structure materials and properties_2
TRANSCRIPT
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W e l e a d
INTRODUCTION
Construction materials can be
subdivided into two major
categories namely
Structural materials
Non-structural materials
As the name implies, structural
materials are used for fabrication
ofstructural element of a
building namely slab, beams,
columns and foundation.
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INTRODUCTION
Non-structural materials are
used for fabrication ofnon-
structural element of a building
namely brick walls, windows,
doors, railings etc.
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INTRODUCTION
The evolution of materials for
building structure
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INTRODUCTION
In the construction industry today, there are
two common classes ofstructuralmaterials.
Structural
Materials
Concrete Steel
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CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite
material which consists of:
Cement
Aggregate (Coarse and fine)
Water
Additives (superplasticizer, fly
ash etc)
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CONCRETE
The main binder material
which contribute to the
strength properties of concrete
is Portland Cement
In a mass of concrete, the
solidified Portland cement will
hold the aggregates togetherto form a solid composite
material
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CONCRETE
Portland Cement is
originally a powder
material but with the
presence of water, it will
undergo hydration to form
a solid matrix that act as
the main binder inconcrete.
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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
The fabrication of concrete
structural element involves theplacement and compaction of
fresh concrete mix within the
structural formwork. Hence, the rheological
(workability) properties of
concrete is a majorconsideration to ensure proper
placement and compaction of
concrete mix within the
formwork.
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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Slump class Slump in mm
S1 (Low Workability) 10 - 40
S2 (Medium Workability) 50 - 90
S3(Medium-High
Workability)100 -
S4(High Workability) 160-210S5 (Very High Workability) 220
The European Standard EN206-1-2000 prescribed five classes of workability
of concrete as follows.
The workability of concrete is described by the measured slump of concrete
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OFCONCRETE
Higher slump of fresh concrete
indicates higher workability of
the concrete mix.
The degree of workability
required is governed by the
final application of the concrete
mix.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OFCONCRETE
High workability concrete is
needed when:
The concrete mix has to be
pumped to a great height
(high rise construction)
The steel reinforcements of a
structural member is highlycongested
Other than above, low
workability or medium
workability concrete can be used
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Concrete is an anisotropic
material which has dual
mechanical properties
It has a very high load
bearing capacity when
subjected to compressive
load.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
However, concrete is very
weak when subjected to
tension load.
The tension strength of
concrete is only
approximately 10% of its
compressive strength.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
The compressive strength ofconcrete is determined by
crushing a hardened concrete
cube of cylinder using
compressive load
The compressive strength of
concrete, fcu, is defined as:
fcu=Ultimate compressive load/Cross sectional
are of concrete
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
The compressive
strength of concrete is
measured in pressure
unit MPa(Megapascal)
The compressive
strength of concreteincreases with the
duration lapsed from
the date of cast.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Under the classification of the
Eurocode EC 2, concrete is
graded with reference to its
cylinder compressive strengthand cube compressive strength
For instance, concrete grade
C20/25 has 28-days cylindercompressive strength of 20MPa
and cube strength of 25MPa
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
In terms of elasticity,
concrete is classified as a
semi-elastic brittle
composite material.
Under compressive load,
the longitudinal
deformation of concretevaries linearly with the
load up to certain strain.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
At the elastic deformation
stage of concrete, the
slope of the stress-strain
curve is the StaticModulus of Elasticity for
the concrete material.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
At higher strain level, the
load no longer varies
linearly with the
longitudinal deformation.
At this stage of
deformation, the concrete
deforms in a plasticmanner.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
When a concrete is
subjected to compressive
stress equal to its
compressive strength, itwill start to crack.
On further loading, the
concrete will be crushed ina brittle manner.
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TESTING AND MEASUREMENT
Slump test
Slump test is performed on fresh
concrete mix sampled from the
pre-mix concrete truck uponarrival at the construction site.
Slump test is performed using the
slump cone method prescribed in
code ofpractice ASTM C143.
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TESTING AND MEASUREMENT
A batch of concrete which
does not comply with the
design slump will have to be
rejected.
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TESTING AND MEASUREMENT
Compressive strength test
Performed on concrete cubes
or cylinder specimens
fabricated using the concretemixed delivered at the site
Normally done on concrete
specimens cured in water for
28 days from the date of cast
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TESTING AND MEASUREMENT
Compressive strength test
Compressive strength test is
performed at the site or testing
institution as a measure of qualitycontrol
Compressive strength test is
performed based on the procedures
described in ASTM C39
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STEEL
The type ofsteel used for
fabrication ofstructural
members is a compound of
approximately 98% iron andsmall percentage of carbon,
silicon, manganese,
phosphorus, sulphur,niobium and vanadium.
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STEEL
The increasing carbon
content in steel increases
strength and hardness of
steel but reduces ductilityand toughness.
Hence, carbon content of
steel is restricted to 0.2-
0.25% to produce steel
which is not brittle.
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STEEL
The niobium and vanadium
are introduced to raise the
yield strength of steel.
Structural steel is
impregnated with
manganese to improve its
corrosion resistance.
Sulphur and phosphorus are
impurities during extraction
of iron from its ore.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
The properties of
steel which is the
most important in
the design ofsteelstructure or
reinforced concrete
structure is thetensilestrength and
Youngs modulus.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
The value ofYoungs
Modulus of Steel remains
relatively constant at
210GPa for both strength
grade of steel.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
The value ofYoungs
Modulus of Steel
determines the stiffness
of steel and is an
essential designparameter used in the
calculation ofdeflection
of a steel member in
flexure.
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
However, in most cases,
the tension load
capacity ofsteel is
higher as compared toits compression load
capacity.
This is due to thetendency of buckling of
steel when subjected to
compressive load.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
The properties of
steel which is the
most important in
the design ofsteelstructure or
reinforced concrete
structure is thetensilestrength and
Youngs modulus.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Yield strength of a steel
is the internal stress
level of a steel memberin tension whereby the
steel member ceases to
behave elastically.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
The yield strength of
steel is determined
from the tensilestrength test
performed on steel
specimen in the lab
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
In the industrial
application, steel are
graded based on its yield
strength.
For instance steel grade
S450 is the type of steel
which has yield strength of450N/mm2
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=sESG1U2FogjYHM&tbnid=EcLNksURCaoR6M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sswiresupplier.com/stainless-steel-reinforcement-bar/stainless-steel-reinforcement-bar-application.html&ei=6fpPUeXxOc6XiQeUs4H4AQ&psig=AFQjCNGTNmhsHDZtAbX9Xc3SJ9Bj1R8A6Q&ust=1364282451707142http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Z5KPyf8VLcU7iM&tbnid=C17b6zw6_PUReM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.machsources.com/suppliers/mach025/products/12399.html&ei=pvpPUavtCpCciAfM_oCoCg&psig=AFQjCNGu73V8gz9vW4SCVKxxCYzQkDGCtg&ust=1364282399528581 -
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W e l e a d
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
There are two common
classes of steel for
structural application
Mild steel (S235 or S250)
High strength grade steel(S450)
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=bvhGduX93OgQmM&tbnid=no8uc_tFcG061M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.ebuildingsupplies.co.uk/product/16mm-mild-steel-reinforcing-rod-3m-length/1002953/;jsessionid=F72CAE733BFE32CBBF53591094195749&ei=evtPUfn-OomOiAe99YGoCQ&psig=AFQjCNGh1b-3ZSXn0k15J8Y5vDZYCyHq-A&ust=1364282584207189http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=hPPkXti7B3O-ZM&tbnid=m9-41BcSaR5cBM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.agrasenispat.net/mild-steel-round-bar.htm&ei=XftPUbelKpCUiQf7oYCoBg&psig=AFQjCNGh1b-3ZSXn0k15J8Y5vDZYCyHq-A&ust=1364282584207189 -
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W e l e a d
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
The Yield strength ofhigh
strength grade steel
(S450) is defined as the
stress corresponding to
the intersection pointbetween the stress strain
curve of steel and a 0.2 %
offset line drawn parallel
with the elastic sectionof the stress strain curve.
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CORROSION OF STEEL
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W e l e a d
CORROSION OF STEEL
Corrosion of steel is a
major problem ofsteel
structural member or steel
reinforcing bars.
Surface corrosion of steel is
a chemical reaction
between iron, water andoxygen that produces rust.
CORROSION OF STEEL
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=z8-QEfXUDWumYM&tbnid=XDfyPLchSdJR-M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.luckett-farley.com/chicken-soup-for-your-structure-steel-corrosion-remedies/&ei=9v1PUdjAI6XqiAfs8YCwCQ&psig=AFQjCNECk6Y4OtZh2kYC0CTVflydtEDxlA&ust=1364283165909021http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=GU-THiQKLkeBHM&tbnid=TiUx61F4QtxtaM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://corrosion.ksc.nasa.gov/corr_forms.htm&ei=Hf5PUfGwAYmkigeLmoGIAg&psig=AFQjCNENP_KeUDHy_tzw718q-uPjOHLhMg&ust=1364283193669460 -
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W e l e a d
CORROSION OF STEEL
Surface corrosion of steel
may result in the reduction
of the effective cross
section of steel member orsteel reinforcement.
This will affect the load
bearing capacity of thesteel structural member
and steel reinforced
concrete structure
CORROSION OF STEEL
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=y1W3E9OMAB2u1M&tbnid=8KpMgCm7qKk8OM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.kryton.com/in-the-news/2008/12/16/protecting-against-steel-corrosion/&ei=wv1PUeilDejwiAfA8oCQBA&psig=AFQjCNENP_KeUDHy_tzw718q-uPjOHLhMg&ust=1364283193669460 -
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W e l e a d
CORROSION OF STEEL
For industrial application threecommon measures taken to
prevent corrosion of steel are:
Surface treatment of steel bars
or steel members with a lead
primer coating
Encasing steel inside concrete
matrix Zinc or aluminium thermal spray
coating on the surface of steel
****
Point of Interest
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=l7JSRglhgLRNIM&tbnid=0qK-A_svR9zRUM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.mecjodhpur.com/thermal-spray-coating.htm&ei=xv9PUbCrLuWuiQfJ2YDYCQ&psig=AFQjCNFL-Fp7hoOKmvbar0JWuFUiTO5B4w&ust=1364283688203250http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OZEaxrGhH4aMcM&tbnid=8uJJpBap7tdCOM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://lecture.civilengineeringx.com/structural-analysis/structural-steel/criteria-for-composite-construction/&ei=Z_9PUbWcCMm5iAfI0oDAAw&psig=AFQjCNETMLMCk450-5kudAgXFTQ0dKwMyQ&ust=1364283613651718 -
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W e l e a d
Point of Interest
Name of building: Ronan Point
Place:East London
Built: 1968
Demolished: 1986
Apparent cause of failure:
Gas stove explosion Actual cause: Substandard
Building materials
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Presented by
DR CHEAH CHEE BAN | SENIOR LECTURER
SCHOOL OF HOUSING BUILDING AND PLANNING
http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ssFchrU1fj8kTM&tbnid=jQ30IXkuYdRg1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://imaginefoundation.blogspot.com/2013/01/thank-you-thursday_10.html&ei=WQBQUdjCN4ySiQeb54HADw&psig=AFQjCNE_sNkYHVqW3OQR_AqWP-V7thf3Jg&ust=1364283819977326http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ssFchrU1fj8kTM&tbnid=jQ30IXkuYdRg1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://imaginefoundation.blogspot.com/2013/01/thank-you-thursday_10.html&ei=WQBQUdjCN4ySiQeb54HADw&psig=AFQjCNE_sNkYHVqW3OQR_AqWP-V7thf3Jg&ust=1364283819977326http://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ssFchrU1fj8kTM&tbnid=jQ30IXkuYdRg1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://imaginefoundation.blogspot.com/2013/01/thank-you-thursday_10.html&ei=WQBQUdjCN4ySiQeb54HADw&psig=AFQjCNE_sNkYHVqW3OQR_AqWP-V7thf3Jg&ust=1364283819977326