stress, coping, and health
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Stress, Coping, and Health. Chapter 7. Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986) - For student populations . Instructions: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 7
Stress, Coping, and Health
Procrastination Scale (Lay, 1986) - For student populations
• Instructions: – People may use the following statements to describe
themselves. For each statement, decide whether the statement is uncharacteristic or characteristic of you using the following 5 point scale. Note that the 3 on the scale is Neutral – the statement is neither characteristic nor uncharacteristic of you. In the box to the right of each statement, fill in the number on the 5 point scale that best describes you.
1. I often find myself performing tasks that I had intended to do days before.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
2.* I do not do assignments until just before they are to be handed in.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
3.* When I am finished with a library book, I return it right away regardless of the date it is due.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
4. When it is time to get up in the morning, I most often get right out of bed.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
5. A letter may sit for days after I write it before mailing it.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
6. I generally return phone calls promptly.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
7. Even with jobs that require little else except sitting down and doing them, I find they seldom get done for days.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
8. I usually make decisions as soon as possible.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
9. I generally delay before starting on work I have to do.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
10.* I usually have to rush to complete a task on time.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
11. When preparing to go out, I am seldom caught having to do something at the last minute.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
12. In preparing for some deadline, I often waste time by doing other things.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
13.* I prefer to leave early for an appointment.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
14.* I usually start an assignment shortly after it is assigned.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
15. I often have a task finished sooner than necessary.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
16. I always seem to end up shopping for birthday or Christmas gifts at the last minute.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
17. I usually buy even an essential item at the last minute.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
18. I usually accomplish all the things I plan to do in a day.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
19. I am continually saying “I’ll do it tomorrow”.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
20. I usually take care of all the tasks I have to do before I settle down and relax for the evening.
Enter your response.
Mean = 1 2
10
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%1. Strongly Agree
2. Agree
3. Neutral
4. Disagree
5. Strongly Disagree
I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• A. Demands, Strain, Coping, and Stress– Demands are environmental requirements that
motivate behavior.– Strain occurs when resources are inadequate to
meet demands.– Coping is behavior to meet demands.– Stress or distress is a case of excessive strain;
coping is inadequate.• Excessive demands• Limited resources
I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• B. Characteristics of Stress– 1. Physical Symptoms of Stress
• Allergies, colds, flu, headache.
– 2. Psychological Symptoms of Stress• Anxiety, boredom, depression, feel helpless, negative
mood.
– 3. Behavioral Symptoms of Stress• Consume alcohol, nicotine, drugs, eat comfort foods,
waste time.
I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• C. Characteristics of Stressors– 1. Negative Life Events as Stressors
• Same domain effect: negative life demands produce distress or stress; positive life demands produce eustress.
– 2. Magnitude of Life Events• Cataclysmic events are high magnitude stressors. Daily
hassles are low magnitude stressors. Daily uplifts bring relief, joy, amusement.
I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• C. Characteristics of Stressors– 3. Predictability and Controllability of Life Events
• Predictable stressors are preferred over unpredictable stressors.
• Preparatory response hypothesis: predictive stimulus allows for preparation of shock.
• Safety hypothesis: person can relax and feel safe during signaled-shock free intervals.
I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• D. Stressor-Stress Relationship• Generally stress increases with increases in stressors
magnitude.
– 1. Retrospective versus Prospective Research• Retrospective: stressed individual tries to recall past
stressors.• Prospective: measure person's stress level before and
after onset of suspected stressor.
– 2. Determining the Impact of Stressors• Life change unit: measure of amount of adjustment a
demand requires• Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire provide life change
units for demands faced by university students.
I. Relationship between Life Events and Stress
• D. Stressor-Stress Relationship– 3. Stressor Magnitude and Stress
• Acute stress disorder: fear and helplessness reaction to a traumatic event that threatens death or serious injury; subsides in four weeks.
• Posttraumatic stress disorder: acute stress disorder lasts more than four weeks. Person experiences distressing recollections, physiological reactivity, social impairment, and avoids stimulus reminders.
• Terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 produced PTSD.– 4. Cumulative Effects of Stressors
• As life demands accumulate they become stressors and produce stress.
– 5. Racism as a Stressor• Racism experienced by African Americans and other minorities
is associated with stress and psychiatric symptoms.
II. Bodily Effects of Stress
• A. Physiological Effects of Stressors– 1. General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye, 1976)
• The body's physiological reaction to all stressors occurs in three stages:
• alarm, resistance, and exhaustion (adaptation energy depleted).
• death– 2. Psychological Stressors and Physiological Responses
• Such stressors as public speaking and job interviews can cause stress.
• B. Stressors and Psychophysiologic Disorders– Stressors, e.g., anger can interact with chronic risk factors
(cholesterol, high blood pressure) to increase the likelihood of heart attacks.
II. Bodily Effects of Stress
• C. Stressors and the Immune System• Psychoneuroimmunology: study relationship between
psychological stressors, strength of the immune system, and disease.
• Immune system is body's line of defense against bacteria and viruses.
– 1. Stressor Effects on the Immune System• Stressors reduce effectiveness of immune system and
disease occurs.
– 2. Open Window Hypothesis• Few hours after strenuous exercise the immune system
is weak, which provides an open window for germs to invade and infect the body.
II. Bodily Effects of Stress
• C. Stressors and the Immune System– 3. Stressors, Immune System, and the Common
Cold• Psychological stressors can downgrade the immune
system and increase the likelihood that a cold virus will result in a cold.
– 4. Multiple Stressor Effects• Stressors simultaneously affect a person's psychological,
physiological, and immune systems.
III. Variables Moderating the Impact of Life Events
• A. Appraisal of Life Events• Moderating variables: environment or person
characteristics that alter the relationship between the stressor and stress.
– 1. Appraisal and Stress• Primary appraisal: is event relevant, benign, positive, or
stressful?• Secondary appraisal: inventory resources for coping with
stressor.
– 2. Appraisal as a Moderator• With trauma orientation appraisal a gruesome event was
stressful; with denial or intellectualization appraisal, it was less stressful.
III. Variables Moderating the Impact of Life Events
• B. Coping and Behavior– 1. Coping
• Problem focused coping: identify problem clearly and consider potential solutions.
• Emotion focused coping: managing the distress the person feels.
• Appraisal and subsequent coping is a process, not static event.– 2. Health Behaviors
• Health enhancing behaviors help prevent stress or reduce its impact.
• Health impairing behavior increase the likelihood and severity of stress; such behaviors as alcohol, drugs, and tobacco use.
• C. Social Support as a Moderator• Buffering hypothesis: social support buffers or protects a
person from harm of a potential stressor. Social support also buffers immune system and physical health against stressors.
III. Variables Moderating the Impact of Life Events
• D. Personality Differences as Moderator Variables– 1. Procrastination
• Procrastinating students experience more stress at semester's end than do non-procrastinating students.
– 2. Sense of Humor• With this sense, a person is inclined to smile, laugh, and
be amused. It can help with stressor-appraisal and reduce the impact of stress.
– 3. Hardiness• With this personality trait, a person sees life events as
challenging, feels in control, and is committed to various activities.