struktur lipida
DESCRIPTION
Struktur Lipida dari tinjauan biokimia. Mata Kuliah BiokimiaTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LIPIDA
![Page 2: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lipids a broad group of Lipids a broad group of compounds that are compounds that are generally soluble inorganic generally soluble inorganic solvents, but only sparingly solvents, but only sparingly soluble in watersoluble in waterC , H, O -- but less OC , H, O -- but less O22 than than carbscarbs
Triglycerides = fats/oilsTriglycerides = fats/oilsCholesterol: technically a Cholesterol: technically a complex “lipid”complex “lipid”
![Page 3: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ROLES OF FATROLES OF FAT
Provides concentrated source of Provides concentrated source of energy at 9 calories / gram; reserve energy at 9 calories / gram; reserve of energy in the bodyof energy in the body
Carries essential fatty acids, fat-Carries essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitaminssoluble vitamins
Enhances palatibility/texture, flavor, Enhances palatibility/texture, flavor, satietysatiety
Cushions organs, insulationCushions organs, insulation Components of cell membranesComponents of cell membranes
![Page 4: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
LIPIDALIPIDA
►Asam lemak Jenuh C4-C8 = berupa cairan; ►>C8 = berupa padatan►Adanya ikatan rangkap menurunkan titik
cair►Konfigurasi struktur asam lemak jenuh
sangat berbeda sekali dengan asam lemak tidak jenuh
►Adanya ikatan rangkap menyebabkan adanya isomer geometrik (cis dan trans)
►Ikatan rangkap bentuk cis kurang stabil dibanding trans
![Page 5: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ROLE OF LIPIDS IN FOOD
►Enhance Flavor Enhance Flavor ►Satiety Satiety ►Texture Texture
Solid to Liquid Solid to Liquid Enhance Tenderness of Pie Crusts Enhance Tenderness of Pie Crusts Flakiness : croissantFlakiness : croissant
►Carry fat-soluble vitamins Carry fat-soluble vitamins ►Can be visible or hidden Can be visible or hidden
![Page 6: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Lipids classificationLipids classificationMajor ClassMajor Class SubclassSubclass DescriptionDescription
Simple lipidsSimple lipids Acyl glycerolsAcyl glycerols Glycerol + fatty AcidsGlycerol + fatty AcidsWaxesWaxes Long chain alcohol + long chain FALong chain alcohol + long chain FA
CompoundCompound PAGPAG Glycerol + FA +phosphates + other Glycerol + FA +phosphates + other lipidslipids group N-containinggroup N-containing
SphingolipidsSphingolipids Sphingosine + FA + phosphat + Sphingosine + FA + phosphat + CholineCholine
CerebrocidesCerebrocides Sphingosine + FA + simple sugarSphingosine + FA + simple sugarGangliosidesGangliosides Sphingosine + FA + complex Sphingosine + FA + complex
carbohydate carbohydate moiety moiety
DerivedDerived Materials thatMaterials that carotenoids, steroids,carotenoids, steroids,lipidslipids meet lipid def.meet lipid def. Fat soluble vitaminsFat soluble vitamins
(other than two(other than twoclass)class)
![Page 7: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Neutral lipidsNeutral lipids
GlyceridesGlycerides::
Ester of glycerol - Ester of glycerol - mono glycerides, mono glycerides, diglycerides and diglycerides and triglyceridestriglycerides
WaxesWaxes : :simple esters simple esters
of long chain of long chain alcoholsalcohols
H3C (CH2)14 C
O
O CH2 (CH2)28-CH3
long chain alcohol
fatty acid
CH2OH
CH2OH
OHH OH
OH
OH
glycerol is a prochiral molecule
![Page 8: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
O
OH
OH
R
O
O
OH
O
R
O
R
O
O
O
R
O
R
O
OR
O
MONOGLYCERIDE DIGLYCERIDE TRIGLYCERIDE
Function: storage of energy in compact form and cushioning
GLYCERIDE
![Page 9: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
H H--C—OH
H--C—OH +
H--C—OH
H
O
HO-C-R
O
HO-C-R
O
HO-C-R
H O
H--C--O--C—H + H2O
O
H--C--O--C—H + H2O
O
H--C--O--C—H + H2O
H
(Ester bond)
TRIGLISERIDA
Glyserol + 3 FA’s Triglyseride + 3 H2O
![Page 10: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
esterificationesterification
hydrolysishydrolysis
H
H--C--OH
H--C—OH +
H--C--OH
H
Fatty AcidFatty AcidFatty Acid
H O
H--C--O--C—fatty acid
O
H--C--O--C—fatty acid
O
H--C--O--C—fatty acid
H
TRIGLISERIDA
![Page 11: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Triasilgliserol/Trigliserida (Lipida netral)
![Page 12: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Triglyceride = glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains
![Page 13: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
(CH2)14H3C CH2-OH cetyl alcohol
(CH2)24H3C CH2-OH hexacosanol
(CH2)28H3C CH2-OH triacontanol (myricyl alcohol)
WaxesWaxes
Long chain alcohol + long chain FAExamples of long chain monohydric alcohols found in waxes
![Page 14: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Fatty acidsFatty acids► Carboxylic acid derivatives of long chain Carboxylic acid derivatives of long chain
hydrocarbonshydrocarbons
General structure:General structure:
CH3 – (CH2)n – COOH
n is always even
Chain of C with -COOH endH- along -C- chain
NomenclatureStearate – stearic acid – C18:0 – n-octadecanoic acid
![Page 15: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
-Long chain FA -Long chain FA >> 12 12 CarbonsCarbons-Medium chain FA 6 - 10 -Medium chain FA 6 - 10 CarbonsCarbons-Short chain FA < 6 -Short chain FA < 6 CarbonCarbon
Classification of Fatty Acids Classification of Fatty Acids C chainC chain
The chain length has an effect The chain length has an effect on how liquid a fat/oil is at on how liquid a fat/oil is at room temperatureroom temperature
![Page 16: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Common fatty acidsn = 4 n = 4 butyric acid (butanoic acid)butyric acid (butanoic acid)n = 6 n = 6 caproic acid (hexanoic acid)caproic acid (hexanoic acid)n = 8 n = 8 caprylic acid (octanoic acid)caprylic acid (octanoic acid)n = 10 capric acid (decanoic acid)n = 10 capric acid (decanoic acid)n = 12 lauric acid (n-dodecanoic acid; Cn = 12 lauric acid (n-dodecanoic acid; C12:012:0))n = 14 myristic acid (n-tetradecanoic acid; n = 14 myristic acid (n-tetradecanoic acid;
CC14:014:0))n = 16 palmitic acid (n-hexadecanoic acid; Cn = 16 palmitic acid (n-hexadecanoic acid; C16:016:0))n = 18 stearic acid (n-octadecanoic acid; Cn = 18 stearic acid (n-octadecanoic acid; C18:018:0))n = 20 arachidic (eicosanoic acid; Cn = 20 arachidic (eicosanoic acid; C20:020:0))n = 22 behenic acidn = 22 behenic acidn = 24 lignoceric acidn = 24 lignoceric acidn = 26 cerotic acidn = 26 cerotic acid
![Page 18: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fatty acidsFatty acids
Fatty acids can be classified either as:Fatty acids can be classified either as:
according to chain length:according to chain length:
saturated or unsaturatedsaturated or unsaturated
essential fatty acids vs those that essential fatty acids vs those that
can be biosynthesized in the body:can be biosynthesized in the body:►linoleic and linolenic are two linoleic and linolenic are two examples of essential fatty examples of essential fatty acidacid
![Page 20: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Classification of Fatty Acids Classification of Fatty Acids double bonddouble bond
►Saturated fatty acidsSaturated fatty acids No double bondsNo double bonds solid at room tempsolid at room temp
►Monounsaturated FAMonounsaturated FA One double bondOne double bond liquid at room templiquid at room temp
►Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA)Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) >= 2 double bonds>= 2 double bonds liquid at room templiquid at room temp Omega 3 FA from fishOmega 3 FA from fish
![Page 21: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The building block of lipids are The building block of lipids are fatty acidsfatty acids
Omega endOmega end alpha endalpha end Note that all carbons have two hydrogens – this is a fully saturated Note that all carbons have two hydrogens – this is a fully saturated
fatty acid.fatty acid.
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O
H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-C-OH
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
![Page 24: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids
►Monoenoic acid (monounsaturated)Monoenoic acid (monounsaturated)
H3C
HOOC
Double bond is alwayscis in natural fatty acids.This lowers the meltingpoint due to “kink” inthe chain
![Page 25: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Monounsaturated Fatty Acid (MUFA) Structure(MUFA) Structure
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H OH-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C=C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Omega Omega endend
Alpha Alpha endend
When two Hs are lost from two adjacent Carbons, a double When two Hs are lost from two adjacent Carbons, a double bond is formed. This is an unsaturated FAbond is formed. This is an unsaturated FA
![Page 26: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) StructureStructure
H H H H H H H H H H H H OH-C--C—C=C--C--C=C--C--C=C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-OH H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
omega endomega end alpha end alpha endTwo or more double bonds results in Two or more double bonds results in a polyunsaturated fatty acid.a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
![Page 27: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids
►Monoenoic acids (one double bond):Monoenoic acids (one double bond):►16:1, 9 16:1, 9 7: palmitoleic acid (7: palmitoleic acid (ciscis-9-hexadecenoic -9-hexadecenoic
acidacid
►18:1, 9 18:1, 9 9: oleic acid (9: oleic acid (ciscis-9-octadecenoic acid)-9-octadecenoic acid)
►18:1, 9 18:1, 9 9: elaidic acid (9: elaidic acid (transtrans-9-octadecenoic -9-octadecenoic
acid)acid)
►22:1, 13 22:1, 13 9: erucic acid (9: erucic acid (ciscis--13-docosenoic acid)13-docosenoic acid)
►24:1, 15 24:1, 15 9: nervonic acid (9: nervonic acid (ciscis-15-tetracosenoic -15-tetracosenoic
acid)acid)
![Page 29: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids
►Dienoic acid: linoleic acidDienoic acid: linoleic acid
(CH2)4CH3 CH=CH CH2 CH=CH (CH2)7 COOH
cis
linoleic acid
![Page 30: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids
►Polyenoic acid (polyunsaturated)Polyenoic acid (polyunsaturated)
COOH
CH3
![Page 31: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids
►Trienoic acids (3 double bonds)Trienoic acids (3 double bonds)►18:3;6,9,12 18:3;6,9,12 6 : 6 : -linolenic acid (all -linolenic acid (all ciscis--
6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid)6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid)►18:3; 9,12,15 18:3; 9,12,15 3 : 3 : -linolenic acid (all--linolenic acid (all-ciscis--
9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid)9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid)
►Tetraenoic acids (4 double bondsTetraenoic acids (4 double bonds))►20:4; 5,8,11,14 20:4; 5,8,11,14 6: arachidonic acid (all-6: arachidonic acid (all-ciscis--
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid)5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid)
![Page 32: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids
►Pentaenoic acid (5 double Pentaenoic acid (5 double bonds)bonds)
►20:5; 5,8,11,14,17 20:5; 5,8,11,14,17 3: timnodonic 3: timnodonic acid or EPA (all-acid or EPA (all-ciscis-5,8,11,14,17--5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid)*eicosapentaenoic acid)*
►Hexaenoic acid (6 double bonds)Hexaenoic acid (6 double bonds)►22:6; 4,7,10,13,16,19 22:6; 4,7,10,13,16,19 3: cervonic 3: cervonic
acid or DHA (all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-acid or DHA (all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid)*docosahexaenoic acid)*
Both FAs are found in cold water fish oils
![Page 33: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
RCORCO22HH ++ NaHCONaHCO33 RCORCO22(–)(–) Na Na(+)(+) + CO + CO22 + +
HH22OO
RCORCO22HH ++ (CH(CH33))33N:N: RCORCO22(–)(–) (CH (CH33))33NHNH(+)(+)
RCORCO22HH ++ AgOHAgOH RCORCO22δ(–)δ(–) Ag Agδ(+)δ(+) + H + H22OO
Special reactions of fatty acids
• Carboxylic acids react with bases to form ionic salts, • In the case of alkali metal hydroxides and simple
amines (or ammonia) the resulting salts have pronounced ionic character and are usually soluble in water.
• Heavy metals such as silver, mercury and lead form salts having more covalent character and the water solubility is reduced, especially for acids composed of four or more carbon atoms.
![Page 34: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
PHOSPHOLIPID
![Page 35: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
PhospholipidPhospholipid
![Page 38: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
MONOLAYER
![Page 40: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
BILAYER
![Page 41: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Gambar. Liposom
![Page 43: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
OH
NH2
OH
NH2
OH
HO R long chain hydrocarbon
attach fatty acid here
attach polar head group here
sphingosine
Based on sphingosine instead of glycerol
SphingolipidsSphingolipids
![Page 44: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
SPHINGOLIPID
![Page 45: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
NH
O
HO
R
PO
O-
O
N(CH3)+
R'
O
usually palmitic acid
phosphatidyl choline (also can be ethanolamine)
SphingomyelinSphingomyelin
![Page 47: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
NH
O
HO R
R'
O
SUGAR polar head is a sugar
beta linkage
GlycolipidsGlycolipids
![Page 50: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
GLYCOLIPIDS
![Page 51: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
LipoproteinsLipoproteins
► particles found in plasma that transport particles found in plasma that transport lipids including cholesterollipids including cholesterol
► lipoprotein classeslipoprotein classes►chylomicrons: take lipids from small chylomicrons: take lipids from small
intestine through lymph cellsintestine through lymph cells►very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)►intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)►low density lipoproteins (LDL)low density lipoproteins (LDL)►high density lipoproteins (HDL)high density lipoproteins (HDL)
![Page 52: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
A multi-ringed structureA multi-ringed structureDo not have a glycerol backboneDo not have a glycerol backboneWaxy substanceWaxy substanceDo not readily dissolve in waterDo not readily dissolve in waterCholesterol is a sterol Cholesterol is a sterol
SterolsSterols
![Page 54: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
CholesterolCholesterol• • Sterol family memberSterol family member• • Found in large amounts in the plasma Found in large amounts in the plasma membranemembrane• • Fill spaces between neighboring phospholipid Fill spaces between neighboring phospholipid moleculesmolecules• • Tend to make bilayers more rigid and less Tend to make bilayers more rigid and less permeablepermeable
![Page 55: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
HO
HH
H
O
HH
H
R
O
usually palmitate
Cholesterol and cholesterol Cholesterol and cholesterol estersesters
The hydroxyl at C-3 is hydrophilic; the rest of themolecule is hydrophobic; also 8 centers of asymmetry
![Page 56: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Functions of cholesterolFunctions of cholesterol
►serves as a component of serves as a component of membranes of cells (increases or membranes of cells (increases or moderates membrane fluidity)moderates membrane fluidity)
►precursor to steroid hormones and precursor to steroid hormones and bile acidsbile acids
►storage and transport –cholesterol storage and transport –cholesterol estersesters
![Page 57: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Less common fatty acidsLess common fatty acids
► iso – isobutyric acid, iso – isobutyric acid, Branched Branched
► odd carbon fatty acid – odd carbon fatty acid – propionic acidpropionic acid
► hidroxy fatty acids – hidroxy fatty acids – ricinoleic acid, ricinoleic acid, dihydroxystearic acid, dihydroxystearic acid, cerebronic acidcerebronic acid
► cyclic fatty acids – cyclic fatty acids – hydnocarpic, hydnocarpic, chaulmoogric acidchaulmoogric acid
H3CR
CH3
(CH2)12-CO2H (CH2)10-CO2H
chaulmoogric acid hydnocarpic acid
H3CR
CH3
![Page 61: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Stereospecific numberingStereospecific numbering
► C-1 and C-3 of the glycerol molecule C-1 and C-3 of the glycerol molecule become sn1 and sn3 respectivelybecome sn1 and sn3 respectively
► carbon 2 of triglycerides is frequently carbon 2 of triglycerides is frequently asymmetric since C-1 and C-3 may be asymmetric since C-1 and C-3 may be substituted with different acyl groupssubstituted with different acyl groups
► by convention: the hydroxyl group at C-by convention: the hydroxyl group at C-2 to the left and use the designation of 2 to the left and use the designation of sn2 for that particular substituentsn2 for that particular substituent
![Page 62: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
EmulsifierEmulsifier
► Hydrophilic end Hydrophilic end (attracts water)(attracts water)
► Hydrophobic Hydrophobic end (attracts end (attracts lipid)lipid)
![Page 63: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
EmulsificationEmulsification Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
![Page 64: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
GLYCOLIPIDSGLYCOLIPIDS► CerebrosidesCerebrosides
► One sugar moleculeOne sugar molecule Galactocerebroside – in neuronal membranesGalactocerebroside – in neuronal membranes Glucocerebrosides – elsewhere in the bodyGlucocerebrosides – elsewhere in the body
► Sulfatides or sulfogalactocerebrosidesSulfatides or sulfogalactocerebrosides► A sulfuric acid ester of galactocerebrosideA sulfuric acid ester of galactocerebroside
► Globosides: ceramide Globosides: ceramide oligosaccharidesoligosaccharides
► LactosylceramideLactosylceramide► 2 sugars ( eg. lactose)2 sugars ( eg. lactose)
► GangliosidesGangliosides► Have a more complex oligosaccharide attachedHave a more complex oligosaccharide attached► Biological functions: cell-cell recognition; receptors for Biological functions: cell-cell recognition; receptors for
hormoneshormones
![Page 65: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Lipoprotein classesLipoprotein classes
• Chylomicrons B48 85%
•VLDL B100/E 20% 55%
• IDL B100/E 35% 25%
• LDL B100 60% 5%
•HDL AI/II/E 20% 5%
protein choles.triglycerides
LDL is not measured but calculated:
LDL-C = total cholesterol - (HDL-C + TG/5)
(Triglycerides must be <4.5 mmol/L or < 400 mg/dL)
![Page 66: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
LDL moleculeLDL molecule
![Page 67: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
STEROID NUMBERING STEROID NUMBERING SYSTEMSYSTEM
A B
C D1
2
3
45
6
7
89
10
1112
13
14 15
16
1718
19
![Page 68: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
TestosteroneTestosterone(a steroid hormone)(a steroid hormone)
Vitamin D3Vitamin D3(cholecalciferol) (cholecalciferol)
![Page 69: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: struktur Lipida](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062309/55cf9448550346f57ba0e608/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)