structural steel design (bs code)-morris & pulm

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    S T R U C T UA f lT h eS t r u c t u r a l E n g i n e e r

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    T h i s m a r k e t l e a d i n g s t u d e n t t e x t c o v e r s t h e d e s i g n o fs t r u c t u r a l s t e e l w o r k t o 5 5 5 9 5 0 P a r t 1 .t h e s u b j e c t I n t w o p a r t s , t h e f i r s t d e a l s w i t h d e s i g n a ta n e l e m e n t a r y l e v e l f a m l i l a r i s l n g t h e r e a d e r w i t hB S 5 9 5 0 . P a r t t w o t h e n p r o c e e d s t o c o v e r a l l a s p e c t so f t h o d e s i g n o f w h o l e b u i l d i n g s , h i g h l i g h t i n g t h ei n t e g r a t i o n o f ' e l e m e n t s ' t o p r o d u c e e c o n o m i c , s a f es t r u c t u r e s .

    T h o s e c o n d e d i t i o n h a s b e e n t h o r o u g h l ya n du p d a t e d t o t a k e a c c o u n t o f r e c e n t r e s e a r c h a n d d e s i g nd e v e l o p m e n t s a n d a n e w c h a p t e r o n p l a t e g i r d e r s h a sb e e n a d d e d . T h e r e v i s e d t e x t r e t a i n s a l l t h e p o p u l a r

    f e a t u r e s o f t h e o r i g i n a l w o r k . I n p a r t i c u l a r , r e a d e r s v . i l lf i n d t h a t t h e o u t h o r s : e x p l a i n c o n c e p t s c l e a r l y u s e a n e x t r e m e l y p r a c t i c a l a p p r o a c h. i n c i u d o n u S i e r o S v o v k S e x a m p l e s a n d r e a l

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    I n 1 9 6 9 , t h e U n t is h S t a n d a r d s I n s t i t u t i o n C o m m i t t eB S4 4 9 , a p e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s s n - u c t u r a t s t e e t w o r k d ep r e p a r a t i o n o f a n e w d r a f t c o d e b a s e d o n l i m i t s l ai n c o r p o r a t t n g t h e l a t e s t r e s e a r c h 1 0 1 0 t h e b e h a v i o ua n d c o m p l e t e s t r u c t u r e s . T h e d r a f t w a s i s s u e d f o ra n d a t t r a c t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a d v e r s e c o m m e n t f r o m a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e s i m p l e r d e s i g n m e t h o d s i n 1 1 5

    I t w a s r e a l i z e d b y t h e n e w l y c o n s t i t u t e d E S ! C or e d r a f t o f t h e 1 1 / 2 0 d o c u m e n t w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r ya c c e p t a b l e t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y . T h e w o r ku n d e r t a k e n b y C o n s t r a d o , p a r t l y f b n d e d b y I b e E uC o m m u n i t y , a n d t h e t a s k w a s g u i d e d b y a s m a l l s tt h e i n t e r e s t s o f c o n s u l t i n g e n g i n e e r s , s t e e t w o r k f a bD e p a r t m e n t o f t h e E n v i r o n m e n t .

    P o o r t o t h e c o m p l e t I o n o f t h e r e d r a f t , c a l i b r a t i o nB u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h E s t a b l i s h m e n t t o d e n v e s u i t a bm a t e n a l f a c t o r s , a n d d e s i g n e x e r c i s e s t o c o m p a r e ts t r u c t u r e s t o t h e d r a f t c o d e w i t h d e s i g n s t o U S 4 4C o n s t r a d o . T h e o b j e c t o f t h e s e s t u d i e s w a s t o a s s e sr e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o b e c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e n e w s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n s w h i c h w o u l d b e n o l e s s s a f e t h aw o o l d g i v e a n i m p r o v e m e n t I n o v e r a l l e c o n o m y .

    T h e r e s u l t i n g c o d e o f p r a c t i c e , 1 1 5 5 9 5 0 : P a r t I ,c o v e n n g t h e d e s i g n i n s i m p l e a n d c o n t i n u o u s c o n ss e c t i o n s , a n d P a r t 2 , d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s p e c i h c a t t o ta n d e r e c t i o n , a c h i e v e d t h e g r e a t e r s i m p l i c i t y s o u ga l l o w i n g t h e d e s i g n o f b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e s l o b e b aa p p r o a c h o f l i m i t s t a t e t h e o r y t h a n t h e p e r m i s s i b l e sP a r t 3 , w h i c h i s i n t h e c o u r s e o l p r e p a r a t i o n , w i l l d e s i g n i n c o m p o s i t e c o n s t r u c t I o n .

    W h i l e U S 5 9 5 0 : P a r ti s e x p l i c i t i n i t s d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d ai s i n t e n d e d t o b e u s e d b y a p p r o p n a t e l y q u a l i f i e d p et o s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l w o r k d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t t o n . T h e

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    a t e x t f o r u n i v e r s i t y a n t i c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s e n g a g e d o n c o u r s e s i n c i v i l a n ds t r u c t u r a l e n g i n e e n n g w h i c h g i v e s c l e a r g u i d a n c e o n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h ec o d et o t y p i c a l b u i l d i n g s t r u c t u r e sb y w o r k e d e x a m p l e s w h i c h s e t o u t t h ec a l c u l a t i o n su n d e r t a k e n i n t h e d e s i g n o ff c e .T h i s i s a c h i e v e d i n t h i sb o o kt h r o u g h e x p l a n a t o r y t e x t , f l l c a l c u l a t i o n s a n d r e f r e n c e t o t h e B S 5 9 5 0 :P a r tI c l a u s e s .

    T h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e b o o k d e a l s w i t h t h e d e s i g n o f v a n o u s t y p e s o f

    s t r u c t u r a l m e m b e r s a n d t h e s e c o n d p a r t d e a l s w i t h c o m p l e t e d e s i g n s o f t h em o s t c o m m o n l y e n c o u n t e r e d s t r u c t u r e s , n a m e l y , s i n g l e - s t o r e y i n d u s t n a lb u i l d i n g s a n d m u l t i - s t o r e y o f f i c e b l o c k s . A p a r t f r o m t h e r e l e v a n t c o d e s a n ds t a n d a r d s , r e f e r e n c e s a r e g i v e n t o w e f l e s t a b h s h e d p u b l i c a t i o n s c o m m o n l yf o u n d i n t h e d e s i g n e r s o f f i c e . T h e b o o k s h o u l d a l s o b e u s e f u l t o t h e d e s I g ae n g i n e e r r e q u i n n g a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e l i m i t s t a t e c o d e .

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    a r e s u s t a i n e d b y t h e e l e ma n d i t s r e a c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r c d t o o i l i e r e l e m e n t sv i a t h e c o n n e c t i o n s . I n t hs i m p l e c o n c e p t f o r d e s i g n i t i s e s s e n t t a l t h a t t h e o va c t i o n o f t h ef r a m e w o r k i s c o n s i d e r e d . T h e r e f o r e a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t h e c o n c e p t o f o v e r a l ls t a b i l i t y o f t h e s t r u c t u r e i s g i v e n i n t e r m s o f b r a c i ns y s t e m s .

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    I N T R O D U C T I O N T OI N S T E E L W O R K

    S t r u c t u r a ls t e e l w o r k c a n b e e i t h e r a s i n g l e m e m b e r o r an u m b e r o f s t e e l s e c t i o n s c o n n e c t e d t o g e t h e r i n s u c h

    s p e c i f i e d f u n c t i o n . T h e f u n c t i o n r e q u i r e d b y a c le n o r m o u s l y h u t m a y i n c l u d e :

    b u i l d i n g f r a m e s b y w h i c h l o a d s m u s t b e s u pw i t h o u t u n d u e m o v e m e n t , a n d t o w h i c h a w em u s t b e a t t a c h e d ;

    c h e m i c a l p l a n t s u p p o r t s b y w h i c h l o a d s m u sw h i c h c o m m o n l y r e n t n r e n o e x t e r n a l e n v e l o p

    c o n t a i n e r s w h i c h w i l l r e t a i n l i q u i d s , g r a n u l a ra n d w h i c h m a y a l s o b e e l e v a t e d a s a f u r t h e r

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    e q u i p m e n t a t s p e c i f i e d h e i g h t s a n d i n w h i c h v i b r a t t o n s a n d f a t i g u e m u s t b e c o n t r o l l e d ; c h i m n e y s w h i c h w i l l s u p p o r t f l u e s c a r r y t o g w

    h e t g h t s ; b r i d g e s w h i c h m u s t s u p p o r t t r a f f i c a n d o t h e r

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    i t w i l l b e n o t i c e d t h a t b o t h s a f e t y a n d m o v e m e n t oa r e i m p o r t a n t f o r p r o p e r f u n c t t o n a n d , t o g e t h e r w it h e m a i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w h e n d i s c u s s t n g t h e d e s t g nn o t e d t h a t t h e d e s i g n o f o n l y s o m e o f t h e a b o v e s tB S 5 9 5 0 a n d h e n c e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e l a t e r c h a p t e r s .

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    I t i s p o s s i b l e t o u s e al o w e r w i n d p r e s s u r eb e l o w a h e i g h t o f S mb u tt h i sm a k e s t h e a n a l y s i s m o r e c o m p l e x f o r v e r y l i t t l e r e d u c t i o n i n f r a m e m o m e n t s .

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    M a x i m u m a n d m i n i m u m v a l u e s m a y b e s e l e c t e d f r o m t h e t a b l e . B e n d i n gm o m e n t d i a g r a m s m a y b e d r a w n a s s h o w n i n F g s . 2 . 1 6 a n d 2 . 1 7 .

    2 . W i n d L o a d i n gB r i t i s h S t a n d a r d I n s t i t u t e C l ' ) , C h a n t e r3 . M o v i n g l o a d s e f f e c t sM a r s h a l l W . T . & N o t i o n n . M . ( 1 9 9 0 )

    a n d i n f lu e n c e l i n e s , S r n s c n , r e s ,p p .7 9 i 0 6 . L o n g m a n4 . M o v m n g l o a d e f f e c t sW a n g C . K . ( 1 9 8 3 ) I n f l u e n c el i n e sf u r s t a t i c a l l y

    d e t e r m i n a t eb e a m s , i n t e r n i e d i n a m e S t n , c : u r a lp p . 4 5 9 6 7 . M c G r a w 4 l i I l

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    6 . I n f l u e n c e l i n e sW a n g C . K . ( 1 9 8 3 ) I n f l u e n c e l i n e s f u rd e t e r m i n a t e b e a m s . ) n r e r n n e d i o , e S ! n sp p . 4 9 6 5 0 3 . K l c G r a w - l - I i l l

    7 . B M a n d S F c o e f f i c i e n t s( 1 9 9 2 ) D e s i g n t h e o r y . S t e e l D e s i g n e r rp p . 1 0 5 1 4 . B l a c k w e l l

    8 . B M a n d S F c o e f f i c i e n t s( 1 9 9 2 ) D e s i g n t h e o r y S t e e / D e r : g r i e r s p p . 1 0 8 0 9 7 . B l a c k w e l l

    F I g . 2 . 1 7 B e n d i n gm o m e n t s

    f o r c o m b i n a n o n 2

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    T h e a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d o f a n a l y s t s i s b y a p p l i c a t i o n o f p l a s t t c t h e o r y t s e eC h a p t e r 1 3 ) . i n t h i s e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s o f a p o r t a l f r a m e , t h e l o a d i n gc o m b i n a t i o n sc a nb e a d d e d , b u t i n C h a p t e r 1 3e a c hl o a d c o m b i n a t i o np r o d u c e si t so w n u r n q u e c o l l a p s e m e c h a n i s m , i . e . e a c h l o a d c o m b i n a t i o nm u s t b e a n a l y s e d i n d e p e n d e a t l y w h e n a p p l y i n g p l a s t i c t h e o r y .

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    C o n n e c t i o n s m u s t b e p r o v i d e d a t j u n c t i o n s b e t w e e n m e m b e r s a n d m u s t

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    C o n n e c t i o n s m u s t b e p r o v i d e d a t j u n c t i o n s b e t w e e n m e m b e r s a n d m u s ts a f e l y t r a n s m i t t h e c a l c u l a t e d l o a d s f r o m o n e m e m b e r t o t h e n e x t . A v a r i e t yo f c o n n e c t i o n d e t a i l s e x i s t f o r m o s t c o m m o n s i t u a t i o n s a n d a r e f u l l yd e s c r i b e d i n t h e S C ! h a n d b o o k t 4 1 . D e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n f o r c o n n e c t i o n s i sg i v e n i n s e c t i o n 6 . B S 5 9 5 0 , w h i c h i n c l u d e s s o m e g u i d a n c e o n b o l t s p a c t a ga n d e d g e d i s t a n c e s . B o l t a n d w e l d . s i z e s a n d c a p a c i t i e s a r e g i v e n i nr e f e r e n c e ( 5 ) .

    3 . 7 E X A M P L E 4 . B E A M S U P P O R T I N G C O N C R E T E F L O O R S L A B( R E S T R A I N E D B E A M )

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    r - i

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    S h e a r c a p a c i t y= 0 . 6p ,= 0 . 6 x 0 . 2 7 5 x 5 3 1 . 1 x 1 0 . 2 = 5 9 7 k

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    = 5 0 4 / 5 = l 0 O . 8k N= M d , , , J 1 d 2= 2 5 . 3 x O . 2 0 / 2 ( 0 . 1 0 2 + 0 . 2 0 2 )

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    l e n g t h o f n o t m o r e t h a n t w o s p a n s ( 1 2 m ) w o u l d b e a c c e p t a b l e ( t h e y c a n b ed e l i v e r e d b u n d l e d t o g e t h e r t o r e d u c e f l e x i b i l i t y ) . C o n u n r n t y c a n a l s o b eA = = 6 0 0 0 / 2 2 . 4 =2 6 8a r r a n g e d b y U s e o f s i t e c o n n e c t i o n s c a p a b l e o f t r a n s m i t t i n g b e n d i n g m o m e n t s .

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    t w o s p a n s o f 6 . 0 m . a 0 . 6 6i t t = 1 . 0i t = 0 . 9 0 2

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    5 6 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O a s S S S OC R A N E G I R D E R S5 7

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    c l a u s e4 . 2 . 3 D e s i g ns t r e n g t h f o r c h o s e n s e c t i o n w i t h f l a n g e 2 2m mt h i c k :T a b l e 1 . 2 p , = 2 6 5N / m m 2J ' d 1 . 4 x 2 . 4 0 3

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    ( i ) W e b b e a r i n g

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    F i g . 5 . 1 0

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    W e bb e a n n g a t t h e s u p p o r tr e q u i r e s a m i n i m u m s t i f f b e a n n go f 5 3 m m ; c h e c kt h a t t h e s u p p o r t sp r o v i d et h i sm i m m u m s t i f f b e a n n gt o p r e v e n t w e b b e a n n gc a p a c i t yo f t h eg i r d e r f o m b e i n g e x c e e d e d ( s e e F i g5 . 1 0 ) .

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    T h e v e r t i c a lf r c e s a r e t r a n s m i t t e dt o t h e s u p p o r t i n g b r a c k e t b y d i r e( F i g . 5 . 1 1 ) . H o r i zo n t a l - r e a c t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t f o ms u r g e l o a d ( 1 3 . 3 k I N ) ah o r i zo n t a l b r a k i n g ( 1 5 . 3 k N ) . T h e s u r g e l o a d i s t r ab yt h e d i a p h r a g m ( F i g . 5 . 7 ) . T h e b r a k i n g f r c e w i l l b cn o m i n a lb o l t s ; p r o v i d e , s a y t w o M 2 0 b o l t s ( g r a d e 4 . 6 ) .

    5 . 4 E X A M P L E J O . C R A N E G I R D E R W I T H L A

    T h e d e s i g n i n S e c t i o n 5 . 3 m a y b e r e p e a t e d b u t i n c la l a t t i c e r e s t r a i n t t ot h e c o m p r e s s i o n f a n g e . I n p r a c t i c e s u c h a l a t t i c e gm a y h a v e b e e np r o v i d e d s p e c i f c a l l y f r t h i s p u r p o s e , o r t o s u p p o r t o rw a l k w a y s ( F i g . 5 . 1 2 ) . I n m o d e m U K p r a c t i c e i t i s s u c h a r e s t r a i n t i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e b e a m s i ze , e xi n h e a v y m d u s t n a lb u i l d i n g s .

    ( a ) D i m e n s i o n s

    A s S e c t i o n 5 . 3 .

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    ( e ) S h e a r c a p a c i t y

    A s m a l l e rU Bm a y b ec h o s e n a sl a t e r a lr e s t r a i n t i sp r o v i d e d .A s s u m e a5 3 3x 2 1 0 x 1 2 2 U Bw i t h n o p l a t ea d d e d .N o t et h a ti n t h e d e s i g n i n S e c t i5 . 3 w e b b e a n n g a n d b u c k l i n g w e r e c n t i c a t , h e n c e a as i m i l a r w e b t h i c k n e s s i s c h o s e n .

    F i g . 5 . 1 2

    I- - -- C 4D F c o m p r e s s i o n , O C R , w e b - o p t i m i za t i o n w

    6 2 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O K D E S I G N T O 5 5 5 9 5 0 C R A N E G I R D E R S 6 3

    = O 6 x 0 . 2 6 5 x 5 4 4 . 6 x 1 2 . 8 = 1 0 8 k Nc l a u s e 1 . 2 . 3S h e a r c a p a c i t y p 5 = ( I ) C o n n e c t i o n

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    ( I ) M o m e n t c a p a c i t y

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    ( i i )i h e s u r g e l o a d o f 9 . 1 k N p e r w h e e l ( 1 0 . 4 t i N w h e n

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    T h e t r u s s i s a n a l y s e d b y g r a p h i c s , c a l c u l a t i o n , o r c of o r c e s a s t a b u l a t e d ( t i N ) :

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    A L 5 I r , , . t . 0 x 8 1 3 / 8 . 6 7 9 4p = I 3 5 N / m m 2

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    = 8 3 N / m m 2P r

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    c l a u s e 4 , 3 . 2T h e e f f e c t o f t h e l a t e r a l m o m e n t M , . i s c o n s i d e r e d l a t e r in p a r t U ) i nc o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a r e s t r a i n t f o r c e e q u a l 1 0 2 . 5 % o f t h e f l a n g e f o r c e . N o t e t h a tt h e v a l u e o f 1 % t n t h e i n i t i a l v e r s i o n b f c l a u s e 4 . 3 . 2 w a s c o n s i d e r e d l o b e t o os m a l l .

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    F g ( g ) W e b b u c k l i n g / b e a r i n g

    M i n i m u m s t i f f b e a n n g l e n g t h a i s u p p o r t t o r e s i s t r e a c t i o n o f 5 7 1 t i N .f t 5 4 4 . / 2 2 7 2 m mA = 2 . 5 x 4 7 7 / l 2 . 8 9 3

    E S t a b / e 2 7 cP r = 1 3 4 N / m m 2M m . b e a n n g l e n g t h b , = 5 7 1 / ( 1 2 . 8 x O 1 3 4 ) 2 7 2 = 6 1 m m

    n , = ( 2 l . 3 +1 2 . 7 ) 2 . 58 5 m mM m .b e a n n g l e n g t h b , = 5 7 l / ( 1 2 . 8 x 0 . 2 6 5 ) 8 5 = 8 4 m m

    T h e r e f o r e , a s t i f f b e a n n g l e n g t h o f a t l e a s t 8 4 r u i n i s n e e d c d a t t h e s u p p o r t s t og i v e a d e q u a t c b e a r i n g s t r e n g t h f o r t h e g i r d e r .

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    8 b a y s a t 8 1 3 . 5 m m

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    7 4 S T R U C T U R A L S T E E L W O i < D E S I G N T O S 5 9 5 0 T R U S S E S 7 5

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    ( h ) B o t t o m c h o r d d e s i g n

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    c o m p r e s s i o n f o r c e u s u a l l y b e i n g t h e m a i n d e s i g n c n t e r j o n . I t s t i o u l d b e n o t e dt h a t i t i s g o o d p r n c t i c e t o l i m i t t h e n u m b e r o f d i f f e r e n t m e m b e r s i z e s b e i n gu s e d , p r o b a b l y n o t m o r e t h a n f o u r i n t o t a l . T h e d e f l e c t i o n o f a r o o f t r u s s i sn o tu s u a l l y c r i t i c a l t o t h e d e s i g n , a n d t h e e f f e c t s o f s a g u n d e r l o a dm a y b e o f f s e tb y p r e - c a m b e r i n g t h e t r u s s d u r i n gf b n c a t i o n

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    3 . B o l t d e s i g n 1 1 9 9 1 ) S t e e l s r o r k D e s i g n v o l . 4 , p p . 1 0 1 1U s e 9 0 x 9 0 x S R I I S C o n s t r u c t io n I n s t i t u t e

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    5 . F i c t io n g a p b o l t s( 1 9 9 1 ) S t e e l w o r k D e s i g o v o l . 4 . p p . lO l S e c t i o n i s s a t i s f a c t o r y . C o n s t r u c t io n I n s t i s u i c

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    / U s e S O 5 O 3 . 2 R H S a n d e n e r g y t s n n c t p l e s , S t r u c t u r e s , p p S O F g . 6 . 1 7 = 1 9 . 1 t r u s s t O Vi r t u a l w o r k C o a t e s f t C . , C o i s t i e M C . & K o n g F K

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    T e n s i o n r e s i s t a n c e P ,= 5 . 9 4 x 2 7 5 x I D _ i = 1 6 3 l e N C o r i o r n t t o n T u b e s D i v i s i o n

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    A s i n S e c t i o n 6 . 7 , t h e n u m b e r o f s e c t i o n s i z e s w o u l d b e l i m i t e d i n p r a c t i c e ,w i t h t h e a l l o w a b l e v a n a t i o n i n m e m b e r s i z e s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e d e g r e e o f

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    8 4 r m u c m m A LS ' E E L W O R K D E S I G N T O E S 6 5 3 0 S I M P L EA N DC O M P O U N D C O L U M N S8 5L o a d i n g W ; 7 . 6 O VE R A L L B U C K L I N G

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    o v e r a l lb u c k l i n g r e s i s t a n c e i n v o l v e s t h e s a m e f a c t o r s p r o c e d u r e s a s g i v ei n S e c t i o n 3 . 2 , b u t w i t h a n a d d i t i o n a l t e r m f o r a xa s i m p l i f i e d

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    g g pf o r c e a n d d i s t a n c e s h o u l d b e a d d e d t o g e t h e r . T h i s i s a g a i n u s e f u l l y s h o w ni n am a t r i x [ a ] , f o r a x i a l f o r c e F a n d b e n d i n g m o m e n t M . T h e B M v a l u e s a r e t o b ec a l c u l a t e d a t t h r e e p o s i t i o n s a s s h o w n i n F i g . 7 . 7 . T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r E Ma r ei i i m e t r e s .

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    F o r m o m e n t r e s i s t a n c e , t h e b u c k l i n g s t r e n g t h i s a l w a y s b a s e do n t h e m i n o r E S t a b / e s1 1a x i ss l e n d e r n e s s :

    , t , . L s / r , , =1 0 9x = 1 4 .( t o r s i o n a l i n d e x )

    A k= 7 . 7N = 0 . 5

    E S t a b l e1 4 v =0 . 7 1a = 0 . 8 5 1

    C A S E( I )

    S i m p l i f i e d o v e r a l l b u c k l i n g c h e c k :

    3 6 5 / 1 5 0 0 + 1 . 0 x 3 8 1 / 5 4 7 = 0 . 9 4

    S e c t i o n i s s a t i s f a c t o r y . U s i n g a s m a l l e r s e c t i o n ( 3i n t h e s i m p l i f i e d b u c k l i n g c h e c k > I .

    E S t a b l e1 3 n = 1 , 0 ,i n 1 . 0 , a s t h e c o l u m n i s n o t l o a d e d a l o n g i t s l e n g t h f o r t h i sc o m b i n a t i o n .

    E S r a b l e i SP = 4 9 / 1 2 5 = 0 . 3 9i n = 0 . 7 2

    A L T i i i t VA= 1 . 0 x 0 . 8 5 1 x 0 . 7 ! x 1 0 9 = 6 6

    E S t a b l e1 1 B u c k l i n g s t r e n g t h= 1 9 4 N / m m 2B u c k l i n g r e s i s t a n c e A l = P b

    E S t a b l e1 8

    S i m p l i f i e d o v e r a l l b u c k l i n g c h e c k :

    F A C P C o & A I X I M b

    5 4 8 / 1 5 0 0 + 0 . 7 2 x 1 2 5 / 4 4 6 = 0 . 5 7

    C A S E ( i i )

    A s f o r c a s e ( i ) n= 1 . 0 , i n I . 0 .

    $ = 4 0 / 1 4 2 = 0 . 2 8a t = 0 . 4 8

    = 1 9 4 x 2 2 9 8 x 1 r 3 = 4 4 6 l d 4 m

    A s f o r c a s e ( f l ,b u c k l i n gr e s i s t a n c e =4 4 6k N mS i m p l i f i e d o v e r a l l b u c k l i n g c h e c k :

    5 9 2 / l 5 0 0 + 0 , 4 8 x4 2 / 4 4 6 = 0 . 5 5

    C A S E ( i i i )

    E S t a b l e1 3 , n = t On < 1 . 0 ,a s t h e c o l u m n i s l o a d e d a l o n g i t s l e n g t h f o r i b i sc o m b i n a t i o n ,

    F I g . 7 . 1 2

    7 . 8 E X A M P L E 4 . L A C E D C O U M N FO I N D U S

    ( a ) D i m e n s i o n s

    P n n c i p a ld i m e n s i o n s a r e a s S e c t i o n 7 . 7 ( a ) b u t t h e c r os h o w n ( F i g . 7 . 1 2 ) .

    ( b ) L o a d i n g

    A sS e c t i o n 7 . 7 ( b ) .

    C o m b i n e d f o r c e a n d S M

    C o m b i n a t i o n s o f l o a d s m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s b e fu s i n g t h e s a m e v a l u e s o f W 4 t o W 5 i n c l u s i v e . Mf o r c e w i l l v a r y s l i g h t l y d w m g t o t h e r e v i s e d c r o s

    C o n s i d e r c a s e ( i i i ) o n l y , i . e . 1 . 2 ( d e a u c r a n e

    M a x . B M = 2 8 8 . 0 x 0 . 4 7 . 2 x 1 0 . 0 + 6 6 . 0 2 6 . 0 x 1 2 . 5 1 9 . 0 x 0 : 6 5 4 6 . 0 x O

    A x i a l f o r c e4 6 . 0 2 8 8 . 0 1 2 . 0 1 9 . 0 = 3 6 5 k N

    ( d ) L o c a l c a p a c i t y

    c l a u s e 4 . 7 . 8T h e d e s i g n o f a l a c e d c o l u m n m a y b e e a r n e d o us i n g l e s n t e g r a l m e m b e r , a n d c h e c k i n g t h e d e s i g n

    U s e t w o 3 0 5 x 1 2 7 x 3 7 L I D s e c t i o n s . T h e s e ( b I T =1 4 . 2