struktur dan fungsi molekul biologi
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molekul biologiTRANSCRIPT
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Struktur dan fungsi Molekulbiologi
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Hirarki sistem kehidupanp
Organismal level
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lanjt
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Makromolekul‐polimer‐monomerp• Karbohidrat
d• Lipid
• Protein
• Asam nuklet
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Contoh singkat
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Gugus kimia penting dalam biologig p g g
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lanjtFunctional group
Structural formula
example Found in
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lanjtFunctional Structural example Found inlanjtgroup formula
p
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Beberapa reaksi kondensasi ‘basic’ dalambi l ibiologi
Reaction types form
fEster formation
Glycoside formation
Peptide formation
Anhydride formation
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Sintesis dan penguraian polimerp g p
(b).Hidrolisis polimer. Hidrolisis, kebalikan dehidrasi, pemecahan ikatan diantaramonomer dg menambah molekul air
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Karbohidrat : molekul penyimpan energi dank lstruktural
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lanjtb h d F i d lanjtcarbohydrate Function and occurrence
monosaccharides
Glucose Transport form*) of energy and carbon in animal andGlucose Transport form ) of energy and carbon in animal and plants
fructose Transport form of energy and carbon in fetal ungulates p gy gand plants
disaccharides
sucrose Transport & storage form of energy in higher plant
lactose Reverse form of carbohydrate in mammalian milk
’ h l f f d bα,α’‐trehalose Transport form of energy and carbon in insect haemolymph; storage form of energy & carbon in fungig
*)Transport form adl senyaw yg digunakan untuk menggerakkan materi dari satu tempatke tempat lainnya dlm tubuh
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lanjtjcarbohydrate Function and occurrence
Storage Storage of energy and carbonpolysaccharides
Starch polymer Plant storage form(amylopectin & amylose)
li d l l fInulin and levan Plant storage form
(1→3)‐β‐D‐glucans storage form in protists
Floridean starch storage form in red algae
Glycogen storage form animal, fungi and bacteria
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carbohydrate Function and occurrence
Structural polysaccharides
Cellulose, mannan, arabinoxylans,xyloglucans, galactomannan, pectin
In cell wall of plants & some green algae
galactomannan, pectin
Alginic acid, sulfated galactan, (agarose, carrageenan)
In cell wall of algae
Chitin In cell wall of fungi and exoskeletons of insects & crustaceanscrustaceans
(1→3)‐β‐D‐glucans In cell wall of fungi
Hyaluronan, chodriotan and In connective tissue ofHyaluronan, chodriotan and heparin sulfates
In connective tissue of vertebrates
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Karbohidrat (‘hydrate’ of carbon)y
• Kabohidrat terdiri atas : C,H,O• Formula umum : Cn(H2O)n• Kh merupakan senyawa polihidrokdi yang berisi
k b il ( ld hid k t )gugus karbonil (aldehid, ketone)• Three main group of carbohydrate : monosakarida disakarida polisakaridamonosakarida, disakarida, polisakarida
• Klasifikasi berdasarkan ukuran rangka karbon (C3‐C7)C7)
• Keanekargaman gula tgt dri ssn spasial karbonasimetrikasimetrik
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STRUKTUR & KLASIFIKASI GULA MONOSAKARIDAMONOSAKARIDA
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Isomer struktur dan keruangan glukosa
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Gula dalam aqueous solution b b kberbentuk cincin
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DisakaridaDisakarida
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PolisakaridaPolisakarida• Polisakarida berperan sbgi materi simpanand i k ldan materi struktural
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Linkage pada polisakarida lurus dan bercabang
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Polisakarida paling terkenal : selulosastruktur pati vs selulosa
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lanjtlanjt
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lajt80 molk selulosa
Ik hidrogen
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lanjtn
Rhizobium leguminosarum
Thick bundle f ll lof cellulose
>50% selulosa
>95% selulosa
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Kitin : polisakarida penyusun dd sel fungi atauk k l dpenyusun eksoskeleton artropoda
• Monomer kitin : N‐acetylglucosamineMonomer kitin : N acetylglucosamine
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Lipid : molekul hidrofobikLipid : molekul hidrofobik
• Memahami struktur trigleseridaMemahami struktur trigleserida
• Mempelajari fungsi lemak sebagai penyimpanenergienergi
• Memahami struktur fosfolipid
Lipid : fat (animal), oil (plant), waxLipid mempunyai higher proportion of ikatan C HLipid mempunyai higher proportion of ikatan C‐H non polarEnergy : 9 kcalories/g fat; 4 kcal./g carbohydrategy /g ; /g y
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lanjt• Lipid terdiri dari polimer kommplek asam lemakyang terikat gliserol
l k k h d k b• As.lemak merupakan hidrokarbon rantai panjangdengan ujung rantai berupa ggs karboksilat
• Gliserol merupakan polialkohol tiga kabon• Gliserol merupakan polialkohol tiga kabon• Banyak molekul lipid yg terdiri dari molekulgliserol dg 3 asam lemakg g
• Karena berisi 3 asam lemak lid dinamakntrigliserida atau triasil gliserolL k k h l b f i b i• Lemak untuk hewan laut berfungsi sebagaiinsulasi tubuh thd dinginnya air laut (paus, anjinglaut, mamalia laut lainnya), y )
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• 3 as.lemak tidak harus identik, bisa berbeda
• Rantai hirokarbon sangat panjang (C14 C20)• Rantai hirokarbon sangat panjang (C14‐C20)
• C‐H bound dr lemak berperan sebagai energy t l tstorage long term
• As.lemak jenuh (ik tunggal)
• As.lemak tidak jenuh (ik.ganda)
• Lemak terbentuk melalui ester linkage gliserolLemak terbentuk melalui ester linkage gliseroldan asam lemak (ggs hidroksil dan karboksilat) dg melepaskan 1 molekul airdg melepaskan 1 molekul air
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lanjt
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Saturated fat Un‐saturated fat
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Fungsi lipidg pFunction types Site or example
storage triacylglycerol Adipose tissue of mammalstorage triacylglycerol Adipose tissue of mammal, endosperm of some seeds
protective waxes Surface of animal: hair, skin surface, above‐ground surface of higher plants
structural Phospholipids & Components of cell membranestructural Phospholipids & sterol
Components of cell membrane
Information Steroid hormones Vertebrate sex hormone, insect al (signaling molecules)
in animal and plants
moulting hormone
glycolipid Intercellular signalling, receptor for homones
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lanjtjFunction types Site or example
Informational isoprenoid Insect pheromones (signaling molecules
p pand fragrances of flower
D i d f P l di fDerivated of unsaturated long chain fatty acid
Prostaglandins of vertebrate tissues‐involved in inflamantory action and uterine contractioncontraction
pigments Carotenoid plants
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Function types Site or example
photoreceptors Carotenoid Eyes of vertebrate & invertebrate, protistanphotoreceptors, chloroplastphotoreceptors, chloroplast of photosynthetic organisms
Cofactor in biological carotenoid Vitamin Areaction
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FosfolipidFosfolipid
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lanjtjCholine, ethanolamine, or the amino acid serine
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Jenis lipid lainnyaJenis lipid lainnyaPigmenbiologi : klorofil, retina
Steroid : bmembran,
hormone sex vertebrata
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Orientasi fosfolipid untuk menghindari airOrientasi fosfolipid untuk menghindari air
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Karbon asimetrik
Karbon asimetrik : karbon yang melekat pada 4 atom ataumelekat pada 4 atom ataugugus atom yang berbeda