Structure and Function in

Living Systems

Chapter 8: Systems in Organisms

8.1: Systems help organisms meet their needs8.2: Plants have several levels of organization

8.3 Animals have several levels of organization8.4 Human health depends on a balance among systems

Matching Warmup

1. where photosynthesis takes place

2. stems and leaves

3. xylem and phloem

Terms

a. chloroplasts

b. vascular tissue

c. dermal tissue

d. shoot system

e. root system

Animalia is a diverse kingdom

Includes: Jellyfish, hydras, worms, snails, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals…

Specialization! Tissues organs organ systems (like plants,

though cells have no cell wall) More differentiated cell types than plants, but

these differentiated cells form only four types of tissues

Multicellular!

Eukaryotic! (+nucleus)

Most animals have four types of tissue

A few have specialized cells but no tissues Ex: sponges

Others have simple tissues but no organs Ex: jellyfish

Most are more complex: four basic types of tissue (“most” includes

both vertebrates and invertebrates)

Most animals have four types of tissue - Epithelial Tissue

Provides protection

Allows for absorption and secretion

Epithelial tissue covers the outside of most animals as skin Like plant’s dermal tissue

Soft and thin… Worms, frogs

To very tough Alligators, elephants

Also covers the surface of internal cavities, passageways, and organs Ex: mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines absorbs nutrients and secretes enzymes for digesting

food Secretions lubricate the passageways

Longs are lined – gas exchange

Nerve Tissue

Nerve tissue transmits electrical impulses

Coordinates and controls many body activities

Vertebrates: brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Stimuli impulses sent to brain brain interprets impulses as sights, sounds, tastes, etc.

muscle contractions

Some simpler animals do not have a brain or a spinal cord sea stars, sea anemones Nerves are a “nerve net”

Nerve Tissue

Two types: Neurons

conduct nerve impulses. Extensions on one end of a neuron –dendrites-

receive signals from other neurons Extension on the other end of the neuron –axon-

carries impulses to the next neuron Glial cells

do not conduct nerve impulses provide support, nourishment, and protection

for the neurons.

neurons (green), oligodendrocytes (red) and astrocytes (blue) (types of glial cells)

Muscle Tissue

Bundles of long and narrow cells that can contract or shorten

Needed for all animal movement Including movement inside the animal

beating of the heart contractions of the digestive organs

Produce needed heat by contracting rapidly and repeatedly

Voluntary muscles – directed to move

Involuntary muscles - movement of the internal organs work continuously

Connective Tissue

Joins body parts together

Protection and support

Ex: tendons and ligaments - bind other tissues together Tendons: muscles to bone and cartilage to internal skeleton Ligaments: bones to cartilage - unified

provides support, protects inner organs, stores calcium and phosphate, and produces blood cells

Same as in animals with an outer skeleton (lobster) or protective shell (snail)

Ex: Fat stores energy, insulates the body, and provides protective

padding for some organs

Ex: Blood delivers oxygen, food molecules, and other nutrients Removes, moves chemical messengers throughout the body

Animals are adapted to many environments

Eyes Part of the nervous system Some animals can only

interpret presence/absence of light

Some can react to motion Compound eyes of insect –

can see in many directions at once

Some eyes can focus for much sharper images

Optic nerve impulses to brain = camera-like image

Adaptation: Skin

Skin -a large organ includes all four types of tissue Adaptations:

mammals – hair birds – feathers Fish – scales

protection and support

often helps an animal regulate its body temperature.

Adaptation: Skeletal Systems - exoskeleton

Vertebrates - animals that have a skull and a backbone,

Invertebrates - don’t Many have an exoskeleton

a strong but flexible outer covering supports and protects Prevents it from drying out

jointed, often divided into segments spiders, lobsters, crabs, and

shrimp, and all insects– beetles, bees, and ants

Muscles attached to the inside cannot grow along with the

animal it must discard its exoskeleton

from time to time and replace it

Molting - the process of shedding the exoskeleton

Adaptation: Skeletal Systems -

endoskeleton

Vertebrate animals have an internal support system called an endoskeleton typically made of the connective tissues—bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons grows along with the animal

Cheetah: the backbone protects the spinal cord, and the ribs protect the internal organs Powerful muscles attached to large bones – runs fast

Check-in… What structures aid in movement?

muscles attached to bones

What is the function of the cheetah’s ribs?

to protect internal organs like the heart and lungs

Describe what will happen when a muscle contracts.

It will shorten and pull the lower bone upward.

What different types of connective tissue make up the endoskeleton in vertebrate animals?

bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

Why must an animal like a shrimp or a crab replace its exoskeleton?

The exoskeleton does not grow along with the animal’s body.

How does this cheetah’s endoskeleton relate to the cheetah’s shape?

The cheetah’s endoskeleton creates the shape of the cheetah; it encloses and supports the internal organs

http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/hbm05_pg7_organs/hbm05_pg7_organs.html

Organ systems work together

Respiratory System: oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide exits

Occurs in the lungs for many vertebrates (such as mammals)

Circulatory System transports blood throughout the body

carries materials to and from the cells and organs (in many animals) the heart pumps blood

continuously

The circulatory system works closely with the respiratory system – pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body

Except for simple organisms like sponges and jellyfish, all animals have organ systems http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_s

cience_share/vis_sim/hbm05_pg63_heart/hbm05_pg63_heart.html

http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/hbm05_pg35_diaghragm/hbm05_pg35_diaghragm.html

Organ systems work together

Skeletal System provides support and protection. Movement Ex: arthropods have exoskeletons - their

muscles attach from the inside Ex: Snakes have long central backbones

with as many as several hundred pairs of ribs attached

Ex: Sharks have skeletons made entirely of cartilage -flexibility in the water

Organ systems work together

Lymphatic System includes the immune system

defends the body against invading viruses and bacteria

Vessels collect the fluid outside the cells, or plasma, and return it to the blood

Organs produce chemicals that help regulate many body processes

Endocrine system releases hormones into the blood

control the activities of cells manage water and chemical balances in the body

The endocrine system works together with the circulatory, digestive, and reproductive systems

Organ systems work together

Digestive System processes the food and liquid Biting, chewing, and mashing begin Chemicals break down food further Nutrients and water are absorbed

through the intestinal walls into the blood stream

Undigested waste is excreted

Organ systems work together

Nervous System The nervous system detects and responds

to external and internal stimuli It connects the systems of the body

together In vertebrates, the brain and spinal cord

are the central nervous system (CNS) The nerves going out from the spinal cord

to the rest of the body are the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Muscular System Allows animals to move and to change

shape Muscles protect the bones and the

internal organs of animals with endoskeletons

Organ systems work together

Integumentary System protects the body from the external environment regulate body temperature: controls flow of fluids

such as blood and sweat Sweat glands, hair, feathers, and scales

Urinary System helps keep the amounts of fluids and the materials

in them balanced In vertebrates:

kidneys remove wastes, salt, and excess water from the blood plasma

Wastes and water are stored in the bladder eliminated as urine

Reproductive System organs necessary for the animals to produce

offspring the only system that is not essential to the survival

of the individual organism

http://www.whitman.edu/biology/vpd/main.html