strong behavior management in grades pre-k through 2 · strong behavior management in grades pre-k...

Response to Intervention

Strong Behavior Management in Grades gPre-K Through 2

Jim Wrightwww.interventioncentral.org

www.interventioncentral.org


Access PPTs and other materials from this workshop at:

http://www.interventioncentral.org/maps2014



Intervention Centralwww interventioncentral orgwww.interventioncentral.org



Workshop AgendaWorkshop Agenda

1. Behavioral ‘Big Ideas’. What are big ideas that can help teachers to more effectively manage challenging student behaviors?

2. Finding Behavior Interventions. What are examples of research-based behavioral strategies for groups and individuals--and where based behavioral strategies for groups and individuals--and where can teachers find these and other ideas?

3. Online Resources. Where can teachers find resources on the Internet that can help them with classroom behavior management?



Behavioral ‘Big Ideas’. What are big ideas that can help teachers to g pmore effectively manage challenging student behaviors?challenging student behaviors?

www.interventioncentral.org 5


‘Big Ideas’ in Behavior Management…Big Ideas in Behavior Management…1. Manage behaviors through strong instruction. A

powerful method to prevent misbehavior is to keep powerful method to prevent misbehavior is to keep students actively engaged in academic responding (Lewis, Hudson, Richter, & Johnson, 2004). A teacher (Lewis, Hudson, Richter, & Johnson, 2004). A teacher is most likely to 'capture' a student's behavior for academic purposes when the instructor ensures that the student has the necessary academic skills to do the assigned classwork, is given explicit instruction to

t diffi lt t i l d i ti l f db k master difficult material, and receives timely feedback about his or her academic performance (Burns, VanDerHeyden & Boice 2008)


VanDerHeyden, & Boice, 2008).

6


‘Big Ideas’ in Behavior Management…Big Ideas in Behavior Management…2. Check for academic problems. The correlation

between classroom misbehavior and deficient between classroom misbehavior and deficient academic skills is high (Witt, Daly, & Noell, 2000). Teachers should, therefore, routinely assess a Teachers should, therefore, routinely assess a student's academic skills as a first step when attempting to explain why a particular behavior is occurring. And it logically follows that, when poor academics appear to drive problem behaviors, at least

f th i t ti id th t th t h l t some of the intervention ideas that the teacher selects should address the student's academic deficit.



‘Big Ideas’ in Behavior Management…Big Ideas in Behavior Management…3. Identify the underlying function of the behavior.

Problem behaviors occur for a reason Such behaviors Problem behaviors occur for a reason. Such behaviors serve a function for the student (Witt, Daly, & Noell, 2000). The most commonly observed behavioral 2000). The most commonly observed behavioral functions in classrooms are escape/avoidance and peer or adult attention (Packenham, Shute, & Reid, 2004). When an educator can identify the probable function sustaining a particular set of behaviors, the t h h fid th t i t ti l t d t teacher has confidence that interventions selected to match the function will be correctly targeted and therefore likely to be effective


therefore likely to be effective.

8


Behavior Function Peer attention Acceptance/ affiliation with individuals or peer group(s) Acceptance/ affiliation with individuals or peer group(s) Power/control in interactions with peer(s)

Adult attention Power/control in interactions with adult(s)

Escape or avoidance of a situation or activity (e.g., because the student lacks the skills to do the academic work)student lacks the skills to do the academic work)

Fulfillment of physical needs: e.g., sleep



‘Big Ideas’ in Behavior Management…Big Ideas in Behavior Management…4. Eliminate behavioral triggers. Problem behaviors are

often set off by events or conditions within the often set off by events or conditions within the instructional setting (Kern, Choutka, & Sokol, 2002). Sitting next to a distracting classmate or being handed Sitting next to a distracting classmate or being handed an academic task that is too difficult to complete are two examples of events that might trigger student misbehavior. When the instructor is able to identify and eliminate triggers of negative conduct, such

ti t d t k i kl d b ti l actions tend to work quickly and--by preventing class disruptions--result in more time available for instruction (Kern & Clemens 2007)


(Kern & Clemens, 2007).

10


ABC Time-lineABC Time lineThe ABC (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) timeline shows

( )the elements that contribute to student behaviors: (a) the Antecedent, or trigger; (b) the student Behavior; and (c) the Consequence of that behaviorConsequence of that behavior.

ABC Timeline

A CBwww.interventioncentral.org 1111

A CB


Advantages of Antecedent Strategies vs. ‘Reactive Approaches’

1 Can prevent behavior problems from occurring1. Can prevent behavior problems from occurring2. Are typically ‘quick acting’3 Can result in an instructional environment that 3. Can result in an instructional environment that

better promotes student learning


Source: Kern, L. & Clemens, N. H. (2007). Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 44, 65-75.


‘Big Ideas’ in Behavior Management…Big Ideas in Behavior Management…5. Redefine the behavioral goal as a replacement

behavior By selecting a positive behavioral goal that behavior. By selecting a positive behavioral goal that is an appropriate replacement for the student’s original problem behavior, the teacher reframes the student problem behavior, the teacher reframes the student concern in a manner that allows for more effective intervention planning (Batsche, Castillo, Dixon, & Forde, 2008). For example, an instructor who is concerned that a student is talking with peers about

i t ti l t i d i i d d t t k non-instructional topics during independent seatwork might select as a replacement behavior that the student will engage in "active accurate academic


student will engage in active, accurate academic responding".

13


‘Big Ideas’ in Behavior Management…Big Ideas in Behavior Management…6. Rule out the most likely causes for misbehavior first.

Instructors should first collect and analyze information Instructors should first collect and analyze information on the student from several sources and rule out the most common explanations for misbehavior (e.g., most common explanations for misbehavior (e.g., cannot do the work; seeking peer attention) before considering whether students' internal levels of motivation (e.g., ‘apathetic’, ‘lazy’, ‘unmotivated’) could be the primary cause of the problem behavior (Christ, 2008) 2008) .



‘Big Ideas’ in Behavior Management…Big Ideas in Behavior Management…7. Be flexible in responding to misbehavior. Teachers

have greater success in managing the full spectrum of have greater success in managing the full spectrum of student misbehaviors when they respond flexibly--evaluating each individual case and applying evaluating each individual case and applying strategies that logically address the likely cause(s) of that student's problem conduct (Marzano, Marzano, & Pickering, 2003).


Response to Intervention‘Big Ideas’ in Behavior Management

Activity: Which Big Idea is the Most

Management1. Manage behaviors through strong

instructionIdea is the Most Important?• In your groups, discuss

instruction.2. Check for academic problems.3. Identify the underlying function of the

the big ideas in behavior management presented here

y y gbehavior.

4. Eliminate behavioral triggers.fhere.

• See if you can agree on the TOP 1-2 ideas that

5. Redefine the behavioral goal as a replacement behavior.

6 Rule out the most likely causes of the TOP 1 2 ideas that every educator should keep in mind when

6. Rule out the most likely causes of misbehavior first.

7. Be flexible in responding to


working with challenging students.

16

7. Be flexible in responding to misbehavior.


M i G B h i Managing Group Behaviors. What are examples of research-based behavioral strategies to manage groups of students?g g p



Zone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsZone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsTo help them to attain student success, primary classrooms often receive additional staffing resources in the form of often receive additional staffing resources in the form of reduced class size or assignment of part-time or full-time teaching assistants.teaching assistants.

Yet students in these settings may waste as much as a third of instructional time transitioning between activities.

F th i l t ff d ith t hi Furthermore, primary classrooms staffed with teaching assistants typically show little or no improvement in student behaviors when compared with classrooms that lack


behaviors when compared with classrooms that lack assistants.

18


Zone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsZone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsAn alternative means for organizing staff is to link educators to specific 'zones' In this 'zone defense educators to specific zones . In this zone defense system' (Casey & McWilliam, 2005), two (or more) educators assigned to a classroom divide up the educators assigned to a classroom divide up the instructional day into zones (instructional activities occurring at scheduled times in different parts of the classroom). At any point during the school day, one educator assumes the role of 'instructor' and actively teaches children within a zone. Meanwhile, the second educator takes the role of 'set up' preparing for the next


takes the role of 'set-up', preparing for the next scheduled activity in another part of the room.

19


Zone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsZone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsInstructor. When in the role of instructor, the educator is actively in

charge of the current instructional activity The instructor:charge of the current instructional activity. The instructor:• greets students as they enter the new zone and helps each child to

engage immediately in the current activity.g g y y• engages in active teaching during the zone activity, providing

instructional support to students.• releases students at the end of the activity to move to the next zone

activity.• continues to support those students who need a longer transition

time as they wrap up the current activity.• cleans up and reorganizes the work space


• cleans up and reorganizes the work space.

20


Zone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsZone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsSet Up. When in the set-up role, the educator is preparing for the next

activity but is also on call to intercept and deal with potential activity, but is also on-call to intercept and deal with potential interruptions to instruction. The person in the set-up role:

• sets up the materials and organizes the work space for the next p g pscheduled zone activity.

• is available pull any children from the current zone activity who are emotionally upset or misbehaving.

• performs any other duty that prevents the current zone instructor f b i i t t d ( ti i it ) from being interrupted (e.g., greeting visitors).

• is waiting in the new zone during the change-over between zone activities to greet students as they enter the area and to ensure that


activities to greet students as they enter the area and to ensure that each child immediately starts the planned instructional activity.

21


Zone Defense: Sample ScheduleZone Defense: Sample Schedule



Zone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsZone Defense System: Assign to Zones, Not StudentsThe most important benefits of the Zone Defense System are that itSystem are that it– reduces student down-time

t th i t ti f i t ti d – prevents the interruption of instruction, and – accommodates those children who need additional

time to transition from one activity to another time to transition from one activity to another.

H dditi l t ti l l i th t t ti However, an additional potential plus is that rotating primary responsibility for different zone activities among staff members ensures that all educators linked to the


staff members ensures that all educators linked to the classroom work together as colleagues.

23


Good Behavior Game(Barrish, Saunders, & Wold, 1969)



Sample Classroom Management Strategy: Good B h i G Behavior Game (Barrish, Saunders, & Wold, 1969)

The Good Behavior Game is a whole-class intervention to improve student attending and academic engagement. It is best used during structured class time: for example, whole-group instruction or periods of independent seatwork

The Game is not suitable for less-structured activities such as cooperative learning groups where students are expected to cooperative learning groups, where students are expected to interact with each other as part of the work assignment.



1 The instructor decides when to schedule the Game Good Behavior Game: Steps1. The instructor decides when to schedule the Game.

(NOTE: Generally, the Good Behavior Game should be used for no more than 45 to 60 minutes per day to used for no more than 45 to 60 minutes per day to maintain its effectiveness.)

2. The instructor defines the 2-3 negative behaviors that will gbe scored during the Game. Most teachers use these 3 categories:

• Talking Out: The student talks, calls out, or otherwise verbalizes without teacher permission.

• Out of Seat: The student’s posterior is not on the seat.• Disruptive Behavior: The student engages in any


other behavior that the instructor finds distracting or problematic.


Good Behavior Game: Steps

3. The instructor selects a daily reward to be awarded to each member of successful student teams (HINT: each member of successful student teams. (HINT: Try to select rewards that are inexpensive or free. For example, student winners might be given a coupon p , g g ppermitting them to skip one homework item that night.)

4. The instructor divides the class into 2 or more teams. 5. The instructor selects a daily cut-off level that

represents the maximum number of points that a team is allowed (e.g., 5 points).


Response to InterventionGood Behavior Game: Steps

6. When the Game is being played, the instructor teaches in the usual manner. Whenever the instructor observes t d t i b h i d i th l th i t t student misbehavior during the lesson, the instructor

silently assigns a point to that student’s team (e.g., as a tally mark on the board) and continues to teach.y )


Response to InterventionGood Behavior Game: Steps

7. When the Game period is over, the teacher tallies each team’s points. Here are the rules for deciding the

i ( ) f th Gwinner(s) of the Game:• Any team whose point total is at or below the pre-

determined cut-off earns the daily reward (NOTE: This determined cut-off earns the daily reward. (NOTE: This means that more than one team can win!)

• If one team’s point total is above the cut-off level, that p ,team does not earn a reward.

• If ALL teams have point totals that EXCEED the cut-off l l f th t d l th t ith th LOWEST level for that day, only the team with the LOWEST number of points wins.


Response to InterventionGood Behavior Game: Troubleshooting

Here are some tips for using the Good Behavior Game:• Avoid the temptation to overuse the Game. Limit its use to no more

than 45 minutes to an hour per day.a 5 u es o a ou pe day• If a student engages in repeated bad behavior to sabotage a team

and cause it to lose, you can create an additional ‘team of one’ that has only one member--the misbehaving student This student can has only one member--the misbehaving student. This student can still participate in the Game but is no longer able to spoil the Game for peers!If the Game appears to be losing effecti eness check to be s re it is • If the Game appears to be losing effectiveness, check to be sure it is being implemented with care and that you are:

– Assigning points consistently when you observe misbehavior.– Not allowing yourself to be pulled into arguments with students

when you assign points for misbehavior.– Reliably giving rewards to Game winners


Reliably giving rewards to Game winners. – Not overusing the Game.


Good Behavior Game Cut-Off=2

Team 1 Team 2 Game Over

[Out of Seat] [Call Out][Disruptive]

Answer: Both teams won the Game as both teams’ point totals fell


Question: Which team won this Game?Answer: Both teams won the Game, as both teams point totals fell BELOW the cut-off of 5 points.


How To: Improve Classroom Management Through Fl ibl R l Th C l Wh lFlexible Rules: The Color Wheel

• The Color Wheel enforces uniform group g pexpectations for conduct and responds flexibly to the differing behavioral demands

fof diverse learning activities. • This classwide intervention divides all

ti iti i t 3 t i li ki h activities into 3 categories, linking each category to a color and behavioral rules:

green for free time/ low structure activities– green for free time/ low-structure activities– yellow for large- or small-group

instruction/independent work


instruction/independent work– red for brief transitions between activities.

33


How To: Improve Classroom Management Th h Fl ibl R l Th C l Wh l Through Flexible Rules: The Color Wheel (Cont.)



How To: Improve Classroom Management Th h Fl ibl R l Th C l Wh l

Color Wheel: Additional Considerations:

Through Flexible Rules: The Color Wheel (Cont.)

Color Wheel: Additional Considerations:1. Give advance warning. The instructor gives a 30-second

warning when the Color Wheel is about the change. (An g g (additional 2-minute warning may be added as well.)

2. Praise rule-following. The teacher frequently praises g q y pstudents for following posted behaviors. Classwide praise should be intermixed with praise to small groups and i di id l P i h ld b 'l b l d' l l d ibi individuals. Praise should be 'labeled', clearly describing the praise-worthy behaviors (e.g., "This reading group transitioned quickly and quietly to the math lesson Nice


transitioned quickly and quietly to the math lesson. Nice work!").

35


How To: Improve Classroom Management Th h Fl ibl R l Th C l Wh l

Color Wheel: Additional Considerations:

Through Flexible Rules: The Color Wheel (Cont.)

Color Wheel: Additional Considerations:3. Keep the Color Wheel 'red' periods short. Teachers

should keep students on the red phase only long enough p p y g gcomplete the transition to a new green or yellow activity (e.g., 3-5 minutes).

4. Do not use the 'red' Color Wheel setting as punishment. The rules for the red (transitions) Color Wheel condition

th t t i ti H t h h ld are the most restrictive. However, teachers should never set the classroom color condition to red to punish students for misbehavior as students may fail to comply with the


for misbehavior—as students may fail to comply with the red behavioral rules because they are seen as punitive.

36


• TOOTLING: IMPROVE PEER RELATIONSHIPS. To encourage increased pro-social behaviors and stronger t d t l ti hi th t h f f iti student relationships, the teacher can use a form of positive

peer reporting called 'tootling'. Here are the 5 steps to this intervention: intervention:

1. DEFINE TOOTLING. The teacher meets with students and defines 'tootling' as reporting to the teacher or other adult defines tootling as reporting to the teacher or other adult when another student has done something helpful. The teacher contrasts this term with 'tattling', defined as telling the teacher or another adult when another student has done something bad. Students are encouraged to describe

l f t tli ( t d t h l i t d t ) d i


examples of tootling (students helping students) and receive teacher praise and corrective feedback.


• TOOTLING: IMPROVE PEER RELATIONSHIPS (Cont.)

2. DESIGN TOOTLING SLIPS. The teacher designs Tootling slips, small pieces of paper with blanks for the student to record:record:

• the name of the ‘helping’ student, h t d i ti f th t t d t' h l i b h i ( ) d• a short description of that student's helping behavior(s), and

• the person that student helped. The teacher also selects a receptacle (e.g., jar; shoe box) to collect Tootling slips.




3. PRACTICE TOOTLING. Students are given copes of Tootling slips. Across several days, students are asked to observe other students' helping behaviors and to capture observe other students' helping behaviors and to capture them on Tootling slips, which are then placed in the Tootle collection box/jar Each day the teacher reviews the slips collection box/jar. Each day, the teacher reviews the slips collected, informs the students how many slips were submitted that day, praises the students for their efforts, and uses sample Tootle notes to illustrate correct use of the slips. Practice continues until students have mastered

l ti th T tl li


completing the Tootle slips.



4. BEGIN THE TOOTLING INTERVENTION. The teacher sets a cumulative goal for Tootle slips to be collected (e.g., 100) and also selects a class privilege or prize to be given when and also selects a class privilege or prize to be given when the goal is attained (e.g., pizza party; extra recess time). Sufficient Tootling slips are given out to students or stored in Sufficient Tootling slips are given out to students or stored in a location where students can easily access them. Students are encouraged to fill out Tootling slips whenever they observe helping behaviors and to place them in the collection box/jar. Each day, the teacher (or student helper)

t th b f b itt d li d l t th


counts up the number of submitted slips and plots the progress toward the goal on a publicly displayed chart.



5. INCREASE THE TOOTLING GOAL INCREMENTALLY. When a cumulative goal is achieved, the teacher increases the Tootling goal (e g to collect 125 Tootle slips) and the Tootling goal (e.g., to collect 125 Tootle slips) and selects another student privilege or prize.



Activity: Group Management Ideas…

• In your groups, discuss Sampling of Group the several group-management ideas presented

Management Ideas• Zone Defense Systempresented.

• Select one approach that you are most interested

y• Color Wheel• Tootlingyou are most interested

in using in your school and talk about how to put


it into practice.

42


Individual Behavioral Interventions Individual Behavioral Interventions. What are examples of behavioral strategies that can be used in strategies that can be used in classrooms to increase student engagement and compliance?



Praise: Effective…and Underused

Praise can be an efficient way to raise the compliance le el of hole gro ps or indi id al st dents level of whole groups or individual students. However, studies show that praise is seldom used with general education students and is used even with general education students and is used even less often with special-needs students (Kern & Clemens, 2007). Clemens, 2007).


Source: Kern, L. & Clemens, N. H. (2007). Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 44, 65-75.


Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance• Praise: Acknowledging and shaping desired behaviors.

(Kern & Clemens, 2007). To increase desired behavior, the t h i th t d t i l ifi t d t teacher praises the student in clear, specific terms--and at a rate sufficient to motivate and guide the student toward the behavioral goal: (1) The teacher selects the specific desired behavioral goal: (1) The teacher selects the specific desired behavior(s) to encourage through praise; (2) The teacher sets a goal for how frequently to deliver praise (e.g., to praise a g q y p ( g , pstudent at least 3 times per class period for working on in-class assignments). (3) The teacher makes sure that any praise statements given are behavior-specific.

11www.interventioncentral.org 45

11Source: Kern, L. & Clemens, N. H. (2007). Antecedent strategies to promote appropriate classroom behavior. Psychology in the Schools, 44, 65-75.


Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance• Emphasizing the positive in teacher requests.

(Braithwaite, 2001). When an instructor's request has a iti ' i ' th t t h i l lik l t t i positive 'spin', that teacher is less likely to trigger a power

struggle and more likely to gain student compliance. Whenever possible the teacher avoids using negative Whenever possible, the teacher avoids using negative phrasing (e.g., "If you don't return to your seat, I can’t help you with your assignment"). Instead, the teacher restates y y g ) ,requests in positive terms (e.g., "I will be over to help you on the assignment just as soon as you return to your seat").


22Source: Braithwaite, R. (2001). Managing aggression. New York: Routledge.


P ti Gi i ti l i d ( D P & S i Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance

• Pre-correction: Giving a timely reminder. ( De Pry & Sugai, 2002). Pre-corrections remind students of behavioral expectations just as they encounter problem situations Here is expectations just as they encounter problem situations. Here is a 4-step pre-corrections process: (1) The teacher defines the problem behavior(s) and identifies situations where the p ( )behavior(s) occur; (2) The teacher meets with the student to share information about that student's problem behaviors and their related situations or settings; (3) Teacher and student come up with expected replacement behaviors for the student to display in those situations; (4) Whenever the student is to display in those situations; (4) Whenever the student is about to enter a problematic setting or situation, the teacher delivers a brief pre-correction--a timely behavioral reminder 33


delivers a brief pre correction a timely behavioral reminder to follow the behavioral rule or expectation. 33Source: De Pry, R. L., & Sugai, G. (2002). The effect of active supervision and pre-correction on minor behavioral incidents

in a sixth grade general education classroom. Journal of Behavioral Education, 11(4), 255–267.


M i t i hi h t f iti i t ti 3 iti Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance

• Maintain a high rate of positive interactions: 3 positives for every negative. (Sprick, Borgmeier, & Nolet, 2002). Teachers can increase the odds of building a positive Teachers can increase the odds of building a positive relationship with any student by maintaining a ratio of at least three positive teacher-student interactions (e.g., greeting, p ( g , g g,positive conversation, high-five) for every negative (disciplinary) interaction (e.g., reprimand).


44Source: Sprick, R. S., Borgmeier, C., & Nolet, V. (2002). Prevention and management of behavior problems in secondary schools. In M. A. Shinn, H. M. Walker & G. Stoner (Eds.), Interventions for academic and behavior problems II: Preventive and remedial approaches (pp.373-401). Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists.


S i ' ' ith f d lt ti ( M P tt P Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance

• Saying 'no' with preferred alternative. ( Mace, Pratt, Prager, & Pritchard, 2011). This strategy can help students who react negatively to being told that they cannot engage in a preferred negatively to being told that they cannot engage in a preferred activity or access a desired item. First, the teacher creates a list of those activities / items preferred by the student that can p yactually be provided. Then, when the student requests an unavailable activity or item, the teacher delivers a 3-part 'no' statement: (1) The teacher states that the student cannot access the desired activity or item; (2) The teacher provides the student with an explanation for why the desired activity or the student with an explanation for why the desired activity or item is not available; (3) The teacher offers the student an alternative preferred activity or item. 55


alternative preferred activity or item. 55Source: Mace, F. C., Pratt, J. L., Prager, K. L., & Pritchard, D. (2011). An evaluation of three methods of saying "no" to avoid an escalating response class hierarchy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44, 83-94.


Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance• Saying 'no' with preferred alternative. Example:

Here is a sample teacher 'no' statement with preferred alternative:

"Roger you cannot listen to your music now because student "Roger, you cannot listen to your music now because student music players are not allowed in class.

But you can take a five-minute break to play the Math Blasters computer game that you like."



Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance• Non-contingent escape. When students engage in disruptive

behavior to escape or avoid academic work, the teacher can use 'non contingent escape breaks': non-contingent escape breaks :

1. SELECT A STARTING MINIMUM WORK INTERVAL. The teacher selects a minimum interval length during which the student is likely selects a minimum interval length during which the student is likely to be able consistently to remain engaged in work. For example, a teacher may observe that a student is typically able to work for at l 3 i b f i i b h ileast 3 minutes before engaging in escape behaviors.

2. DETERMINE THE LENGTH OF ESCAPE BREAKS. The teacher decides on the length of a student's non contingent escape break decides on the length of a student s non-contingent escape break (e.g., 30 seconds, 1 minute)--provided at the conclusion of each work interval. 66



Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance• Non-contingent escape. (Cont.) 3. SELECT A TARGET LENGTH FOR WORK INTERVALS. The

t h d id bl it l f t d t t b bl t teacher decides on a reasonable exit goal for student to be able to work without interruption or seeking escape (e.g., 10 minutes).

4 START NON CONTINGENT ESCAPE INTERVENTION The 4. START NON-CONTINGENT ESCAPE INTERVENTION. The teacher writes 'Work' and 'Break' on sticky notes of different colors and places them on the student's desk during the work session. At the start of the first work interval, the teacher approaches the student and points silently to the 'Work' note At the end of the work interval the teacher approaches and points to the 'Break' note At interval, the teacher approaches and points to the Break note. At the conclusion of the break interval, the teacher again points to the 'Work' note. The process repeats until the end of the work session.


p pThe teacher uses a timer to track time intervals.


Strategies to Increase Engagement & Compliance• Non-contingent escape. (Cont.) 5. MAKE INTERVAL ADJUSTMENTS AS NEEDED. When the

t d t' bl b h i f ll t t bl l l ( student's problem escape behaviors fall to an acceptable level (e.g., 10 percent of work time or less) for at least 3 consecutive work sessions, the teacher increases the work interval by a pre-sessions, the teacher increases the work interval by a predetermined increment (e.g., 30 seconds, 1 minute). If the student's problem behaviors spike when the work interval is increased, the

h d h k i b d i d i teacher reduces the work session by a pre-determined increment (e.g., 30 seconds, 1 minute) until behaviors improve.

6 FADE THE PROGRAM When the student reaches the goal length 6. FADE THE PROGRAM. When the student reaches the goal length for work intervals, escape breaks can be shortened (e.g., falling from 1 minute to 30 seconds) and eventually discontinued.


) y


Behavior Management Strategies: Skill-Building• Reinforcing lower rate of teacher help requests. When a

student too frequently seeks teacher help and reassurance, t t t fi th bl i t i f l t f one strategy to fix the problem is to reinforce lower rates of

help-seeking: 1 TRAIN THE STUDENT IN SELF HELP STRATEGIES The 1. TRAIN THE STUDENT IN SELF-HELP STRATEGIES. The

teacher meets with the student to generate a checklist of appropriate self-help skills (e g consult a glossary or appropriate self help skills (e.g., consult a glossary or dictionary, ask a peer) that should be attempted before seeking teacher help.


77


Behavior Management Strategies: Skill-Building• Reinforcing lower rate of teacher help requests.(Cont.)2. SELECT A MAXIMUM LIMIT FOR HELP REQUESTS. The

teacher decides on a reasonable upper limit of times that the student can request help during a given period. For example a teacher may decide that during a 20 minute example, a teacher may decide that, during a 20-minute independent seatwork period, the student should require no more than 3 opportunities to seek teacher help more than 3 opportunities to seek teacher help.



Sample Teacher-Request Monitoring CardSample Teacher Request Monitoring Card



Behavior Management Strategies: Skill-Building• Reinforcing lower rate of teacher help requests.(Cont.)3. CREATE A REQUEST-MONITORING CARD. The teacher

makes a daily monitoring index-card to be placed on the student's desk. The card contains a series of check-off boxes equivalent to the acceptable maximum of help boxes equivalent to the acceptable maximum of help requests--plus an 'extra' box. For example, if 3 is the maximum for allowable help requests during a period the maximum for allowable help requests during a period, the card contains 4 check-off boxes.



Behavior Management Strategies: Skill-Building• Reinforcing lower rate of teacher help requests.(Cont.)4. IMPLEMENT THE INTERVENTION. The teacher shows the

monitoring card to the student, presents the maximum number of times the student can request teacher assistance during the defined academic period and explains that each during the defined academic period, and explains that each time the student requests assistance, the teacher will check off one of the boxes on the monitoring card If the student off one of the boxes on the monitoring card. If the student requests help beyond the pre-defined upper limit, the teacher checks off the 'extra' box on the card--but does not offer assistance. For each period in which the 'extra' box remains unchecked, the student earns a point that can be b k d d l t li d t i il i


banked and later applied to earn privileges or prizes.


Intervention Planner for Behaviorhttp://www.interventioncentral.org/tools/behavior-intervention-planner

This application presents a range of This application presents a range of intervention strategies to address behavior. Some of the strategies target student motivationtarget student motivation.



Measuring Behaviors. What is a teacher friendly way to collect data on teacher-friendly way to collect data on student behaviors?



• What to assess: Classroom behaviors are specific, observable behaviors that relate to such categories as general conduct (e.g., remaining in seat, calling out), compliance (e.g., following teacher directives); and academic readiness and engagement (e g paying attention to the readiness and engagement (e.g., paying attention to the teacher during a lesson, completing independent seatwork, bringing work materials to class) bringing work materials to class).



• How to assess and where to find materials:Behavior report card. A behavior report card is a type of rating scale that the teacher fills out on a regular basis--e.g., daily--to rate targeted student behaviors (Riley-Tillman, Chafouleas, & Briesch 2007) Behavior report cards have several & Briesch, 2007). Behavior report cards have several advantages: They are quick to complete, can be customized by the teacher to measure any observable behavior and are by the teacher to measure any observable behavior, and are an excellent vehicle for communicating classroom behavioral expectations to students and parents.



Behavior Report Card MakerBehavior Report Card Maker• Helps teachers to define student problem(s) more

clearlyclearly.• Reframes student concern(s) as replacement

behaviors to increase the likelihood for success with behaviors, to increase the likelihood for success with the academic or behavioral intervention.

• Provides a fixed response format each day to increase Provides a fixed response format each day to increase the consistency of feedback about the teacher’s concern(s).( )

• Can serve as a vehicle to engage other important players (student and parent) in defining the problem(s),


monitoring progress, and implementing interventions.

63


B h i R t C d Behavior Report Card Maker

Generate teacher-created behavior rating scales for daily scales for daily behavioral assessment.


URL: http://www.interventioncentral.org/teacher-resources/behavior-rating-scales-report-card-maker


Behavior Behavior Report Card: Card:

Example


strong behavior management in grades pre-k through 2 · strong behavior management in grades pre-k...

Documents