structure and architectural form of tall buildings
DESCRIPTION
Architectural Form of Tall BuildingsTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings
Mahjoub Elnimeiri, PhD, PE, MASCE
Chairman cdci engineers international & Professor at IITMember of steering group, CTBUH
Chicago, USA
![Page 2: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
World Map
![Page 3: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
World’s Tallest Buildings Chart
Meter
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
![Page 4: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Impact of 9/11 on Tall Building Construction
![Page 5: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
structure20-30%
MEP20-25%
elevator system6-12%
architecture30-40%
Structural Economy, Efficiency and ConstructabilityCost of Structure in relation to Total Construction Costs
![Page 6: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dubai, 1991
![Page 7: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dubai, 2003
![Page 8: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dubai, 2007
![Page 9: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dubai, 2007
![Page 10: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dubai, 2003
Dubai, 2007
![Page 11: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dubai, 2008
Dubai, 2008
![Page 12: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dubai, 2008
Dubai, 2008
![Page 13: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dubai, 2003
Dubai, 2008
![Page 14: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DUBAI TOWERS AT THE LAGOONArchitect : TVS, Engineer : CDCi
![Page 15: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tower29
SITE PLAN
![Page 16: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Tower29 HEIGHT BUILT-UP AREA
TOWER-01 360 m 120,000 sq. m
TOWER-20 410 m 140,000 sq. m
TOWER-21 460 m 160,000 sq. m
TOWER-29 550 m 210,000 sq. m
![Page 17: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
PLAN LAYOUT
![Page 18: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ATRIUMS
![Page 19: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
FAÇADE DETAIL
![Page 20: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TOWER SPIRE
![Page 21: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
GROUND LEVEL VIEW
Height Built-up Area
Tower-01 550 m 120,000 sq. m
Tower 20 140,000 sq. m
Tower 21 160,000 sq. m
Tower 29 360 m 210,000 sq. m
![Page 22: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Scale, Height
• Iconic Form: Twisting and Plan Morphing
• Location: “DUBAI”
• Grouping
• Constructability
STRUCTURE OBJECTIVE
• Preserve the Architectural Vision
• Maintain the Structural Integrity
![Page 23: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PRELIMINARY STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
• Dynamic Impact of Wind: Wind-Tunnel, Simulation, etc.
• Human response/ comfort
• Load Path: impact of geometry
• Progressive Collapse analysis (redundancy)
• Differential shortening: Composite Materials, Temperature, etc.
• Construction Sequencing
• Connectivity with Exterior
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE SYSTEM
• Exterior Twisted Braced Tube
• Core RC Shear Wall
• Out- riggers/ Belt Trusses
• Typical Composite Floor
![Page 24: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Interaction between vertical and horizontal loadings
• Appreciable movement both horizontally and downwards
• Strategy to ensure stability and stiffness
LOAD PATH : IMPACT OF GEOMETRY
Progressive Collapse analysis (redundancy):
![Page 25: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
WIND FLOW AROUND A TALL BUILDING
![Page 26: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
OVERALL LOADING & DYNAMIC RESPONSE
Cross-wind vibrations are usually greater than along-wind vibrations for buildings of heights greater than 100m (330 feet)
along wind
cross wind
CROSS WIND CONCERNS
- Accelerations beyond acceptable human tolerance
- Excessive Bending moments and shear forces
![Page 27: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
TORSIONAL LOADING AND RESPONSE
Two mechanisms :
• Applied moments from aerodynamic forces produced by non-uniform
pressure distributions or non-symmetric cross-sections
• Structural eccentricity between elastic center and geometric center
![Page 28: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
INTERFERENCE EFFECTS
Surrounding buildings can produce increases or decreases in peak wind loads :
Shows percentage change in peak cross-wind response of building B, due to a similar building A at position (X,Y)
10b 8b 6b 4b 2b -2bb
Building B
Wind direction
(X,Y)
Building A
V
b
2b
3b
4b
0%
+30%
+20% +10%
-10%
+10%
+20%
X
Y
0%-20%
increases increases
decreases
![Page 29: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
AUXILIARY DAMPING
Visco-elastic Damper
used on World Trade Center buildings, New York
F/2 F/2
Steel flange
V.E. material
Centreplate
F
![Page 30: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
used on City Corp Building, New York (M2=400 ton of concrete)
K
CM
K
CM
yy
1
11
2
22
21 (t) (t)
AUXILIARY DAMPING
Tuned-mass Damper
![Page 31: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
used on Shin-Yokohama hotel, Japan
h
2R
AUXILIARY DAMPING
Tuned-liquid (sloshing) Damper
![Page 32: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SHAPING BUILDINGS TO REDUCE AERODYNAMIC EXCITATION & RESPONSE
• Determination of cross-wind response
• Controlling the cross-wind force spectrum
PARAMETRIC STUDY
• Tapering
• Softening the edge in plan
• Porosity
• Twisting
• Plan Morphing
![Page 33: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
FORM GENERATION PROCESS
1. Morph 2. Taper 3. Twist
![Page 34: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
MODEL MAKING
![Page 35: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
PHYSICAL MODELS
c. Architectural Modelb. Structural Modela. Structural Sketch
![Page 36: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
![Page 37: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
![Page 38: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
![Page 39: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
![Page 40: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
![Page 41: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
![Page 42: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
![Page 43: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
![Page 44: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
TWIST…DOUBLE SPIRAL BRACE…TAPERED…ECCENTRIC TWIST-REVERSING
Displacements : WLX Whole
Fx : DL+LL Fx : 1 DL+LL Fx : WLX
Displacements : DL+LL Displacements : DL+LLBrace diagram Displacements : DL+LL Displacements : DL+LL Displacements : WLX Displacements : Whole
Whole Structure Fx : DL+LL Fx : DL+LL Fx : WLX Fx : Whole
![Page 45: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES IN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Due To Gravity Load Due to Wind Load
![Page 46: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR UNDER GRAVITY LOADS
Axial Forces Bending Moments
![Page 47: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
ELEMENTS OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
![Page 48: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
OUTRIGGERS FLOORS 38-42
![Page 49: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
PRELIMINARY SECTION PROPERTIES
![Page 50: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
SHEAR WALL THICKNESS AND CONFIGURATION
![Page 51: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
BUILDING SECTION AND STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
![Page 52: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
INTERIOR COLUMNS
![Page 53: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
SUMMARY OF TYPICAL STATIC LOADS
![Page 54: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
STATIC WIND LOADING DIAGRAM
![Page 55: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
PRELIMINARY DRIFT RATIO ANALYSIS
Shear Wall Alone Exterior Frame Only
![Page 56: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
PRELIMINARY DRIFT RATIO ANALYSIS
Shear Wall + Exterior Frame Shear Wall + Exterior Frame + Outriggers
![Page 57: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
TIP DEFLECTION AND DRIFT RATIO
Def = 0.60Drift ratio = 733 @ Level 100
Def = 0.56Drift ratio = 786 @ Level 100
Wind X Wind Y
![Page 58: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
EFFECTS OF TWIST ON SLAB DUE TO SHEAR STRESSES
3D ViewPlan
![Page 59: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
EFFECTS OF TWIST ON SLAB DUE TO SHEAR STRESSES
Shear Forces at Slabs
![Page 60: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES DUE TO DEAD LOADS
Shear Wall Exterior Frame
tensioncompression
![Page 61: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
SUPPORT REACTIONS AT GROUND LEVEL
![Page 62: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES DUE TO WIND ‘X’
compression tension
Shear Wall Exterior Frame
![Page 63: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES DUE TO WIND ‘Y’
compression tension
Shear Wall Exterior Frame
![Page 64: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES @ BASE DUE TO DEAD LOAD (KN/mm)
![Page 65: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES @ BASE DUE TO DEAD LOAD + LIVE LOAD (KN/mm)
![Page 66: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES @ BASE DUE TO DEAD LOAD + WIND LOAD (KN/mm)
![Page 67: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES DUE TO STRUCTURAL OWN WEIGHT (KN/mm)
Shear Wall Exterior Frame
![Page 68: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES DUE TO TOTAL DEAD LOAD (KN/mm)
Shear Wall Exterior Frame
![Page 69: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES DUE TO TOTAL DEAD + LIVE LOAD (KN/mm)
Shear Wall Exterior Frame
![Page 70: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
AXIAL FORCES @ BASE OF EXTERIOR FRAME
Due To Dead Load Due to Wind Load
![Page 71: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
BENDING MOMENTS @ BASE OF EXTERIOR FRAME
Due To Dead Load Due to Wind Load
![Page 72: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
SUPPORT REACTIONS
![Page 73: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
SUPPORT REACTIONS
![Page 74: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
SUPPORT REACTIONS
![Page 75: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
HORIZONTAL REACTION COMPONENTS @ BASE
![Page 76: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
CONCEPTUAL LOAD TRANSFER FROM TOWER TO GROUND
bedrock
bedrock
1.2-1.6m
![Page 77: Structure and Architectural Form of Tall Buildings](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042604/577c774d1a28abe0548b8b20/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)