stormwater roundtable presenation 01/10
DESCRIPTION
This Powerpoint was compiled by Sandeep Mehrotra, Chair of the Hastings Environmental Commission and Vice President, Hazen & Sawyer P.C., Environmental Engineers and Scientists. It covers Low Impact Development/Better Site Design Principles & Techniques - What they are, Why they matter in flooding and water quality. It was presented at a Stormwater Management Roundtable organized by Groundwork Hudson Valley/Saw Mill River Coalition, Greenburgh Environmental Forum, and Federated Conservationists of Westchester.TRANSCRIPT
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Overview ofOverview ofSustainable Stormwater Sustainable Stormwater Management/Low Impact Development Management/Low Impact Development
Overview ofOverview ofSustainable Stormwater Sustainable Stormwater Management/Low Impact Development Management/Low Impact Development
Presented by
Sandeep MehrotraVice President
Hazen and Sawyer P.C.www.hazenandsawyer.com
Sponsored by
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What is Stormwater Management?What is Stormwater Management?
To Control, Capture, Detain, Retain, Recharge and Convey Rain Water (and snow) effectively without adversely affecting life, property and natural resources.
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Why is Stormwater Management so Why is Stormwater Management so Important?Important?
Water is an essential resource for sustaining all forms of life on Earth
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The Blue PlanetThe Blue Planet
80% of the earths surface is water
Oceans and seas
Lakes, rivers, and streams
Ground water and aquifers
Atmospheric moisture (rain)
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Types of WaterTypes of Water
Salt water – 97 %
Glaciers - 2 %
Fresh water – 1 %
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Sources of our WaterSources of our Water
Today we have approximately the same amount of water as when the Earth was formed.
Earth will not get any more water.
Sources of our freshwater
Lakes and Reservoirs
Rivers and streams
Groundwater and aquifers
Rainwater
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Water moves in a never ending cycleWater moves in a never ending cycle
Nature recycles it over and over again
The water you drink may have been drunk by a dinosaur
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Water and HumansWater and Humans
Water is an essential resource for our existence
Humans use water for
Drinking
Washing
Recreation
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How Much Water Do We UseHow Much Water Do We Use
Typical water usage is 150 gpd per person
Typical suburban household uses 450 gpd
Total Westchester usage is 122 gpd
Total NY tri-state area usage is 1.4 bgd
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Need for Effective Stormwater Need for Effective Stormwater ManagementManagement
Earth's fresh water supply is limited and threatened by pollution.
We are using our fresh water faster then we are recharging our groundwater.
The more water we use the more energy we use for water and wastewater treatment.
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Comparison of Pre-Development and Comparison of Pre-Development and Developed Hydrologic CyclesDeveloped Hydrologic Cycles
Developed
Pre-Development
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Comparison of Pre- and Post-Comparison of Pre- and Post-Development Hydrographs, CSP 1992Development Hydrographs, CSP 1992
Large Storm
Higher Baseflow
Changes in stream hydro logy as a result of urban ization (Schueler, 1992)
Low er and LessRapid Peak
Higher and M oreRapid PeakDischarge
M ore R unoff Vo lum e
TIME
ST
RE
AM
FL
OW
RA
TE
G radualRecession
Pre-developm ent
Post-developm ent
Sm all Storm
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Evolution of Paradigms for Storm Water Evolution of Paradigms for Storm Water ManagementManagement
Run it
in the
Ditches
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Paradigm Shift # 1Paradigm Shift # 1
Run it in the Combined Sewers
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Paradigm Shift # 2Paradigm Shift # 2
Run it in Separate Sewers
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Paradigm Shift # 3Paradigm Shift # 3
…Oh, and Control Downstream Flooding
Storm Water Pond
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Paradigm Shift # 4Paradigm Shift # 4
Also... Don’t Pollute and Protect Natural Resources
BMP for Quantity and Quality Control
Protected Stream Side Buffer
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Paradigm Shift # 5Paradigm Shift # 5
LID
Green Infrastructure
Soft Path for Storm Water
Use BMP’s to Achieve Source Control
Rain Barrels, Typ.
Bioretention CellReforestation
Amended Soils
Green RoofGreen Roof
InfiltrationTrench
PorousPavement
No Curb & Gutter
ReducedStreet Widths
GrassySwale
ConcaveMedian
Rain Gardens, Typ.
TreeConservation
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Paradigm # 6Paradigm # 6Hybrid Design
LID practices for infiltration and control of small storms
BMP’s for peak rate and quantity control
Rain Barrels, Typ.
Bioretention CellReforestation
Amended Soils
Green RoofGreen Roof
InfiltrationTrench
PorousPavement
No Curb & Gutter
ReducedStreet Widths
GrassySwale
ConcaveMedian
Rain Gardens, Typ.
TreeConservation
Stable Stream in Natural
Riparian Corridor
BMP for Large Storm Events
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So What is Low Impact Development? So What is Low Impact Development?
New Philosophy Maintaining Functional Relationships
Between Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems Keep Water Where it Falls
New Principles Decentralized / Source Control Distributed / Multi-functional / Multi-beneficial
New Approaches to Old Ideas Prevent / Retain / Detain / Filter / Infiltrate /
Treat / Use / Conserve
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Low Impact DevelopmentLow Impact Development
Storm Water Management Strategy
Mimic natural flows, source control
Emphasize conservation, use existing natural features
Integrate with distributed, small-scale storm water controls
BMP’s employ natural processes – infiltration, soil storage, filtration, evaporation, and uptake by vegetation
Large Storm
Higher Baseflow
Lower and LessRapid Peak
Higher and MoreRapid PeakDischarge
More Runoff Volume
I
ST
RE
AM
FL
OW
RA
TE
GradualRecession
Pre-development
Post-development
Small Storm
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Low Impact DevelopmentLow Impact Development
Don’t rely on conventional end-of-pipe structural solutions
Instead use conservation practices and BMP’s to mimic pre-development hydrology
Apply at parcel and subdivision scale
Detain, retain, store, infiltrate, evaporate run-off
Reduce volume of storm water discharge, pollutants
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Conventional Low Impact
Good Drainage Functional Drainage
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Conventional Conventional DevelopmentDevelopment
Centralized Centralized Pipe and Pond Pipe and Pond ControlControl
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LID DevelopmentLID Development
Conservation Conservation Minimization Minimization Soil Amendments Soil Amendments Open Drainage Open Drainage Rain Gardens Rain Gardens Rain Barrels Rain Barrels Pollution PreventionPollution Prevention
Disconnected Disconnected Decentralized Decentralized Distributed Distributed Multi-functional Multi-functional Water UseWater Use
Multiple SystemsMultiple Systems
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Good Drainage ParadigmGood Drainage Paradigm
The Problem: Conventional Site DesignThe Problem: Conventional Site Design
Collect Collect Concentrate Concentrate Convey Convey Centralized Centralized ControlControl
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HydrologicallyHydrologically ConnectedConnected
Ecologically Ecologically DysfunctionalDysfunctional
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Get the water away as fast as possible!
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Conventional vs. LID Storm Water ApproachConventional vs. LID Storm Water Approach
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Lot Level Source Controls
LID Site LID Site
Create a Hydrologically Create a Hydrologically Functional LotFunctional Lot
Conservation
Open DrainageRain Gardens
Amended Soils
Rain Barrel
Porous Pavement
Narrower Streets
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Cumulative Cumulative Beneficial Impacts Beneficial Impacts of LID Techniquesof LID Techniques
LID rebuilds LID rebuilds ecological ecological functions functions piece by piece by piece. piece.
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How Does LID Maintain or Restore The How Does LID Maintain or Restore The Hydrologic Regime?Hydrologic Regime?
Creative ways to:Creative ways to:
Maintain / Restore Storage Volume Maintain / Restore Storage Volume
interception, depression, channel interception, depression, channel
Maintain / Restore Infiltration Volume Maintain / Restore Infiltration Volume
Maintain / Restore Evaporation VolumeMaintain / Restore Evaporation Volume
Maintain / Restore Runoff Volume Maintain / Restore Runoff Volume
Maintain Flow PathsMaintain Flow Paths
Engineer a site to mimic the natural water cycle functions / relationships
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Why is LID so Attractive ?Why is LID so Attractive ?
Universally Applicable (Arid, Clays, Karst, Cold, Coastal… . )
Economically Sustainable
Ecologically Sustainable
Added Values
Lower Costs (Construction, Maintenance & Operation)
Multiple Benefits (air / water / energy / property values)
Silent on Growth Management
Ideal for Urban Retrofit
Common Sense Approach
Public Acceptance
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“Rain Gardens”
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View of Lot with Storage and BioretentionView of Lot with Storage and Bioretention
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Rain Garden Rain Garden
Treatment Train ApproachTreatment Train Approach
Bioretention CellStorm Drain System
Bioretention Cell
Flow Path
Grass Swale Grass Filter Strip
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Large Lot Composite Site AnalysisLarge Lot Composite Site Analysis
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LID ApproachLID Approach
Multiple functions/benefits Drainage Aesthetics Real estate values Privacy Reduced costs Greater lot yield
Long term benefits inspired long-term maintenance
Gardening: # 1 hobby
Success of LID depends on lot-by-lot responsibility for maintenance
Issues of acceptance by regulatory agencies
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Basic Components of LID ApproachBasic Components of LID Approach
1. Conservation Measures
2. Site Planning
3. Maintain Pre-development Time of Concentration
4. Provide Multiple Redundant BMP’s
5. Maintenance and Education
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Basic Components of LID ApproachBasic Components of LID Approach
1) Conservation Measures
Forest cover to intercept, evaporate, transpire rainfall
Preserved soils, amend as needed for enhanced porosity
Topographic features that slow store infiltration rain... “don’t do this, do this”
Natural drainage features
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Use the Soil Ecosystem Functions
1. Hydrology 1. Hydrology storage / evaporation / recharge / detention storage / evaporation / recharge / detention
2.2. Storing Cycling Nutrients (bacteria / fungi) Storing Cycling Nutrients (bacteria / fungi) phosphorous phosphorous / nitrogen / carbon/ nitrogen / carbon
3. Plant Productivity (vigor)3. Plant Productivity (vigor)
4. Water Quality 4. Water Quality filter / buffer / degrade / immobilize filter / buffer / degrade / immobilize detoxify organic and inorganic materialsdetoxify organic and inorganic materials
““Most diverse ecosystem in the world”Most diverse ecosystem in the world”
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Basic Components of LID ApproachBasic Components of LID Approach
2) Site Planning
Multidisciplinary team
Located development away from critical areas, A & B soils
Street system that minimizes impervious surface
Reduce pipes, curb and gutters
Green parking lot design
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Hydrologic Soil GroupsHydrologic Soil Groups
Group A: High rate of infiltration, low, rate of runoff potential
Group B: Moderate infiltration rates when fully wet, moderately coarse textured
Group C: Slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wet, have layer impeding downward movement or moderately fine to fine textured.
Groups D: Very slow infiltration rates when thoroughly wet, clays with high shrink/swell potential; high permanent water table or have clay pan or clay layer near to surface or shallow over nearly imperious surface.
*adopted from San Diego LID manual
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Basic Components of LID ApproachBasic Components of LID Approach
3) Maintain Pre-Development Time of Concentration
Hydrologically rough landscape
Open drainage system
Flatten slopes
Disperse drainage
Lengthen flow paths
Maintain natural flow paths
Increase distance from streams
Maximize street flow
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Basic Components of LID ApproachBasic Components of LID Approach
4) Provide multiple redundant BMP’s
Biorentention cells Vegetated swales Rain gardens Green roofs Blue roofs Green street lay-out
Porous Pavement Infiltration planters Infiltration trench Rain barrels Dry wells Storage vaults
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IMP
Effect or Function
Slow Runoff
Filtration Infiltration Retention Detention Evaporation Water Quality Control
Soil Amendments
X X x
Bioretention X X X X X X
Vegetated Buffers
X X X X
Grassed Swales
X X X X
Rock Swales X X X X
Rain Barrels X
Street Trees X
Vegetated Roofs
X X X X
Permeable Materials
X X X
Rock Beds X X X X
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Vegetated ConveyanceVegetated Conveyance
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Rain is ResourceRain is Resource
Capture & UseCapture & UseToilet FlushingToilet FlushingCar washingCar washingIrrigation Irrigation Mixing Mixing Washing Washing GardeningGardeningRechargeRecharge
BenefitsBenefitsReduce DemandReduce DemandSelf-sufficiency Self-sufficiency Save Money Save Money
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Basic Components of LID ApproachBasic Components of LID Approach
5) Maintenance and Education
Storm water controls as amenities that property owners will want to maintain
Educate home owners, landscapers about proper operation and maintenance
Promote pollution prevention through proper lawn and car care, hazmat handling, good home keeping
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Applicability of LID to Urban Settings at Applicability of LID to Urban Settings at Lot LevelLot Level
Bioretention
Infiltration
Street Trees
Green roofs
Site Planning
Proprietary Devices
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Bioretention Design ObjectivesBioretention Design Objectives
Peak Discharge Control 1-, 2-, 10-, 15-, 100-year storms Bioretention may provide part or all of this
control
Water Quality Control ½”, 1” or 2” rainfall most frequently used Bioretention can provide 100% control
Ground water recharge Many jurisdictions now require recharge
( e.g., MD, PA, NJ, VA)
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2’
2” Mulch2” Mulch
Infiltration System
Highly Pervious Soils
Existing Existing GroundGround
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2’
2” Mulch2” Mulch
Drain Pipe
Filtration System Filtration System
Existing Existing GroundGround
Highly Pervious Soils
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2’
2” Mulch2” Mulch
Drain Pipe
Combination Filtration / InfiltrationCombination Filtration / Infiltration
Moderately Pervious Soils
Gravel
Sandy Organic Soil
Existing Ground
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BioretentionBioretention Shallow Ponding - 4” to 6”
• Mulch 3”
• Soil Depth 2’ - 2.5’
• Sandy Top Soil
• 65% Sand
• 20% Sandy Loam
• 15% Compost
• Under Drain System
• Plants
X 2’
Under Drain
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Plants Considerations Plants Considerations
Pollutant uptake
Evapotranspiration
Soil ecology / structure / function
Number & type of plantings may vary, Aesthetics Morphology (root structure trees, shrubs and herbaceous) Native plants materials Trees 2 in. caliper / shrubs 2 gal. size / herbaceous 1 gal size. landscape plan will be required as part of the plan. Sealed by a registered landscape architect. Plants are an integral part no changes unless approved Plant survival
Irrigation – Typical / customary
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Residential Rain Gardens
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Example Bioretention AreasExample Bioretention Areas
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Bioretention Construction CostsBioretention Construction Costs
Excavation (assume no hauling)
$3 - $5 / cy
Fill Media $15 - $20 / cy
Vegetation/ Mulch $1.00 - $1.50 / sf
Underdrains /Gravel & Outlet
$0.50 - $1.50 / sf
Total $10 - $14 / sf
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Design Configuration ConsiderationsDesign Configuration Considerations
Off line vs. Flow-through
Inlet
Surface Storage
Underdrain – Dewater media
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Off-line
2005 Lake County, OH
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Flow-through
2005 lake County, OH
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Porous Pavers Capturing Roof Runoff
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Urban CanopyUrban Canopy
Multiple BenefitsReduce Stormwater Runoff Improve Air Quality Reduce Energy Consumption Reduce Urban Heat Island Carbon StorageHabitat Value
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Portland Oregon Bureau of Portland Oregon Bureau of Environmental Services BuildingEnvironmental Services Building
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Street Tree / Street Tree / Shrub FiltersShrub Filters
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Proprietary DevicesProprietary Devices
2” Mulch
Sandy Filter Media
Drain Pipe
Storm Drain
Roadway
A Grow ing Idea in Stormwater Filt ration.
Optional Infiltration Storage
Volatilization
BioretentionClean-out
Rip-Rap
Biodegradation
Root Uptake
Drains to infiltration storage
Tree Grate
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Typical Layouts - Office BuildingTypical Layouts - Office Building
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Typical Layouts - Big Box DesignTypical Layouts - Big Box Design
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Needed Paradigms Shifts to Address Needed Paradigms Shifts to Address Urbanization Urbanization
Watersheds to Ecosystems
Impact Reduction to Functional Restoration
Political Solutions to Scientific Solutions
Rhetoric to Reality
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Larry Coffman, President, Stormwater Services, LLP, Presentations at StormCon New Jersey Conference, October 2007.
Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association, “Start at the Source: Design Guidance Manual for Stormwater Quality Protection,” 1999 Edition.
Prince George’s County, Maryland, Department of Environmental Resources, “Low Impact Development Design Strategies: An Integrated Design Approach,” June 1999.
Puget Sound Action Team. Olympia, WA, “Natural Approaches to Stormwater Management: Low Impact Development in Puget Sound,” March 2007.
Larry Coffman, “Low-Impact Development Design: A New Paradigm for Stormwater Management Mimicking and Restoring the Natural Hydrologic Regime,” undated.
New Hanover County, City of Wilmington, North Carolina, “Joint Low Impact Development Guidance Manual - - Draft,” July 2007.
County of San Diego, “Low Impact Development Handbook: Stormwater Management Strategies - - Public Review Draft,” July 20, 2007.
Puget Sound Action Team, Washington State University Pierce County Extension, “Low Impact Development: Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound,” January 2005.
Andy Reese and Charlene Johnston, “Stormwater Funding and Utility Development,” Presentation at StormCon New Jersey Conference, October 2007.
Low Impact Development Center, Washington D.C.
SourcesSources
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Thank YouThank You