structures in history

7/30/2019 Structures in History

1/35

TheStructures through

Historyhttp://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/timeline/index.shtmlSince man first fashioned tools from sticks and stones 70,000 years ago, weve beenchanging our surroundings to suit our own requirements.

In the Neolithic era beginning around 10,000 BC - people had begun migrating fromAfrica into southern Europe, gradually filtering into northern and Western Europe. Duringthis period, cultures spread and ideas diffused.

Source: Isabel Kuhl, 50 Building You Should Know, Prestel Verlag

3000 BC 1000 BC Bronze Age

2650 BC Construction of the first (step) pyramid (of Djoser) in Saqqara

http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/timeline/index.shtml

Imhotep the man responsible for the Step Pyramid at Saqqarah in Egypt is regarded asthe worlds first engineer. All other pyramids and temples followed Imhoteps example ofengineering excellence.

2554-2531 BC The Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt

Height: Almost 147 m Materials: Limestone, basalt and graniteLength of side: 230 m Estimated total weight: Approx. 6.35 million tons

Between 2554 and2531 BC craftsmenand labourers cut,moved and set inplace 2.5 millionlarge stone blocksto form a pyramid210 stone courseshigh. Only 201 ofthem have surviveduntil today.

< Tomb of pharaohKhufu (Cheops)

http://www.hisdudeness.com/Egypt/imagepages/image1.html

At the time of construction 5,000 stonemasons worked in the quarries.
http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/timeline/index.shtmlhttp://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/timeline/index.shtmlhttp://www.hisdudeness.com/Egypt/imagepages/image1.htmlhttp://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/timeline/index.shtmlhttp://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/timeline/index.shtmlhttp://www.hisdudeness.com/Egypt/imagepages/image1.html


2/35


3/35

ca. 2420 BC Egyptians sail to southern Africa

ca. 2300 BC Bronze Age begins in Europe

ca. 2000 BC Stonehenge culture in England

< Stonehenge

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0424/5adf15db3c1da/5adf15dddb0c7.jpg
http://www.aboutstonehenge.info/images/education/stonehenge-wallpaper-3.jpghttp://www.aboutstonehenge.info/images/education/stonehenge-wallpaper-3.jpg


4/35

1550 BC First fortified settlements in Central and Eastern Europe

1551 715 BC Karnak Temple

< Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amon, Karnak,Egypt

http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-68893/Hypostyle-hall-of-the-Temple-of-Amon-at-Karnak-illustration

1230 BC Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt
http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-68893/Hypostyle-hall-of-the-Temple-of-Amon-at-Karnak-illustrationhttp://www.britannica.com/eb/art-68893/Hypostyle-hall-of-the-Temple-of-Amon-at-Karnak-illustrationhttp://www.britannica.com/eb/art-68893/Hypostyle-hall-of-the-Temple-of-Amon-at-Karnak-illustrationhttp://www.britannica.com/eb/art-68893/Hypostyle-hall-of-the-Temple-of-Amon-at-Karnak-illustrationhttp://www.britannica.com/eb/art-68893/Hypostyle-hall-of-the-Temple-of-Amon-at-Karnak-illustrationhttp://www.britannica.com/eb/art-68893/Hypostyle-hall-of-the-Temple-of-Amon-at-Karnak-illustration


5/35

1000 BC AD 500 Antiquity

ca. 800 BC Rise of the Greek city states

604 562 BC Nebuchadnezzar builds the Tower of Babylon

510 BC Romans expel the Etruscan king and found the Republic

508 BC Establishment of Greek democracy

ca. 450 BC Birth of the Budda in India


6/35

447 432 BC Parthenon built with 12-metre high bronze statue of Athena

Pericles began the construction of the temple on the Acropolis (Greek for upper-city),which had been destroyed by the Persians. Pericles was accused by his Atheniancontemporaries of misusing their money for city beautification the constructions costsamounted to five tons of silver.

< Parthenon, Temple

http://travel.howstuffworks.com/parthenon-and-the-acropolis-landmark.htm

344 BC Alexander the Great ends Persian dominance
http://travel.howstuffworks.com/parthenon-and-the-acropolis-landmark.htmhttp://travel.howstuffworks.com/parthenon-and-the-acropolis-landmark.htm


7/35

221 BC Construction of the Great Wall begins in China (ends in 16th century)

The Great Wall of China was built to link existing fortifications into a united defensesystem and better keep invading Mongol tribes out of China. It is the largest man-mademonument ever to have been built.

The Great Wall of China literally means The long wall of 10,000 Li.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_%28Chinese_unit%29

The Li is a traditional Chinese unit of distance, which has varied considerably over timebut now has a standardized length of half a kilometer. It is one of The New7Wonders ofthe World (Lisbon, 07.07.07)

http://www.southpolestation.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen-Scott_South_Pole_Stationhttp://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/history/dome/dome1.htmlhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/p%2002%20structures/south%20pole%20station%205%20min%20.wmvhttp://www.southpolestation.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen-Scott_South_Pole_Stationhttp://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/history/dome/dome1.htmlhttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/p%2002%20structures/south%20pole%20station%205%20min%20.wmvhttp://www.southpolestation.com/


30/35

1998 Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Kobe, Japan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridge

Also known as Pearl Bridge is the world's longest suspension bridge with the length ofthe centre span of 1,991 metres.

http://www.technologystudent.com/struct1/suspen1.htm

Each tower is nearly as high as the Eiffel Tower.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridgehttp://www.technologystudent.com/struct1/suspen1.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashi-Kaikyo_Bridgehttp://www.technologystudent.com/struct1/suspen1.htm


31/35

The Yokohama International Port Terminal, Japan

http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/extremeengineering/quiz/The walls and floors of the Yokohama International Port Terminal are remarkable because

they are one continuous surface.

http://www.arcspace.com/architects/foreign_office/yokohama/yokohama_index.htmThe relation between the skin and the areas established by the structural folds of thesurface is one of the most important arguments of the project in that the folded grounddistributes the loads through the surfaces themselves, moving them diagonally to theground. This structure is also especially adequate in coping with the lateral forces

generated by seismic movements that affect the Japanese topography.
http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/extremeengineering/quiz/http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/extremeengineering/quiz/http://www.arcspace.com/architects/foreign_office/yokohama/yokohama_index.htmhttp://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/extremeengineering/quiz/http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/extremeengineering/quiz/http://www.arcspace.com/architects/foreign_office/yokohama/yokohama_index.htm


32/35

2000 The Oresund Bridge, Denmark-Sweden

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge

The bridge is the longest border crossing bridge in the world.

>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oresundsbroen_HCS.jpg

Initially the usage of the bridge was not as high as expected, which was generallyattributed to the expense of crossing. 2005 and 2006, however, have seen a rapidincrease in the volume of traffic on the bridge.

This phenomenon may be due to Danes buying homes in Sweden and commuting to theirwork in Denmark, because the price of housing in Malm is lower than in Copenhagen.

weden

Denmark
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oresundsbroen_HCS.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oresundsbroen_HCS.jpg


33/35

2005 Casa da Msica, Porto, Portugal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_da_M%C3%BAsica

Casa da Msica is a major concert hall space in Porto. It was built as part of Porto'sproject for European Culture Capital in 2001 but was only finished in the first half of 2005

and immediately became an icon in the city.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_da_M%C3%BAsicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_da_M%C3%BAsica


34/35

2006 The Hearst Tower, New York, USA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(New_York_City)

The tower is 46 stories tall (182 m). The uncommon triangular framing pattern (alsoknown as a diagrid) required 10,480 tons of structural steel reportedly about 20% less

than a conventional steel frame.

The building received the 2006 Emporis Skyscraper Award, citing it as the bestskyscraper in the world completed that year.

Hearst Tower is the first greenbuilding completed in New York City,with a number of environmentalconsiderations built into the plan.

The floor of the atrium is paved withheat conductive limestone.

Polyethylene tubing is embeddedunder the floor and filled withcirculating water for cooling in thesummer and heating in the winter.Rain collected on the roof is stored ina tank in the basement for use in thecooling system, to irrigate plants andfor the water sculpture in the mainlobby.

The building was constructed using80% recycled steel.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrid

Diagrid (diagonal grid) is a design for constructing large buildings with steel thatcreates triangular structures with diagonal support beams. It requires less structural steelthan a conventional steel frame.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(New_York_City)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Tower_(New_York_City)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrid


35/35

2008, Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, People's Republic of China

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium

The Beijing National Stadium, also known as the National Stadium,or the "Bird's nest" forits architecture, is a stadium under construction on the Olympic Green in Beijing, Chinathat is scheduled for completion in March, 2008. The stadium will host the main track andfield competitions for the 2008 Summer Olympics, as well as the opening and closing

ceremonies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium

structures in history

Documents