structure and function of dna ch. 13. dna encodes hereditary information. located in the nucleus of...
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Structure and Function of DNA
Ch. 13
DNA
• Encodes hereditary information.• Located in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.• Each chromosome is a macromolecule of DNA.• All living things have DNA and use the same code!• Shape is double helix.
Discovery of DNA
• Early 1900s scientists knew chromosomes carry hereditary info chromosomes made of DNA and protein
But which substance was source of genetic info?
Nucleotides
• Subunits (monomers) of DNA = nucleotides
• 3 parts of nucleotides: Nitrogenous base Phosphate group sugar
Four nitrogen bases: A,T,C,G
Purines:AdenineGuanine
Pyrimidines:ThymineCytosine
Base Pairs
• Always A – T• Always C - G
• Purines = double carbon rings• Pyrimidines = single carbon rings
James Watson and Francis Crick
• Watson (American) worked with Crick (English) at Cambridge, England to discover the double helical structure of DNA Two outside strands of P and sugar cytosine = guanine (3 bonds) adenine = thymine (2 bonds) Discovery of DNA Structure
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
• Rosalind Franklin's contribution
Double Helix
• The sugar/phosphate make the backbone
• Nitrogen bases are the rungs
• Ladder twisted to form double helix
http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/images/contentpages/helix.jpg
• Order of the bases gives the code for proteins.
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38889000/gif/_38889947_dna_mouse2_203.gif
• Antiparallel- each side facing opposite direction
DNA Visualizations
3D structure of DNA
Molecular Visualizations of DNA
James Watson on DNA
DNA Replication
DNA structure
DNA Replication (S phase)
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap08/08-03_DNAReplication_1.jpg
DNA replication:
Helicase enzyme uncoils DNA
New complementary strand made, corresponds to bases on each original strand.
(A-T) (C-G)
Semiconservative = 1 new strand + 1 old
See p. 301 in Holt textbook!http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/images/dna_replicationHGPweb.gif
DNA replication animation
• DNA Replication visualization
• DNA replication (6/10)
• DNA replication short
• DNA Replication• DNA replication Crash Course
Protein Synthesis
The Human Genome Overview of Protein Synthesis
DNA
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/bio201/trinity.gif
Overview of protein synthesis
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/translation_01.gif
Amino Acids:
• Subunits of protein are called amino acids• Only 20 amino acids (a.a.) in all life• Amino acids link together make different
proteins.
Three bases code for 1 amino acid
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/graphics/GP.GeneticCode.GIF
Compare DNA and RNA
• DNA RNA• Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid• Deoxyribose (sugar) ribose (sugar)• A, C, G, T A, C, G, U (uracil)• double stranded single stranded• stays in nucleus can move out of
the nucleus
Three types of RNA:
Messenger RNA = mRNA
Transfer RNA = tRNA
Ribosomal RNA = rRNA
Making proteins
1. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in nucleus (transcription)
2. mRNA leaves nucleus and bonds to rRNA on ribosome in cytoplasm.
3. mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosome. (translation)
4. tRNA brings in amino acids to be bonded together to make protein.
DNA transcription and protein synthesis
Transcription
• Copy DNA code into mRNA in nucleus.
Uracil replaces thymine in RNA.(A-U)
mRNA leaves nucleus and finds a ribosome in cytoplasm
http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/transcription.gif
Translation
• mRNA takes info to cytoplasm and bind to ribosome
• tRNA brings in amino acid & matches codon
• A.A. are linked to make protein.
https://eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/translation.gif
Translation
Codon = 3 letter mRNA code
for one amino acid
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0123260/basic%20knowledge/images/basic%20knowledge/RNA/genetic%20code.jpg
DNA Visualizations
Molecular Visualizations of DNA
Overview of protein synthesis
http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/translation_01.gif
DNA – The original drawing
RNA – Copies or blueprints
Amino Acid chain (protein) – the finished, functional product of a gene
Central Dogma
DNA RNA Proteins
Gene Regulation:
• Ability of organism to control which and when genes are expressed (translated)
When things go wrong…
• Are mutations heritable?
• Are mutations beneficial/harmful/both?
• Are mutations the cause of evolution?
• What are mutations?
• Find the base pairs that are incorrect in this strand of DNA.
G G A T A T T A C C G T T G A A A G C A T
C C G A T G A T G C C A A C T G G C G C A
• Find the base pairs that are incorrect in this strand of DNA.
G G A T A T T A C C G T T G A A A G C A TC C G A T G A T G C C A A C T G G C G C A ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Genetic MUTATION
• A change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.
• ACU vs. AGU
SUBSTITUTION
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Sickle Cell
Single nucleotide substitution
Ex: in sickle cell disease, valine is substituted for glutamate (GUA for GAA)
http://carnegiescience.edu/first_light_case/horn/lessons/images/hemoglobins.GIF
DELETION
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Ex: cystic fibrosis
Cystic Fibrosis CTFR transmembrane protein
Most common CF cause is deletion of 3 base pairs for phenyalanine
http://www.largeglassdesign.com/nutrition/images/stories/cf/lung_affects.png
Normal CFTR Sequence:Nucleotide ATC ATC TTT GGT GTTAmino Acid Ile Ile Phe Gly Val
F508 CFTR Sequence:Nucleotide ATC ATT GGT GTTAmino Acid Ile Ile Gly Val
INSERTION
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Ex: Crohn’s disease
FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS
• Insertion or deletion changes the reading frame:
THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE WET RATTHE BIG ZFA TCA TAT ETH EWE TRA T
• Now you’re making a completely different amino acid sequence!
DUPLICATION
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MUTAGENS
• Substances like chemicals and radiation that can damage DNA
Which mutations can be passed to offspring?
• Somatic or sex-cell mutations?
• Why?
Chromosome mutations
• Pieces of DNA can be deleted or moved to a different location on the chromosome or to another chromosome.