structures aa ts3 gt & aw · aa ts3 gt & aw week 1 –introduction and axial forces (part...
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STRUCTURESAA TS3 GT & AW
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Architect or Engineer?
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Architect or Engineer?
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“An Engineer should design a structure that anarchitect would be ashamed to cover up.”
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STRUCTURESAA TS3 GT & AW
Week 1 – Introduction and Axial Forces (Part 1)
Week 2 – Axial Forces (Part 2) & Tutorials
Week 3 – Trusses and Folded Plates & Tutorials
Week 4 – Structural Case study Review & Tutorials
Week 5 - No lecture (AA open week)
Week 6 – Tutorials only (What if questions to be decided)
Week 7 – Lecture (TBC) & Tutorials.
Week 8 – Final Testing event.
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Brief 1 - Tower
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Evolution of structural systems
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Stability elements
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SCOUTS TOWER – SINGAPORECentral core transferring the load back to
ground
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Brief 2 - Bridge
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How long can I span?How long
can I span?How long
can I span?How long
can I span?
UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK LIVING BRIDGE, IRELAND
ERASMUS BRIDGE Glulam bridge Quebec
kingpost with a burr Arch
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Previous Years examples – modelling materials
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Previous Years – Model Making.
Think carefully about choice of materials
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The right modelling material will yield more meaningful results…
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Loading of the model
Use of AA prospectuses is not mandatory…
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FOR NEXT WEEK:1 TEAM2 REVIEW BRIEF
3 INDIVIDUAL CASE STUDIES – (showing good architectural
and structural integration)
4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN5 START CONSIDERING THE QUESTIONS BELOW
Our list of questions:1. Structural system and how does it distributes load?2. Size of your structure in reality? (section sizes/ geometry)3. Which loads are acting on the structure4. Support conditions5. Material6. Connection between structural elements.7. Fabrication / construction
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CASE STUDY EXAMPLE
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Basic Structural Principals
Useful equations.
Master classes in structural behaviour
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Stress (σ) = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎unit = N/𝑚𝑚2
Compression Force (Axial)
1 kN = 100Kg1 N = 100g
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Failure
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Perpendicular Force – Bending stress
The deformed shape causes a bending stress in the beam.
Bending stress ( σ ) = 𝑀𝑦
𝐼
M – Calculated Moment (refer to tables)Y – Vertical distance away from the neutral axisI – Second moment of area for the section
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Failure :
Material failure
Excessive deformation.
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Bending Moment
Moment = 𝐹𝐿
4(kNm) Moment =
𝑤𝐿2
8(kNm)
Continual curvature due to uniform load
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Consider Supports – Fixed Ends
Mid Moment = 𝑤𝐿2
24(kNm)
End Moment = 𝑤𝐿2
24(kNm)
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Understanding of ForcesForces flow towards the stiffest elements.
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Place material where neededMead Bridge – Price and Myers
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Force flow consideration can also impact on a smaller scale
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As well as bending strength considerations we also need to look at Stiffness EI
E = young’s modulus
Young's modulus measures the resistance of a material to elastic (recoverable) deformation under load. A stiff material has a high Young's modulus and changes its shape only slightly under elastic. A flexible material has a low Young's modulus and changes its shape considerably.
concrete 15 -35
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As well as bending strength considerations we also need to look at Stiffness EI
I = Second moment of Inertia
Area Moment of Inertia" is a property of shape that is used to predict deflection, bending and stress in beams.
Simplified rectangular section:
d
b
I = 𝑏𝑑3
12𝑚𝑚4
Z = Section ModulusThe section modulus of the cross-sectional shape is of significant importance in designing beams. It is a direct measure of the strength of the beam.
Z = 𝑏𝑑2
4𝑚𝑚3
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Simply supported example: check moments and deflections
Moment = 𝑤𝐿2
8(kNm)
σ = 𝑀
𝑍or z =
𝑀
σ
σ is the material yield stress.
w
L
Deflection = 5𝑊𝐿4
384 𝐸𝐼(mm)
Z = 𝑏𝑑2
4𝑚𝑚3
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Simply supported example: check moments and deflections
What If ?
• The load on the beam is doubled?
• The beam length is doubled?
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Simply supported example: check moments and deflections
What If ?
• The load on the beam is doubled?
moment = (2𝑤)𝐿2
8= 𝑤𝐿2
4Deflection =
5 (2𝑤)𝐿4
384𝐸𝐼= 5 𝑤𝐿4
192𝐸𝐼• The beam length is doubled?
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Simply supported example: check moments and deflections
What If ?• The load on the beam is doubled?
moment = (2𝑤)𝐿2
8= 𝑤𝐿2
4Deflection =
5 (2𝑤)𝐿4
384𝐸𝐼= 5 𝑤𝐿4
192𝐸𝐼• The beam length is doubled?
moment = 𝑤 (2𝐿)2
8= 𝑤𝐿2
2Deflection =
𝑤(2𝐿)4
384𝐸𝐼
The moment is 4x greater. Deflection is 16x greater
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Bending moments versus deflections
Thinking of the deflected shape is helpful as it can help you imagine which parts of the structure is in hogging and which part is sagging.