Separate Science
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Separate ScienceUses Electrostatic charges are used in photocopiers, inkjet printers,
spray paints and precipitators
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Static electricity – useful or a problem?Separate Science
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‘Van de Graaff’ generator
Brainiac
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Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz
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Charge recapAim To generate a charge To calculate charge
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Circuit Diagrams 19/04/23
Aim Use circuit symbols Understand circuit diagrams
Starter: True or False (back of books)
1)1) Voltage can also be called potential difference.Voltage can also be called potential difference.
2)2) There must be a gap in a circuit for a current to flow.There must be a gap in a circuit for a current to flow.
3)3) Electrons carry energy round a circuit.Electrons carry energy round a circuit.
4)4) A light bulb transfers electrical energy into heat and light.A light bulb transfers electrical energy into heat and light.
5)5) Current is measured in volts.Current is measured in volts.
6)6) If more electrons start flowing round a circuit the current gets If more electrons start flowing round a circuit the current gets smaller smaller
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Circuit symbols
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Circuit Symbols
Wire
Connected Wire
Non connecting wire
Cell
Battery
Power supply
Switch
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Motor
Fuse
Buzzer
Diode
Bulb
Resistor
Thermistor
Variable
Resistor
Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
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Could you draw the circuit?
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Why Use Circuit Diagrams?
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Types of Circuits
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-- - -
-
----
- --If there is only one path for thecurrent we say the bulbs areconnected in SERIES.
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--
-
---
-
-
-
- --Here the current has tworoutes.
Any circuit with more than oneroute means that the bulbs are
connected in PARALLEL.
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-- - -
-
----
- --
- ---
If a wire is connected aroundthe bulb all the current willbypass the bulb and it goes out
We call this a SHORT CIRCUIT
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Which circuit diagram?
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Building Circuits Practise 1 Power Pack set at 3V 2 Bulbs 1 Switch 1 Motor 1 Buzzer 6 Wires 1 Voltmeter 2 Croc Clips
Draw each circuit first When Connecting Parallel circuits connect up the
series section first. make sure you have that right. then add at the parallel branch. Make sure they connect where the “blobs” are in
the circuit. Measure the Voltage across each component and
the power pack and note it down on your circuit diagram
The buzzers need to be connected the correct way
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M
M
M
1
65
2 3
4
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Circuit Diagrams recap
Aim Use circuit symbols Understand circuit diagrams
Homework
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Battery
Power supply
Switch
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Diode
Resistor
Thermistor
Variable
Resistor
Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
Quiz:
Series Circuits 19/04/23
Aims:•To define Current, Voltage and Resistance•To investigate current and voltage in series circuits
Power supply
Voltmeter
Diode
Thermistor
Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
Quiz:
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Potential Difference The push on electrons
in a circuit. so bigger push, faster
electrons, more current, brighter bulb
Symbol: V Units: volts (V) A.k.a. Voltage
Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (1745-1827)
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Current
The number of electrons flowing past a point in a circuit.
So faster electrons or more electrons, bigger current, brighter bulb
Conventional Current flows from positive to negative however electrons are negative so they really flow from negative to positive
Symbol: I Units: ampere (A)
(ampere = amps)
André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836)
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Representing current direction
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Resistance How hard it is for a
current to flow through a material.
So bigger resistance but same voltage gives a smaller current
Symbol: R Units: ohms (Ω)
George Simon Ohm (1789-1854)
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Analogy 1: Cross Country Run
Copy down the sketch on the board and annotate it.
USE MOST OF A PAGE LEAVE SPACE FOR FURTHER
ADDITIONS NEXT LESSON
PE Teachers = Voltage
Pupils = electrons
Rate of pupils moving = Current
Other Teachers counting Pupils = Ammeter
Obstacles = Resistances (e.g. Resistors, bulbs, motors ...)
Short cuts = Short circuits
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Experiment Follow the experiment sheet DO NOT WRITE ON THE SHEET
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Series circuits – experiment
NOTE: Voltage Reading on 3 bulbs, 1 battery is wrong should be 0.67 V
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Current in a Series Circuit Copy the circuit into your books Measure the current at points A1, A2 and A3
Write down your readings: What has happened to the current?
A 1 A 3
A2
• Electrons are never ever used up• So, the current is the same in all parts of a series circuit.
A1 = A2 = A3
A1 = A2 = A3 =
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• In a series circuit, the voltage supplied by the battery is shared by the components.
• So, the sum of the voltage across the components equals the battery voltage.
V1
V3V2
Voltage in a Series Circuit
V1 = V2 + V3
Copy the circuit into your books Measure the voltage at points V1, V2 and V3
Write down your readings:
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
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Series Circuits recap
Aims:•To define Current, Voltage and Resistance•To investigate current and voltage in series circuits
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Parallel Circuits 19/04/23
Aims:•To experimentally establish the behaviour of current and voltage in parallel circuits
Starter: (back of books)Which is the odd one out?
A B C D
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Potential Difference Across Cells
Batteries are made of multiple cells For instance a car battery has at least 6 To work out the voltage of the battery just
add together the voltage of the cells.
Q: What is the total potential difference of 2 x 1.5V batteries in series?A: V = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3 V
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Work out the Potential Difference of the Following (don’t forget positive and negative ends)
a)
c) d)
b)
1.5+1.5+1.5 = 4.5V
1.5+1.5-1.5-1.5 = 0V1.5+1.5-1.5 = 1.5V
1.5-1.5 = 0V
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Experiment Follow the experiment sheet DO NOT WRITE ON THE SHEET
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Parallel Circuits – Experiment
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•The electrons must choose which way to go•So, the current is not the same in all parts of a parallel
circuit.
A 1 A 6
A3
A2
Current in a Parallel Circuit Copy the circuit into your books Measure the current at points A1, A2 and A3
Write down your readings: What has happened to the current?
A1 = A2 + A3 A4 + A5 = A6
A5
A4
A1 = A2 =A3 = A4 =A5 =A6 =
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In a parallel circuit, the potential difference across each bulb is the same as the potential difference across the battery.
V2
V3
V1
Potential difference in parallel circuits
V1 = V2 = V3
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
Copy the circuit into your books
Measure the voltage at points V1, V2 and V3
Write down your readings:
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Summary
Current Voltage
Series Stays the sameSplit up across components
ParallelSplit up between
branchesStays the same
Movie
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Comparing circuits
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Uses of Circuits
There are two main reasons why parallel circuits are used more commonly than series circuits:
1) Extra appliances (like bulbs) can be added without affecting the output of the others (they are all as bright as each other)
2) If one appliance breaks it won’t affect the others either
An example question:
V1
V2
6V
3A
A1
A2
V3
A3
An example question:
6V
3V
6V
3A
2A
1A
3V
3A
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Resistance 19/04/23Aims:•To understand the affect of increasing resistance•To use Ohm’s law•To interpret a current voltage graph
Starter:
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Which Resister is Which?
V
A
1. Setup the circuit2. Use the power pack to
change the voltage3. Make sure you get at least
5 different results.4. Write your results in a
table5. Repeat for the other two
resisters6. Plot your results on a
graph7. V on the X axis8. I on the Y axis9. Calculate the gradient of
your graph (1/gradient = the resistance of the resistors)
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I
V
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George Simon Ohm 1789-1854
Ohms Law
Resistance is anything that will RESIST a current. It is measured in
Ohms, a unit named after me.
The resistance of a component can be calculated using Ohm’s Law:
Voltage = Current x Resistance
(in V) (in A) (in )
Very = Important x Rabbits
V
RI
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An example question:
V
A
1) What is the resistance across this bulb?
2) Assuming all the bulbs are the same
what is the total resistance in this
circuit?Voltmeter reads 10V
Ammeter reads 2A
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Resistance recap
Aims:•To understand the affect of increasing resistance•To use Ohm’s law•To interpret a current voltage graph
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Voltage, Current and Resistance 1 19/04/23
Aims:• To use Ohm’s law• To interpret a current voltage graphs of diodes,
bulbs and resistors
Starter: Copy and Complete the Table
Symbol Units Unit Symbol
Charge Q coulomb C
Current I Amps
Resistance R
Voltage
Power
Energy
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I
V
Ohmic Resistor:
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George Simon Ohm 1789-1854
Ohms Law
Resistance is anything that will RESIST a current. It is measured in
Ohms, a unit named after me.
The resistance of a component can be calculated using Ohm’s Law:
Voltage = Current x Resistance
(in V) (in A) (in )
Very = Important x Rabbits
V
RI
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An example question:
V
A
1) What is the resistance across this bulb?
2) Assuming all the bulbs are the same what is the total resistance in this circuit?Voltmeter
reads 10V
Ammeter reads 2A
WorksheetHomework
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Voltage and Current in a Diode
V
A
1. Setup the circuit2. Use the Rheostat to
change the voltage3. Make sure you get at
least 10 different results both positive and negative.
4. Write your results in a table
5. Plot your results on a graph
6. V on the X axis7. I on the Y axis8. Repeat for a bulb
V
A
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Investigating current and voltage
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Voltage, Current and Resistance 1 recap
Aims:• To use Ohm’s law• To interpret a current voltage graphs of diodes,
bulbs and resistors
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Voltage, Current and Resistance 2 19/04/23
Aims:• To use Ohm’s law• To interpret a current voltage graphs of diodes,
bulbs and resistors
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Current voltage graphs
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nichrome
copper
This means that the copper wire has a lower resistance than the nichrome wire. What does the gradient tell you about resistance?
cu
rren
t (A
)
voltage (V)
Is resistance the same in all wires?
The steeper the gradient of a current-voltage graph, the lower the resistance of the wire.
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Current – voltage graphs
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Current-voltage graph for a bulb
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Current voltage graph for a diode
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Current-Voltage Graphs
I
V I
V
I
V
1. Resistor 3. Diode
2. Bulb
Draw and explain the shape of each graph.
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Thermistor
A thermistor lets through more current when it is hot because its resistance _______ decreases
Answer in full sentences1. What can you use a
thermistor to sense?2. Name 2 places you will
find one in your homeR
esis
tan
ce /
Temperature / C
xx
xx x
x x
x
x
Use a multimeter, a thermistor and your fingers to answer the question below and then copy it into you book
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Light Dependant Resistors (LDR)
When light falls on an LDR it lets through _______ current because its resistance falls.
more
Answer in full sentences1. What can you use a
LDR to sense?2. Where would you find
one outside?R
esis
tan
ce /
k
Light intensity
xx
xx x
x x
x
x
Use a multimeter, a LDR and your fingers to answer the question below and then copy it into you book
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Voltage, Current and Resistance 2 recap
Aims:• To use Ohm’s law• To interpret a current voltage graphs of diodes,
bulbs and resistors
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Revision 19/04/23Aims:• Revise
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Safety device How it works / Notes
Fuse
• Melts when too much current flows.• Value of fuse must be higher than current
drawn by the device• Must be in live wire
Circuit Breaker
• Breaks the circuit when too much current flows• Must be in live wire• Can be reset
Earth
• Protects from shock with metal cased appliances
• Any charge on outside case will be dissipated to earth (also causing the fuse to melt)
Double Insulated
• Plastic exterior means that even if live wire touches case user will not receive a shock
PlasticInsulator
• Grips outer cable and prevents strain on the inner coloured wires.
• Is an insulator, stops current flowing from wire
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Earth Wire
Outer Insulation
Cable Grip
Neutral Wire Fuse
Live Wire
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Definitions
DefinitionSymbol
UnitUnit Symbol
Voltage Push on the electrons V Volts V
Current Rate of flow of electrons I ampere A
ChargeTotal number of charged particles
Qcoulom
bC
Energy Amount of energy given to a component
E joule J
Resistance
How hard it is for electrons to flow
R ohm Ω
Power How fast energy is transferred P watt W
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Equations
Mnemonic Equation Units
Exercise Is Very tiring E = I V t J = A V s
Peter Is a Veggie P = I V W = A V
QuIt Q = I t C = A s
Very Important Rabbits V = I R V = A Ω
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IV Graphs 1/gradient = Resistance So steeper the graph lower the resistance
I
V I
V
I
V
1. Resistor 3. Diode
2. Bulb
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Circuits
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Current same split
Voltage split same
Series Circuits:•Less Cabling
Parallel Circuits:•Same voltage across all components•If one breaks rest still workCopy down the sketch on the board and annotate it.
PE Teachers = VoltagePupils = electronsRate of pupils moving = CurrentOther Teachers counting Pupils = AmmeterObstacles = Resistances (e.g. Resistors, bulbs, motors ...)Short cuts = Short circuits
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ElectricityMains
Definitions
Equations
Circuits
Definition Symbol Unit Unit Symbol
Voltage Push on the electrons V Volts V
Current Rate of flow of electrons
Charge Total number of charged particles
Energy Amount of energy given to a component
Resistance How hard it is for electrons to flow
Power How fast energy is transferred
Mnemonic Equation Units
Exercise Is Very tiring E = I V t J = A V s
Peter is a Veggie
QuIt
Very Important Rabbits
IV Graphs
Resistor Bulb Diode
I
V
Component Function Symbol
Diode Only lets the current through one way
Thermistor Senses _____ (low ______ high _____)
LDR Senses _____ (low ______ high _____)
Series and Parallel Circuits
Advantage Series:
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Current
Voltage
Advantage Parallel:
Hazards:Frayed CablesDamaged PlugsWaterDon’t play with sockets
• Wiring a Plug:Fuse on the live WireGreen/Yellow: EarthBrown: ______Blue: _______
• Safety Features:Double Insulation: Outer case is _____ so it will always be safe to touch.Insulation: _____ outside cable safe to touchEarthing: outside casing connected to _____Circuit Breaker: Trips if too big a ____ flowsFuse: _____ if too big a ____ flows
I
V
I
V
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ElectricityMains
Definitions
Equations
Circuits
Mnemonic Equation Units
Exercise Is Very tiring E = I V t J = A V s
Peter is a Veggie P = I V W = A V
QuIt Q = I t C = A s
Very Important Rabbits V = I R V = A Ω
IV Graphs
Resistor Bulb Diode
I
V
Component Function Symbol
Diode Only lets the current through one way
Thermistor Senses Temp (low resistance high temp)
LDR Senses Light (low resistance high light)
Series and Parallel Circuits
Less Cabling
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
Current same split
Voltage split same
If one breaks rest still work and/or same voltage
Hazards: Frayed Cables Damaged Plugs Water Don’t play with sockets
Wiring a Plug:Fuse on the live WireGreen/Yellow: EarthBrown: liveBlue: neutral
• Safety Features:Double Insulation: Outer case is plastic so it will always be safe to touch.Insulation: plastic outside cable safe to touchEarthing: outside casing connected to earthCircuit Breaker: Trips if too big a current flowsFuse: melts if too big a current flows
Definition Symbol Unit Unit Symbol
Voltage Push on the electrons V Volts V
Current Rate of flow of electrons I ampere A
Charge Total number of charged particles Q coulomb C
Energy Amount of energy given to a component E joule J
Resistance How hard it is for electrons to flow R ohm Ω
Power How fast energy is transferred P watt W
I
V
I
V
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Circuit Symbols
Wire
Connected Wire
Non connecting wire
Cell
Battery
Power supply
Switch
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Motor
Fuse
Buzzer
Diode
Bulb
Resistor
Thermistor
Variable
Resistor
Light Dependant Resistor (LDR)
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