Structure of long bone

Bone contains neatly arranged matrix of protein (collagen) fibers

along with water and mineral salts (calcium hydroxide & calcium

phosphate).

The mineral salts accumulate in-between and around the collagen

fibers, they crystallize and the tissue hardens

Human skeletonThe adult human skeleton is made up out of 206

bones. Within the body you can distinguish

between the axial and appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton is mainly for protection of

organs, blood cell production and support /

attachment area for muscles. The appendicular

skeleton’s main function is movement. Other

functions are the storage of minerals and storage

of energy (fat)

The axial skeleton consists of: the skull (cranium)

ribs, sternum, vertebral column consisting of

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5-

fused) and coccyx (4-fused)

The appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle

(scapulae and clavicles), humerus, radius, ulna,

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle

(ilium, ischium and pubis), femur, patella, tibia,

fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

Four types of bone

The bones in the human body

vary widely in size and shape.

Within the skeleton the bones

can be classified into four

types

- Long bones; cylindrical

shaft and enlarged at both

ends (femur, metatarsals)

- Short bones; small cube-

shaped (carpals, tarsals)

- Flat bones; curved broad

surfaces (sternum, ribs)

- Irregular bones; specialized

shapes

• "LONG BONE" = typical bone

• Major parts:

1. EPIPHYSIS - expanded ends of bone made of spongy or

cancellous bone. Cancellous bone has a honeycomb

structure with many spaces. Red bone marrow is stored in

cancellous bone, blood cell production occurs here.

ARTICULATES

(forms a joint) with another bone.

2. DIAPHYSIS - shaft of the bone made of compact or hard

bone important for protection and support

3. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE - hyaline

cartilage covering the ends of bones, function is to reduce

friction between bones and absorb shock 4.

PERIOSTEUM – tough shiny white membrane covering over

entire bone, except for articular cartilage. Connect with

tendons and ligaments. Forms bone tissue and is important

for growth, ntrition and repair.

• MEDULLARY CAVITY - hollow chamber within the diaphysis

connects to spaces in spongy (cancellous) bone. Filled with

soft specialized tissue called yellow bone marrow.

• NUTRIENT FORAMEN – Small opening in the diaphysis, blood

vessels pass through here, enter the medullar cavity and

provide the bone marrow and compact bone with blood and

nutrients

• " Red Marrow - mainly in spongy bone in adults. Produces

blood cells

" Yellow Marrow - fat storage in adipose cells, energy reserve

• ENDOSTEUM - lining of the medullary cavity

• Femur can take approx. 1000kgs of pressure

• Skeleton takes up 14% of the total body weight

• Born with 300 bones, you end up with 206

• Red bone marrow can produce around 5 billion red blood cells each day.

• 80 bones are found in the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones in the skull, face, and torso.

There are 28 bones in the skull (including facial bones and middle-ear bones).

• The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones and includes the arms, hands, legs, feet, shoulder

girdle, and the pelvic girdle.

• Each of our hands consists of 27 bones

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgNLchwqJ8Q&feature=related