student-based budgeting - annenberg institute for school reform
TRANSCRIPT
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
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Dogg 30?0
Equf}v onm X}umen},Coxem Cumie}fniEggen Dkgev' Aosen Joygev Lfgex' onm
Losiuesf}e Skro
Cumie}fni }k Xuppks} X}umen} Ohjfetelen}2Ney X}so}eifex dks Hen}sog Kddfhe
Boxkn Yfggfx onm Lo}} Jfgg
O Psfnhfpogx Pesxpeh}fte2 Elpkyeslen}dks XhjkkgxLo}}jey Jksnceha
X}umen},Coxem Cumie}fni fn ]kuij ]flex2]je Ney Vksa Hf}v EzpesfenheEggen Dkgev
Cevknm Dunmfni Dkslugox2 Mfx}sfh}]sonxdkslo}fkn }jskuij Yefij}em X}umen}Dunmfni onm X}so}eifh Mehen}sogfro}fknNoklf Hogtk onm Aosen Joygev Lfgex
X}umen},CoxemCumie}fni
Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}e dks Xhjkkg Sedksl w Tkfhex fn Uscon Emuho}fkn
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X}umen},Coxem Cumie}fni
Nulces 36' Dogg 30?0
Pucgfxjes
Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}e dks Xhjkkg Sedkslo} Cskyn Unftesxf}vYossen Xfllknx' Ezehu}fte Mfseh}ks
Hk,xpknxksx
Emuho}fkn Sexkushe X}so}eifexYec2 j}}p2++esx}so}eifex.ksi
Ezehu}fte Emf}ks
Pjfgfp Igkumelonx
Iuex} Emf}ks
Eggen Dkgev
Lonoifni Emf}ks
Losiose} Coghj,Iknroger
Hkpv Emf}ks
Ksvo Jvme,Aegges
Pskmuh}fkn $ Mfx}sfcu}fkn
Losv Osafnx Mehoxxe
Mexfin
Ifgces} Mexfin Oxxkhfo}ex' Fnh.
Fggux}so}fkn
Hoskgfno Osen}xen
Tkfhex fn Uscon Emuho}fkn *fxxn?558,5=?z& fx puc,gfxjem quos}esgv o} Cskyn Unftesxf}v' Psktfmenhe'Sjkme Fxgonm. Os}fhgex lov ce sepskmuhem yf}joppskpsfo}e hsemf} }k }je Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}e.Xfnige hkpfex ose -?3.50 eohj' fnhgumfni pkx}oie onmjonmgfni. O mfxhkun} fx otofgocge kn cuga ksmesx.Hogg =0? :48,30?: dks dus}jes fndkslo}fkn.
]je Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}e dks Xhjkkg Sedksl yoxex}ocgfxjem fn ?668 o} Cskyn Unftesxf}v. F}x lfx,xfkn fx }k metegkp' xjose' onm oh} kn ankygemie }jo}flpsktex }je hknmf}fknx onm ku}hklex kd xhjkkg,fni fn Olesfho' expehfoggv fn uscon hkllunf}fexonm fn xhjkkgx xestfni mfxomton}oiem hjfgmsen. Dkspskisol fndkslo}fkn' hkn}oh}2
Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}e dks Xhjkkg SedkslCskyn Unftesxf}v' Ckz ?6:5Psktfmenhe' Sjkme Fxgonm 036?3
]eg2 =0? :48,9660Doz2 =0? :48,?360Yec2 yyy.onnencesifnx}f}u}e.ksi
30?0 Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}e dks Xhjkkg Sedksl
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
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Xhjkkg nonhe sedksl jox elesiem ox o hsf}fhoghklpknen} dks }je }sonxdkslo}fkn kd pucgfh xhjkkgx
fn }je U.X. Ktes }je gox} mehome' o iskyfni nulces
kd mfx}sfh}x jote }usnem }k on oppskohj ankyn cv
mfddesen} nolex x}umen},coxem cumie}fni' yefij}em
x}umen} dunmfni' onm dofs x}umen} dunmfni' olkni
k}jesx fn yjfhj cumie}x ose oggkho}em }k xhjkkgx fn
mkggosx' coxem kn o xhjkkgx pos}fhugos lfz kd x}umen}x'
so}jes }jon fn x}odd pkxf}fknx. X}umen},coxem cumie},
fni oggkyx dks o lkse equf}ocge onm so}fknog oggkho}fkn
kd dunmx olkni x}umen}x onm xhjkkgx yf}j mfddesfni
getegx onm }vpex kd neemx onm o ce}}es ogfinlen} kdxhjkkg cumie}x yf}j fnx}suh}fknog ikogx.
]jfx fxxue kdTkfhexfnUsconEmuho}fkn' pskmuhem
fn pos}nesxjfp yf}j Emuho}fkn Sexkushe X}so}eifex
*ESX&' yjfhj jox ceen o geomes fn }jfx egm' xjfnex o
xpk}gfij} kn x}umen},coxem cumie}fni dskl o tosfe}v
kd pesxpeh}ftex. Gox} Loshj' ESX hkntenem lkse
}jon xfz}v uscon emuho}fkn geomesx yjk io}jesem fn
Cog}flkse dks }je Dofs X}umen} Dunmfni Xullf}' o
hkndesenhe }jo} cskuij} }kie}jes o }k}og kd dkus}een
xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x }jo} u}fgfre yefij}em x}umen} dunmfni
ox on oppskohj dks oggkho}fni mkggosx }k xhjkkgx.
]je Xullf}x puspkxe yox }k psktfme o dksul dks
mfx}sfh}x }k xjose fmeox kn xhjkkg dunmfni' mfxhuxx
yjo} fx eddeh}fte onm yjo}x nk}' onm }k xposa ney
oppskohjex. Pos}fhfpon}x fnhgumem o lfz kd }jkxe yjk
jote yegg ex}ocgfxjem x}umen},coxem cumie}fni xvx,
}elx' }jkxe yjk sehen}gv omkp}em f}' }jkxe yjk yese
fn }je pgonnfni x}oiex kd flpgelen}o}fkn' onm }jkxe
yjk jote se}usnem }k o lkse hen}sogfrem xvx}el.
Oggkho}fniDunmxCoxemknX}umen}onmXhjkkgNeemx
PjfgfpIgkumelonx
fxmfseh}kskdx}so}eifh
hkllunfho}fknxo}
}jeOnnencesiFnx}f}u}e
dksXhjkkgSedksl.
Pjfgfp Igkumelonx
3 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
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Xullf} pos}fhfpon}x os}fhugo}em o sonie kd ikogx'
pjfgkxkpjfex' oppskohjex' onm hknhesnx seiosmfni
x}umen},coxem cumie}fni' cu} xkle flpks}on} gexxknx
elesiem' fnhgumfni2
X}umen},coxem cumie}fni lux} ce cufg} oskunm
ohomelfh x}so}eifex onm ikogx' so}jes }jon msften
cv xhog hknxfmeso}fknx.
O pk}en}fog cene} kd x}umen},coxem cumie}fni
fx }jo} psfnhfpogx jote }je ffiezfcfgf}v }k }ofgks
sexkushex }k }jefs xhjkkgx neemx.
X}umen},coxem cumie}fni psklk}ex mfx}sfh}
hkntesxo}fknx kn xhjkkg sexkushe equf}v.
]je sfhj mfxhuxxfknx dskl }jfx hkndesenhe psk,
tfmem }je fnxpfso}fkn dks }jfx fxxue kdTUE. Flpge,
len}fni x}umen},coxem cumie}fni hon ce o mfdhug}
po}j' cu} }je pskhexx hon cene} dskl }je ezpesfenhe
kd }jkxe mfx}sfh}x yjfhj jote flpgelen}em f} onm
}je sexeoshj unmes}oaen }k ce}}es unmesx}onm yjo}
yksax' yjo} joxn}' onm yjv.
]je Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}ex Eggen Dkgev' yjk joxceen dkggkyfni }jfx xhjkkg,dunmfni hknhep} dks }je
pox} }en veosx' kpenx }jfx fxxue yf}j o se,ezolfno}fkn
kd x}umen},coxem cumie}fni yf}j o aeen eve }kyosm
}je geosnfnix mesftem dskl o mehome kd ezpesfenhe
onm yf}j on elpjoxfx kn jky }jfx oppskohj hon
unhktes jfmmen fnequf}fex onm xuiiex} lkse equf}ocge
oggkho}fknx. Dkgev osiuex }jo} equf}v oh}uoggv sequfsex
unequogpes x}umen} dunmfni. Ox xje nk}ex' fd equogf}v
fx dkhuxem kn getegfni }je pgovfni egm onm psktfmfni
ogg x}umen}x }je xole kppks}unf}v' }jen yefij}em x}u,
men} dunmfni }k ohjfete }jfx ikog hon ce hknxfmesem
dofs' eten yjen f} leonx }jo} xkle x}umen}x sehefte
lkse mkggosx }jon k}jesx. Aosen Joygev Lfgex onm
Losiuesf}e Skro psktfme ommf}fknog pesxpeh}ftex.
Boxkn Yfggfx onm Lo}} Jfgg dkggky yf}j }jefs
kcxesto}fknx dskl }je hen}sog kdhe pesxpeh}fte'
msoyfni kn }jefs ezpesfenhex flpgelen}fni sexug}x,
coxem cumie}fni o dksl kd x}umen},coxem cumie}fni
fn Koagonm. ]jev mexhsfce jky mfx}sfh}x isoppge
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= OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
yf}j }je hjonifni mvnolfh kd }je dolfgfos }kp,mkyn
x}suh}use }k o ney' hux}kles,msften onm }sonxposen}
ksionfro}fkn }jo} x}umen},coxem cumie}fni sequfsex
}k yksa eddeh}ftegv.
]k kc}ofn o xhjkkg psfnhfpogx pkfn} kd tfey kn
x}umen},coxem cumie}fni' ye fn}estfeyem Lo}}jey
Jksnceha kd Cog}flksex Jolpx}eom Jfgg Ohomelv'
yjkxe xhjkkg fx nky fn}k f}x }jfsm veos elpgkvfni }jfx
xhjkkg,nonhfni lkmeg. Jksnceha elpjoxfrex }jo} f}
pu}x xhjkkgx xquosegv fn hjosie kd }je mehfxfknx }jo}
oddeh} }eohjfni onm geosnfni.
Eggen Dkgev se}usnx yf}j o setfey kd yjo} khhussem
fn Ney Vksa Hf}v xhjkkgx ktes }je gox} }jsee veosx
dkggkyfni }je flpgelen}o}fkn kd x}umen},coxem
cumie}fni onm' xpehfhoggv' yjo} flpoh} }je sehexxfkn
onm }je xucxequen} cumie} hu}x jom kn }jfx
dunmfni dkslugo.
Ye hgkxe }je fxxue yf}j on os}fhge cv Noklf
Hogtk onm Aosen Joygev Lfgex kd ESX' yjk unmes,
xhkse }jo} hjonifni }je yov xhjkkgx ose dunmemneemx }k ce hkupgem yf}j sexkushe ffiezfcfgf}v' ohhkun},
ocfgf}v' onm hopohf}v cufgmfni dks psfnhfpogx yjo}
}jev hjosoh}esfre ox x}so}eifh mehen}sogfro}fkn dks
x}umen},coxem cumie}fni }k ce xuhhexxdug. ]jev pkfn}
ku} }jo} }je lkx} xfinfhon} gexxkn mesftem dskl }je
ESX Xullf} yox }jo} x}umen},coxem cumie}fni fx
seoggv ocku} jky nonhex hon ce ksionfrem oskunm
}je ohomelfh oienmo' so}jes }jon ocku} cumie}fni
pes xe. ]jev nk}e }jo} }jfx sequfsex psfnhfpogx yjk
anky jky }k ksionfre sexkushex }k eddeh}ftegv xuppks}
fnx}suh}fkn' cu} dey psfnhfpogx hussen}gv sehefte }jfx
}vpe kd }sofnfni. Hgeosgv' yf}jku} hopohf}v cufgmfni dks
xhjkkg HEKx' psfnhfpogx ykugm jote mfdhug}v hkpfni
yf}j }je x}suh}usog hjoniex sexug}fni dskl x}umen},
coxem cumie}fni.
Dks lkse fndkslo}fkn ocku} }je
Emuho}fkn Sexkushe X}so}eifex DofsX}umen}Dunmfni Xullf} onm }k mkyngkom }je
hkndesenhe pskheemfnix' pgeoxe xee
7yyy.esx}so}eifex.ksi+sexkushex+me}ofgx
+dofs[x}umen}[dunmfni[xullf}?>.
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PjfgfpIgkumelonx wT.U
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X}umen},coxem cumie}fni fx nk} o ponoheo.
Cu} dks}fem yf}j hsf}fhog xuppks}x xuhj ox hopohf}v
cufgmfni dks psfnhfpogx onm flpgelen}em ox pos}
kd o hklpsejenxfte mfx}sfh} }sonxdkslo}fkn' f} hon
psktfme }je dkunmo}fkn dks msolo}fh onm leonfnidug
sedkslx }jo} ifte ogg hjfgmsen fn o mfx}sfh} on equf}ocge
hjonhe }k lee} onm ezheem }je x}onmosmx ex}ocgfxjem
dks }jel.
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4 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
]en veosx oik' }je OnnencesiFnx}f}u}e dks Xhjkkg Sedksl gem }jefnf}fo}fte Xhjkkg Hkllunf}fex ]jo}
Yksa2 O No}fknog ]oxa Dkshe kn }je
Du}use kd Uscon Mfx}sfh}x' yjkxe
hjosie yox }k ezolfne }je pk}en}fog
skge dks mfx}sfh}x fn hseo}fni onm flpge,
len}fni uscon xhjkkg sedksl. ]je }oxa
dkshe metegkpem }je ney hknhep} kd oxlos} mfx}sfh} o jfij,pesdkslfni
hkllunf}v kd xhjkkgx }jo} ykugm
enxuse ck}j equf}v kd kppks}unf}v
onm jfij,geteg ohjfetelen} ohskxx ogg
iskupx kd x}umen}x. ]jfx hknhep} isey
dskl }je sehkinf}fkn }jo} }je xhjkkg
mfx}sfh}' yf}j ogg f}x }somf}fknog doug}x' fx
x}fgg }je kngv en}f}v }jo} jox }je pucgfh
lonmo}e }k emuho}e ogg o hkllunf}vx
hjfgmsen' }je pkyes }k lkcfgfre pucgfh
sexkushex' onm }je ohhkun}ocfgf}v }k }je
hkllunf}v }jo} ose neemem }k psktfme
jfij,quogf}v emuho}fkn o}xhoge. ]je ikog
kd emuho}fni ogghjfgmsen fn oggxhjkkgx
fnhgumfni }je gky,fnhkle' lfnksf}v
hjfgmsen yjk jote jfx}ksfhoggv ceen xk
unmes,xestem cv kus pucgfh emuho}fkn
xvx}el honnk} ce ohhklpgfxjem
yf}jku} o jfij,dunh}fknfni mfx}sfh}.?
]je yksa kd }je }oxa dkshe huglf,
no}em fn }je pucgfho}fkn fn 3003 kd }je
Pks}dkgfkdksMfx}sfh}Semexfin' o xe} kd
dsoleyksax' }kkgx' onm k}jes sexkushex
}k jegp mfx}sfh}x cufgm }je hopohf}v }k
cehkle xlos} mfx}sfh}x. Kne flpks,
}on} xeh}fkn kd }je Pks}dkgfkku}gfnemyjo} yox' o} }je }fle' o sego}ftegv ney
hknhep}2 x}umen},coxemcumie}fni' ogxk
sedessem }k ox yefij}emx}umen}dunmfni
ksdofsx}umen}dunmfni. ]jfx hknhep}
xestem ox o pkyesdug }kkg }k fmen}fdv
onm selemv dunmfni fnequf}fex yf}jfn o
mfx}sfh} *ox kppkxem }k ce}yeen mfx}sfh}x&
}jo} yese kd}en josm }k peshefte olkni
}je lug}fpge onm hknduxfni x}seolx kd
dunmfni }jo} hkn}sfcu}e }k xhjkkg cum,
ie}x. Aosen Joygev Lfgex kd Emuho}fkn
Sexkushe X}so}eifex onm Losiuesf}e
Skro' }jen on oxxfx}on} pskdexxks o} }je
Unftesxf}v kd Yoxjfni}kn' hkn}sfcu}em
EggenDkgevfx
oxxkhfo}emfseh}kskd
mfx}sfh}semexfinonm
geomesxjfpo}}je
OnnencesiFnx}f}u}e
dksXhjkkgSedksl.
AosenJoygevLfgexfx
psexfmen}onmezehu}fte
mfseh}kskdEmuho}fkn
SexkusheX}so}eifex.
Losiuesf}eSkrofx
xenfksmo}oonm
ehknklfhomtfxeso}
}jeCfgg$Legfnmo
Io}exDkunmo}fkn.
Equf}vonmX}umen},CoxemCumie}fni
Eggen Dkgev' Aosen Joygev Lfgex'onm Losiuesf}o Skro
X}umen},coxemcumie}fnihonunhktesjfmmenfnequf}fexfnomfx}sfh}xoggkho}fknkddunmx
olknixhjkkgxonmxesteoxoho}ogvx}dkscskomessedkslx}ksexpknm}kx}umen}neemx.
? ]je hknhep} kd o xlos} mfx}sfh} jox etkgtem
fn}k kus hussen} tfxfkn kd o xlos} emuho}fkn
xvx}el o jfij,dunh}fknfni mfx}sfh} fn pos}nes,xjfp yf}j hf}v oienhfex onm hkllunf}v onm hftfh
ksionfro}fknx }jo} psktfmex o ne}yksa kd xuppks}x
onm kppks}unf}fex }k psklk}e jfij,quogf}v
x}umen} geosnfni onm metegkplen} yjesetes f}
khhusx o} xhjkkg' o} jkle' onm fn }je hkllu,
nf}v. Dks lkse kn xlos} emuho}fkn xvx}elx' xee
7yyy.onnencesifnx}f}u}e.ksi+Tfxfkn+fnmez.pjp>.
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Dfsx} X}epx }k o Geteg Pgovfni Dfegm2
On Fn}skmuh}fkn }k X}umen},Coxem
Cumie}fni }k }je Pks}dkgfk.
Yete nky }oaen o dsexj gkka o}
}jo} xelfnog os}fhge dks }jfx fxxue kd
TkfhefnUsconEmuho}fkn' upmo}fni f}
yf}j gexxknx dskl neosgv o mehome kd
yksa x}umvfni fn}so,mfx}sfh} nonhe
onm x}umen},coxem cumie}fni. Lfgex
onm Skro' fn }je Pesxpeh}ftex xfmecosx
kn poiex : onm ?=' ogxk xjose }jefs
seffieh}fknx kn }je etkgu}fkn kd x}umen},
coxem cumie}fni xfnhe }je pucgfho}fkn
kd }je Pks}dkgfk.
Kd hkusxe' }je emuho}fkn gonmxhope
jox hjoniem msolo}fhoggv xfnhe 3003.
Mue fn pos} }k }je yksa kd kus }oxa
dkshe' lkse onm lkse xhjkgosx' psoh}f,
}fknesx' onm pkgfhv,loaesx ose dkhuxfni
kn }je skge kd hen}sog kdhex fn xup,
pks}fni xvx}elyfme sedksl. ]senmx }jo}
yese noxhen} o mehome oik }k mftesxfdv
onm elpkyes xhjkkgx }je hjos}es
xhjkkg lktelen}' xlogg,xhjkkgx
fnf}fo}ftex' onm pks}dkgfk,kd,xhjkkgx
oppskohjex' dks ezolpge ose fnhseox,
fnigv pos} kd }je x}onmosm kpeso}fni
pskhemusex fn xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x onm
hkllunf}fex. Lonv mfx}sfh}x jote ogxk
omkp}em lkse pkyesdug fndkslo}fkn
xvx}elx }jo} ifte }jel }je hopocfgf}v kd
ezolfnfni mo}o o} o luhj nes isofn'
mkyn }k }je sexpknxex kd fnmftfmuogx}umen}x kn dkslo}fte onm xullo}fte
oxxexxlen}x. ]jexe }senmx jote puxjem
lonv mfx}sfh}x }k tosv }je }somf}fknog
kne xfre }x ogg oppskohj onm ceifn
}k mepgkv sexkushex }k xeste x}umen}x
coxem kn }jefs xpehfh neemx.
]je fn}esex} fn x}umen},coxem
cumie}fni *XCC& fx o no}usog ku}isky}j
kd }jexe metegkplen}x. Yjfge }jese oseo nulces kd seoxknx mfx}sfh}x *ks x}o}ex'
dks }jo} lo}}es& lfij} fn}skmuhe o
yefij}em x}umen} dunmfni dkslugo' ye
dkhux jese kn o hen}sog hknhesn kd }je
Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}e2 equf}v.
Fnequf}fex Yf}jfn Mfx}sfh}x
Xkle kd }je jfmmen fnequf}fex fn
yf}jfn,mfx}sfh} dunmfni osfxe dskl }je
yov sexkushex ose oggkho}em }k xhjkkgx.
Lonv mfx}sfh}x uxe o dkslugo }k oppks,}fkn x}odd onm k}jes sexkushex }k xhjkkgx
coxem lofngv kn }je nulces kd pupfgx
fn }je xhjkkg' yf}j k}jes doh}ksx pgovfni
o gexxes skge *xee xfmecos' poie 6&.
]jexe x}onmosm psoh}fhex hon
sexug} fn tesv mfddesen} pes,pupfg mkggos
olkun}x fn mfddesen} xhjkkgx. Yjfge
}je fn}en} fx kd}en }k mfseh} sexkushex
}k jfijes,neemx x}umen}x onm xhjkkgx'o iskyfni ckmv kd sexeoshj xjkyx }jo}
}jexe psoh}fhex xjks}hjonie xhjkkgx
}jo} xeste gky,fnhkle x}umen}x onm
x}umen}x kd hkgks. Dks fnx}onhe' on
Emuho}fkn ]sux}Yex} *3005& sepks}
nk}em }jo} Hogfdksnfox xvx}el kd
cumie}fni }eohjes xogosfex senmesem
fntfxfcge
o loxxfte }sonxdes kd dunmx dskl
kus gexx,omton}oiem }k kus lkx},omton}oiem xhjkkgx. Ye lov xov }jo}
ye ose xpenmfni -4'456 pes x}umen}
fn o }vpfhog Hogfdksnfo xhjkkg mfx}sfh}'
cu} }je pes,x}umen} mkggosx }jo} ffiky
}k }jo} mfx}sfh} dks pkks' Go}fnk' onm
Odsfhon Olesfhon x}umen}x ose kd}en
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10/51
: OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
ikfni dksyosm' onm cumie} hu}x
kd}en psklp} hjoniex fn mfx}sf,cu}fknx kd dunmx ohskxx xhjkkgx.
Yjese mfx}sfh}x uxe x}umen},
coxem cumie}fni' geomesx hon ce
xuse }jo} }jefs hu}x jote ceen
mepgkvem dofsgv ohskxx xhjkkgx
onm x}umen} }vpex. Yjese'
jkyetes' hu}x ose lome pfehe,
leog hu}}fni o x}odd pkxf}fkn
jese ks }jese dskl mfddesen}
xhjkkgx }je kppkxf}e lfij}joppen. Hu}x }jo} xeel so}fknog
lov geote xhjkkgx kpeso}fni
yf}j tesv mfddesen} sexkushex.
So}jes }jon mepgkv hu}x fn }eslx
kd x}odd D]Ex"' XCC dkshex mehf,
xfknx }k ce lome fn }eslx kd
mkggosx' nk} bux} D]Ex' yjfhj hon
}jen oggky on jknex} hknxfmes,
o}fkn kd }somekddx.
aosenjoygevlfgex2 Yjen ye
ceion }jfx yksa' }je fmeo kd
mfx}sfh}x lonoifni pks}dkgfkx kd
xhjkkgx }jo} fnhgumem fn,mfx}sfh}
hjos}esx onm k}jes afnmx kd
xhjkkg mexfinx yox fn f}x fndonhv'
onm fnmepenmen} hjos}esx yese
bux} loafni o losa. Nky' lkx}
mfx}sfh}x jote xhjkkgx }jo} jote o
tosfe}v kd mfddesen} getegx kd
ffiezfcfgf}v' onm fnmepenmen}
hjos}esx ose xestfni gosie pes,hen}oiex kd x}umen} fn xkle
mfx}sfh}x. ]jfx }senm loaex setfx,
fni dunmfni xvx}elx }k oggkho}e
mkggosx fn yovx }jo} ombux} dofsgv
dks mfddesenhex fn x}umen} neem
eten lkse hsf}fhog.
]oafniomton}oiekdiseo}es
ffiezfcfgf}v}kfntex}fn}ehjnkgkiv
aosenjoygevlfgex2 Dey
mfx}sfh}x yese }ogafni ocku}
uncunmgfni fnx}suh}fkn yf}jfn
}je xhjkkg mov }k fnhgume kngfne
hkusxex ks }ehjnkgkiv ox on ofm
}k hkusxe megftesv' ox }jev ose
nky. ]jfx }senm loaex hkntes},fni dskl x}odd oggkho}fknx }k
mkggosx tesv flpks}on}' ox
xhjkkgx lfij} mehfme }k xpenm
xkle kd }jefs lknev kn ez}esnog
psktfmesx ks }ehjnkgkiv }k
kddes hes}ofn hkusxex ks psktfme
ensfhjlen}.
losiuesf}eskro2 Gkkafni
dksyosm' x}umen},coxem cumie},
fni loaex eten lkse xenxecehouxe cumie}fni fn }eslx kd
mkggosx *onm nk} bux} D]Ex& yfgg
oggky xhjkkgx onm mfx}sfh}x }k
}oae omton}oie kd }ehjnkgkifhog
fnnkto}fknx }jo} ose fnhseoxfnigv
otofgocge }k xhjkkgx. Yjese
dunmx ose megftesem kngv fn }eslx
kd D]Ex' }je dunmx hon} seomfgv
ce hkntes}em fn}k psklfxfni
}ehjnkgkifex ks xestfhex. Hkn,
xfmes' dks ezolpge' o metfhe }jo}
uxex on oto}os }k hkntes} xkunm
fn}k xfin goniuoie dks jeosfni
flpofsem x}umen}x *}jux egflf,
no}fni }je neem dks fn}espse}esx&.
Ox }jexe afnmx kd fnnkto}fknx
pkp up' ogg xhjkkgx yfgg neem }k
ce ocge }k uxe }jefs dunmx oppsk,
psfo}egv dks xuhj kp}fknx. Gkka,
fni dksyosm' equf}v yfgg neem }k
ce leoxusem fn }eslx kd mkggosx'nk} pushjoxem onm oxxfinem
x}odd' xfnhe xhjkkg sexkushex yfgg
fntkgte xk luhj lkse }jon bux}
}je x}odd.
Jkyjoxvkuspesxpeh}ftehjoniem
knx}umen},coxemcumie}fnionm
f}xpk}en}fog}kflpskteequf}v
xfnheyepucgfxjemDfsx}X}epx}k
oGetegPgovfniDfegmfn3003;
Jkyjotehjoniexfn}jeegmkd
emuho}fknsedksloddeh}emXCC
flpgelen}o}fkn;
XCCoxpos}kdohklpsejenxfte
sedkslx}so}eiv
aosenjoygevlfgex2 F unmes,x}onm lkse meepgv jky luhj
}je me}ofgx lo}}es onm }jo} XCC
lux} ce pos} kd o lkse hklpse,
jenxfte }sonxdkslo}fkn x}so}eiv.
Flpgelen}em ox o x}sfh}gv lo}j,
elo}fhog ezeshfxe yf}jku}
o}}enmfni }k hseo}fni ffiezfcfgf}v'
hopohf}v' onm ohhkun}ocfgf}v'
equf}v fn dunmfni ykn} jote
onv flpoh} kn equf}v kd ku},
hklex' yjfhj' kd hkusxe' fx yjo}ye ose od}es. ]je yjkge pkfn} kd
ie}}fni lkse sexkushex }k
xhjkkgx }jo} jote x}umen}x yf}j
iseo}es hjoggeniex onm oggkho}fni
mkggosx fnx}eom kd x}odd fx }k
elpkyes xhjkkg geomesx }k
ksionfre sexkushex fn ney yovx
}jo} ce}}es lee} x}umen} neemx.
]kk kd}en' psfnhfpogx hjonie
nk}jfni }jo} flpoh}x fnx}suh}fkncehouxe }jev jote nk tfxfkn kd
onk}jes yov }k mk }jfnix onm nk
jegp }k uxe }je ney mkggosx fn
yovx }jo} lo}}es lkx}.
Xuppks}fni}jefnhseoxfnigvhsf}fhog
neem}koggkho}ecumie}xdofsgv
losiuesf}eskro2 Lkse }jon
etes' mfx}sfh} geomesx neem }k ce
}jkuij}dug fn jky }jev mepgkv
}jefs mkggosx. Hussen} pskbeh}fknx
xuiiex} }jo} mfx}sfh}x yfgg jote
lkse hknx}sofnem sexkushex
PESXPEH]FTEX2 Yjo}joxhjoniem;
"D]E2dugg,}fleequftogen}'oyov
kdleoxusfnioggkho}fknxkdx}odd
}flee.i.'}ykjogd,}flepkxf,
}fknxykugmommup}kkneD]E
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
11/51
EggenDkgev'AosenJoygevLfgex'onmLosiuesf}eSkro wT.U
.E
.Dogg30?0 6
xpen} nk} kn }jel' cu} kn }jefs
lkse odffiuen} hkun}espos}x ohskxx
}kyn. ... Dks o x}umen} fn jfij xhjkkgx
xestfni lkx}gv Go}fnk onm Odsfhon
Olesfhon x}umen}x' }je ex}flo}em
otesoie }eohjes xogosv fx -='??6 gexxpes }eohjes }jon fn o jfij xhjkkg xest,
fni }je deyex} lfnksf}v x}umen}x. ...
Fd }jfx x}umen} o}}enmem }je xhjkkgx
xestfni }je jfijex} nulcesx kd Go}fnk
onm Odsfhon Olesfhon x}umen}x dskl
}je }fle kd afnmesios}en }jskuij jfij
xhjkkg' Hogfdksnfo yfgg jote xpen} o
}k}og kd -?93'434 gexx kn ogg kd jfx
}eohjesx *A?3& }jon kn }je A?3
}eohjesx fn xhjkkgx yf}j }je deyex}Go}fnk onm Odsfhon Olesfhon x}umen}x.
*pp. :' ?0&
Lkse ezolpgex ose psexen}em
fn Pkmex}o onm Cskyn 300:1 Lfgges
30?01 Lfgex onm Skro 30041 Cesne'
Sucenx}efn' onm X}fedeg ?66:1 onm Skro
onm Jfgg 300=.
Lonv kd }je mfddesenhex fn
}somf}fknoggv oggkho}em dunmfni hon ceo}}sfcu}em }k }jexe te oseox2
Xhjkkgxfre. Lkx} mfx}sfh}x oggkho}e
hes}ofn x}odd pkxf}fknx }k eohj
xhjkkg seiosmgexx kd xfre. ]jesedkse'
x}odni,coxem dkslugox }enm }k
ifte lkse sexkushex pes pupfg }k
xlogg xhjkkgx onm deyes sexkushex
}k gosie xhjkkgx. Dks ezolpge' etesv
egelen}osv xhjkkg lfij} ie} opsfnhfpog' o xehse}osv' onm o gfcsosfon
seiosmgexx kd jky lonv x}umen}x
o}}enm }je xhjkkg. Fd o xhjkkg jf}x
o hes}ofn enskgglen} }jsexjkgm'
f} lfij} sehefte ommf}fknog xup,
pks}' xuhj ox on oxxfx}on} psfnhfpog.
Lo}jelo}fhoggv' }jfx leonx }jo}
o xlogg xhjkkg seheftex lkse
mkggos sexkushex pes pupfg }k hktesf}x psfnhfpog }jon }je gosie xhjkkg
cehouxe }je hkx} kd }je psfnhfpog fx
mftfmem olkni deyes x}umen}x.
Loine}onmk}jesxpehfogpskisolx.
Xkle xhjkkgx sehefte ommf}fknog
x}odd }k flpgelen} mfx}sfh} psk,
isolx }jo} ose nk} mfx}sfcu}em
equoggv kn }je coxfx kd nulces ks
}vpex kd x}umen}x. Dks ezolpge'
fn xkle uscon mfx}sfh}x' loine}
xhjkkgx xhjkkgx yf}j on fmen}f,
ocge }jele ks oppskohj }k xhjkkg,
fni ie} lkse x}odd kn }kp kd
}je dkslugo oggkho}fkn }k xuppks}
f}x xpehfh mexfin. Dks ezolpge'
Lkn}exxksf xhjkkgx uxe }jefs x}odd
mfddesen}gv onm ose }jux dunmem
xeposo}egv' ku}xfme }je x}onmosm
dkslugo. Yf}j mfddesen} dkslugox'
JkyMfx}sfh}xOggkho}eSexkushex
]jese ose uxuoggv }jsee ho}eiksfex kd sexkushex fnhgumem fn
o }somf}fknog dunmfni dkslugo2
x}odd onm mkggosx }jo} tosv coxem kn }je nulces
kd x}umen}x1
x}odd etesv xhjkkg ie}x' seiosmgexx kd nulces kd x}umen}x
*dks ezolpge' etesv xhjkkg ie}x kne psfnhfpog&1
sexkushex }jo} tosv coxem kn mfddesenhex fn }je oie' xfre'
ks edhfenhv kd }je xhjkkg cufgmfni.
Kn }kp kd }jexe dkslugo,msften sexkushex' }je mfx}sfh}
}jen ommx x}odd pkxf}fknx onm mkggosx uxfni k}jes hsf}esfo. Dks
ezolpge' on os}x,dkhuxem xhjkkg mexfinem }k o}}soh} x}umen}x
dskl ogg ktes }je mfx}sfh} lfij} sehefte ommf}fknog dunmfni
}k xuppks} f}x pskisol. Ks o xhjkkg o}}elp}fni }k fn}eiso}e
xpehfog emuho}fkn x}umen}x fn}k seiugos hgoxxskklx lfij}
sehefte ez}so x}odd }k xuppks} f}x eddks}.
Od}es me}eslfnfni }je nulces kd pkxf}fknx onm k}jes
oggkho}fknx hoghugo}em kn }je coxe onm xpehfog hsf}esfo' }je
mfx}sfh} }jen ieneso}ex o mkggos cumie} cv lug}fpgvfni }je
nulces kd pkxf}fknx oggkho}em cv }je mfx}sfh}yfme otesoie
xogosv dks }jo} pkxf}fkn. ]je xhjkkg cumie} dks }eohjesx
ykugm }k}og }je nulces kd oggkho}em }eohjesx lug}fpgfem
cv }je otesoie }eohjes xogosv fn }je mfx}sfh}.
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
12/51
?0 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
lonv kd }jexe loine} xhjkkgx
jote ceen peslf}}em }k kpeso}e o}
luhj jfijes pes pupfg hkx}x }jon
}je mfx}sfh}x seiugos xhjkkgx.
Mfx}sfh},hkn}skggemsexkushexdks
xpehfogx}umen}pkpugo}fknx.Fn psk,
isolx dks xpehfog x}umen} pkpugo,
}fknx' xuhj ox xpehfog emuho}fkn ks
cfgfniuog pskisolx' mfx}sfh},geteg
mepos}len}x kd}en hkn}skg o gosie
pks}fkn kd x}odd onm dunmfni }jo} fx
nk} oggkho}em }k xhjkkgx coxem kn
}je nulces kd pupfgx.
Pjvxfhogpgon}mfddesenhex.Kpeso}fni
hkx}x tosv dskl xhjkkg }k xhjkkg
coxem kn }je xfre' oie' govku}' onm
mexfin kd }je xhjkkg dohfgf}fex.
]jexe doh}ksx ose nk} ogyovx
sego}em }k }je nulces kd x}umen}x'
onm }jev ose gosiegv ku}xfme }je
hkn}skg kd xhjkkg geomesx.
Ohhkun}fnipsoh}fhex. ]je hkllkn
psoh}fhe kd oggkho}fni pesxknneg
hkx}x kn }je coxfx kd otesoie
xogosfex sexug}x fn xenfksf}v,msften
fnequf}fex. O xhjkkg yf}j lkse
xenfks onm }jesedkse lkse
ezpenxfte }eohjesx ykugm
oh}uoggv sehefte lkse }eohjfni
mkggosx pes pupfg }jon kne yf}j
lkse bunfks }eohjesx. Cu} }jexe
nulcesx ose jfmmen eten lkse
meepgv' xfnhe kngv }je otesoie
xogosv nulcesx xjky fn cumie}
oggkho}fknx pes xhjkkg. Ox nk}em
fn }je os}fhge X}umen},Coxem
Cumie}fni fn ]kuij ]flex2 ]je
Ney Vksa Hf}v Ezpesfenhe fn }jfx
fxxue kdTkfhexfnUsconEmuho}fkn'
lkx} mfx}sfh}x' eten }jkxe }jo}
jote omkp}em yefij}em x}umen}
dunmfni' hkn}fnue }k uxe otesoie
}eohjes xogosv dks cumie}fni pus,
pkxex. ]je sexug} fn lkx} gkhogex fx
}jo} xpenmfni kn }eohjes xogosfex
fx fntesxegv pskpks}fknog }k x}umen}
pktes}v so}ex.
Jkyetes' nk} ogg kd }je mfddesenhex
fn fn}so,mfx}sfh} xhjkkg cumie}x hon
ce ezpgofnem cv }jexe te doh}ksx.
Lonv ose nk} ox so}fknog. Dks ezolpge'
fn o x}umv kd ]ezox xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x' kngv
88 peshen} kd }je tosfo}fkn fn pes pupfg
ezpenmf}use hkugm ce ezpgofnem cv
xhjkkg hjosoh}esfx}fhx *Skro e}. og 30091
Skro' Iufn $ Motfx 3009&.
DofsMkexn}NehexxosfgvLeonEquog
Iften }je lonv xkushex kd fnequf}v
ck}j ezpgofnem onm unezpgofnem
fnjesen} fn }somf}fknog xhjkkg dunmfni
dkslugox' yjo} ykugm ce dofs; ]jfx
quex}fkn fx hklpgez' eten yjen ye
dkhux kn nonhfog equf}v. Ox Lfgex onm
Skro *3004& ezpgofn' }jese ose lonv
doh}ksx xkle hkllkn xenxe onm
k}jesx }jo} lfij} ce ktesgkkaem }k
hknxfmes fn ksmes }k ommsexx equf}v2
Lonv x}umfex jote ohankygemiem }jo}
fntex}fio}fknx kd sexkushe mfx}sfcu}fknx
yf}jfn mfx}sfh}x lux} }oae fn}k ohhkun}
ck}j jksfrkn}og equf}v *equog }seo},
len} kd equog x}umen}x& onm tes}fhog
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EggenDkgev'AosenJoygevLfgex'onmLosiuesf}eSkro wT.U
.E
.Dogg30?0 ??
equf}v *sequfsfni jfijes xpenmfni
dks x}umen}x yf}j iseo}es neemx&. ...
Jkyetes' xkle sehen} yksa xuiiex}x
}jo} fntex}fio}fknx kd sexkushe equf}v
xjkugm ogxk hknxfmes }yk ommf}fknog
ho}eiksfex kd quex}fknx2 *o& }eohjesonm geomesxjfp hopohf}v' onm *c& }je
hklpkxf}fkn ks lfz kd }je xhjkkgx
x}umen} pkpugo}fkn. Eten yf}j }je
xole mkggos sexkushex' dks tosfkux
seoxknx xhjkkgx lfij} jote mfddesen}
ohhexx }k }ogen}em' jfij,pesdkslfni
}eohjesx onm psfnhfpogx. Xehknm'
xhjkkgx yf}j jfijes hknhen}so}fknx kd
jfij,neemx x}umen}x lov dohe mfddes,
en} hjoggeniex }jon xhjkkgx yf}j kngvo dey xuhj x}umen}x. *p. =4&
X}umen},coxem cumie}fni
dkslugox yjfhj oggkho}e oh}uog mkggosx
mfseh}gv }k xhjkkgx kn }je coxfx kd ck}j
}je nulces kd x}umen}x enskggem onm
yefij}x oxxfinem }k tosfkux ho}eiksfex
kd x}umen}x ommsexxex o} geox} }yk kd
}je }vpex kd equf}v fxxuex }jo} Lfgex
onm Skro fmen}fdv. Xfnhe ye sx} ysk}eocku} x}umen},coxem cumie}fni fn
3003' lonv mfx}sfh}x jote dkunm }jo}
lo}hjfni dunmfni }k }je xpehfh neemx
kd x}umen}x xuhj ox gky,fnhkle'
mfxocgem' ifd}em' tkho}fknog' ks cfgfniuog
psktfmex iseo}es ffiezfcfgf}v onm equf}v
o} }je xhjkkg geteg.
Fd equogf}v fx ocku} getegfni }je
pgovfni egm onm psktfmfni ogg x}umen}x}je xole kppks}unf}v' }jen yefij}fni
x}umen} dunmfni }k ohjfete }jfx ikog
hon ce hknxfmesem dofs' eten yjen f}
leonx }jo} xkle x}umen}x sehefte lkse
mkggosx }jon k}jesx. Equf}v oh}uoggv
sequfsexunequog pes pupfg xpenmfni.
]je mfddesenhe ce}yeen }je fneq,
uf}fex fn sexkushe mfx}sfcu}fkn }jo} hus,
sen}gv ezfx} yf}jfn lonv mfx}sfh}x onmfnequf}fex }jo} sexug} dskl flpgelen}fni
x}umen},coxem cumie}fni fx }jo} }je
go}}es ose msften cv x}umen} neemx onm
k}jes so}fknog doh}ksx' so}jes }jon cv
xflpge x}umen} enskgglen}' }somf}fkn'onm pkgf}fhx. Sexeoshjesx jote xjkyn
}jo} mfx}sfh}x }jo} lktem dskl }somf,
}fknog x}odd,coxem cumie}fni }k x}umen},
coxem cumie}fni lkmegx jom iseo}es
sexkushe equf}v olkni xhjkkgx yf}jfn
}je xole mfx}sfh}x *Xee' dks ezolpge'
Lfgex $ Skro 30041 Hjolcesx e}. og
300:&. Lonv mfxposo}e iskupx xuppks}
x}umen},coxem cumie}fni *Jkdd 3004&'fnhgumfni }je No}fknog Emuho}fkn
Oxxkhfo}fkn *Pe}ak 3005&' }je Hen}es
dks Olesfhon Pskisexx' onm }je ]jklox
C. Dksmjol Dkunmo}fkn *]jklox C.
Dksmjol Fnx}f}u}e 3004&.
JkyMkVkuYefij}X}umen}x
Equf}ocgv;
]je yefij}x uxem fn x}umen},coxem
cumie}fni ose hsf}fhog. Jky luhj lkse
mkex f} hkx} }k emuho}e }jo} Enigfxj
goniuoie geosnes' ks }jo} x}umen} yf}j
xpehfog neemx' ks }jo} ifd}em onm }ogen}em
x}umen}; Jky mk mfx}sfh}x me}eslfne
}je oppskpsfo}e coxe olkun};
Eten yf}j }je xole mkggos sexkushex'dks tosfkux seoxknx xhjkkgx lfij}
jote mfddesen} ohhexx }k }ogen}em'
jfij,pesdkslfni }eohjesx onm
psfnhfpogx. Xehknm' xhjkkgx yf}j jfijes
hknhen}so}fknx kd jfij,neemx x}umen}x
lov dohe mfddesen} hjoggeniex }jon
xhjkkgx yf}j kngv o dey xuhj x}umen}x.
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
14/51
?3 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
]jexe ose nk} eoxv quex}fknx }k
onxyes' cu} nky }jo} lonv gosie uscon
mfx}sfh}x Ney Vksa Hf}v' Jkux}kn' Gkx
Oniegex' Cog}flkse' onm Pjfgomegpjfo'
}k nole o dey jote }sonxf}fknem }k
x}umen},coxem cumie}fni' }jese ose
xkle ezolpgex }jo} hon ce x}umfem.Emuho}fkn Sexkushe X}so}eifex sehen}gv
pucgfxjem }je dkunmo}fkn olkun}x onm
yefij}x uxem cv te mfx}sfh}x. Yefij}x
dks pktes}v' dks ezolpge' soniem dskl
on ommf}fknog 6 peshen} ktes }je coxe
olkun} }k 3= peshen} ktes }je coxe
olkun}. ]je sonie fn yefij}x dks
Enigfxj goniuoie geosnesx yox gosies'
dskl o gky kd ?0 peshen} ktes }jecoxe dunmx }k o jfij kd 50 peshen} ktes
coxe *Emuho}fkn Sexkushe X}so}eifex
30?0&. Ose }jexe yefij}x }kk gky' }kk
jfij' ks bux} sfij}; Ye mkn} jote xkgfm
mo}o }k onxyes }jo} quex}fkn.
Leonyjfge' mfx}sfh}x }jo} uxe
}somf}fknog cumie}fni le}jkmx mk
psktfme ommf}fknog dunmfni dks x}umen}x
yf}j pos}fhugos hjosoh}esfx}fhx. ]je
mfddesenhe fx }jo} }je yefij}x }jev
uxe ose flpgfhf}' so}jes }jon ezpgfhf}.
Yjen mfx}sfh}x flpgfhf} yefij}x
yese hoghugo}em dks mfddesen} iskupx
kd x}umen}x' sexeoshjesx dkunm soniex
}jo} yese ez}sele onm meem gkifh. Fn
}en mfx}sfh}x' tkho}fknog emuho}fkn yox
dunmem o} 0.?9 }k ?.9? }flex }je coxe'
yf}j o lemfon kd 0.=8 *Skro' Iufn $
Motfx 3009' p. ?9&. ]je sonie fn yefij}x
yox luhj jfijes olkni xhjkkgx yf}jfn
o mfx}sfh} }jon ce}yeen mfx}sfh}x2
]je sonie dks cfgfniuog emuho}fkn' dks
fnx}onhe' yox ce}yeen 0.=0 onm =.59
Q}flex }je coxe\. Flpgfhf} pktes}v
yefij}x fn xkle xhjkkgx yese lkse
}jon }en }flex }je flpgfhf} yefij}x
fn k}jes xhjkkgx. *Skro' Iufn $ Motfx
3009' p. 30&
F} fx mkuc}dug }jo} }jfx yfme soniefn flpgfhf} yefij}x oh}uoggv seffieh}x }je
psfksf}fex ks pgonx kd }je geomesxjfp kd
}jkxe xhjkkgx onm mfx}sfh}x. Cu} }su}j ce
}kgm' }jese fx nk hknten}fknog yfxmkl
ocku} }je sfij} xe} kd yefij}x }k uxe fn
x}umen},coxem cumie}fni ef}jes. Jky,
etes' }je omton}oie }k x}umen},coxem
cumie}fni fx }jo} f} loaex fntex}len}x
fn x}umen}x yf}j tosfkux hjosoh}esfx}fhxezpgfhf}' so}jes }jon flpgfhf}. Ye yfgg
kngv }sugv ceifn }k unmesx}onm yjo} f}
}oaex }k emuho}e x}umen}x yf}j tosvfni
neemx yjen ye }sv }k mk f} yf}j
dunmfni le}jkmx }jo} ose }sonxposen}
onm hgeos. Psktfmfni ezolpgex kd dunm,
fni xhjelex }jo} hon ce x}umfem' onm
eten}uoggv sego}em }k x}umen} ku}hklex'
fx onk}jes yov }jo} x}umen},coxemcumie}fni psklk}ex equf}v.
Yjen ye mfxhuxx sexkushe equf}v' ye
ose }ogafni ocku} jky ezfx}fni dunmx
ose mfx}sfcu}em olkni xhjkkgx onm
x}umen}x kd tosvfni hjosoh}esfx}fhx.
F} fx flpks}on} }k mk }jo} dofsgv. Cu}bux} ox flpks}on} fx oxxusfni }jo} }jese
ose omequo}e sexkushex }k emuho}e ogg
}jkxe x}umen}x.
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
15/51
EggenDkgev'AosenJoygevLfgex'onmLosiuesf}eSkro wT.U
.E
.Dogg30?0 ?8
Equf}v Fx Bux} Kneolkni Lonv SeoxknxMfx}sfh}x Jote Omkp}emX}umen},Coxem Cumie}fni
Fn uscon mfx}sfh}x }jo} jote omkp}emx}umen},coxem cumie}fni' equf}v yox
kngv pos} kd }je so}fknoge dks lktfni
oyov dskl }je hussen} dunmfni dkslu,
gox onm }kyosm lkse ffiezfcge x}umen},
coxem cumie}fni dkslugox. ]jkuij
og}esfni }je lehjonfhx kd dunmfni
dkslugox lov xkunm gfae o }ehjnfhogf}v
ce}}es jonmgem cv nonhe mepos}len}x'
mfx}sfh}x }jo} jote ezolfnem }je me}ofgx
kd }jefs dunmfni xvx}elx jote mfxhkt,
esem }jo} f} xestex ox o ho}ogvx} dks dos,
seohjfni sedkslx }jo} fnhseoxe xhjkkg
ohhkun}ocfgf}v dks x}umen} sexug}x ox yegg
ox xhjkkg onm mfx}sfh} nonhfog ffiezfcfgf}v.
]yk os}fhgex fn }jfx fxxue kdTkfhexfn
UsconEmuho}fkn kne cv Boxkn Yfggfx
onm Lo}} Jfgg onm }je k}jes cv Noklf
Hogtk onm Aosen Joygev Lfgex ck}j
}kuhj kn }jfx }kpfh.
X}umen},coxem cumie}fni onm
iseo}es ffiezfcfgf}v dks xhjkkgx neem nk}
ce hkupgem *og}jkuij uxuoggv }jev
ose&. F} fx pkxxfcge }k sex}suh}use oggkho,
}fknx uxfni yefij}em x}umen} dunmfni
cu} x}fgg jote mehfxfknx lome hen}soggv
ocku} jky }jkxe dunmx ie} uxem.
Cu} iseo}es ffiezfcfgf}v fn sexkushe
oggkho}fkn' yjen f} yksax ox f} xjkugm'
oggkyx mfx}sfh}x onm expehfoggv xhjkkgx
}k mehfme jky cex} }k flpskte }jefs
pos}fhugos x}umen}x ohomelfh sexug}x.
Ye anky dskl xkle mfx}sfh}x ezpesf,
enhe yf}j xhjkkg,coxem mehfxfkn loafni
}jo} lktfni }je gkhux kd hkn}skg fx nk
iuoson}ee }jo} }je hjkfhex }jelxegtex
yfgg ce ce}}es. Ikkm mehfxfknx sequfse
o hkse kd hopocge geomesx onm }eohjesxo} }je cufgmfni geteg. Metegkpfni }jkxe
hopocfgf}fex onm meogfni yf}j xhjkkgx
uneten xafgg fn }oafni omton}oie kd
neydkunm dseemklx fx ox flpks}on} ox
flpgelen}fni }je equf}ocge xvx}el
f}xegd. K}jesyfxe' cufgmfni lkse
ffiezfcfgf}v fn}k sexkushe oggkho}fkn yfgg
xflpgv sefndkshe ezfx}fni fnequf}fex
onm xe} xhjkkgx up dks dofguse.
Equf}v Fx Nk} OmequohvYjen ye mfxhuxx sexkushe equf}v' ye
ose }ogafni ocku} jky ezfx}fni dunmx
ose mfx}sfcu}em olkni xhjkkgx onm
x}umen}x kd tosvfni hjosoh}esfx}fhx.
F} fx flpks}on} }k mk }jo} dofsgv. Cu}
bux} ox flpks}on} fx oxxusfni }jo} }jese
ose omequo}e sexkushex }k emuho}e ogg
}jkxe x}umen}x.
Fn o meco}e ocku} }je ]jkloxC. Dksmjol Fnx}f}u}e *3004& sepks}
Dunm}jeHjfgm2]ohagfniFnequf}v$
On}fquf}vfnXhjkkgDfnonhe' Lfhjoeg
Secegg' }jen ezehu}fte mfseh}ks kd }je
Holpofin dks Dfxhog Equf}v' nk}em }jo}
xuhj dkslugox mk nk} ommsexx }je
olkun} kd dunmx hklfni fn}k o xhjkkg
mfx}sfh} *Hen}es dks Olesfhon Pskisexx
3004&. Fl ogg dks equf}ocge yovx kdmfx}sfcu}fni lknev knhe vkute ik} o
dofs olkun} kd lknev fn }je mfx}sfh}'
je xofm. ]jen ye hon }oga ocku} equf,
}ocge yovx kd mfx}sfcu}fni f}. Je nk}em
}jo} lkx} mfx}sfh}x fn }jfx hkun}sv ose
unmesdunmem' expehfoggv yjen yese
}ogafni ocku} }je neemx kd pkks onm
lfnksf}v afmx. Xk vkuse seoggv }ogafni
ocku} mftfmfni up }je xhsopx o} }je}ocge. Secegg ogxk sofxem quex}fknx ocku}
yje}jes x}umen},coxem cumie}fni yox
o xlkaexhseen fn}enmem psflosfgv
}k loae f} eoxfes }k uxe dunmfni }k
xuppks} hjos}esx onm tkuhjes xhjkkgx.
Onm yjfge yf}jfn,mfx}sfh}fnequf}fex
fn }je mfx}sfcu}fkn kd sexkushex lux}
ce ommsexxem' ye xjkugm nk} dksie}
ocku} x}fgg,gosie ce}yeen,mfx}sfh}dunmfnimfxposf}fex. X}o}e dunmfni sedkslx jote
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
16/51
?= OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
xhjkkg x}odni *pesjopx uxfni
pos},}fle x}odd' semenfni kshklcfnfni skgex' e}h.& ks loae
pgonx }k hgkxe }je xhjkkg.
]je pskcgel' jkyetes' fx
}jo} mfx}sfh}x ose kd}en unyfggfni
}k mk ef}jes' kd}en megovfni o
xhjkkg hgkxuse dks veosx' jkpfni
}jo} enskgglen} hklex coha.
Musfni }je fn}esfl' }je mfx}sfh}
dunnegx ez}so dunmx ku}xfme }je
XCC dkslugo }k }je xhjkkg }koggky }je xhjkkg }k hkn}fnue kn
yf}j o lfz kd x}odd f} hon} oddksm
kn XCC dunmx ogkne. ]jexe
ez}so dunmx leon }jese ose deyes
dunmx }k pu} fn}k }je XCC
dkslugo' geotfni xkle mfx}sfh}
geomesx yf}j }je flpsexxfkn }jo}
}je XCC dkslugo fxn} yksafni'
yjen }je seog hugpsf} lfij} ce
}je mfx}sfh}x unyfggfninexx }kommsexx }jefs unmes,enskggem
xhjkkgx. Dks XCC }k selofn
jeog}jv' pos}fhugosgv fn o mfx}sfh}
yjese hjkfhe msftex enskgglen}
po}}esnx' mfx}sfh} geomesx neem }k
pskoh}ftegv ommsexx xhjkkgx yf}j
mehgfnfni enskgglen}.
Sopfmgvmehgfnfnicumie}xonm
xjsfnafnixjosexkddunmxoggkho}em
}kxhjkkgx
aosenjoygevlfgex2
F mfmn} on}fhfpo}e jky hjoggeni,
fni f} ykugm ce }k lofn}ofn XCC
fn }je hkn}ez} kd tesv gky ks
sopfmgv mehgfnfni cumie}x expe,
hfoggv fn hf}fex yf}j xlogg xhjkkgx.
Yjen ktesogg dunmfni getegx ose
xk gky }jo} xhjkkgx xflpgv hon}
oddksm }jfnix }jo} jote }somf}fkn,oggv ceen pos} kd }jefs cumie}x'
gfae gfcsosfonx' os}' luxfh' onm
pjvxfhog emuho}fkn }eohjesx'
yf}jku} sofxfni jkleskkl
hgoxx xfrex ockte hkn}soh}em
lozflulx' }jfx hoggx }je yjkge
xvx}el fn}k quex}fkn. Fsknfhoggv'}je sexpknxe fn Xeo}}ge onm
Hfnhfnno}f yox }k hogg o jog} }k
XCC fn }je nole kd equf}v. ]je
fxxue yoxn} equf}v fn mkggosx' cu}
equf}v fn pskisol kddesfnix.
Gkni,}esl' F jkpe }jexe
mfx}sfh}x mkn} x}kp jese. ]je fmeo
kd XCC fx }jo} f} yfgg xusdohe }jexe
fxxuex onm xpus mfx}sfh}x onm
xhjkkgx }k }oae oh}fknx }jo} uxemkggosx megfceso}egv onm x}so}eif,
hoggv. Fn }jfx hoxe' }je sequfse,
len} }k dunm xlogg xhjkkgx o} o
jfijes geteg hkugm jote gem }k }je
mfx}sfh} mehfmfni }k sehkniuse ks
hgkxe xkle xlogg xhjkkgx }k }oae
omton}oie kd xhoge ks }k ezpgkse
mfddesen} yovx kd hklcfnfni
sexkushex }k ohhklpgfxj }je
xole ikogx pesjopx cv hkn,}soh}fni ku} dks os}' luxfh' onm
pjvxfhog emuho}fkn ks cv hjoni,
fni oxxulp}fknx fn k}jes oseox.
losiuesf}eskro2
Kne kd }je cfi hknhesnx Fte jom
fn yo}hjfni mfx}sfh}x flpgelen}
XCC fx }je pks}fkn kd }je }k}og
cumie} pu} fn }je dkslugo.
Mfx}sfh}x }enm }k pu} o cf} lkse
}jon jogd kd }jefs dunmx fn }jedkslugo' leonfni }jo} }jev ose
oggkho}fni xkle 50 }k 40 peshen}
kd }jefs }k}og kpeso}fni cumie}
mfseh}gv ku} }k xhjkkgx. O pskc,
gel osfxex yjen o mfx}sfh}x geom,
esx hjkkxe }k jkgm lkse dunmx
coha onm oggkho}e gexx ku} }k
xhjkkgx. Xhjkkg geomesx sfij}duggv
osiue }jo} }jev hon} xustfte kn
}jefs xjose kd }je dunmx' onmxkle cgole }je XCC' nk} }je
xjose oggkho}em. Fn o dey mfx}sfh}x'
}jfx pskcgel jox xestem }k soggv
xhjkkg geomesx oiofnx} XCC.
Oxlksemfx}sfh}xjoteflpge,
len}emx}umen},coxemcumie}fni'joxf}gftemup}k}je}oxadkshex
ezpeh}o}fknxdksf}xpk}en}fog}k
fnhseoxeequf}v;Yjo}aevfxxuexks
hknhesnxmfmn)}vkuon}fhfpo}eo
mehomeoik;
Dos,cegky,isome,getegx}umen}x
aosenjoygevlfgex2
O cfi fxxue F jomn} duggv unmes,
x}kkm yox }jo} }je x}onmosmho}eiksfex uxem dks yefij}fni
mkggosx pktes}v' xpehfog emuho,
}fkn ks EGG x}o}ux' ifd}em' onm
isome geteg lfxx on flpks}on}
ho}eiksv kd neem2 x}umen}x yjk
dogg xfinfhon}gv cejfnm isome
geteg cv }je }fle }jev ie} }k lfm,
mge onm jfij xhjkkgx. O x}umen}
gftfni fn pktes}v yjk fx kn ks
neos isome geteg sequfsex deyessexkushex }k lee} x}onmosmx }jon
kne yjk fx }jsee isome getegx
cejfnm. Yf}jku} o yefij}fni }jo}
xklejky hop}usex }jfx' }je kngv
yov }jo} o xhjkkg hon ie} lkse
sexkushex }k ohhegeso}e geosnfni fx
}k hgoxxfdv o x}umen} ox sequfsfni
xpehfog emuho}fkn xestfhex
yjfhj' kd hkusxe' jox f}x kyn
neio}fte hknxequenhex.
Mehgfnfnienskgglen}
losiuesf}eskro2
]je jonmgfni kd xhjkkgx yf}j
mehgfnfni enskgglen} jox ceen o
lobks pskcgel. Yjen on ege,
len}osv xhjkkgx enskgglen}
mskpx unmes 350 x}umen}x *ks xov'
=00 dks jfij xhjkkgx&' }je }k}og
sexkushex mskp enkuij }jo} }jeseosen} enkuij dunmx dks o }vpfhog
lfz kd x}odd. O} }jfx pkfn}' o mfx}sfh}
xjkugm lkte dksyosm yf}j kne kd
}yk kp}fknx2 ef}jes semexfin }je
PESXPEH]FTEX2Joxx}umen},coxemcumie}fnigftemup}k}je
ezpeh}o}fknxkdomehomeoik;
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
17/51
EggenDkgev'AosenJoygevLfgex'onmLosiuesf}eSkro wT.U
.E
.Dogg30?0 ?5
nk} duggv ommsexxem }jexe fnequf}fex onm
lux} ommsexx }je omequohv quex}fkn
sofxem cv Secegg ockte. Ox ye hknhgumem
yjen ye sx} ommsexxem }jfx }kpfh fn
3003' equf}ocge ohhexx }k sexkushex
fx kne fnisemfen} dks psklk}fni jfij
x}umen} ohjfetelen} onm equf}v yf}jfn
uscon mfx}sfh}x' cu} f} fx nk} o ponoheo.
Kd hkusxe' }je equf}v' ou}knklv'
onm }sonxposenhv }jo} x}umen},coxem
cumie}fni hon psktfme mk nk} ou}klo}f,
hoggv loae xhjkkgx onm mfx}sfh}x ce}}es.
]je ug}flo}e xuhhexx ks dofguse kd uscon
mfx}sfh}x fx x}fgg fnez}sfhocgv hknneh}em
}k }jefs ocfgf}v }k cufgm onm lkcfgfre
}je hopohf}v kd }eohjesx' psfnhfpogx' onm
k}jes aev omug}x }k xuppks} x}umen}x
geosnfni onm metegkplen}.
Jkyetes' yf}j }je nehexxosv
xuppks}x' x}umen},coxem cumie}fni hon
ce kne cufgmfni cgkha kd o pkyesdug
xvx}elfh sedksl fnf}fo}fte cv equf}ocgv
mfx}sfcu}fni sexkushex xk }jo} ogg
hjfgmsen fn }je en}fse mfx}sfh} jote o
dofs hjonhe }k lee} }je hjoggenifni
x}onmosmx }jev mexeste }k ce jegm }k.
Sedesenhex
Cesne' S.' S. Sucenx}efn' onm G. X}fedeg. ?66:.
Fn}so,mfx}sfh} Equf}v fn Dkus Gosie Hf}fex2 Mo}o'
Le}jkmx' onm Sexug}x' BkusnogkdEmuho}fkn
Dfnonhe' nk. 382==9=49.
Hen}es dks Olesfhon Pskisexx. 3004.Dunm }je
Hjfgm2 O Meco}e kn Yefij}em X}umen} Dkslugo
Yfgg F} Yksa onm Hon Ye Mk F}; Poneg o} }je
Hen}es dks Olesfhon Pskisexx fn Yoxjfni}kn' MH.
Mkyngkomocge PMD2 7yyy.olesfhonpskisexx.ksi
+eten}x+3004+6+dunm[}je[hjfgm[}sonxhsfp}.pmd>
Hjolcesx' B.' G. Xjolcouij' B. Getfn' L. Lusoaf'
onm G. Pkgonm. 300:. O]ogekd]ykMfx}sfh}x2O
Hklposo}fteX}umvkdX}umen},CoxemDunmfnionm
Xhjkkg,CoxemMehfxfknLoafnifnXonDsonhfxhkonm
KoagonmUnfemXhjkkgMfx}sfh}x. Yoxjfni}kn' MH2
Olesfhon Fnx}f}u}ex dks Sexeoshj. Mkyngkomocge
PMD2 7yyy.ofs.ksi+gex+O[]oge[kd[]yk[Mfx}sfh}x
[Dfnog.pmd>
Emuho}fkn Sexkushe X}so}eifex. 30?0. DofsX}umen}
DunmfniXullf}2HkndesenhePskheemfnixonm
Sehkllenmo}fknxdksOh}fkn. Yo}es}kyn' LO2
Emuho}fkn Sexkushe X}so}eifex.
Equf}ocge ohhexx }k sexkushex fx kne
fnisemfen} dks psklk}fni jfij x}umen}
ohjfetelen} onm equf}v yf}jfn uscon
mfx}sfh}x' cu} f} fx nk} o ponoheo.
Emuho}fkn ]sux}Yex}. 3005. HogfdksnfoxJfmmen
]eohjesXpenmfniIop2JkyX}o}eonmMfx}sfh}
Cumie}fniPsoh}fhexXjks}hjoniePkksonmLfnksf}v
X}umen}xonm]jefsXhjkkgx. Koagonm' HO2 Emuho}fkn
]sux}Yex}.
Jkdd' M. B. 3004. Hogg dks Yefij}em X}umen}
Dunmfni Ie}x Cfpos}fxon X}olp kd Oppsktog'
Emuho}fknYeea*Bugv ?3&.
Lfgex' A. J.' onm L. Skro. 3004. Unmesx}onmfni
X}umen},Yefij}em Oggkho}fkn ox o Leonx }k
Iseo}es Xhjkkg Sexkushe Equf}v' PeockmvBkusnog
kdEmuho}fkn :?' nk. 828643.
Lfgges' S. 30?0. Hklposocge'Xhjlklposocge2
EtfmenhekdFnequf}vfn}jeOggkho}fknkdDunmxdks
]eohjesXogosvYf}jfnHogfdksnfoxPucgfhXhjkkg
Mfx}sfh}x. Yoxjfni}kn' MH2 Hen}es dks Olesfhon
Pskisexx.
Pe}ak' L. 3005. Yefij}emX}umen}Dkslugo*YXD&2
Yjo}FxF}onmJkyMkexF}Flpoh}GosieUscon
Mfx}sfh}x;Yoxjfni}kn' MH2 No}fknog Emuho}fkn
Dkunmo}fkn.
Pkmex}o' B.' onm H. Cskyn. 300:. EnxusfniEquog
Kppks}unf}vfnPucgfhEmuho}fkn2JkyGkhogXhjkkg
Mfx}sfh}DunmfniPsoh}fhexJus}Mfxomton}oiem
X}umen}xonmYjo}DemesogPkgfhvHonMkOcku}F}.
Yoxjfni}kn' MH2 Hen}es dks Olesfhon Pskisexx.
Skxe' J.' B. Xknx}egfe' onm S. Sefnjosm. 3004.
XhjkkgSexkushexonmOhomelfhX}onmosmxfn
Hogfdksnfo2Gexxknxdskl}jeXhjkkgjkuxe. Xon
Dsonhfxhk' HO2 Pucgfh Pkgfhv Fnx}f}u}e kd Hogfdksnfo.
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8/3/2019 Student-Based Budgeting - Annenberg Institute for School Reform
18/51
?4 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
Skro' L. 300:. Oggkho}fknOno}klv2JkyMfx}sfh}
Pkgfhfex}jo}MepgkvSexkushexHonXuppks}*ks
Unmeslfne&Mfx}sfh}SedkslX}so}eifex. Xeo}}ge'
YO2 Hen}es dks Sefnten}fni Pucgfh Emuho}fkn'
Unftesxf}v kd Yoxjfni}kn.
Skro' L.' A. Iufn' onm ]. Motfx. 3009. Yjo}fx}je
Xulkd}jePos}x;JkyDemesog'X}o}e'onmMfx}sfh}DunmfniX}seolxHkndkunmEddks}x}kOmmsexx
Mfddesen}X}umen}]vpex. Yksafni Popes 6. Xeo}}ge'
YO2 Hen}es kn Sefnten}fni Pucgfh Emuho}fkn'
Unftesxf}v kd Yoxjfni}kn.
Skro' L.' A. Iufn' C. Iskxx' onm X. Mecusiklox}es.
3009. Mk Mfx}sfh}x Dunm Xhjkkgx Dofsgv; Fn
]ezox' Mfddesenhex Ose Gosies yf}jfn Mfx}sfh}x
}jon Ce}yeen' Emuho}fknNez}*Dogg&.
Skro' L.' onm P. Jfgg. 300=. Jky Yf}jfn Mfx}sfh}
Xpenmfni Fnequf}fex Jegp Xkle Xhjkkgx }k Dofg'
pp. 30?30:. FnCskkafnixPopesxknEmuho}fkn
Pkgfhv2300=' emf}em cv M. Sotf}hj. Yoxjfni}kn'MH2 Cskkafnix Fnx}f}u}e Psexx.
]jklox C. Dksmjol Fnx}f}u}e. 3004. Dunm}je
Hjfgm2]ohagfniFnequf}vonmOn}fquf}vfnXhjkkg
Dfnonhe. Yoxjfni}kn' MH2 ]jklox C. Dksmjol
Fnx}f}u}e. Mkyngkomocge PMD2 7yyy.emezheggenhe.
ne}+mkh+Dunm}jeHjfgm043904.pmd>
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Fn 3009' Koagonm Unfem XhjkkgMfx}sfh} yox fn }je lfmmge kd }sonxdksl,fni f}xegd }k ce}}es lee} }je neemx kd f}x
x}umen}x' onm ck}j kd ux Q}je ou}jksx\
yese fn }je jeos} kd f} ogg. Ye eohj
hole }k Koagonm dskl ksionfro}fknx
}jo} yese ku}xfme kd uscon emuho}fkn.
Kne kd ux QLo}}\ jom o cohaiskunm fn
pskhexx flpsktelen}' losae}fni' onmx}so}eiv' onm }je k}jes QBoxkn\ jom o
cohaiskunm fn sexeoshj onm pskmuh}
lonoielen}. Ye yese ck}j }sofnem }k
nm ku} yjo} }je hux}kles neemx onm
}k megftes }jo} xkgu}fkn }k jfl ks jes1
}je nulces kne suge fx }je hux}kles fx
ogyovx sfij}. Undks}uno}egv' fn emuho,
}fkn' ye kd}en gkxe xfij} kd yjk }je
hux}kles fx. Ye ie} ckiiem mkyn fn}je hklpgezf}v kd }je xvx}el' onm ye
deeg }jo} ye lux} lee} }je neemx kd
etesvkne egxe cedkse ye lee} }je neemx
kd }je x}umen}x onm }je xhjkkgx.
Ohskxx mehomex kd uscon xhjkkg
sedksl' lonv sexeoshjesx onm kcxest,
esx jote nk}em }jo} mexpf}e }je xjees
nulces kd sedksl oienmox fn}skmuhem
onm flpgelen}em fn}k xhjkkg xvx}elx'
}jese jox ceen gf}}ge }k nk ocfgf}v dks }je
sedkslx }k }oae jkgm onm hseo}e leon,
fnidug iofnx fn x}umen} ohjfetelen}
*Csva e} og. ?6681 Jexx ?6691 Gee $
Xlf}j ?66=&. ]je }vpfhog ksionfro}fkn kd
on uscon xhjkkg mfx}sfh}' yjfhj fnhgumex
}kp,mkyn lonoielen}' hklpgfonhe,
dkhuxem mepos}len}x' onm kne,xfre,
}x,ogg hjonie eddks}x' ose }je cohamskp
dks luhj kd }je hjonie eddks}x fnf}fo}em
fn uscon xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x fn }je pox}
}jo} jote ceen unocge }k pskmuhe
xux}ofnocge sexug}x.
Fn hkn}sox}' o yefij}em x}umen}dunmfni *YXD& xvx}el jegpx mfx}sfh}x
aeep xfij} kd }je hux}kles. F} xuiiex}x
}jo} metkgtfni sexkushex' onm }jesecv'
ou}jksf}v' }k xhjkkg hkllun}fex
elpkyesx ce}}es mehfxfknx onm
sexkushe hkniuso}fknx dks x}umen}x.
]je oggkho}fkn kd sexkushex }jesedkse
cehklex pk}en}foggv lkse xux}ofnocge
onm dkhuxem ktes }fle. ]jfx xjfd} fn
sexkushe oggkho}fkn mehfxfknx fn}skmuhex
o ney mvnolfh ce}yeen }je hen}sog
kdhe onm xhjkkgx onm ug}flo}egv govx
}je iskunmyksa dks hjoniex egxeyjese
fn }je ksionfro}fkn *Hjolcesx e} og.
300:&. Yjese o pos}fhugos mepos}len}
lov jote ceen xo}fxem yf}j enxusfni
}jo} xhjkkgx ose hklpgvfni yf}j x}o}e
ks demesog iufmegfnex' }jfx fx nk gknies
xudhfen}' ox }je melonm dskl xhjkkgx
lov hogg dks ommf}fknog hgosf}v oskunm
pgonnfni dks }je uxe kd sexkushex.
BoxknYfggfxfx
hjfednonhfogkdhes
kd}jeX}kha}kn
QHogfdksnfo\Unfem
XhjkkgMfx}sfh}.Lo}}
Jfggfxomlfnfx}so}fte
kdhesfn}jeKdhe
kd}jeXupesfn}enmen}'
GkxOniegexUnfem
XhjkkgMfx}sfh}.
Cumie}fni}kXuppks}X}umen}Ohjfetelen}2NeyX}so}eifexdksHen}sogKdhe
Boxkn Yfggfx onm Lo}} Jfgg
Koagonmxezpesfenhexjkyx}jo}yefij}emx}umen}dunmfnihonjegphen}sogkdhexxjfd}
}jefsdkhuxdsklhklpgfonhe}kiftfnipsfnhfpogx}jeleonx}klee}}jefsx}umen}xneemx.
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?: OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
Ney X}so}eifex dks Hen}sogKdhex Xuppks}em cv Yefij}emX}umen} Dunmfni
]je hussen} ehknklfh onm xhog
hgflo}e fn emuho}fkn psktfmex onkppks}unf}v onm fnhen}fte dks xhjkkg
hkllunf}fex }k hknxfmes jky o YXD
xvx}el lov jegp sexpknm }k fnhseoxem
psexxuse }k uxe mkggosx lkse yfxegv
fn ksmes }k xuppks} fnhseoxem x}umen}
ohjfetelen}. Dks ezolpge' lonv
hkllunf}fex jote hoggem dks iseo}es
}sonxposenhv ocku} yjese xhjkkg
mfx}sfh}x ose fntex}fni }jefs sexkushex.
Ommf}fknoggv' }jfx ney hgflo}e pgohex
lkse psexxuse kn hen}sog kdhex' so}jes
}jon xhjkkg xf}ex' }k }oae semuh}fknx. ]je
ex}ocgfxjlen} kd o YXD xvx}el fn o
xhjkkg mfx}sfh} jegpx }k ommsexx lonv kd
}jexe hjoggeniex onm ez}esnog psexxusex.
Ug}flo}egv' }jfx sexug}x fn xfinfhon}
hjoniex }k }je dunh}fkn' dkhux' onm
hug}use kd hen}sog kdhe mepos}len}x.
YXDXjfd}xDkhuxdsklHklpgfonhe
}kEmuho}fniX}umen}x
]je hussen} x}suh}use kd xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x
fn }je Unf}em X}o}ex jox psflosfgv
dkhuxem kn o }kp,mkyn' hklpgfonhe,
ksfen}em oppskohj }k emuho}fni x}u,
men}x. Dus}jes ezohesco}fni }jfx pkgfhv
getes fx }je gky geteg kd ohjfetelen}
dks lonv kd kus x}umen}x }jo} houxex
lonv kd kus pkgfhv loaesx o} }je
demesog' x}o}e' onm mfx}sfh} getegx }k
flpkxe ommf}fknog sugex onm sex}sfh}fknx
kn jky xhjkkgx uxe dunmx.
Dks ezolpge' yjen ck}j kd ux
flpgelen}em sexug}x,coxem cumie}fni
*SCC&' o dksl kd YXD' fn Koagonm' ye
jom lkse }jon kne junmsem mfddesen}
}vpex kd dunmfni xkushex' eohj yf}j f}x
kyn xvx}el kd seiugo}fkn. ]k ce}}es
unmesx}onm }je hklpgezf}v }jfx csfnix
}k o xhjkkg mfx}sfh}' floifne seheftfni
vkus povhjeha fn }je dksl kd kne
junmsem mfddesen} ifd} hosmx. Fn ommf,
}fkn }k seheftfni kne junmsem mfddes,
en} hosmx' vku ose sex}sfh}em kn yjese
onm jky vku hon uxe }jel. Dfnoggv'
vku lux} ogxk ysf}e o pgon cedkse vku
pushjoxe onv}jfni' jote o hkllf}}ee
xfin kdd kn }je pgon' }soha ezpenmf}usex
ohskxx }je mfddesen} dunmfni ho}eiksfex'
onm }jen jote xklekne oumf} }jkxe
ezpenmf}usex.
Nk} kngv fx }jfx dsux}so}fni' f}ogxk }oaex }fle' enesiv' onm sexkushex
oyov dskl yjo} lo}}esx lkx}2 quogf}v
fnx}suh}fkn fn }je hgoxxskkl. Xhjkkg
mfx}sfh} hen}sog kdhex jote dkhuxem kn
}je hklpgfonhe melonmx gofm upkn
}jel1 }jesedkse' gexx lknev ikex }k
mfseh}gv xuppks} x}umen}x. ]kk luhj
enesiv fx xpen} kn lknf}ksfni }je
fnpu}x fnx}eom kd }je ku}hklex. Dksezolpge' Gkx Oniegex sehen}gv seheftem
o -4 lfggfkn demesog ison} onm xpen}
}yk jkusx bux}fdvfni o -?0'000 cumie}
gfne f}el }k o demesog hklpgfonhe
kdhes. Fn }je enm' }je hkntesxo}fkn jom
Fn Koagonm' ye jom lkse }jon kne
junmsem mfddesen} }vpex kd dunmfni
xkushex' eohj yf}j f}x kyn xvx}el
kd seiugo}fkn. . . . Floifne seheftfni
vkus povhjeha fn }je dksl kd kne
junmsem mfddesen} ifd} hosmx. Fn
ommf}fkn }k seheftfni kne junmsem
mfddesen} hosmx' vku ose sex}sfh}em kn
yjese onm jky vku hon uxe }jel.
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nk}jfni }k mk yf}j x}umen} geosnfni
onm mfm nk} hjonie }je pskpkxem
ku}hklex kd }je ison} pskpkxog.
Kne kd }je psflosv hjoniex }jo}
o YXD xvx}el enocgex fx o xjfd} dskl
hklpgfonhe ksfen}o}fkn' xfnhe f} oggk,
ho}ex sexkushex coxem kn x}umen} neemx
onm dkhuxex kn x}umen} ku}hklex
fnx}eom kd fnpu}x. Xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x ose
ocge }k lkte }k o lkse x}so}eifh onm
fnnkto}fte hug}use. ]jfx mkex nk} leon
}je mfx}sfh}x yfgg oconmkn }je sequfse,
len}x kd hklpgvfni yf}j x}o}e onm
demesog seiugo}fknx' cu} f} mkex leon
}jev yfgg pgohe o psfksf}v kn memfho}fni
sexkushex onm pekpgex }fle }k x}so},
eiv' fnnkto}fkn' onm sefnten}fkn. ]jfx
dunmolen}og xjfd} oggkyx dks xhjkkgx
}k xpenm lkse }fle kn metegkpfni
}jefs tfxfkn onm lfxxfkn' ex}ocgfxjfni
gkni,}esl ikogx' onm ogfinfni sexkushex
julon ks k}jesyfxe }k dkggky }je
neemx kd }jefs x}umen}x.
Fn Koagonm' }je hen}sog kdhe
psktfmem ommf}fknog xuppks} }k xhjkkgx
xk }jo} kus xhjkkgx hkugm ex}ocgfxj o
}jsee,veos x}so}eifh pgonnfni hvhge. Ye
}sonxdkslem }je ezfx}fni hklpgfonhe
mkhulen} }je Xfnige Pgon dks X}umen}
Ohjfetelen} *XPXO& fn}k o }jsee,veos
x}so}eifh pgonnfni }kkg. Fn ommf}fkn'
ye setolpem }je cumie} hogenmos }k
psktfme xhjkkgx yf}j lkse }fle dkspgonnfni' flpgelen}em }ehjnkgkiv }k
ifte xhjkkgx ce}}es ohhexx }k mo}o' onm
kddesem }sofnfni }k jegp xhjkkg hkl,
lunf}fex gkka o} }jefs mo}o onm fmen}fdv
x}so}eifex }k lee} }je unfque neemx kd
}jefs x}umen}x.
YXDHseo}exOppskpsfo}ePsfnhfpog
Metegkplen}onmXuppks}Xvx}elx
Onk}jes omton}oie }jo} }je YXD
xvx}el oddksmx hen}sog kdhe fx }je
o}}en}fkn iften }k oppskpsfo}e psfnhfpog
metegkplen} onm xuppks} xvx}elx.
Jfx}ksfhoggv' xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x jote
xuppks}em psfnhfpogx }jskuij x}o}e,
lonmo}em }sofnfnix ks k}jes pseposo}fkn
pskisolx }jo} psktfme }je nehexxosv
hkn}en} cu} lov nk} ce }ofgksem }kyosm
}je xpehfh isky}j neemx kd }je psfn,hfpog. Ox ou}jksf}fex' sexpknxfcfgf}v' onm
ou}knklfex ose ogg metkgtem }k }je
psfnhfpog geteg' o pge}jkso kd ney xup,
pks} xvx}elx ose sequfsem }k ck}j cufgm
onm lofn}ofn o hkse kd psfnhfpogx yjk
hon eddeh}ftegv geom }jefs xhjkkgx }k
flpskte x}umen} ku}hklex.
Dks ezolpge' }je Koagonm hen}sog
kdhe semfseh}em xucx}on}fog sexkushexmusfni onm od}es }je ex}ocgfxjlen} kd
}je YXD xvx}el }k cufgm on eddeh}fte
pfpegfne dks }je sehsuf}len}' metegkp,
len}' onm se}en}fkn kd psfnhfpogx yjk
hkugm csfni }je tfxfkn onm enesiv
nehexxosv }k seogfin sexkushex onm
xhjkkg hug}use }k xucx}on}foggv flpskte
x}umen} ku}hklex. Dus}jes' ye geosnem
}jo} mo}o ck}j quon}f}o}fte onm quogf,}o}fte }jo} jom ceen x}onmosmfrem
ohskxx }je xhjkkg mfx}sfh} hkugm xeste ox
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30 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
lonnes. ]jfx csfnix ocku} on fnhseoxem
geteg kd }sonxposenhv dks }je ksionfro,
}fkn. Fn ommf}fkn' f} dkshex }je xhjkkg
mfx}sfh} }k xflpgfdv }je ezpgono}fkn
ocku} jky sexkushex ose ezpenmem. Fn
Koagonm' }je cumie} mepos}len} yox
hkn}fnuoggv flpsktfni f}x }ehjnfquex
}k hkllunfho}e yf}j fn}esnog onm
ez}esnog x}oaejkgmesx ocku} }je oggkho,
}fkn kd sexkushex. F} cehole kne kd
}je mepos}len}x oseox }jo} yese
setfeyem pesfkmfhoggv }k fmen}fdv jky }k
dus}jes flpskte.
]je fnf}fog hgosf}v }k x}oaejkgmesx
kd jky mkggosx ose oggkho}em hon }jen
ce cufg} upkn }k flpskte onm omtonhe
xvx}elx yf}jfn }je ksionfro}fkn. Dks
ezolpge' Koagonm yksaem }k metegkp
x}seolgfnem' eoxv,}k,uxe cumie} sepks}x
dks xhjkkgx. O psfnhfpog ykugm }jen
jote o hknxfx}en} onm seomocge cum,
ie} sepks} }k loae mehfxfknx dskl.
Onk}jes ezolpge fx }je fmen}fho}fkn
kd mfx}sfh}yfme fnmfho}ksx }jo} losa
}je xfinfhon} onm xvlckgfh leoxusex
}jo} elpjoxfre }je psfksf}v kd xhjkkgx.
Fn Koagonm' eohj veos ye fmen}fem
}je peshen}oie kd unsex}sfh}em Ienesog
Dunm sexkushex }jo} yese oggkho}em
}k xhjkkgx. ]je seoxknx }jfx yox on
flpks}on} fnmfho}ks fx }jo} f} xjkyem
}jo} }je psfksf}v yox }k puxj ommf}fknog
sexkushex }k xhjkkgx onm }jo} }jehen}sog kdhe jom }k hkn}fnuoggv yksa
}k hseo}e ney edhfenhfex onm ce}}es
xestfhex dks xhjkkgx.
YXDMetkgtexMehfxfknLoafni
}kXhjkkgxonmDkx}esxoXuppks}
onmXestfheKsfen}o}fkn
Ox gosie uscon mfx}sfh}x flpgelen} o
YXD xvx}el' }jev ose ce}}es ocge }k
sehkinfre }jo} o }kp,mkyn lonoielen}
oppskohj mkex nk} lee} }je fnmftfmuog
neemx kd xhjkkgx' ge} ogkne x}umen}x.
o toguocge }kkg }k psktfme mfx}sfh},geteg
fn}esten}fkn onm xuppks} }k xhjkkgx. Ox
Koagonm flpgelen}em o lehjonfxl }k
hgoxxfdv }je isky}j onm pesdkslonhe kdxhjkkgx' }jkxe }jo} yese goiifni cejfnm
ykugm ce }osie}em }k sehefte ommf}fknog
o}}en}fkn onm sexkushex dskl hen}sog
kdhe mepos}len}x. ]jfx ykugm psflos,
fgv xuppks} }je neemx kd }je psfnhfpog
onm geomesxjfp }eol.
YXDSomfhoggvFnhseoxex
]sonxposenhvocku}SexkusheUxe
Xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x jote }enmem }k ezeshfxe
gf}}ge fnnkto}fkn fn }je sepks}fni onm
}sonxposenhv kd nonhfog fndkslo}fkn
}k }je pucgfh onm k}jes ez}esnog x}oae,
jkgmesx. Flpgelen}o}fkn kd o YXD xvx,
}el }usnx }jfx hkllkn' pox} psoh}fhe
upxfme mkyn.
O no}usog cv,pskmuh} kd metkgt,
fni sexkushex }k }je xhjkkg geteg sofxex
quex}fknx dskl x}oaejkgmesx ocku} }je
olkun}' mfx}sfcu}fkn' onm mfseh}fkn kd
sexkushex }jskuijku} }je ksionfro}fkn.
Fn sexpknxe }k }jexe quex}fknx' }je
xhjkkg mfx}sfh} hon psexen} }jfx fndks,
lo}fkn fn o hgeos' hknhfxe' onm xflpge
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hkggockso}fkn so}jes }jon mfseh}ftex
ug}flo}egv hjoniex }je no}use kd }je
sego}fknxjfp ce}yeen o xhjkkg omlfn,
fx}so}ks onm hen}sog kdhe x}odd. Dks
ezolpge' fn Koagonm hossvktes dunmfni
dskl }je psfks veos yox }vpfhoggv nk}
mfx}sfcu}em }k xhjkkgx un}fg jogdyov
}jskuij }je xhog veos. Yjen sexug}x,
coxem cumie}fni yox flpgelen}em'
xhjkkgx metegkpem me}ofgem pgonx }jo}
on}fhfpo}em }jkxe hossvktes dunmx onm
psktfmem sexkushex ox xkkn ox pkxxfcge.
Melonm dskl psfnhfpogx }k uxe }je
ommf}fknog sexkushex }k }je cene} kd
}jefs x}umen}x yox xk iseo} }jo} }je
nonhe }eol yox dkshem }k oggkho}e }je
dunmfni }k }je xhjkkgx dkus lkn}jx
eosgfes }jon psfks veosx. Elpjoxfx kn
x}umen} geosnfni cehole }je nulces
kne psfksf}v' so}jes }jon meomgfnex xe}
cv }je nonhe kdhe.
]jfx xjfd} }k o xestfhe onm xuppks}
skge yfgg nk} hkle no}usoggv dks ogg hen,
}sog kdhe elpgkveex. Mfx}sfh}x neem }k
ce hosedug ocku} nk} ktesgkkafni }je
pskdexxfknog metegkplen} neemx kd }je
hen}sog kdhe. F} fx eoxv }k fmen}fdv }sofn,
fni kppks}unf}fex dks psfnhfpogx' cu} f} fx
]je seogf}v fx' dks lonv gosie uscon
xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x' }je flpgelen}o}fkn
kd }jfx lonoielen} x}suh}use fx flpkx,
xfcge. Dks kne' }je gkifx}fhog hjoggenie
ogkne kd hkllunfho}fni' flpgelen}fni'
onm }jen jkgmfni elpgkveex ohhkun},
ocge }k kne mfseh}fkn fx }selenmkux.
Xehknm' }je mftesxf}v kd x}umen}
pkpugo}fknx ce}yeen xhjkkgx fx tox}
onm hseo}ex lobks kcx}ohgex }k flpge,
len}fni o kne,xfre,}x,ogg x}so}eiv dks
xhjkkgx. Yjen YXD mfx}sfh}x ceifn }k
onogvre xpenmfni kn o pes x}umen} coxfx
onm hklpose f} }k x}umen} ku}hklex'
}jev hgeosgv xee }je fnequf}fex }jo} jote
ceen hseo}em ktes }fle.
]jfsm' o YXD xvx}el jfijgfij}x
}je selnon}x kd pskisolx dskl pox}
omlfnfx}so}fknx. Lonv xupesfn}enmen}x
flpgelen} o ney sedksl ks pskisol
yjen }jev en}es }je mfx}sfh}' onm }vpfhoggv
cf}x onm pfehex kd }jo} pskisol gfte
kn fn pespe}uf}v xfnhe lonv mfx}sfh}x mk
nk} setfey }je eddeh}ftenexx kd pskisolx
kn on onnuog coxfx. ]jfx fx expehfoggv
pskcgelo}fh fn uscon mfx}sfh}x yjese
}je otesoie }enuse kd xupesfn}enmen}x
fx kngv }jsee onm o jogd veosx1 fn
lelces mfx}sfh}x kd }je Hkunhfg kd
Iseo} Hf}v Xhjkkgx' o dugg }jfsm kd
}je xupesfn}enmen}x jote ceen fn kdhe
dks gexx }jon o veos *HIHX 300:+3006&.
Od}es lonv veosx o xhjkkg sedksliulck fx hseo}em' lome dskl }jexe
pox} pskisolx' }jo} fx nk} x}so}eifhoggv
ogfinem onm puggx lknev oyov dskl
hgoxxskklx.
Ox xhjkkg hkllunf}fex sehefte
lkse sexkushex onm cehkle xottv
ocku} jky }k uxe }jel' }je hen}sog
kdhe lux} xjfd} }kyosm o xestfhe,
ksfen}em hug}use. Xhjkkg hkllunf}fexnk gknies yon} }k ce }kgm yjo} }k mk1
fnx}eom }jev yon} xuppks} onm xestfhex
}jo} yfgg jegp }jel flpgelen} }jefs
tfxfkn' mfseh}fkn' onm psfksf}fex fn o
hknxfx}en} lonnes. ]je elpjoxfx kn
Xhjkkg hkllunf}fex nk gknies
yon} }k ce }kgm yjo} }k mk1 fnx}eom
}jev yon} xuppks} onm xestfhex
}jo} yfgg jegp }jel flpgelen} }jefs
tfxfkn' mfseh}fkn' onm psfksf}fex fn o
hknxfx}en} lonnes.
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33 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
bux} ox flpks}on} }k jegp hen}sog kdhe
elpgkveex cehkle xestfhe psktfmesx.
Fn Koagonm' }je hjfed kpeso}fni kdhes
yox senolem }je hjfed xestfhe kdhes
}k jfijgfij} }je hug}use xjfd}. ]je hjfed
xestfhe kdhe cskuij} fn hux}kles
xestfhe }sofnfni dks ogg hen}sog kdhe
elpgkveex. ]jfx }sofnfni yox hoggem
Ohjfetfni Xestfhe Ezheggenhe' onm f} yox
tesv uxedug fn jegpfni elpgkveex
cehkle xestfhe psktfmesx }k xhjkkgx.
YXDOggkyxXhjkkgMfxhse}fkn
ktesPushjoxekdXestfhexdskl
Hen}sogKdhe
Ik }k onv xhjkkg fn }je hkun}sv' onm
}jev yfgg jote o nfhanole dks }je hen,
}sog kdhe2 }je Mfx}sfh}' mkyn}kyn'
}je meo}j x}os' ks o nole }jo} fx
fnoppskpsfo}e }k fnhgume fn }jfx os}fhge.
]je seoxkn fx }jo} }je hen}sog kdhe
}vpfhoggv jox ogg kd }je sexkushex onm
ogg kd }je pkyes' onm xhjkkgx mk nk}
deeg }jo} }jev ose xuppks}em. ]jese fx
nk} o xuppgv onm melonm sego}fknxjfp
ce}yeen }je xhjkkgx onm hen}sog kdhe.
]je hen}sog kdhe fmen}fex nehexxosv
ks pesheftem neemem xestfhex onm
}jen psktfmex }jel }k xhjkkgx. Kd}en,
}flex' }jese fx gf}}ge ks nk deemcoha
dskl }je xhjkkgx.
]sonxf}fknfni }k }je SCC xvx}el fn
Koagonm sequfsem }je hen}sog kdhe }k
semene f}x skge. Fn ommf}fkn }k dkhux,
fni kn xestfni }je xhjkkgx' o lenu
kd xestfhex yox metegkpem fn yjfhj
psfnhfpogx hkugm pushjoxe xestfhex. ]je
xestfhe lenu jfijgfij}em }je oh}ftf}fex
onm xestfhex kd }je hen}sog kdhe' hkx}x'
onm xestfhe x}onmosmx oxxkhfo}em yf}j
}je xestfhex. Koagonm }jen hseo}em o
}yk,yov ohhkun}ocfgf}v xvx}el yjese
xhjkkgx seheftem xhksehosmx coxem kn
x}umen} ku}hklex onm }je hen}sog kdhe
seheftem xhksehosmx coxem kn jky yegg
}jev xestem xhjkkgx. ]jfx pesdkslonhe
lonoielen} xvx}el iseo}gv hjoniem
}je hkntesxo}fknx ce}yeen hen}sog
kdhe onm }je xhjkkgx.
Yjfge }je fnf}fog tfxfkn kd o puse
losae}pgohe yjese xhjkkgx hkugm pfha
onm hjkkxe }jefs xestfhe psktfmes dks
ogg xestfhex yox netes seogfrem' xkle
xuhhexxdug xestfhex yese hseo}em.? On
ezolpge kd }jfx ezhjonie yox kpeso,
}fknx xuppks} hkohjex. Cedkse SCC'xhjkkgx hkugm kngv sequex} onk}jes
kdhe lonoies }k jegp }jel yf}j kdhe
mu}fex. Jkyetes' lonv xhjkkgx hkugm
nk} oddksm on en}fse pkxf}fkn. Yf}j }je
omten} kd SCC' }je kpeso}fknx xuppks}
hkohj yox hseo}em on kp}fknog xestfhe
yjese xhjkkgx hkugm pushjoxe o hkohj
kn o mofgv coxfx }k oxxfx} yf}j cumie},
Ik }k onv xhjkkg fn }je hkun}sv' onm}jev yfgg jote o nfhanole dks }je hen}sog
kdhe2 }je Mfx}sfh}' mkyn}kyn'
}je meo}j x}os' ks o nole }jo} fx
fnoppskpsfo}e }k fnhgume fn }jfx os}fhge.
]je seoxkn fx }jo} }je hen}sog kdhe
}vpfhoggv jox ogg kd }je sexkushex onmogg kd }je pkyes' onm xhjkkgx mk nk}
deeg }jo} }jev ose xuppks}em.
? Ye yese nk} ocge }k lkte }k o puse losae},
pgohe cehouxe }je Hogfdksnfo X}o}e Emuho}fkn
Hkme pgohex sex}sfh}fknx kn ku}xkushfni hussen}
mfx}sfh} xestfhex' onm }jese yese nk} lonv tenmksx
otofgocge }k psktfme }je xestfhex ye neemem.
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fni' pskhuselen}' julon sexkushe
neemx' e}h. ]jese yox o jfij melonm
dks }jfx xestfhe xfnhe }je xhjkkgx jom o
xfinfhon} xov fn jky }je xestfhe ykugm
ce uxem }k lee} }jefs unfque neemx.
Se}jfnafni Hkse Mfx}sfh}Dunh}fknx2 Ce}}es Xuppks} dksX}umen} Ohjfetelen}
O YXD xvx}el hon xjfne o gfij} kn
mvxdunh}fknog }ehjnfhog onm gkifx}fhog
xvx}elx }jo}' ug}flo}egv' flpeme x}u,
men} ohjfetelen}.
Upmo}fni]ehjnkgkiv
Fndkslo}fkn }ehjnkgkiv xvx}elx uxem
cv lonv pucgfh xeh}ks oienhfex ose
kd}en ku},kd,mo}e onm fnedhfen}. Fn
Hogfdksnfo' }jese ose kngv o jonmdug
kd tenmksx }jo} psktfme hkse julon
sexkushe onm nonhe xvx}elx }k xhjkkg
mfx}sfh}x. ]je xvx}el }vpfhoggv sunx
kdd kd kgmes onm ku}mo}em tesxfknx kd
xkd}yose' yjfhj x}elx dskl }je goha
kd fntex}len} fn onm upisome kd }jexe
}ehjnkgkifex ktes }fle. ]je flpoh}
}k xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x onm xhjkkgx hon ce
pskdkunm' ox kus segfonhe dks fndkslo,
}fkn onm mo}o fx }fem }k o xvx}el }jo}
fx fnomequo}egv lee}fni }je neemx kd
psfnhfpogx onm k}jes xhjkkg geomesx.
GfnafniHkn}skgonmPskhuselen}
Xvx}elx}kX}umen}Ohjfetelen}]je flpgelen}o}fkn kd o YXD xvx}el
puxjex kn }jexe kd}en,on}fquo}em
xvx}elx }k sexpknm oppskpsfo}egv }k
}je melonm dks up,}k,mo}e' ohhuso}e'
onm eoxv }k unmesx}onm fndkslo}fkn.
Fn ocxenhe kd }jfx' }jese lov ce ce},
}es' og}esno}fte xkgu}fknx }jo} hon ce
fmen}fem onm xhogem dks o xhjkkg mfx,
}sfh}. Xetesog ezolpgex isey ku} kd }jeflpgelen}o}fkn kd SCC fn Koagonm.
Lkx} fllemfo}egv' ye seogfrem }jo} kus
pkxf}fkn hkn}skg onm pskhuselen} xvx,
}elx yese nk} }flegv. Psfnhfpogx ykugm
kd}en fmen}fdv }je goha kd up,}k,mo}e
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3= OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
jky sexkushex yese oggkho}em' coxem kn
mo}o setfeyx. ]je xhjkkg mfx}sfh} ex}oc,
gfxjem o cogonhfni pk} kd sexkushex
}k oxxfx} fn pseten}fni xhjkkgx dskl
ezheemfni }jefs cumie}x onm flpoh}fni
}je xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x ktesogg nonhfog
pkxf}fkn. Lkse flpks}on}gv' eohj psfn,
hfpog hkn}sfcu}em o pks}fkn kd jfx ks jes
dunmx }k }jefs pkkg. ]jesedkse' k}jes
psexxusex pees lkx}gv yese pu} kn
onvkne }jo} yox unocge }k x}ov yf}jfn
}jefs cumie} cehouxe etesv k}jes psfnhf,
pog jom o nonhfog x}oae.
]jeFlpoh}knX}umen}Ku}hklexkd]sonxdkslfniMfx}sfh}Geomesx
Psoh}fhe
]je hjonie eddks}x }jo} khhussem fn
Koagonm yf}jfn }je hen}sog kdhe nk}
kngv jegpem }k flpskte }je xhjkkg
xvx}el }k ce}}es xeste x}umen}x' cu}
f} yox ogxk o }sonxdkslo}fte ezpesfenhe
dks ux ox hen}sog omlfnfx}so}ksx.
Olkni ogg }je yovx }jo} flpgelen}fnio YXD xvx}el hjoniem kus psoh}fhe'
}jese yese xetesog }jo} lome on fnmeg,
fcge flpsexxfkn.
Dfsx} onm pesjopx lkx} flpks}on}'
psfnhfpogx onm xhjkkg geomesxjfp jote
}je hopocfgf}v }k kpeso}e eddeh}ftegv
fn on entfsknlen} yjese }jev jote
lkse sexpknxfcfgf}v onm ou}knklv ktes
mehfxfknx o} }je xhjkkg. ]je x}ovfni
pkyes cejfnm o pkgfhv gfae }jfx fx ommfni
egelen}x kd psktfmfni }je xuppks} neh,
exxosv dks psfnhfpogx }k loae fndkslem
mehfxfknx onm jkgmfni etesvkne ohhkun},
ocge }k x}o}em ikogx onm kcbeh}ftex.
Xehknm' o x}sknies hoxe neemx }k
ce lome dks fntex}len}x fn onogv}fhog
xkgu}fknx. Xhjkkg mfx}sfh}x sehksm' hkg,
geh}' onm x}kse on fllenxe olkun} kd
mo}o. ]jese ose tox} kppks}unf}fex }k
lfne }jfx mo}o }jo} psktfme fnxfij} }k
ce}}es fnx}suh}fknog psoh}fhe. Jkyetes'
ye mkn} fntex} fn ef}jes }je xvx}elx ks
fndkslo}fkn ox o jfnmsonhe }k }jel
loafni ce}}es,fndkslem mehfxfknx o}
}jefs xhjkkg xf}ex. Ye ogxk seogfrem }jo}
lonv kd }je pskhexxex }jo} fntkgtem
lug}fpge mepos}len}x yese }kk xgky
onm fnohhuso}e. Fn kne ezolpge'
Koagonm yox ezpesfenhfni hjsknfh
fxxuex yf}j ezpemf}fni }je pskhexxfni kd
x}o}e onm demesog ezpenmf}use sequex}x.
Ox f} yox' }je xhjkkg mfx}sfh} jom
mfdhug}v fmen}fdvfni oppskpsfo}e uxex
}jo} mskte x}umen} ohjfetelen}.
CehklfniPskoh}fteocku}
X}ovfniknCumie}Onk}jes ezolpge kd jky Koagonm yox
ocge }k se}jfna f}x hkse mfx}sfh} dunh}fknx
yox hen}esem kn sexpknmfni }k pk}en,
}fog nonhfog hjoggeniex fn o pskoh}fte
lonnes so}jes }jon seoh}fte. Hen}sog
kdhe omlfnfx}so}ksx yese dkshem }k
hseo}e xvx}elx }jo} }ohagem }jexe fxxuex
eosgfes kn ox o sexug} kd }je hjonie fn
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mexfin kd }sofnfni ieosem xpehfhoggv }k
hugg }jfx mo}o onm gfd} ku} }jkxe fnxfij}x.
]jfx fx o hsf}fhog oxpeh} }k loae o YXD
xvx}el xuhhexxdug.
]jfsm' fxxuex kd equf}v yf}jfn o
xhjkkg xvx}el honnk} ce ommsexxem
ungexx }jev ose on oh}fte pos} kd etesv
hkntesxo}fkn. Kus kppks}unf}v }k hgkxe
}je emuho}fknog iop ce}yeen kus jfij,
onm gky,pesdkslfni x}umen}x fx elcem,
mem fn }je x}so}eifex onm mfogkiuex }jo}
ye psfksf}fre fn o xhjkkg xvx}el.
Dfnoggv' hug}use hjonie fn on uscon
xhjkkg xvx}el fx pkxxfcge' cu} f} }oaex
hknxfx}en} fntex}len}x kd sexkushex onm
julon hopf}og ktes o hknxfx}en} pesfkm
kd }fle. ]je hjoniex }k Koagonmx
oppskohj }k emuho}fni x}umen}x ose
pskten fn }jefs ohomelfh ohjfete,
len} ktes }je pox} xfz veosx. Koagonm
jox pkx}em }je gosiex} ohomelfh iofnx
kd onv lobks uscon xhjkkg mfx}sfh} fn
Hogfdksnfo. Cu} }jfx mfm nk} joppen fn o
veos ks eten }jsee veosx. ]jexe hjoniex'
fd mkne hksseh}gv onm fnhguxftegv' jote
}je kppks}unf}v }k jote o msolo}fh
eddeh} kn on uscon xhjkkg gonmxhope.
]je kppks}unf}v fx tesv seog }k lkte
hen}sog kddfhe dskl o meo}j x}os }k o
iufmfni gfij}.
Sedesenhex
Csva' O. X.' B. _. Eox}kn' M. Aescky' X. I. Skggky'
onm P. O. Xecsfni. ?668. OTfeydskl}je
Egelen}osvXhjkkgx2]jeX}o}ekdSedkslfnHjfhoik.
O Sepks} kd }je X}eesfni Hkllf}}ee. Hjfhoik2
Hknxks}ful kn Hjfhoik Xhjkkg Sexeoshj.
Hjolcesx' B.' G. Xjolcouij' B. Getfn' L. Lusoaf'
onm G. Pkgonm. 300:. O ]ogekd]ykMfx}sfh}x2O
Hklposo}fteX}umvkdX}umen},CoxemDunmfnionm
Xhjkkg,CoxemMehfxfkn,LoafnifnXonDsonhfxhk
$KoagonmUnfemXhjkkgMfx}sfh}x. Pogk Og}k'
HO2 Olesfhon Fnx}f}u}ex kd Sexeoshj. Otofgocge
dks mkyngkom o} 7yyy.ofs.ksi+ezpes}fxe+
fnmez+;do
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34 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
Lo}}jey Jksnceha fx fn jfx efij}j veos ox }je psfnhfpog kd Jolpx}eom JfggOhomelv' o pse,A }jskuij efij}j,isome pucgfh xhjkkg fn xku}jeox} Cog}flkse. Psfks}k jfx psfnhfpogxjfp fn Cog}flkse' je xpen} te veosx ox o hknxug}on} kn xhjkkg
nonhe onm pskdexxfknog metegkplen} dks psfnhfpogx fn gosie uscon mfx}sfh}x' yksafni
tesv hgkxegv yf}j Aosen Joygev Lfgex onm Emuho}fkn Sexkushe X}so}eifex. Yjen
Ms. Onmsex Ogknxk' }je Cog}flkse xupesfn}enmen}' yon}em }k psklk}e x}umen},
coxem cumie}fni }k psfnhfpogx' Jksnceha yox }je no}usog hjkfhe }k }oga yf}j k}jes
psfnhfpogx ocku} yjo} f} ykugm leon dks }jel. Je xpkae }k }je Onnencesi Fnx}f}u}e
ocku} yjo} psfnhfpogx neem }k anky ocku} x}umen},coxem cumie}fni.
Yjo}ose}jeomton}oiexkdx}umen},coxem
cumie}fni;
lo}}jey jksnceha 2 Xhjkkgx jote
o xenxe }jo} }jevse elpkyesem }k
loae mehfxfknx }jo} loae xenxe }k
hgoxxskklx' }eohjesx' onm afmx. Vku
ose nk gknies fn o pkxf}fkn yjesexkleckmv bux} xjkyx up o} vkus mkks
onm xovx' Fl vkus ney xehknm,isome
}eohjes. F}x ogg ocku} ie}}fni xhjkkgx
}k }je pkfn} yjese }jev ose }je knex fn
hjosie. ]jese jox ceen on fndon}fgfrfni
oppskohj xk }jo} xhjkkgx jote nk} jom
}je kppks}unf}v }k loae mehfxfknx kn
}jefs kyn. ]jo} ezhuxe jox ceen }oaen
oyov. Nky' }je yksa hon ce ocku}sfiks. Cedkse' }jkxe hkntesxo}fknx yese
josm }k jote yjen vku yese hknx}on}gv
unoyose kd jky luhj lknev vku jom'
yjese f} yox ikfni }k ce gkho}em' ks
Qyjen }ehjnkgkiv\ xvx}elx hkugmn}
Lo}}jeyJksnceha
fxpsfnhfpogkd
Jolpx}eomJfgg
OhomelvfnCog}flkse.
OPsfnhfpogxPesxpeh}fte2Elpkyeslen}dksXhjkkgx
Lo}}jey Jksnceha
X}umen},coxemcumie}fnifnCog}flksepsktfmexpsfnhfpogxyf}jockunmemou}knklv
}jo}oggkyx}jel}kcufgm}jefskyncumie}xfnxuppks}kd}jepskisollfnilkx}
neememcv}jefsxhjkkgx.
}oga }k eohj k}jes. F }jfna f} jox ceen
pos} kd on ktesogg hklpsejenxfte eddks}
}k psktfme xhjkkgx yf}j }je pkyes
onm hkn}skg onm ou}knklv }k loae
mehfxfknx }jo} ose ikkm dks }eohjfni
onm geosnfni.
Oxopsfnhfpog'vkuteezpesfenhemgfdeyf}jx}umen},coxemcumie}fnionmyf}jku}.
Yjo}joxhjoniemdksvkufn}jelkte}k
x}umen},coxemcumie}fni;
lo}}jey jksnceha2 ]jfx veos
Q30?0,30??\ fx Cog}flksex }jfsm
veos uxfni x}umen},coxem cumie},
fni. F} iftex vku o gk} kd dseemkl onm
hkn}skg }k cufgm vkus kyn cumie}. QFn
}je psetfkux xvx}el\' }jese yese o gk}kd pskisolx }jo} yese hen}sog kdhe
hkn}skggem onm cumie}em' yje}jes f}
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yox hf}vyfme hjexx pskisolx ks hf}v,
yfme uscon meco}e pskisolx ks k}jes
afnmx kd fnf}fo}ftex }jo} }je ckosm ktes
}je veosx }jkuij} yese ikkm dks afmx.
Fn }je psetfkux posomfil' vku ykugm
bux} xfin up dks }jel. Fn }je hussen}
xhenosfk' }jkxe pskisolx jote }k hkle
loae o pf}hj o} }je xhjkkg geteg' xk ye
pushjoxe pos}fhfpo}fkn fn }je meco}e
pskisol Qks\ ye pushjoxe pos}fhfpo,
}fkn fn }je hjexx pskisol. Yjen vku
uncunmge ogg kd }je lknev onm puxj
f} ku} }k xhjkkgx' f} hseo}ex o gk} lkse
kynesxjfp onm yfggfninexx }k dof}jduggv
flpgelen} pskisolx.
Onk}jes }jfni' }somf}fknoggv' fd vku
yese o xqueoav yjeeg' vku ykugm ie}
lkse x}odd. ]jese yese jotex onm jote,
nk}x fn }je mfx}sfh}. Nky' }jev yfgg gkka
o} }je xhjkkgx pskbeh}fknx dks enskgg,
len}' onm fd }je xhjkkgx ose yskni'
}jev yfgg loae o} geox} kne ks lovce
}yk lfm,veos hksseh}fknx. Yjen psfnhf,
pogx ktesex}flo}em }jefs enskgglen} gox}
veos' }jev gkx} ox luhj ox -500'000'
-:00'000' ks -? lfggfkn fn }je lfmmge
kd }je veos onm jom }k ie} sfm kd x}odd
onm semk }jefs pskisollfni onm pgon,
nfni. Fd }jev unmesex}flo}em' }jev yese
}je cenehfosfex kd juie yfnmdoggx fn
Kh}kces ks Nktelces ox luhj ox
-=00'000 ks -500'000. Psfnhfpogx ose
cehklfni dos lkse omep} o} sehsuf}fniafmx cehouxe }jev anky }jo} unmes
}je yefij}em dkslugo fnmftfmuog afmx
lo}}es }k xhjkkgx.
Vkus cumie} fx ogg ocku} vkus
enskgglen}. F}x nk} ocku} yjk vku
hon hkntfnhe o} hen}sog kdhe }jo} vku
lfij} jote enkuij afmx }k omm onk}jes
}eohjes. F}x nk} yjk vku hon hkntfnhe
vku kuij} }k jote o hkohj yjk fx odsfenm ks o hkggeoiue. F}x ocku} pes,
dkslonhe onm loafni xuse }jo} vkus
enskgglen} fx nk} mehgfnfni. Fd vkus
enskgglen} mehgfnex' }jen vkus kppks,
}unf}v }k psktfme xuppks}x dks afmx
mehgfnex. F yox pskbeh}fni 404 afmx Q}jfx
veos o} lv xhjkkg\' onm }kmov Qbux}
cedkse }je x}os} kd xhjkkg\ f} gkkax gfae
ye ose }yen}v ktes. ]jo} fx -?50'000 kd
ommf}fknog dunmfni }jo} yfgg hkle kus
yov. Fn }je pox}' fd F ik} }en lkse afmx'
F mfmn} ie} lkse x}odd ks lkse lknev.
Fd F ik coni kn mkksx onm ie} }en lkse
afmx' }jo} leonx F ie} -:0'000. ]jen
}jo}x o pkyesdug nonhfog fnhen}fte }k
ik onm loae xuse }jo} vkus enskgglen}
lo}hjex yjo} vkute ik} fn lfnm dks
vkus pskisollfni onm vkus xhjkkgx.
Yjo}xuppks}xjoteceenjegpdug}kvkufn}je}sonxf}fkn}kx}umen},coxem
cumie}fni;
lo}}jey jksnceha 2 ]jese yese o
gk} kd xuppks}x. ]je sx} veos }jese yox
oh}uoggv o }eol kd pekpge. ]je hen}sog
kdhe elp}fem ku}1 }eolx kd pekpge
hole ku} }k eohj fnmftfmuog xhjkkg
dks }jsee,}k,xfz,jkus lee}fnix yf}j
fnmftfmuog psfnhfpogx }k }oga ocku} yjo}}jfx leon} dks }jefs xhjkkgx onm }k ie}
o ce}}es unmesx}onmfni kd yjo} afnm kd
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3: OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
pskisollfni neemx yese o} }je xhjkkg.
Nky }jese fx o psfnhfpogx moxjckosm
}jo} fnhgumex }je me}ofgem iufmonhe' }je
xhjkkg,xpehfh cumie} oggkho}fknx' onm
}je hes}fho}fkn fndkslo}fkn dks x}odd.
Ogg kd }jexe }jfnix ose lossfem }kie}jes
fn on kngfne xe}up. Vku hon xee yjo}
pskisolx vku hon omm onm jky luhj
}jev hkx}. Dks ezolpge' F pushjoxem
o dugg,}fle seifx}esem nusxe cehouxe
ye jote o nulces kd afmx yjk jote
epfgepxv onm o afm yf}j hesecsog pogxv
onm gk}x kd afmx yf}j ox}jlo. ]jo} hkx}x
-80'?35' onm xk F hon bux} pu} }jo} fn
lv cumie} onm Qyf}j }je moxjckosm\
xee }jo} f}x }jese. F}x tesv elpkyes,
fni }k jote }jo} fndkslo}fkn o} vkus
nies}fpx yjese vku hon xee f}' vku hon
hjonie f}' vku hon xuclf} f}' onm vku
hon medenm f}. F }jfna f}x ceen o seoggv
ikkm pskhexx onm hkn}fnuoggv ik}}en
ce}}es ox }je veosx jote ikne cv.
]je k}jes pfehe kd xuppks} }jev
psktfme fx }jskuij }je xhjkkg xuppks}
ne}yksax. Dks etesv d}een xhjkkgx'
}jese fx o }eol geom' cuxfnexx lon,
oies' o x}umen} xuppks} x}odd' onm on
ohomelfh xuppks} pesxkn. ]jev ose o
}eol yjk ose nk} xupestfxksv Qkd }je
xhjkkg\. ]jev ose dkslo}fte fn }jefs
xuppks}. ]jev hon gkka o} lv cumie}
kngfne ox yegg onm xee yjo} fx lfxx,
fni ks yjo}x nk} lfxxfni' yjo} gkkaxikkm ks yjo} }jev lfij} jote quex,
}fknx ocku}' xk f}x xks} kd o hjeha onm
cogonhe kn }je psfnhfpog. Q]jev ose\ o
iskup kd pekpge yjk hon anky fn lkse
me}ofg ocku} yjo} Q}je xhjkkg fx\ mkfni.
Yjo}joteceen}jehjoggeniexfn}je
}sonxf}fkn}kx}umen},coxemcumie}fni;
lo}}jey jksnceha2 Kne }jfni
}jo} }je mfx}sfh} x}suiigex yf}j nky fx
xuspgux x}odd' cehouxe yf}j psfnhfpogxjotfni hkn}skg ktes kus cumie}' fd ye
mkn} yon} xkleckmv' yese nk} yfggfni
}k cumie} dks }jel ks pov dks }jel.
O }eohjes yf}j cene}x hkugm eoxfgv
hkx} -?00'000. ]je mfx}sfh} jox hkn,
}soh}uog kcgfio}fknx onm mkex nk} gov
pekpge kdd. F }jfna ye ose ie}}fni ce}}es
o} etoguo}fkn' xk ye hon fmen}fdv kus
jfij,pesdkslfni }eohjesx ox yegg ox }je}eohjesx yf}j xfinfhon} hjoggeniex. Ye
ose geosnfni jky }k hkunxeg dkgax fn}k
mfddesen} pskdexxfknx ks loae xuse ye
ose psktfmfni }je xuppks} }jev neem'
onm fd }je xuppks}x osen} ug}flo}egv
enkuij' }jen iusfni ku} jky }jev
neem }k ce so}em fn }eslx kd etoguo,
}fkn. ]jo} joxn} etes joppenem cedkse'
xk ktes }je gox} dey veosx }jese ose
xfinfhon} nulcesx kd pekpge ?00
}k 300 pekpge yjk ose xuspgux x}odd.
]jo} fx josm kn hen}sog }k hossv }jkxe
pekpge kdd kd xhjkkg cumie}x. Fd vkuse
hossvfni -?0 lfggfkn fn xuspgux x}odd onm
ogg }je lknevx fn }je xhjkkgx' }jen
f}x dos lkse gfaegv }jo} vkuse ikfni }k
jote }k dseere Qxhjkkg\ cumie}x fn Opsfg
onm loae ogg }je lknev hkle coha }k
hen}sog }jo}x nk} xpen} fn Opsfg ks Lov.
F} yfgg ce iseo} yjen ye ie} }k o pkfn}
yjese lknev hon oh}uoggv ce skggem
ktes dskl veos }k veos xk }jo} }jese hon
ce lkse nonhfog pgonnfni ox kppkxem
}k Kj' lv ikxj' f}x Lov. Ge} le ksmes
o cunhj kd hklpu}esx ks k}jesyfxe lv
lknev fx ikfni }k ezpfse.
Ykugmvkuxov}jeseoseonvmfxomton,}oiex}kx}umen},coxemcumie}fni;
lo}}jey jksnceha2 F mkn}
xee onv mfxomton}oiex. F }jfna fn o
mfx}sfh} }jo} yox hen}sog kdhe msften
onm hen}sog kdhe dkhuxem' }jese ykugm
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Lo}}jeyJksnceha wT.U
.E
.Dogg30?0 36
ce mfxomton}oiex cehouxe vku ykugm
jote o xenxe kd posonkfo ks fnxehusf}v
oskunm' Yjo} ose psfnhfpogx ikfni }k
mk yf}j }jfx lknev; Ose }jev ikfni }k
ik cuv o cunhj kd pgoxlo ]Tx dks }jefs
kdhe onm }jen f} yfgg ie} fn }je neyx,
popes onm }je mfx}sfh} yfgg ce ohhuxem kd
lfxlonoifni dunmx; ]jesex o hes}ofn
xenxe kd }sux} }jo} hklex ogkni Qyf}j
x}umen},coxem cumie}fni\' onm F }jfna
}jo}x yjen QCog}flkse xupesfn}en,
men}\ Ms. Ogknxk }ogax ocku} ckunmem
ou}knklv. F}x nk} bux} Mk onv}jfni.
F}x' Jesex }je iufmonhe' jesex yjo}
vku xjkugm ce xpenmfni dunmx kn.
Jex tesv hgeos ocku} psfnhfpogx xestfni
o} }je pgeoxuse kd }je xupesfn}enmen}.
Yjo}mkvku}jfnaose}jelkx}flpks,
}on}xafggxdkspsfnhfpogxfnmfx}sfh}xuxfni
x}umen},coxemcumie}fni;
lo}}jey jksnceha 2 ]jev neem
}k unmesx}onm jky cumie} psfksf}fex
}sonxgo}e fn}k pskisollfni. F }jfna}jo} ankyfni yjese vkuse ikfni
fnx}suh}fknoggv fx aev }k cufgmfni o ikkm
cumie}. Fd F yon}em }k jfse o mfseh}ks
kd ensfhjlen} fn}esten}fkn' F xjkugm
anky jky luhj }jo} hkx}x' yjo} }jo}
pesxknx ikfni }k mk' onm Fte gkkaem
dks }je pesxkn' onm f}x le }oafni }je
sfxa }jo} }je fntex}len} Fl loafni
fx ikfni }k pov kdd dks kus afmx. Gk}x kdmfx}sfh}x ktes }je veosx jote jom lkmegx
yjese }jev xov' Yese ikfni }k pu} o
seomfni onm lo}j hkohj fn etesv cufgm,
fni' onm }jo} pesxkn fx fn }je cufgmfni
yf}jku} }je geomesxjfp o} }je cufgmfni
jotfni }jkuij} ocku} yjo} ezoh}gv }jo}
leonx' yjo} }jo} pesxkn yfgg mk' onm
loafni xuse }jev jote }je xafgg xe} }k
ie} f} mkne.Vku ogxk neem }k jote psfnhfpogx
yjk ose oh}uoggv puxjfni }je sedksl
dskl cegky ox yegg ox hen}sog kdhe xe},
}fni f} up dskl ockte. Jotfni psfnhfpogx
elpkyesem }k psktfme }jo} afnm kd
Vku ogxk neem }k jote psfnhfpogx yjk
ose oh}uoggv puxjfni }je sedksl dskl
cegky ox yegg ox hen}sog kdhe xe}}fni
f} up dskl ockte. Jotfni psfnhfpogx
elpkyesem }k psktfme }jo} afnm
kd hkn}fnukux deemcoha }k hen}sog
kdhe fx seoggv flpks}on}. Vku ose nk}
ikfni }k ie} f} sfij} }je sx} }fle' onm
vku neem }jefs tkfhex fn }je lfz.
hkn}fnukux deemcoha }k hen}sog kdhe fx
seoggv flpks}on}. Vku ose nk} ikfni }k
ie} f} sfij} }je sx} }fle' onm vku neem
}jefs tkfhex fn }je lfz.
Yjo}omtfheykugmvkuifte}konk}jespsfnhfpogyjkxemfx}sfh}yoxocku}}k
}sonxf}fkn}kx}umen},coxemcumie}fni;
lo}}jey jksnceha 2 F }jfna }jo} }jfx
fx }je lklen} yjese Fl xuppkxem }k
xov' Jkgm kn }k vkus jo}. Hjonie fx
hklfni' onm f}x xk x}os}gfni onm ykn,
mesdug' cu} f}x xk josm vkuse ikfni }k
jote xgeepgexx nfij}x. QCu}\ f} yoxn}
}jo} josm. F }jfna pekpge mkn} neem }kie} }kk yksaem up ocku} f}. Vku neem
}k csfni pekpge ogkni fn }eslx kd jegp,
fni }jel unmesx}onm yjv f}x flpks,
}on}. F mkn} }jfna onvckmv xjkugm ce
xhosem ocku} f} ks jote onv }sepfmo}fkn
ocku} }oafni f} kn. F }jfna f}x oh}u,
oggv nk} o cfi meog. F mkn} anky yjo}
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80 OnnencesiFnx}f}u}edksXhjkkgSedksl
peshen} kd }je ?5'000 mfx}sfh}x fn }je
no}fkn mk ks mkn} uxe Qx}umen},coxem
cumie}fni\' cu} f} hes}ofngv loaex xenxe
dskl o }eohjfni onm geosnfni pesxpeh,
}fte. Vku jote }k fntex} o gf}}ge }fle
fn }je pgonnfni o} }je ceifnnfni ox o
psfnhfpog' cu} F }jfna f} fx ug}flo}egv o
}fle xotes dks xhjkkgx' cehouxe vkuse
nk} sunnfni oskunm }svfni }k iuse
ku} yjk jox vkus pk} kd lknev ks
hknx}on}gv }svfni }k iuse ku} yjk jox
}je pskisollfni }jo} vku yon}. Fn
doh}' f}x bux} }je kppkxf}e. Yjen }je
lknev fx fn xhjkkgx onm psfnhfpogx jote
hkn}skg ktes f}' ogg kd }je pekpge yf}j
pskisolx onm ogg kd }je }eohjesx yf}j
}jefs sexulex nm vku cehouxe vkuse
}je kne }jo} loaex }je mehfxfknx.
Onm }jo}x o seoggv ikkm }jfni dskl
}je xhjkkg pesxpeh}fte.
Fx}jeseonv}jfniegxevkumgfae}komm
}jo}yemfmn}ie}ohjonhe}k}ogaocku};
lo}}jey jksnceha2 X}umen},coxem
cumie}fni fx o aev egelen} kd o hkl,
psejenxfte oppskohj }k xhjkkg sedksl. F}jfna }jese ose }yk oppskohjex }k }usn,
fni oskunm xhjkkgx.