student edition - glencoe · 2007. 8. 1. · student edition - glencoe ... may

Study Guide and Reinforcement

Student Edition

http://www.gpescience.com

Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the UnitedStates Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by anymeans, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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ISBN 0-07-872553-4Printed in the United States of America1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 09 08 07 06 05

iii

Table of ContentsC

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Chapter 1 The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Chapter 2 Science, Technology, and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Chapter 3 Motion, Acceleration, and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Chapter 5 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Chapter 6 Work and Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Chapter 8 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Chapter 10 Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Chapter 11 Sound and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Chapter 12 Earth’s Internal Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Chapter 13 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Chapter 14 Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Chapter 16 Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Chapter 17 Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Chapter 18 Classification of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Chapter 20 Earth Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Chapter 21 Earth’s Changing Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Chapter 24 Solutions, Acids, and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

The Nature of Science 1

Name Date Class

Directions: Use the word bank to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraph.

explanations investigation observation scientia

knowledge modified overlap technology

Science comes from a Latin word, (1) , which means

(2) . Scientists gather knowledge using (3) and

(4) . Though science is divided into categories, the things scientists study

often (5) . Scientific (6) are developed and

modified over time. Sometimes, new (7) or observations bring new

ideas to light and theories are (8) .

Directions: The following is a list of steps in the scientific method. Unscramble the steps by placing 1 beforethe first step, 2 before the second step, and so on.

9. test the hypothesis

10. state the problem

11. form a hypothesis

12. draw conclusions

13. gather information

14. analyze data

Directions: Unscramble the words to fill in the blanks.

15. (fictiensic dothem) an organized set of investigation procedures

16. (tennddeep) a type of variable that changes according to changes inother variables

17. (cottanns) something that does not change when other variables inan experiment change

16. (siba) what happens when a scientist expects certain results andviews their experimental data with those expectations, hoping to get a certain result

Study GuideStudy Guide11 The Methods of ScienceC

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1Chapter

1Chapter

2 The Nature of Science

Name Date Class

Study GuideStudy Guide22 Standards of Measurement

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Directions: Complete the table below by supplying the missing information.

Directions: In each of the following, circle the units that would most likely be used to express each kind of measurement. You may circle more than one answer for each term.

9. volume of a solid: mL m3 cm3 L

10. volume of a liquid: mL mg cm3 L

11. density of a material: g g/cm3 kg/m3 L

12. temperature: °K K °C Kg

13. mass: kg K cm3 mg

14. time: kg K s mm

15. length: K km m cm

Directions: For each pair of equations, write the letter of the equation that expresses an equal value.

16. a. 1 L = 1 dm3 b. 1 L = 1 cm3

17. a. 1 mL = 1 cm3 b. 1 cm3 = 1 L

18. a. 0°C = –273 K b. 0 K = −273°C

19. a. 1 kg = 100 g b. 1,000 g = 1 kg

20. a. 400 cm = 4.0 m b. 400 cm = 0.40 m

21. a. 1 dm = 10 m b. 1 dm = 0.10 m

22. a. 100°C = 373 K b. 373 K = 10°C

Directions: Calculate the volume of the box in the diagram.

23.

2 cm

3 cm

1 cm

1.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

2.

Base unitMeasurement Symbol

mass

temperature

second

meter

1Chapter

The Nature of Science 3

Name Date Class

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Directions: Use the graphs below to answer the following questions.

Communicating with Graphs

1. What type of graph is shown in A?

2. What does graph A show?

3. What is the independent variable in graph A?

4. On what axis is the independent variable plotted?

5. On what axis is the dependent variable plotted?

6. What type of graph is graph B?

7. What information is shown in graph B?

8. What element makes up the largest part of living things?

9. What type of graph is graph C?

10. What information is shown on graph C?

11. What is the most common height for students in Sarah’s class?

Height (cm)

00 158 162 166 170156 160 164 168 174172 176

16

18

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

Height of Students in Sarah's Class

Elements Making Up Living Things

Oxygen 65%

Hydrogen 10%

Nitrogen 3%Other elements 2.3%

Carbon 18%

Phosphorus 1.4%Sulfur 0.3%

Tem

pera

ture

in °

C

Time in minutes

20

10

0

30

20

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Graph of Temperature versus Timefor the Heating of Water

Graph CGraph A

Graph B

Science, Technology, and Society 5

Name Date Class

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term or terms that make the statement true.

1. A gadget is a technological device that is no longer in use.

2. The United States is considered a developing country.

3. A researcher who brings technology to the consumer is an engineer.

4. Agricultural biotechnology is the modification of a plant’s rate of growth.

5. Society is a group of people who share similar values and beliefs.

6. Technology seeks to know what the world is made of, what forcesexist, and what laws control nature.

Directions: Match the scientific principle on the left with the technology on the right

7. Different substances expand by different amountswhen heated.

8. Microwave energy is readily absorbed by water molecules.

9. Lenses refract light to focus images.

10. Artificial gravity is produced by the acceleration of areference frame.

11. Molecules in crystals are characterized by naturalfrequencies of oscillation.

12. A system is in equilibrium when both the net forceand net torque exerted on it are zero.

13. When an object exerts a rearward force on itsenvironment, it is propelled forward.

14. Angular momentum is conserved.

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2Chapter

a. Quartz watch

b. Rocket

c. Centrifuge

d. Gyroscope

e. Thermostat

f. Microscope

g. Balance Scale

h. Microwave oven

2Chapter

6 Science, Technology, and Society

Name Date Class

Study GuideStudy Guide22

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Forces that Shape Technology

Directions: Answer the following questions by writing the letter of the correct answer on the line provided.

1. Which of the following statements best explains how consumers determine growthin technological areas?a. Consumers fill out questionnaires concerning their need for new products.b. Consumers vote for politicians who decide which kind of research to support.c. Consumers decide what to buy and what not to buy.d. Consumers influence the decisions of private foundations by deciding where to

donate money.

2. Which statement best describes how federal funds for scientific research and devel-opment are allocated?a. Scientists and research organizations apply for grants.b. The heads of government agencies decide how to spend research funds.c. Congress decides how federal funds are to be spent.d. Scientists employed by the government decide how federal funds are to be spent.

3. Which statement best describes how private industry decides where to spend moneyon research and development?a. Money is spent in areas supported by the federal government.b. Business managers invest funds in areas they expect will yield a profit.c. Business managers invest in research and development to compete with foreign

competition.d. Businesses invest in areas they are required to invest in by laws and regulations.

4. Which statement best describes the effect technology has on the environment?a. A new technology is always harmful to the environment.b. The harm of a new technology to the environment may outweigh the benefits of

the technology.c. Technology has little or no effect on the environment.d. New technology is generally beneficial to the environment.

5. Moral and ethical values are least likely relevant in which of the following issues?a. Deciding which candidate to vote for.b. Establishing standards for scientists to follow when they do research.c. Deciding whether the benefits of a particular technology outweigh the risks.d. Deciding whether the federal government should fund a project.

6. Which statement best describes the research projects that are funded by private foundations?a. Research projects that have little chance of success.b. Research projects for a specific cause.c. Research projects concerning the environment.d. Research projects that benefit consumers.

2Chapter

Science, Technology, and Society 7

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1. A researcher who is responsible for bringing technology to theconsumer is called a(n) scientist.

2. The first step in finding a technical solution is to define the constraints.

3. A full-scale model that is used to test a new design is called a(n)simulation.

4. An exclusive right to make, use, and sell an invention for a specified number of years is called a(n) copyright.

5. The purpose of a(n) control system is to keep a system operatingat the desired condition.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.6. Explain the difference between trademarks, patents, and copyrights.

7. What are some of the technological improvements made in the field of television over thepast ten or 15 years?

8. If the cost of gasoline for automobiles doubles, what changes might occur in the design ofautomobiles?

Developing Technology

Motion, Acceleration, and Forces 9

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3Chapter

Directions: Answer the following questions or complete the sentence by writing the correct letter on the line provided.

1. A person walks up a flight of stairs 10 steps, stops, and walks down the stairs 10steps, returning to his starting point. The person’s total displacement is .

a. 10 steps b. 20 steps

c. 0 steps d. impossible to determine

2. Displacement is to distance, as velocity is to .

a. instantaneous speed b. average speed

c. speed d. time

3. A toy car travels 800 m in 20 s. The car’s average speed is .

a. 10 m/s b. 20 m/s

c. 40 m/s d. 80 m/s

4. The slope of a distance-time graph gives the .

a. instantaneous speed b. average speed

c. displacement d. total distance

5. A man drives a car from New York City to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and recordsthe distance he travels on a distance-time graph. At one point he gets stuck in trafficand does not move at all for 1 hour. At this point the slope of the distance-timegraph will be .

a. zero b. horizontal

b. vertical d. at a 45 degree angle

6. An athlete is 250 m away from the gym. If the athlete can run at 10 m/s, how longwill it take him to reach the gym?

a. 25 m/s b. 25 s

c. 2.5 s d. 50 m/s

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term or terms that make the statement true.

7. To measure the position of an object one needs a coordinateframe.

8. The steeper the slope of a distance-time graph, the greaterthe speed.

9. The instantaneous speed is the distance an object travelsdivided by the time it took to travel that distance.

Describing Motion

3Chapter

10 Motion, Acceleration, and Forces

Name Date Class

Study GuideStudy Guide22 Acceleration

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

1. What is acceleration?

2. When is an object accelerating?

3. What is the difference between positive and negative acceleration?

4. State in words how acceleration is calculated.

5. Provide the equation to calculate acceleration.

6. What does the slope of a velocity-time graph indicate?

7. An inline skater traveling in a straight line goes from 3 m/s to 9 m/s in 3 s. What is the acceleration?

Directions: On the lines provided, indicate what kind of acceleration is shown in the following graphs.

Time

Velo

city

Time

Velo

city

Time

Velo

city

8. 9. 10.

8.

9.

10.

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Motion, Acceleration, and Forces 11

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1. Define force.

2. List three forces being exerted as you complete this Reinforcement exercise.

3. You push on the side of a toy truck rolling along the floor. What will happen to the motion ofthe truck?

4. What term refers to the sum of all of the forces acting on an object?

5. If the net force on an object is zero, what do you know about all of the forces acting on the object?

6. When several people are pushing on a large rock and it starts to roll, what do you know aboutthe forces acting on the rock?

7. What is terminal velocity?

8. What causes a change in velocity?

9. What is the force created when an object rolls over a surface?

10. Describe why pebble and a shoe fall with different accelerations and speeds.

Motion and Forces

The Laws of Motion 13

Name Date Class


1. An object with a mass of 40 kg is accelerating at 2 m/s2. The net force acting on theobject is .

a. 20 N b. 40 N

c. 60 N d. 80 N

2. A net force of 25 N acts on an object and the object accelerates at the rate of 5 m/s2.The mass of the object is .

a. 0.2 kg b. 125 kg

c. 15 kg d. 5 kg

3. An ice skater is moving on ice when she decides to stop pushing against the ice withher legs and glide. She comes to rest after 80 m of gliding because of

a. inertia. b. Newton’s first law.

c. mass. d. the force of friction.

4. Which statement best explains why passengers in a car moving fast are injured whenthere is a head-on collision.

a. There is a collision between the passengers and the dashboard and other parts of the car.

b. The car and the passengers move according to the second law of motion.

c. The car and passengers move according to the first law of motion.

d. The car and the passengers both have inertia.

5. A weight-lifter tries to lift an 1800 kg barbell but can not make it budge. Whichstatement best explains why?

a. The mass of the barbell is too great.

b. The inertia of the barbell is greater than 1800 kg.

c. The force produced by the man’s muscles is less than the force of gravity on the barbell.

d. The force produced by the man’s muscles balances the force of gravity on the barbell.

Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that makes each statement correct.

6. The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion is called (inertia, mass).

7. The (first, second) law of motion couples the force on an object with its acceleration.

8. As the mass of an object increases, the acceleration of the object (decreases, increases) if theforce is constant.

Study GuideStudy Guide11 The First Two Laws of Motion

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4Chapter

4Chapter

14 The Laws of Motion

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Gravity


1. What is gravity?2. What are two things that the amount of gravitational force between two objects depends on?

3. Why does Earth exert a stronger gravitational force than the Moon?

4. If an object weighs 40 N on Earth, would it weigh more than 40 N on the Moon? Explain.

Directions: Use the diagrams below to complete the following questions.

Dry road

A

Icy road

B

5. What is the centripetal force that allows a car to move around a sharp curve in a roadway?

6. Draw an arrow on the bottom diagram to show the movement of the car if the centripetal forceof the road and car is not enough to overcome the car’s inertia when it reaches point B.

7. Explain how you know the car is accelerating when it reaches point A in the first diagram.

4Chapter

The Laws of Motion 15

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Directions: Use the illustrations to answer the following questions.

The Third Law of Motion

Figure BFigure A

1. Draw an arrow on Figure A to show the direction the cannon will move when the cannonball is fired.

2. Draw arrows on Figure B to show the direction the oars must move to propel the boat forward.

3. Does the arrow you drew on Figure A represent an action force or a reaction force?

4. Do the arrows you drew on Figure B represent an action force or a reaction force?

5. If the force that propels the cannonball forward is 500 N, how much force will move the cannon

backward? Explain.

Directions: Solve the following problems.

6. What is the momentum of a 2-kg toy truck that moves at 10 m/s?

7. What is the momentum of a 2000-kg truck that moves at 10 m/s?

8. Which truck has more momentum? Why?

Energy 17

Name Date Class

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statementis true, write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term or terms that make the

statement true.

1. Energy is done when a force causes an object to move.

2. Potential energy is the energy of motion.

3. Elastic potential energy is the energy of an object above thesurface of Earth.

4. Thermal potential energy is the energy stored in chemicalbonds between atoms.

5. The joule is the unit of energy in the SI system.

6. As the height of an object above the surface of Earth increases,its potential energy remains the same.

7. The energy coming from the sun is called chemical energy.


8. The kinetic energy of an object moving at a speed of 2 m/s and having a mass of 3 kg is .

a. 6 joules c. 12 joules

b. 18 joules d. 24 joules

9. The gravitational potential energy of an object with a mass of 1 kg at a height of 2 m above the surface of Earth is approximately .

a. 2 joules c. 2 joules

b. 10 joules d. 20 joules

10. When a substance burns in oxygen, the amount of chemical energy .

a. increases c. remains the same

b. decreases d. is not important

11. A car moving at 10 m/s has 400,000 joules kinetic energy. The car’s mass is .

a. 4,000 kg c. 8,000 kg

b. 16,000 kg d. 40,000 kg

Study GuideStudy Guide11 The Nature of EnergyC

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5Chapter

5Chapter

18 Energy

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Conservation of Energy

Directions: In each of the following situations, energy changes form. Study each situation and identify theenergy transformations in the spaces provided.

1. An electric blanket warms a bed on a chilly night.

2. A rock in Death Valley, California, becomes hot during a summer afternoon.

3. A deputy sheriff rides a horse while directing traffic.

4. A chandelier brightens a ballroom after a waiter moves a switch.

5. A swallow sitting on a fence sings a song for anyone who will listen.

6. A jet plane rapidly accelerates on the runway.

7. A walnut falls to the ground from a high tree branch.

8. A placekicker sends a football through the uprights of a goalpost.

9. A base runner slides safely into third base.

10. A nuclear powered submarine transports its crew from New Orleans to Mobile.

Work and Machines 19

Name Date Class

Directions: In the space on the left write how much work is done for each of the following.

1. A man pushes a bureau across the room a distance of 12 m andthe force he exerted to overcome the force of friction was 200 N.

2. A student spends 3 hours doing homework.

3. A force of 800 N is needed to push a car across a lot. Two stu-dents push the car 40 meters.

4. An athlete spends 10 seconds trying to lift a 10,000 N weight.The weight does not budge.

5. A ball rolls across a table a distance of 2 meters.

6. A librarian carries a book weighing 50 N across the roomwhich is 10 m wide.

7. A machine with a power rating of 100 watts does work for 10 s.

Directions: Choose the term from the bank that describes the situation and write the term on the line.

distance force power work

8. a horse runs 180 m

9. a 1600 W generator ran the motor home

10. a coffee maker used 850 J of energy for 8 minutes

11. a dog pushed his food bowl across the room with his nose

12. measured in newtons (N)

13. measured in joules (J)

14. measured in watts (W)

15. a baseball is lifted 0.7 m

16. the rate at which work is done

Study GuideStudy Guide11 WorkC

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6Chapter

6Chapter

20 Work and Machines

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Using Machines

Directions: In the space provided, define and express the term or equation for each of the following.

1. input force

2. output force

3. mechanical advantage

4. efficiency

Directions: Use the information above to solve the following problem.5. A carpenter uses a crowbar to remove the top of a box. The top has a output of 500 N. The

carpenter applies an input force of 250 N. What is the mechanical advantage of the crowbar?

Directions: Answer the following questions with complete sentences.6. What are two ways that machines make work easier?

7. How does a crowbar used to remove the top of a box change the direction of the force?

8. What is ideal mechanical advantage?

6Chapter

Work and Machines 21

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Directions: Match each simple machine in Column II to its description in Column I. Write the letter of the simplemachine in the blank at the left.

Column I

1. bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point

2. an inclined plane with one or two sloping slides

3. grooved wheel with a rope running along the groove

4. two wheels of different sizes that rotate together

5. sloping surface used to raise objects

6. two wheels of different sizes with interlocking teeth along their circumferences

7. inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a cylindrical post

Simple Machines

Directions: Classify each type of simple machine as either a lever or an inclined plane by writing its name in theproper column of the table.

Directions: Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage for each of the following.10. A mover uses a ramp to push a stereo into the moving van. The ramp is 3 meters long and

1.5 meters high.

11. A painter uses a fixed pulley to raise a 1-kg can of paint a distance of 10 m.

12. A screwdriver with a 1-cm shaft and a 4-cm handle is used to tighten a screw.

8. Levers 9. Inclined Planes

The Earth-Moon-Sun System 23

Name Date Class

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term or terms that makethe statement true.

1. Earth revolves around the Sun in a circle.

2. The period of rotation of Earth is approximately 365 days.

3. Earth is shaped like a sphere.

4. The area within Earth’s magnetic field is called the aurora.

Directions: For each observation given below write the cause or explanation of the observation. On the line provided.

5. the northern and southern lights

6. movement of the location of Earth’s north and south magnetic poles

7. Earth’s magnetic field

8. Objects fall down towards the center of Earth.

9. Earth’s shadow on the Moon during an eclipse is always curved.

10. A compass always points north.

11. the small amounts of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere

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Time and Seasons


1. On what is our symbol for degree (˚) based? _______________________________________

2. How many degrees does Earth spin in 24 hours?____________________________________

3. In degrees, how wide is a time zone? _____________________________________________

4. Through which city and country does the Prime Meridian pass? _______________________

5. Through which two places does the imaginary line of Earth’s axis pass? _________________

___________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the term for the period of time from noon one day until noon the next day?

___________________________________________________________________________

7. What is the name for the true measure of the time that it takes Earth to rotate once on

its axis? ____________________________________________________________________

8. As Earth rotates in its orbit, does the Sun appear fixed in the sky or does it appear to move?

___________________________________________________________________________

9. As Earth orbits the Sun, do stars appear fixed in the sky or do they appear to move?

___________________________________________________________________________

10. What is the name for the apparent path the Sun takes during the year? __________________

___________________________________________________________________________

11. Why does Earth experience four seasons each year?__________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

12. What is the Sun’s position in the sky during summer?________________________________

13. Does Earth change the direction of its tilt as it revolves, or does it keep the same direction of

its tilt? _____________________________________________________________________

14. What is the term for the position the Sun reaches when it is directly above Earth’s equator?

___________________________________________________________________________

15. What is the term for the point at which the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of

the equator?_________________________________________________________________

7Chapter

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Directions: Choose a term below to correctly complete each sentence.

craters iron photographs

depression maria regolith

eclipses synodic month seismometers

gravity Moon Sun

ice phases umbra

1. _______________ are depressions on the Moon formed by meteorites and other objects.

2. _______________ on the Moon contain igneous rocks and are dark-colored, fairly

flat regions.

3. _______________ is debris on the Moon’s surface caused by an accumulation of meteors.

4. The South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon is the largest _________________ in the

solar system.

5. The spacecraft Clementine provided the first high-resolution _______________ of the Basin.

6. Within the Moon’s core is the mineral _______________.

7. _______________ has been found about a half-meter below the Moon’s surface.

8. _______________ left on the Moon by astronauts measure moonquakes that help map

its interior.

9. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves completely into Earth’s

_______________.

10. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves between the _______________ and Earth

and casts a shadow on part of Earth.

11. The Moon’s _______________ affects Earth’s tides.

12. _______________ occur when a new or full Moon lines up with Earth and the Sun.

13. The Moon’s _______________ are the changing appearances of the Moon as seen from

Earth.

14. A new moon occurs when the _______________ is between Earth and the Sun.

15. One _______________ is equal to one complete cycle of the phases of the moon, or 29.5

days.

Earth’s Moon

The Solar System 27

Name Date Class


1. The closer a planet is to the Sun, the slower it moves. Whatmovement are you talking about here? Rotation or revolution?Please clarify.

2. In the geocentric model of the universe, planets move in pathsin the shape of ellipses.

3. In the heliocentric model, the planet that lies between Marsand Venus is Jupiter.

4. The astronomical unit is the distance from Earth to the Sun.

5. In the geocentric model, the stars rotate around Earth onceevery year.

6. Scientists hypothesize that the solar system formed from cloudsof gas, ice, and dust trillions of years ago.


7. Which is the correct order in time for the discoveries of the following scientists?

a. Galileo, Kepler, Copernicus b. Copernicus, Kepler, Galileoc. Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler d. Newton, Copernicus, Galileo

8. Which statement describes how planets were discovered?

a. Ancient Greeks observed objects in the sky that had irregular movements.

b. Galileo discovered planets by observing them with his telescope.

c. Copernicus discovered planets when he developed the heliocentric model.

d. Kepler discovered planets through mathematical calculations.

9. Which statement describes our knowledge about planets that rotate around other stars?

a. It is likely that such planets exist, but they have never been observed.

b. Stars are too far away for any planets they may have to be observed.

c. It is known that many stars have planets from recently developed methods of detection.

d. The existence of planets in orbits around other stars is science fiction.

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The Inner Planets

Directions: Identify the planet that each space probe or vehicle explored. You may use some planets morethan once.1. Pathfinder: ______________________ 2. Global Surveyor: _____________________

3. Mariner 2: ______________________ 4. Opportunity: _____________________

5. Mariner 10: ______________________ 6. Magellan: _____________________

7. Sojourner: ______________________ 8. Viking 1 and 2: _____________________

Directions: Indicate whether the statement is true ( ) or false ( ).

9. ___ Liquid water might have been present on Mars at one time. Evidence: surface water flowing outward from the edges of craters, some gullies look as if they were created byrunning water, and “blueberries” are present in Meridiani Planum.

10. ___ The thin atmosphere of Venus, composed mostly of carbon dioxide and some nitrogenand argon, does not filter out harmful rays of the Sun.

11. ___ Vallis mariner is a large, frozen Martian river about 4,828 km wide.

12. ___ The atmosphere of Mars contains mostly carbon dioxide and some sulfuric acid and hasa surface pressure 96 times the surface pressure of Earth at sea level.

13. ___ Olympus Mons is the largest volcano found in the solar system.

14. ___ Mercury is a planet believed to have a much smaller iron core than would be expectedfor a planet of its size.

15. ___ The atmosphere of Earth causes most meteors to burn up before they reach the surface.

16. ___ Mars is called the Red Planet because iron oxide, present in some of the rocks on its surface, give it a reddish color.

17. ___ Venus has no true atmosphere and has extreme surface temperatures ranging from450ºC during its day to170ºC during its night.

Directions: Answer the question using complete sentences.18. Explain why small, rocky planets formed closer to the Sun.

2

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

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Directions: Label the objects in the figure usingthe following terms.

Asteroid belt, Ganymede, Jupiter,Kuiper Belt, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus

Directions: Identify the planets with the following atmosphere and physical characteristics.

Directions: Match the planets with their moon(s).

14. Jupiter

15. Saturn

16. Uranus

17. Neptune

18. Pluto

The Outer Planets

a. at least 27 satellites

b. Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, and at least 57 others

c. Triton and at least 12 others with erupting methane geysers

d. at least 34 moons, one of which is Titan

e. Charon, with a diameter about half the size of its planet; orbitsrelatively close to its planet

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Hydrogen, helium, about 3% methane;dark spots; blue appearance

Thin

Hydrogen, helium, about 2% methane;blue-green color; surrounded by numerous thin rings

Hydrogen and helium, some ammonia,methane, water vapor; a giant red spot and bands of white, red, tan, andbrown clouds

Outer atmosphere of hydrogen and helium with some ammonia, methane,water vapor; surrounded by severalbroad bands, composed of ice and rockparticles; an inner atmosphere of liquidhydrogen and helium

Planet Atmosphere Physical Characteristics

Probably a rocky core

Solid ice-rock surface

Evidence of a mantle of liquid water, methane, andammonia; rocky core

Perhaps an ocean of liquidmetallic hydrogen and a solidrocky core

Liquid ocean; perhaps a smallrocky core

30 The Solar System

Name Date Class

Study GuideStudy Guide44 Life in the Solar System

Directions: Describe three types of harsh environments in which life exists on Earth.1.

2.

3.

Directions: Use complete sentences to answer the question.4. Explain why scientists have searched for water on other planets and moons. Include evidence

they have found so far.

Directions: List four features detected on Saturn’s moon, Titan, and reasons why Titan is of interest to exobiologists.

Directions: Complete the sentences by circling the correct answer to each.9. Extinct life on other worlds might have left a (fossil, conclusive) record.

10. A type of moss found in Siberia remained dormant for (400,000, 40,000) years.

11. Microbes living off material spewed from oceanic volcanoes use thermal and (chemical,solar) energy to survive.

12. One of the most promising bodies on which to search for extraterrestrial life is (Callisto,Europa).

13. The Viking probe (could, could not) conclude that microscopic life was present on Mars.

14. The Galileo probe of (Mars, Jupiter) indicated that its moons have oceans trapped under icy crusts.

15. There is evidence that the moon (Titan, Europa) has a warm, liquid ocean.

16. The Huygens probe studied (Titan, Europa).

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6.

Titan Feature Reason of Interest to Exobiologists

7.

8.

Heat and States of Matter 31

Name Date Class

Directions: Answer the following questions or complete the sentence by writing the correct letter on the lineprovided.

1. What is the temperature of 49°F in degrees Celsius?

a. 49°C b. 17°Cc. 45°C d. 45°C

2. What is the temperature of 85°C in degrees Fahrenheit?

a. 185°F b. 212°F

c. 190°F d. 195°F

3. Which statement describes the definition of temperature?

a. Temperature is how hot or cold a substance feels.

b. Temperature is how much thermal energy a substance has.

c. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of a substance.

d. Temperature is a form of heat in a substance.

4. The specific heat of a substance is determined by .

a. the nature of the substance

b. the temperature of the substance

c. the amount of heat added to the substance

d. the amount of substance

5. What is the temperature of 250°C on the Kelvin scale?

a. 523 K b. 250 K

c. 423 K d. 23° K

Directions: The italicized terms in the statements below make them false. Replace the italicized term with theterm or terms that make the statement true.

6. Specific heat is measured with a device called a thermometer.

7. The energy that flows from a hot object to a cold object it is incontact with is called kinetic energy.

8. The thermal energy of an object includes kinetic energy andheat energy.

9. The thermal theory is that all matter is composed of particlesin constant motion.

10. The higher the temperature of an object is, the slower theparticles in the object are moving.

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Temperature and Thermal Energy

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States of Matter

At the start of observations, Point A, the substance exists in the 1. ____________________

state. The temperature at this point is 2. ____________________. As energy is absorbed, the

temperature of the substance rises at a constant rate for two minutes. At Point B, the temperature

is 3. ____________________, and the solid begins to 4. ____________________. The

temperature remains constant until the change from solid to 5. ____________________ is

complete. It has taken three minutes to add enough energy to melt the solid completely. From

Point C to Point D, the substance is in the 6. ____________________ state. Its temperature rises

at a constant rate to 7. ____________________. The temperature remains constant while the

liquid changes to a 8. ____________________. At Point E, the substance exists as a

9. ____________________. Its temperature rises evenly as energy is added.

When the gaseous substance is allowed to cool, it releases energy. The cooling curve will

be the reverse of the warming curve. Energy will be released as the substance changes

from a 10. ____________________ to a 11. ____________________ and also from

a 12. ____________________ to a 13. ____________________. The amount of energy released

during condensation will be the same as the amount absorbed during vaporization.

Tem

pera

ture

(°C)

Time (minutes)

20

010 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

40

60

80

120

140

100

160

200

180

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

A

B C

D E

F

Gas

Liquid

Solid

Directions: Look carefully at the graph. It was drawn from the data collected when a substance was heated at aconstant rate. To heat at a constant rate means to add heat evenly as time passes. Use the graph to complete theparagraphs that follow.

9Chapter

Heat and States of Matter 33

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Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statement true.

1. Materials that are poor conductors are poor insulators.

2. The transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of its parti-cles is convection.

3. The transfer of energy in the form of invisible waves is conduction.

4. Solids usually conduct heat better than liquids and gases.

5. Air is a poor heat conductor.

6. Wind and ocean currents are examples of conduction currents.

7. Energy is usually transferred in fluids by radiation.

8. As water is heated, it expands, becomes less dense, and rises.

9. Dark-colored materials absorb less radiant energy than light-col-ored materials.

Directions: Circle the object in each pair that will take in more heat. In the blank, explain why that object willtake in more heat.

10. a silver spoon

a wooden log

11. a white shirt

a red shirt

12. foil in the sunlight

a sidewalk in the sunlight

13. single-pane window

double-pane window

Transfering Thermal Energy

34 Heat and States of Matter

Name Date Class

Study GuideStudy Guide44 Using Thermal Energy

Directions: Answer the following questions about the heating system represented in the flowchart.

1. Is the system in the flowchart a hot-water system or a steam-heating system?

2. How does the furnace get the energy needed to heat the water?

3. Is the furnace an internal or external combustion engine?

4. How is the thermal energy produced by the furnace transferred to the water?

5. Why do the pipes carrying the steam to the radiator need to be insulated?

6. How is the thermal energy from the steam transferred to the radiator?

7. How is the thermal energy of the radiator transferred to the surrounding air?

8. What happens to the steam as it gives up thermal energy inside the radiator?

9. How is heat from the air surrounding the radiator transferred to the air in the rest of theroom?

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A. Furnace heats water to a boil.

B. Steam provided by boiling water travels through pipes to a radiator.

C. Steam cools inside radiator and condenses to water.

D. Thermal energy of heated radiator heats air in room.

Waves 35

Name Date Class

Directions: The italicized term makes each statement false. Write in the blank the term or terms that makeeach statement true.

1. A wave that does not need a medium is sound.

2. A wave with a medium is called a transverse wave.

3. The medium in a water wave is wind.

4. A wave propagates matter in the direction that the wave ismoving.

5. A wave where the medium moves in the same direction as thewave is moving is a transverse wave.

6. Sound is a transverse wave.

7. A mechanical wave that travels in a liquid, solid, or gas is light.

8. A wave where the medium moves in a direction at right anglesto the direction of motion is called a perpendicular wave.

9. Wind exerts a force on water that causes waves because of airpressure.


10. Why is a water wave neither a transverse wave or a compressional wave?

11. What is the difference between a pulse and a wave?

12. What is the connection between mechanical waves and vibrations?

13. Why can ripples grow into white caps or swells?

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36 Waves

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Wave Properties

Directions: Study Figure 1, then identify each part by filling in the blanks below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.5. List three characteristics of a wave that you can measure.

6. What is meant by the frequency of a wave? What is the unit?

7. If the frequency of a given wave increases, what happens to the wavelength?

Directions: Fill out the following table by describing how to measure each of the quantities for the two types of waves.

1.

2.3.

4.

10. What is the velocity of a wave with a frequency of 6 Hz and a wavelength of 2 m?

Figure 1

Wave Wavelength Amplitude

8. transverse

9. compressional

10Chapter

Waves 37

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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. How is an echo produced?

2. When light is reflected, how are the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection related?

3. Compare and contrast refraction and diffraction.

4. What happens to the direction of a light wave when it passes from a less dense medium such asair into a more dense medium such as glass?

5. Why does a tree in the path of sunlight create a shadow instead of the light spreading aroundthe tree?

6. What happens when two waves approach and pass each other?

7. When is a standing wave produced?

The Behavior of Waves

Sound and Light 39

Name Date Class

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term or terms thatmake the statement true.

1. The speed of sound in a solid is less than the speed of sound ina liquid.

2. Sound waves consist of compressions and decompressions.

3. The density of particles in a sound wave is a measure of thesound wave’s energy or magnitude.

4. The human perception of the frequency of a sound wave iscalled the decibel.

5. In the Doppler effect, the frequency of the sound increases asthe source of the sound approaches the listener.

6. As the distance from the source of a sound increases, the frequency decreases.

7. As the temperature of air increases, the speed ofsound decreases.

8. The human perception of the intensity of sound is called loudness.

9. Dogs are better able than humans to hear infrasonicsound waves.


10. What are two medical uses of ultrasonic waves?

11. Compare and contrast echolocation and sonar.

12. Over what range of frequencies can a healthy human ear hear sound waves?

13. A submarine sends out a sonar pulse. The pulse hits a school of fish and is reflected back tothe submarine 10 s after it is sent out. If the speed of sound in water is 1500 m/s, how faraway is the school of fish?

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Reflection and Refraction of Light

Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. An object that does not allow light to pass through it is ______.a. translucent c. opaqueb. transparent d. refractive

2. Visible light can be separated into different colors by using a ______.a. tennis ball c. mirageb. prism d. brick

3. Almost all of the light passes through a(n) ______ material.a. translucent c. opaqueb. transparent d. refractive

4. A mirage results from light being refracted through ______ of different densities.a. liquids c. transparent solidsb. translucent solids d. air layers

5. According to the law of reflection, the angle at which light strikes a surface is______ the angle at which light is reflected.a. the same as c. less thanb. slightly larger than d. much larger than

6. Some light passes through a(n) ______ material.a. translucent c. opaqueb. transparent d. refractive

7. ______ is a property of a material that indicates how much it reduces the speed oflight.a. Translucence c. Refractionb. Reflection d. Index of refraction

8. No clear image is formed by ______ of light.a. the index of refraction c. diffuse reflectionb. regular reflection d. rays

9. ______ occurs when light waves traveling through the air reflect off small particles.a. Scattering c. Refractionb. Translucense d. Prisms

10. If a light wave is traveling at an angle to a boundary between two materials and thespeed of light is different in the two materials, the wave will be ______.a. absorbed c. refractedb. transmitted d. separated

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Mirrors, Lenses, and the Eye

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines or in the spaces provided.1. Locate the image of an object placed between the focal point and the center of a concave mirror

by drawing two rays. Draw the image and describe this image with words.

2. What type of mirror would you use to allow a large area to be viewed? ____________________Use rays to show how a virtual image is formed by a convex mirror.

Optical axis

Concave mirror

F = focal pointC = center of mirror

FC

Object

Optical axis

Convex mirrorObject

Directions: On the line at the left, write the term that correctly completes each statement.

4. All lenses have the ability to ______ light.

5. A magnifying glass is an example of a ______ lens.

6. With normal vision, the image of an object should focus on thepart of the eye called the ______.

7. When images form ______ the retina, convex lenses are neededto converge incoming rays before they enter the eye.

3. Nearsighted vision is the result of the images of objects being focused in front of the retina.

Retina

Iris

Cornea

Light fromdistant object

Draw the type of lens in front of the eye to the right that would be used to correct nearsightedvision. Draw a ray diagram to show how this type of lens corrects nearsighted vision.

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Light and Color

Directions: Use the clues below to complete the crossword puzzle.

Across

3. Soak up, for example, light rays

5. Colored material that absorbs some colors but reflects others

7. Color that results from mixing red and yellow pigments

9. Primary light colors are this type

11. Primary pigments are this type

Down

1. Light produced by mixing all colors of the visible spectrum

2. Colors that can be mixed to produce any other colors

4. Color of an object that absorbs all light

6. Nerve cells you use to distinguish colors

8. Type of nerve cells on retina that allow you to see dim light

10. The color you see if you are looking at light that has no red or blue

1

5

7

9

10

8

11

2

3 4

6

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Earth’s Internal Processes 43

Name Date Class

Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed below. Some terms may be used morethan once.

South America fossils rocks Africa

continental Pangaea mountains drift

magma tectonics faults radioactive plates

Earth’s continents were once part of a super-continent called (1) .

Evidence of this is the way the eastern coastline of (2) fits like a

jigsaw puzzle into the western coastline of (3) and the way

(4) and (5) on different continents match.

Further evidence comes from matching the (6) of large extinct animals

like dinosaurs on the different continents. The breaking apart of (7) is

called (8) drift. One of the forces that causes the spreading of continents

is (9) which is forced upward from Earth’s mantle because of its low

density and which enters Earth’s crust through (10) . It is not actually

continents that are moving, but rigid sections of the uppermost part of Earth’s mantle called

(11) . Plate (12) is a theory of the movements in

Earth’s crust. One of the sources of the thermal energy that causes the movement of mantle

material is (13) elements.

Directions: For each of the phenomena listed below indicate which kinds of boundary between platesmay have caused the phenomena: divergent, convergent, or transform.

14. subduction

15. the Mid-Ocean Ridge

16. mountain building

17. volcanic islands

18. no new lithosphere

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Evolution of Earth’s Crust12

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12Chapter

44 Earth’s Internal Processes

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Earthquakes


1. An earthquake is any seismic vibration of Earth caused bythe slow release of energy.

2. Elastic deformation occurs when a material deforms asstress is applied.

3. When strain energy is released suddenly, it causes rock tolurch to a new position.

4. Earthquake waves travel out in certain directions from apoint where strain energy is released.

5. Earthquake waves are different from the concentric rings ofwaves you see when you throw a stone into water.

6. Earthquake waves can be sorted broadly into four majortypes.

7. P-waves are also called primary waves.

8. Secondary waves are body waves that travel more quicklythan primary waves.

9. A seismograph is an instrument used to measure earthquakewaves.

10. Research has shown that poor building materials are thesmallest contributors to earthquake damage.

11. It is possible to make buildings completely earthquakeproof.

12. Earthquake zones coincide with the edges of lithosphericplates.

12Chapter

Earth’s Internal Processes 45

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Directions: In the blank on the left, write the letter of the term or phase that best completes each statement oranswers each question.

1. The deepest well in the world, on the Kola Peninsula in _________, is only 12 km deep.a. China b. Russia c. Alaska d. Florida

2. Scientists use _________ vibrations to gather data about Earth’s interior.a. natural b. artificial c. atmospheric d. lunar

3. In order for _________ waves to change speed, Earth’s interior must not be uniformthroughout.a. atmospheric b. radio c. oceanic d. seismic

4. A boundary that marks a _________ change between layers is called a discontinuity.a. temperature b. density c. color d. pressure

5. No seismic waves are recorded in the _________ zone.a. invisible b. twilight c. shadow d. restricted

6. Earth’s outer core is _________ but its inner core isn’t.a. solid b. liquid c. gaseous d. rigid

7. Earth’s internal layers generally become _________ with depth.a. weaker b. lighter c. denser d. invisible

8. Earth’s core apparently has a composition like some iron _________ that havestruck earth through history.a. meteorites b. satellites c. moons d. rings

9. Over time, Earth’s _________ materials have settled toward the core.a. lightest b. densest c. rarest d. most flexible

10. Earth’s core has a(n) _________ density and a metallic composition.a. unknown b. low c. high d. unstable

Directions: On the lines provided, describe how each of the following terms helps scientists study Earth’s interior.11. earthquakes

12. seismographs

13. shadow zone

Earth’s Interior

12Chapter

46 Earth’s Internal Processes

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Volcanoes

Directions: Answer the following questions about volcanoes. 1. What is decompression melting?

2. What types of materials do volcanoes expel?

3. What process created Earth’s first atmosphere and ocean water?

4. What is viscosity?

5. Name two factors that affect viscosity and flow.

6. What type of eruption is characterized by abundant pyroclasts?

7. What is a hot spot?

8. Name two North American examples of hot spots.

9. How are volcanoes classified?

10. What is a cinder cone volcano?

Electricity 47

Name Date Class

Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the definitions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct termin the blank at the left.

Column I

1. Surrounds every charge and exerts a force on all charges

2. A material in which electrons cannot move easily

3. A massive discharge of static electricity

4. Using Earth as a conductor

5. Device for measuring charge

6. A material in which electrons can move easily

Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraphs.

When an atom gains electrons, it becomes (7) (yvenagltie)

charged. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes (8) (lsoipyviet)

charged. The law of conservation of charge states that charge can not be

(9) (dracete) or (10) (reddeosty),

only transferred from object to object. Objects with equal amounts of positive and

negative charge are said to be electrically (11) (traulen). Some

objects hold (12) (neetlorcs) more tightly than others, so when

two different objects, such as carpet and shoes, are rubbed together, the electrons are

(13) (serfarntred) from one to the other. An accumulation of excess

charge on an object is called (14) (tastci leecrtcyii).


15. What is the difference between charging by induction and charging by contact?

16. Suppose there are two charges, charge A and charge B. What determines the magnitude ofthe force between the two charges?

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13Chapter

Column II

a. electroscope

b. grounding

c. electric field

d. conductor

e. lightening

f. insulator

13Chapter

48 Electricity

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Electric Current

Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that makes each statement true.

1. A negatively charged object has (more, fewer) electrons than an object that is neutral.

2. Electrons flow from areas of (higher, lower) voltage to areas of (higher, lower) voltage.

3. Voltage difference is measured in (amperes, volts).

4. Electrons passing through a lamp (gain, lose) some voltage as they light the lamp.

5. Voltage (varies, is the same) in all parts of a series circuit.

6. The current in a circuit is measured in (volts, amperes).

7. Current is almost always the flow of (electrons, protons).

8. When a dry cell is connected in a series, the flow of electrons moves from the

(positive, negative) terminal to the (positive, negative) terminal.

9. In a dry cell, the carbon rod releases electrons and becomes the (positive, negative) terminal.

10. The voltage difference between the two holes in a wall socket is (12 volts, 120 volts).

11. A car battery is an example of a (dry, wet) cell.

12. Resistance is measured in (ohms, volts).

13. Copper has a (higher, lower) resistance to electron flow than tungsten.

14. According to Ohm’s law, (I = V/R, V = I/R).

15. The symbol for ohm is (Ω, °).

16. In the equation I = V/R, I is expressed in (ohms, amperes).

17. In the equation I = V/R, V is expressed in (volts, ohms).

18. The (+, –) terminal of a dry cell identifies the location of the carbon rod.

19. A wire with a resistance of 3Ω has a (greater, lesser) resistance to electron flow than a wirewith a resistance of 5Ω.

20. If two copper wires are the same length, but different thicknesses, the (thinner, thicker) wirehas greater resistance.

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Electricity 49

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Directions: Use the terms and statements below to complete the table.

rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy

The current has only one loop to flow through.

kilowatt parallel circuit series circuit

watt insulation to melt a fire

The current has more than one branch.

kW fuses circuit breakers

W Power = current × voltage difference P = I × V

Electrical Energy

Important Facts About Electric Circuits1. There are two types of electric circuits.

Two types of circuits:a.

b.

Definitions of these circuits:

c.

d.

2. A household circuit can contain many appliances.

Too many appliances can cause:a.

b.

For protection, household circuitsc.

contain: d.

3. The electrical power of a circuit can be measured.

Definition of electrical power: a.

Unit of electrical power:

b. Name:

c. Abbreviation:

d. Term for 1,000 units:

e. Abbreviation for 1,000 units:

Determining the electrical f. Expression:power of a circuit: g. Formula:

Magnetism 51

Name Date Class

Directions: Use the terms from the word bank to fill in the blanks in the summary paragraph below.

away north south strong toward

Magnetic field lines begin at a magnet’s (1) pole and end at

the (2) pole. Field lines that curve (3) each

other show attraction. Field lines that curve (4) from each other

show repulsion. Where the magnetic field is (5) , the lines will be

closer together.


6. The magnetic charge is the region where the magnetic field is strongest.

7. Two bar magnets attract each other when their north poles are relatively close.

8. A compass’s south pole points in the direction of the magneticfield in which it is placed.

9. At the geographic north pole of Earth, magnetic field linesenter Earth’s surface. Ed note: Revise question—terminology(lines entering Earth) is confusing

10. Magnetic field lines originate at the north pole of a magnet.

11. The metals iron, cobalt, and copper are attracted to magnets.

12. Groups of atoms with their magnetic poles lined up are calledmagnetic regions.

13. Subatomic particles that have only north poles or south polesmay exist.

14. The location of the magnetic south and north poles of Earthvaries over the course of millions of years.

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14Chapter

52 Magnetism

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Electricity and Magnetism

Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that correctly completes the sentence.

1. When a current is passed through a coil of wire with a piece of iron inside, (an electromagnet,a commutator) is formed.

2. An electromagnet is a (permanent, temporary) magnet.

3. Adding more turns to the wire coil (increases, decreases) the strength of an electromagnet.

4. Increasing the amount of current that flows through a wire (increases, decreases) the strengthof an electromagnet.

5. Electromagnets change electrical energy into (chemical, mechanical) energy.

6. An instrument that is used to detect current is (an electromagnet, a galvanometer).

7. An electric motor changes (chemical, electrical) energy into mechanical energy.

8. Like a galvanometer, an electric motor contains (a switch, an electromagnet) that is free torotate between the poles of a permanent, fixed magnet.

9. A coil’s magnetic field can be flipped by (reversing the direction of current,increasing the number of loops) in the coil.

10. In a motor, a reversing switch that rotates with an electromagnet is called a (voltmeter,commutator).

11. In a motor, the stronger the magnetic field in the coil, the (weaker, stronger) the forcebetween the permanent magnet and the electromagnet.

12. The speed of an electric motor can be controlled by varying the amount of (electric current,mechanical energy) to the motor.

13. Name three devices you see or use everyday that make use of the relationship between electricity and magnetism to operate.

14Chapter

Magnetism 53

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Directions: Study the following diagram. Then label the parts using the correct terms from the list.

electromagnet source of mechanical energy permanent magnet

4. Is this a diagram of a generator or a motor?

Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that makes each statement true.

5. When the wire loop of a (motor, generator) turns, an electric current is produced.

6. The current produced by a generator is (direct, alternating) current.

7. A motor (uses, creates) an electric current as it turns.

8. A device that increases or decreases voltage of electric current passing through a power line is a(transformer, motor).

9. If the secondary coil of a transformer has more turns than the primary coil, the transformer isa (step-up, step-down) transformer.

Directions: In the space below, draw a sketch of a step-down transformer that has half as many coils in the secondary coil as in its primary coil. Label the two coils.

10.

Producing Electric Current

1.

2.

3.

Electromagnetic Radiation 55

Name Date Class

Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the summary sentence blanks.

Electromagnetic waves are different from sound and water waves because they can

travel in (1) (eacsp) as well as (2) (tramet).

Electromagnetic waves are made of vibrating (3) (tricleec) and

(4) (ginetamc) fields. Both of these fields surround an electric

(5) (grache) that is (6) (ngivmo). The vibrating

electric field around a vibrating charge produces a vibrating magnetic field and the vibrating

magnetic field produces a vibrating electric field. As a result, these fields continually (7)

(eeactr) each other. These fields are always (8)

(reepraplicdun) to each other and travel (9) (wotdaur) from the

vibrating charge. Because they vibrate at right angles to the (10)

(notidreci) that the wave travels, electromagnetic waves are (11)

(seervrtnsa) waves. An electromagnetic wave carries (12) (trainda)

energy. All objects emit electromagnetic waves because they contain electric charges that are

always in (13) (ntmioo). Electromagnetic waves sometimes behave as

(14) (sleipcrat) called (15) (toonsph).


16. The speed of sound in air is 330 m/s. Sound also travels in solids and liquids. The speed ofsound in water is 1450 m/s and in iron is 5,130 m/s. Why would the speed of sound begreater in a liquid than in a gas and greater in a solid than a liquid?

17. What are some examples of electromagnetic waves in your daily life?

18. What is the proof that electric fields and magnetic fields exist?

Study GuideStudy Guide11 What are electromagneticwaves?

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15Chapter

15Chapter

56 Electromagnetic Radiation

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

1. Arrange the following types of waves from lowest to highest frequency with 1 being the lowestand 7 being the highest.

a. microwaves

b. visible light

c. gamma rays

d. radio waves

e. infrared waves

f. X rays

g. ultraviolet waves

Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.

2. The range of frequencies in which electromagnetic waves occur is called the ______.a. radar c. UVB raysb. electromagnetic spectrum d. visible light

3. Radio waves make ______ vibrate.a. electrons c. light particlesb. molecules d. photons

4. ______ are used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging to map body tissues.a. X rays c. Infrared wavesb. Radio waves d. Ultraviolet waves

5. ______ are absorbed by the ozone layer.a. Infrared waves c. Radio wavesb. Gamma rays d. Ultraviolet waves

6. Radio waves with wavelengths of less than 1 m are called ______.a. gamma rays c. infrared lightb. X rays d. microwaves

7. Warmth that you feel from a fire is transmitted to you by ______.a. infrared waves c. MRIb. ultraviolet rays d. radio waves

8. The range of electromagnetic waves that you can detect with your eyes is ______.a. infrared waves c. microwavesb. visible light d. X rays

15Chapter

Electromagnetic Radiation 57

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Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. Trace a radio broadcast from the radio station transmitter to your ear.

2. What is a carrier wave and how does it affect what you hear on the radio?

3. Compare and contrast AM and FM radio transmission.

Radio Communication

A

B

C

4. In the figure above, name the parts of a cathode-ray tube indicated and give the use of each part.

A.

B.

C.

5. Cell phones and cordless phones are transceivers. What does this mean?

6. Describe GPS and give two uses for it.

7. Why is satellite telephone service best for one-way communication?

Energy Sources 59

Name Date Class


Column I

1. Production of gasoline

2. Liquid mixture of hydrocarbons

3. Methane

4. Fossil fuels

5. Formed from the remains of plants

6. Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy


7. Why might the cost of fossil fuels increase in the future?

8. What are two environmental disadvantages to burning fossil fuels to provide energy?

9. What is the law of conservation of energy?

10. What percent of the total energy used in the United States comes from fossil fuels?

11. What other uses does petroleum have besides being used for fuel and lubricants?

12. Why is the efficiency of a power plant much less than 100%?

13. Why do crude oil enable refineries to separate the different kinds of hydrocarbons in thecrude oil?

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Fossil FuelsC

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16Chapter

Column II

a. natural gas

b. turbine

c. coal

d. fractional distillation

e. nonrenewable resource

f. petroleum

16Chapter

60 Energy Sources

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Nuclear Energy

1. Place the following events describing the production of electrical energy from a nuclear fissionreactor in the correct order. Write the numbers 1 (first) through 7 (last) in the spaces provided.

______ a. Steam produced by boiling water causes the blades of a turbine to rotate.

______ b. A neutron bombards a uranium-235 isotope.

______ c. Thermal energy released by the reaction is added to water.

______ d. Electricity from the generator is carried to the community through wires.

______ e. A uranium-235 atom splits, producing two atoms with smaller nuclei, three neutrons,and thermal energy.

______ f. The mechanical energy of the rotating turbine blades is transferred to an electric generator.

______ g. Superheated water passes through a heat exchanger, where the thermal energyreleased boils a separate system of water to produce steam.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.2. How does using nuclear energy harm the environment?

3. How is using nuclear energy less harmful to the environment than using fossil fuels?

4. How does the half-life of a radioactive waste affect the type of container in which the waste willbe stored?

5. Why is nuclear fusion not currently used as a common energy source?

6. How do the products of a fusion reaction differ from the products of a fission reaction?

16Chapter

Energy Sources 61

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Directions: Provide the information requested for each alternative energy source listed.1. Solar energy

a. What is solar energy?

b. What is a photovoltaic cell?

2. Hydroelectricitya. What is hydroelectricity?

b. What is one economic advantage of hydroelectricity?

3. Tidal energya. What is tidal energy?

b. Why is there limited use of tidal energy?

4. Wind energya. What device is used to harness the energy in wind and convert it into electricity?

b. Why is the wind an energy source with limited uses?

Renewable Energy Sources

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Weather and Climate 63

Name Date Class

Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the descriptions in Column I.

Column I

1. 78% of atmosphere

2. 21% of atmosphere

3. Less than 1% of atmosphere

4. 0.03% of atmosphere

5. Less that 0.001% of atmosphere

6. bottom 30 km of atmosphere

7. permanent temperature inversion

Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that makes each statement correct.

8. The source of oxygen in the atmosphere is (volcanic action, photosynthesis).

9. All microorganisms undergo (cellular respiration, photosynthesis).

10. Ultraviolet rays from the Sun are absorbed by (carbon dioxide, ozone).

11. The greenhouse effect refers to the re-emission of (infrared, ultraviolet) radiation.

12. Microorganisms in the digestive tracts of animals produce (carbon dioxide, methane).

13. The heat released or absorbed when water changes its state is (latent, relative) heat.

14. The currents of air that rise over relatively warm areas are called (thermals, drafts).

15. Clouds are made up of water (vapor, droplets).

16. Earth’s early atmosphere contained mostly hydrogen and (helium, nitrogen).

17. The temperature of dry land changes (more, less) rapidly than the temperature of oceans.

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Earth’s Atmosphere17

Chapter

Column II

a. troposphere

b. water vapor

c. oxygen

d. carbon dioxide

e. stratosphere

f. ozone

g. nitrogen

Weather17

Chapter

64 Weather and Climate

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Directions: The following weather locations are at different points from the equator to the north pole. Putthem in the correct order. Place the number 1 in the space provided for the equator, the number 2 for the nextlocation and so on.

1. north pole

2. subpolar lows

3. westerlies

4. equator

5. subtropical highs

6. easterlies


7. Which of the following statements best explains why continental air masses can beextremely hot or extremely cold compared to maritime air?a. Continental air masses are formed mostly in area with temperate weather.b. Maritime air masses are formed in tropical regions.c. It takes more heat to change the temperature of water than the temperature of

land.d. Mountain ranges produce large temperature changes.

8. Which statement best describes a cold front?a. Cold air pushes warm air aloft.b. A mass of cold air is surrounded by warm air.c. A mass of warm air is surrounded by cold air.d. A mass of air comes from the north.

9. Which statement best describes a warm front?a. A mass of air comes from the southb. A mass of cold air is surrounded by warm air.c. A mass of warm air is surrounded by cold air.d. Warm air rises above cold air.

10. Which statement best explains why the United States is subject to severe weather?a. extreme temperatures and moisture from tropical oceansb. large continental land mass c. its latituded. proximity of Canada, the Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean

17Chapter

Weather and Climate 65

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Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term or terms that make the statement true.

1. The interaction of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere,cryosphere, and stratosphere determines a region’s climate.

2. The atmosphere provides oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water tothe hydrosphere.

3. The single most important factor that determines climate is aregion’s proximity to water.

4. Maritime climates have relatively large differences in tempera-ture during the year.

5. A sea breeze blows toward the sea in the afternoon.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.6. Why does San Francisco have a maritime climate and Boston a continental climate?

7. If you were describing the temperature of the climate of a particular region, what informationabout the temperature would you give?

8. What are two reasons the cryosphere has a large impact on weather and climate?

9. When will a big city be warmer than the surrounding countryside?

Climate

66 Weather and Climate

Name Date Class

Study GuideStudy Guide44 Earth’s Changing Climates

Directions: Circle the term or phrase in parentheses that makes each statement correct.

1. Seasonal climate changes are greatest at the (equator, mid-latitudes).

2. Changes in the tilting of Earth’s axis caused (the ice ages, recent global warming).

3. Dust in the atmosphere (increases, decreases) the temperature of Earth.

4. El Niño is warm (air, water) that affects global weather patterns.

5. La Niña is caused by winds that are (colder, hotter) than usual.

6. Since the turn of the century, the average temperature of Earth has increased by (1ºC, 10ºC).

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.7. What are two ways that deforestation adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?

8. What is the ozone hole?

9. Why are El Niño and La Niña considered to be factors that change climate as opposed to factors that change the weather?

10. What is the carbon cycle?

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17Chapter

Classification of Matter 67

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1. A material made up of two or more substances that can be easily separated by physical methods is a composition.

2. A substance in which the atoms of two or more elements arecombined in a fixed proportion is called a combination.

3. A type of matter with fixed composition is called a substance.

4. A mixture where the particles are so small they cannot be seen with a microscope and will not settle to the bottom ofthe mixture is called a suspension.

5. A mixture in which the separate components can be easily distinguished is called a homogeneous mixture.

Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the descriptions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct termin the blank at the left.

Column I

6. Particle size is in between a solution and a suspension

7. Two atoms joined together to form one particle

8. Poisonous gas associated with salt

9. scattering of light

10. The result of combining two elements

11. There are approximately 100 such particles

12. The category of matter gold, zinc, chlorine, sodium,lead, americium, tungsten, and titanium all belong to.

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Composition of MatterC

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18Chapter

Column II

a. Tyndall effect

b. compound

c. element

d. atoms

e. molecule

f. chlorine

g. colloid

18Chapter

68 Classification of Matter

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Properties of Matter

Directions: Below are two sets of words. Complete the second set by choosing a word from those listed belowthe blank. The two words must be related in the same way as the first set of words.

EXAMPLEletter: envelope:: pillow: ____________case_________

case, sheet, soft, bed

1. steam: water:: water: ________________________heat, molecules, ice, matter

2. physical: chemical:: size: ________________________burning, taste, solubility, acid

3. chemical: rust:: physical: ________________________compound, condensation, element, change

4. physical: density:: chemical: ________________________size, melting, combustible, ice

5. solid: steel:: gaseous: ________________________coal, air, water, gasoline

6. burning: candle:: rust: ________________________vaporization, physical property, iron, mixture

7. smell: rotten eggs:: heat and light: ________________________burning logs, mountains, river deltas, ice water

8. gold: gold leaf:: copper: ________________________ice, wire, mass, chemical


9. What is the difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

10. Name some physical properties.

11. Explain how a pile of ashes has the same mass as the original log before it was burned. Whatis the law that defines this (assuming a completely dry log and no combustible products;escaped in the air) called?

Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 69

Name Date Class


Column I

1. Device used to study tracks left by subatomic particles

2. Device used to cause high-speed collisions

3. Discovered the atom

4. Discovered the electron

5. Discovered the atomic nucleus

6. Smallest piece of matter that has the properties of the element

7. Particles that make up neutrons and protons

8. Discovered that electrons in atoms travel in orbits with different energy levels

9. Currently accepted theory of atoms

10. Substance with identical atoms

Directions: For each of the following past atomic models describe the correction or addition that was made tothe model.

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Structure of the AtomC

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19Chapter

Column II

a. Rutherford

b. quarks

c. electron cloud model

d. element

e. Bohr

f. Thompson

g. particle accelerator

h. bubble chamber

i. Democritus

j. atom

Name of Model Correction or Addition that was Made to the Model

11. Dalton’s

12. Thompson’s

13. Rutherford’s

14. Bohr’s

19Chapter

70 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table

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Masses of Atoms

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.1. What are isotopes?

2. How do boron-10 and boron-11 differ?

3. What is the average atomic mass of an element?

4. Compare and contrast the atomic structures of the chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 isotopes.

5. Suppose that a newly discovered element called centium has three isotopes that occur innature. These are centium-200, centium-203, and centium-209. Assume that these isotopesoccur in equal amounts in nature. What will be the average atomic mass of this element?

19Chapter

Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table 71

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Directions: You will need a scientist’s patience to find the names of the 70 elements hidden in the grid. The lanthanides and the actinides have been excluded. The same letters may appear in more than one element name.Circle the letters that correctly spell the name of an element.

The Periodic Table

A

R

G

O

N

A

I

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W

L

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K

C

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Directions: Complete the following paragraphs about the periodic table by writing the correct term in each blank.

In the modern periodic table, elements are listed by increasing 1. ________________. Each box

represents a(n) 2. ________________. A box contains the name, atomic number,

3. ________________, and 4. ________________ for the element.

Vertical columns in the table are called 5. ________________. Most elements in a column have

the same number of 6. ________________ in the outer energy level and tend to have similar

7._________________.

Horizontal rows in the table are called 8. ________________. The elements on the left side of the

table are 9. ________________. Groups 3–12 contain metals known as 10. ________________.

Elements on the right side are 11. ________________.

Earth Materials 73

Name Date Class

Directions: Fill in the missing letters in the following statements.

1. A substance is a mineral when it is a s , has a

c s ,

and is i .

2. Four physical properties of a mineral are its c ,

h , l , and s .

3. The two physical properties describing the way minerals break are

c and f .

Directions: Match the category of mineral in Column I with the use of the mineral in Column II. Write the letterof the correct term in the blank at the left.

Column I

4. native metals

5. silicates

6. halides

7. oxides

8. carbonates


9. A mineral that has only a single direction of cleavage isfeldspar.

10. The scale used by geologists to compare hardness is the Mohs scale.

11. The two types of luster are metallic and transparent.

12. Minerals form from water solutions and molten compounds.

13. Feldspar is considered to be a silicate.

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20Chapter

Column II

a. glass

b. aluminum

c. jewelry

d. nutrient and seasoning

e. cement

20Chapter

74 Earth Materials

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Igneous Rocks


1. Few rocks contain crystals of minerals.

2. Rocks are identified by their composition and texture.

3. Igneous rocks are formed from molten rock material called magma.

4. All minerals melt at the same temperature.

5. Minerals freeze at very low temperatures.

6. Igneous rocks with small amounts of quartz are generally associatedwith continental crust.

7. Texture describes the size and arrangement of rock components.

8. Magma that cools slowly forms small crystals.

9. Volcanic glass is magma that is quenched in water.

10. Rock has a great ability to transfer heat.

11. Volcanic eruptions can result in different extrusive rock textures and forms.

12. Some pumice can float in water.

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.13. What do the composition and texture of a rock indicate?

14. What happens to the dissolved gases in magma as magma rises toward Earth’s surface?

20Chapter

Earth Materials 75

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Directions: Complete the crossword by writing the term that matches each description in the appropriate spaces.

Sedimentary Rocks

Across:

1. Rocks from surface materials

3. Speed with which sediment is added iscalled sedimentation ____

5. Example of biochemical sedimentaryrock

7. Chemical rock formed by crystallizationof excess dissolved minerals

9. Process by which minerals fill spacesbetween clasts

11. Process in which surface rock breaksdown because of water and wind

Down:

2. Another name given to clasts

4. Chemical rock formed by evaporation

6. Sedimentary rock type that containsremains of living organisms

8. Small bits and pieces of rock

9. Sedimentary rock type formed throughactivity of chemicals dissolved in water

10. Empty space between clasts

12. The process in which clasts are forced bygravity to stick together

14. ____ of clasts controlled by ability ofcarrier to move them

1

3

2 4 6

5

8

7

9

14

11

10

12

76 Earth Materials

Name Date Class

Study GuideStudy Guide44 Metamorphic Rocks

Directions: Answer the following questions about metamorphic rocks. 1. What are the requirements for a material to be called a metamorphic rock?

2. What is the difference between foliated and non-foliated rock textures?

3. How are metamorphic rocks formed?

4. What is the rock cycle?

5. Why do geologists need to work backward when studying rocks from the field?

6. What are sheet silicates?

7. What is contact metamorphism?

8. What are the three agents of metamorphism?

9. What are the physical conditions that cause metamorphism?

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20Chapter

Earth’s Changing Surface 77

Name Date Class

Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed below. Some terms may be used more than once.

agent chemical calcium mechanical iron

weathering freezing landforms growing feldspar

The physical or chemical breakdown of a material at Earth’s surface is

1. . Factors that influence weathering include the

2. , climate, and time. In 3. weathering,

forces from 4. water and 5. roots break

large rocks into smaller rocks. 6. weathering forms new compounds

and releases elements into the environment. The 7. of limestone, for

example, produces 8. ions, which are transported by water to the sea

and become shells of aquatic creatures. 9. combines with oxygen

in the atmosphere to become hematite. 10. transforms into

kaolinite, which is an important part of soil. Erosion and deposition create a variety of

different 11. .

Directions: Match the expressions in Column II with the expressions in Column I. Write the letter of the correctterm in the blank at the left.

Column I

12. Contour plowing

13. Crop rotation and fertilizer

14. Where plants get most of their nutrients from

15. Weathered and partially weathered bedrock

16. Bedrock or transported by rivers or glaciers

17. Mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air

18. Where finer sediments and soluble materials are transported downward and collected

19. Classification of soil according to composition and physical properties

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21Chapter

Column II

a. soil

b. E and B horizon

c. C and R horizon

d. parent material

e. soil orders

f. replaces nutrients

g. reduces erosion

h. O and A horizons

21Chapter

78 Earth’s Changing Surface

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Shaping the Landscape


1. Erosion is the replacement of surface materials through theprocesses of weathering.

2. When a transporting agent drops its load of eroded material,deposition occurs.

3. Different rock materials tend to weather at similar rates.

4. Rocks that are the least resistant to surface attack by water and airremain in the landscape.

5. An important agent of erosion that exerts a downward force onslopes is running water.

6. In most river systems, small streams called tributaries flow intosmaller streams.

7. Most major river systems are well known.

8. A drainage divide is a boundary line uniting distinct drainagebasins.

9. Steep canyons can form when downcutting is slow.

10. A beneficial effect of flooding is to reduce soil quality.

11. Alluvial fans form where the mouth of a stream enters dry land.

12. The downward cutting force of ice in a glacier is a function of volume.

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.13. List and describe three examples of mass wasting.

14. Explain how wave action shapes landforms.

21Chapter

Earth’s Changing Surface 79

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Directions: In the blank provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the statement oranswers the question.

1. The oceans contain ______ percent of Earth’s water.a. 10.5 b. 50 c. 66.7 d. 97.2

2. Freshwater supplies are constantly being ______ through the water cycle.a. consumed b. lost c. replenished d. discovered

3. Infiltration is the process by which water enters Earth to become ______.a. groundwater b. steam c. ice d. salty

4. The underground region where water completely fills the pore space is called the______ zone.a. porosity b. saturated c. water d. unsaturated

5. A material must be capable of ______ water in order for it to allow infiltration.a. dissolving in b. reacting with c. reflecting d. absorbing

6. Surfaces made of clay will generally allow ______ water to infiltrate.a. much b. little c. salt d. all

7. Water infiltrates through ______ spaces in sediments or rock.a. open b. closed c. saturated d. clay

8. ______ is a measure of how well a fluid can pass through a material.a. Saturation b. Efficiency c. Permeability d. Density

9. A rock unit that can transmit water through its pore space is called a(n) ______.a. conductor b. aquifer c. transmitter d. aquitard

10. A rock that stops or slows infiltration is a(n) ______.a. blocker b. aquifer c. resistor d. aquitard

11. ______ sometimes calculate the volume of groundwater reserves.a. Hydrologists b. Geologists c. Paleontologists d. Seismologists

12. Holes dug or drilled into Earth are called ______.a. reservoirs b. springs c. wells d. artesian wells

Directions: Briefly define each of the following terms.

13. artesian well

14. reservoir

15. contaminant

Groundwater

21Chapter

80 Earth’s Changing Surface

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Geologic Time

Directions: Answer the following questions about geologic time on the lines provided.

1. What is geologic time?

2. What is absolute dating?

3. What is relative dating?

4. What is the principle of superposition?

5. What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships?

6. Who was James Hutton?

7. What is an unconformity?

8. What is a fossil?

9. What is an example of radioactive decay?

10. Define “half-life.”

Chemical Bonds 81

Name Date Class

Directions: For each atom listed, indicate whether electrons will be gained or lost for the atom to become sta-ble and how many electrons will be gained or lost.

1. sodium

2. oxygen

3. chlorine

4. magnesium


5. What are the chemical formulas for salt and water?

6. What is the chemical formula for a compound made up of two atoms of silicon and threeatoms of oxygen?

7. What are the names of six noble gases?

8. Why doesn’t helium form compounds?

9. Why doesn’t neon form compounds?

10. What is an atom with a net positive or negative charge called?

11. What do the elements in Group 1 of the periodic table all have in common?

12. What happens to the electrons in a chlorine atom and a sodium atom when they combine?

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Stability in BondingC

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22Chapter

22Chapter

82 Chemical Bonds

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Types of Bonds

Directions: Study the diagram below. Write your answers to the questions in the spaces provided.

12P12N

8P8N

A. B.

1. If atom A loses electrons to atom B,a. how many electrons will atom A lose?

b. how many electrons will atom B gain?

c. what will be the oxidation number of atom A?

d. what will be the oxidation number of atom B?

e. what will be the total charge of the compound formed?

f. what type of bond will form?

2. Explain why an element’s oxidation number is related to the group on the periodic table towhich it belongs.

Directions: Complete the table comparing ionic compounds and covalent compounds.

Characteristic Ionic Compounds Covalent Compounds

3. How the compound is formed

4. Smallest particle

5. Usual state at room temperature

22Chapter

Chemical Bonds 83

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Directions: Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. Refer to the periodic table for help.

1. Define an oxidation number.

2. What is the usual oxidation number of oxygen? Of hydrogen?

3. What is the sum of all the oxidation numbers in any compound?

4. Explain the difference between CoCl2 • 6H2O and anhydrous cobalt chloride.

Directions: Use the periodic table in your textbook to identify the oxidation numbers of the elements in each group.

Writing Formulas and NamingCompounds

Directions: Write the formulas for the following compounds. Use the periodic table in your textbook for help.10. copper(II) sulfate

11. calcium chloride

12. iron(II) oxide

13. copper(I) oxide

14. sodium sulfide

15. magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

Directions: Complete the following table by providing the name of the compound and the total number ofatoms in each formula given.

Group 1 2 16 17 18

Oxidation number 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Formula Name Number of Atoms

16. NH4OH

17. NH4C1

18. Ag2O

19. K2SO4

20. Ca(NO3)2

21. Na2S

Chemical Reactions 85

Name Date Class


1. A physical change is one in which one or more substances areconverted into new substances.

2. The substances that are produced in a chemical change arecalled reactants.

3. A nuclear reaction uses electrons in the atoms to form newsubstances.

4. In a chemical equation the reactants are on the left side of theequation.

5. In a chemical equation an equal sign is used to separate thereactants from the products.


6. Write down in the form of a chemical equation the process of making a ham sandwich fromtwo slices of bread, three slices of cheese, and four slices of ham.

7. In the above equation what are the coefficients for each of the reactants and products.

8. Suppose you wanted to heat the sandwich. How would you indicate that in the chemical equation?

9. Write down the chemical equation showing that when two molecules of liquid water (H2O)are subjected to an electric current they transform into one molecule of gaseous oxygen (O2)and two molecules of gaseous hydrogen (H2).

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Chemical ChangesC

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23Chapter

23Chapter

86 Chemical Reactions

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Chemical Equations

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.1. Describe, in words, a balanced chemical equation. Give an example.

2. Use the law of conservation of mass to explain why a chemical equation must be balanced.

Directions: Balance the following equations. If you need help, review the steps for balancing equations in yourtextbook. Use the space below for your work.3. H2(g) + Cl2(g) → HCl(aq)

4. N2(g) + H2(g) → NH3(g)

5. Li(s) + FeBr2(aq) → LiBr(aq) + Fe(s)

6. Al(s) + HCl(aq) → AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)

7. Li(s) + N2(g) → Li3N(s)

23Chapter

Chemical Reactions 87

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Directions: Match the types of chemical reactions in Column II with the description in Column I. Write the letterof the correct reaction in the blank at the left.

Column I

1. A precipitate, water, or a gas forms when two ionic compounds in solution are combined.

2. Two or more substances combine to form another substance.

3. One element replaces another in a compound.

4. One substance breaks down into two or more substances.

5. A type of synthesis reaction that produces heatand light.

Classifying Chemical Reactions

Column II

a. synthesis reaction

b. decomposition reaction

c. combustion

d. single-displacement reaction

e. double-displacement reaction

Directions: Write the name of the type of chemical reaction in the space provided.

6. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)→2Fe2O3(s)

7. Zn2(s) + 2HCl(aq)→ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

8. MgCO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)→MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l ) + CO2 (g)

9. NiCl2(s) →Ni(s) + Cl2(g)

10. 4C(s) + 6H2(g) + O2(g)→2C2H6O(s)

11. C12H22O11(s)→12C(s) + 11H2O(g)

12. 2LiI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)→2LiNO3 (aq) + PbI2(s)

13. CdCO3(s)→CdO(s) + CO2(g)

14. Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq)→2KCl(aq) + Br2(g)

15. BaCl2(aq) + 2KIO3(aq)→Ba(IO3)2(s) + 2KCl(aq)

16. 2Mg(s) + O2(g)→2MgO(s)

17. AgNO3(aq) + KI(aq)→AgI(s) + KNO3(aq)

18. 2Li(s) + H2O(l)→2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)

19. C(s) + O2(g)→CO2(g)

23Chapter

88 Chemical Reactions

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Reaction Rates and Energy

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

1. What is a catalyst?

2. What is an exothermic reaction?

3. What is an inhibitor?

4. What is an endothermic reaction?

Directions: Decide if each reaction below involves a catalyst, an inhibitor, or neither. Write C for catalyst, I forinhibitor, or N for neither in the blank at the left.

5. Brushing the cut edges of fruits with lemon juice can prevent the darkening effectthat contact with air can cause.

6. In the human body, proteins called enzymes help to speed up chemical processes. Theproteins are not changed during these chemical processes.

7. Aluminum oxide, which forms on exposed aluminum, protects the aluminum fromfurther reaction with the air.

8. Food preservatives called BHT and BHA slow down the spoilage of certain foods.

9. Nickel is used to increase the rate of methane formation from the addition of hydrogenand carbon monoxide. Nickel does not permanently change.

Directions: Decide if each reaction below is endergonic or exergonic. In the blank at the left, write EN for endergonic or EX for exergonic.

10. When a lit match is placed in alcohol, the alcohol ignites producing heat and light.

11. Energy in the form of electricity can be added to water to break apart the water molecules into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.

12. A piece of coal placed in a furnace gives off heat and light before turning to ash.

13. When ammonium chloride mixes with water, the solution formed feels cold.

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Solutions, Acids, and Bases 89

Name Date Class

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term orterms that make the statement true.

1. A solution is a substance that has the same composition, color,and density throughout.

2. When small amounts of tin are mixed with copper to makebrass, the solvent is tin.

3. In an aqueous solution, the solute is water.

4. Molecules with a positive and negative area are described aspolar molecules.

5. Solid solutions of metals are known as compounds.


6. Why does it take longer for sugar crystals to dissolve in cold water than in hot water?

7. Why does salt dissolve faster in water if the water is stirred?

8. Why does powered sugar dissolve faster than granulated sugar in water?

9. Alcohol dissolves in water, but oil does not. What is a likely explanation for this differencebetween oil and alcohol?

10. A rectangular solid with the dimensions is 1 m1 m3 m is divided into three equalcubes. How much is the surface area of the solid increased?

Study GuideStudy Guide11 How Solutions Form Chapter

Name Date Class

Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write true in the blank. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term orterms that make the statement true.

1. A solution is a substance that has the same composition, color,and density throughout.

2. When small amounts of tin are mixed with copper to makebrass, the solvent is tin.

3. In an aqueous solution, the solute is water.

4. Molecules with a positive and negative area are described aspolar molecules.

5. Solid solutions of metals are known as compounds.


6. Why does it take longer for sugar crystals to dissolve in cold water than in hot water?

7. Why does salt dissolve faster in water if the water is stirred?

8. Why does powered sugar dissolve faster than granulated sugar in water?

9. Alcohol dissolves in water, but oil does not. What is a likely explanation for this differencebetween oil and alcohol?

10. A rectangular solid with the dimensions is 1 m1 m3 m is divided into three equalcubes. How much is the surface area of the solid increased?

Study GuideStudy Guide11 24Chapter

24Chapter

90 Solutions, Acids, and Bases

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Directions: Use the information in the table to graph the solubility curves for barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 ; copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 ; potassium chloride, KCl ; and sodium nitrate, NaNO3 . Use a different colored pencil foreach compound.

Directions: Use the information in the table and your graph to answer the following questions.

1. At about what temperature will 100 g of water dissolve equal amounts of potassium chloride

and barium hydroxide?

2. At about what temperature will 37 g of both copper(II) sulfate and potassium chloride dissolve

in 100 g of water?

3. If 100 g of sodium nitrate are dissolved in 100 g of water at 60°C, is the solution formed

saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?

4. If 32 g of copper (II) sulfate are dissolved in 100 g of water at 20°C, is the solution produced

saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated?

Solubility and Concentration

Compound100˚C60˚C20˚C0˚C

23.10

1.67 20.94 101.40

114.0

56.3

180.0

61.8

45.8

122.0

32.0

3.89

34.2

87.6

28.0

73.0

Ba(OH)2

CuSO4

KCl

NaNO3

Temperature

Solubility in g/100 g Water

0

20

60

100

140

180

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

40

80

120

160

Temperature ˚C

Solu

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y (g

/100

g o

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er)

24Chapter

Solutions, Acids, and Bases 91

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Directions: Decide whether each item listed below refers to an acid, a base, or both an acid and a base. Writeyour answer in the space provided using the letters in the key.KEY: A = acid B = base AB = acid and base

1. sour taste

2. bitter taste

3. produces hydrogen ions in solution

4. is often corrosive

5. is slippery

6. can cause severe burns and tissue damage

7. exists as a crystalline solid in an undissolved state

8. produces hydroxide ions in solution

9. reacts with a predictable indicator to produce a color change

10. Soaps are an example.

11. may be used to make fertilizer

12. gastric juice in stomach

13. produces hydronium ions

14. Most compounds that produce this in aqueous solution are ionic.

15. a solution that contains more H3O+ ions than OH– ions.

16. HCl is an example.

17. Ammonia is a common example.

Directions: Answer the questions on the lines provided.18. Use the information above to identify four properties that acids and bases have in common.

19. Identify three facts about acids that are NOT true of bases.

20. Identify three facts about bases that are NOT true of acids.

Acids, Bases, and Salts

24Chapter

92 Solutions, Acids, and Bases

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Strength of Acids and Bases

Directions: The pH values of several common substances are listed below. Place each item from the list on thepH scale in its proper location. The first one has been done for you.

ocean water 8.5tomatoes 4.0lye 13.8stomach acid 1.0lemons 2.5

shampoo 5.8bananas 5.2blood 7.2milk of magnesia 10.5ammonia 11.5

eggs 7.8soap 10.0vinegar 3.0

Directions: Complete the table below by writing the name of each of the above substances under the properheading. Place substances with a pH lower than 3.0 in the strong acids column. Place substances with a pHhigher than 10.0 in the strong bases column.


5. Is pure water an acidic, basic, or neutral substance?

6. Is the pH of a strong acid higher or lower than the pH of a weak acid of the same concentration?

7. Is the pH of a strong base higher or lower than the pH of a weak base of the same concentration?

8. On the pH scale, what are the values of acids and what are the values of bases?

1. Strong Acids 2. Weak Acids 4. Strong Bases3. Weak Bases

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH

ocean water

8.5

Nuclear Changes 93

Name Date Class


Column I

1. short-range force

2. nuclei with same number of protons and a different number of neutrons

3. long-range force

4. number of neutrons and protons in a nucleus

5. number of protons in the nucleus

6. unstable nucleus

Directions: Unscramble the terms to fill in the summary sentence blanks.

In nuclei with large numbers of protons, the (7) (presluvie)

electric force on a proton is (8) (rreateg) than in nuclei with a small

number of protons. This is because the electric force has a (9) (nglo)

range. The (10) (gronts) force on a proton has a

(11) (rtsho) range. This force is exerted only by a proton’s nearest

(12) (bronsghei) . All nuclei that contain more than 83

(13) (roopstn) are (14) (driacotviea) . Some

nuclei with fewer protons are radioactive as well. (15) (tinsyecth)

elements, with nuclei that have more than (16) (woeinttny) protons,

are (17) (sunbleat) and decay quickly after they are created.

Study GuideStudy Guide11 RadioactivityC

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25Chapter

Column II

a. mass number

b. radioactivity

c. atomic number

d. isotopes

e. strong force

f. electric force

94 Nuclear Changes

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25Chapter

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Study GuideStudy Guide22 Nuclear Decay

Directions: Element Z has a half-life of one week. Use the graph grid and the directions below to trace the decayof a 256-gram sample of element Z over a 10-week period. Each box on the grid represents one gram of element Z.After you complete each step, answer the question.

1. Use a pencil to draw a large X throughthe boxes on the left half of the grid.This represents the number of grams ofelements that have decayed. How manygrams of element Z decayed?

2. Use a different-color pencil to draw alarge X through half of the remainingboxes. How many grams of element Zremain after two weeks?

3. Use a pencil to shade half of the remaining boxes. How much ofelement Z is left?

4. Repeat step 3 using the colored pencil. How many grams of element Z remain?

5. Use a pencil to draw an X in half of the remaining boxes. How many grams of element Z remain?


7. Use your pencil to draw a circle in half of the remaining boxes. How many grams of element Z remain?


9. Shade in half of the remaining box with a pencil. How much of element Z remains?

10. Repeat step 9 using the colored pencil. How much of element Z remains?

Directions: On a separate sheet of graph paper, make a line graph or a bar graph that shows the decay of element Z over a 10-week period. Use your answers to questions 1–10 as your data.

Nuclear Changes 95

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25Chapter

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Study GuideStudy Guide33Directions: Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true,write true in the blank at the left. If the statement is false, write in the blank the term that makes the statementtrue.

1. Radiation forms ions by removing protons from matter as itpasses through.

2. In a cloud chamber, alpha particles leave long, thin trails.

3. In a bubble chamber, a moving radioactive particle leaves ionsbehind, causing the liquid to boil along the trail.

4. The common method of measuring radioactivity at job sites isto use an electroscope.

5. In a cloud chamber, beta particles leave short, thick trails.

6. Small and portable Geiger counters are often used to test forradioactivity.

7. A radioactive particle moving through the air near an electro-scope will cause the leaves of the electroscope to move together.

Directions: Match each type of radiation detector in Column II with its description in Column I. Write the letterof the correct term in the space provided.

Column I

8. ionizing rays pass through a superheated liquid

9. ionizing rays pass through water vapor or ethanol

10. loses charge in the presence of radiation

11. radiation causes a current to flow from a wire to produce clicking sounds or a flashing light

Detecting Radioactivity

Column II

a. Geiger counter

b. electroscope

c. bubble chamber

d. cloud chamber

25Chapter

96 Nuclear Changes

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Nuclear Reactions

Energy2 p2 n

1 p1 n

1 p1 n ++

Energy

Energy

92 p143 n

n

n

n

n

56 p85 n

36 p56 n

1. The diagrams show two types of nuclear reactions: nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Label thetype of reaction shown in each diagram in the space provided.

2. Circle the letter of the equation that correctly explains the nuclear reaction shown in the topdiagram.

a. H-2 + H-2 → H-4 c. H-1 + H-1 → H-2

b. H-2 + H-2 → He-4 d. H-1 + H-1 → He-2

3. Circle the letter of the equation that correctly explains the nuclear reaction shown in the bottom diagram.

a. 1 neutron + U-235 → Ba-141 + Kr-92 + 3 neutrons + energy

b. 1 neutron + U-238 → Ba-141 + Kr-92 + 4 neutrons

c. Ba-141 + Kr-92 → U-235 + 3 neutrons

d. Ba-141 + Kr-92 → U-238

4. What two elements are involved in the nuclear fusion reaction?

5. Label each atom in the fusion reaction with its correct symbol and isotope notation.

6. What three elements are involved in the fission reaction shown?

7. Label each atom in the nuclear fission reaction with its chemical symbol and its correct isotopenotation.

Directions: Use the diagrams below to complete the following activities.

Nuclear

Nuclear

Stars and Galaxies 97

Name Date Class


Column I

1. The distance light travels in one year

2. Device that separates light into wavelengths

3. Uses lenses

4. Patterns of stars looking like animals

5. Uses a curved mirror


6. The focal length of the objective of a telescope is 900 mm and the focal length of theeye piece is 15 mm. What is the magnifying power of the telescope?

a. 900 b. 60

c. 30 d. 90

7. Which statement best explains the benefits of studying radio waves from objects in space?

a. Radio waves can be viewed 24 hours per day.

b. Information is obtained that can’t be obtained from visible light.

c. Radio telescopes don’t have to be launched into space.

d. Radio telescopes are less expensive than optical telescopes.

8. Which statement best describes active optics?

a. The telescope is mounted on a motor so it can track moving objects in the sky.

b. A computer is used to correct changes in temperature and mirror distortions.

c. The telescope is placed on a flatbed truck.

d. A laser is used to probe the atmosphere.

9. Which statement best explains the benefits of space telescopes?

a. They are entirely operated by remote control.

b. They are much lighter than land-based telescopes.

c. They produce clear images because there is no atmosphere.

d. Space telescopes enable scientist to view space from different locations.

Study GuideStudy Guide11 Observing the UniverseC

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26Chapter

Column II

a. spectroscope

b. refracting telescope

c. constellations

d. reflecting telescope

e. light year

26Chapter

98 Stars and Galaxies

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Evolution of Stars

Directions: The following terms represent, in random order, different steps in the formation and life of a star.Number the steps in the space provided as follows: the first step 1, second step 2, and so on.

1. fusion reaction

2. big bang

3. giant star

4. nebula

5. white dwarf

6. protostar


7. Which of the following statements best explains why a star is on the main sequence?a. The star’s mass is approximately equal to the mass of the sun.b. The gravitational force balances the force from nuclear fusion.c. The star has just undergone a supernova.d. The star’s temperature lies in the main sequence range.

8. Which type of star is formed from a supernova?a. giant star b. supergiant starc. neutron star d. white dwarf star

9. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots a. the temperature of the star on the horizontal axis and the mass on the

vertical axis.b. the magnitude of the star on the horizontal axis and the temperature on

the vertical axisc. the magnitude of the star on the vertical axis and the temperature on the

horizontal axis.d. the mass of the star on the vertical axis and the temperature on the

horizontal axis.

10. How is energy from the core of the Sun transmitted to the photosphere?a. nuclear fusion b. radiation and convection c. radiation d. convection

26Chapter

Stars and Galaxies 99

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1. The three types of galaxies are elliptical, spiral, and spherical.

2. Galaxies that are relatively near one another are grouped inobjects called families.

3. There are more galaxies than there are stars in the Milky Way.

4. Spiral galaxies with arms extending from a large central bar ofstars, dust, and gas are said to be extended.

5. The Clouds of Magellan are constellations.


6. What is a possible explanation for the formation of galaxies?

7. What are two mechanisms that cause the number of stars in a galaxy to increase?

8. What are the two types of spiral galaxies?

9. How far apart are the stars at the center of the Milky Way compared to points on the spiral arms?

Galaxies and the Milky Way

100 Stars and Galaxies

Name Date Class

Study GuideStudy Guide44 Cosmology

Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the definitions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term inthe blank at the left.

1. Evidence that the universe is expanding

2. Change in wavelength because of speed of source

3. Determines the age of the universe

4. Variation in cosmic background radiation

5. Unexplained high speed of galaxies going into outer space

6. Milky Way

7. Study of the origin of the universe

8. Unexplained motion of galaxies

9. Rapid expansion of space and matter

10. The existence of great voids in space

11. Type I supernova

12. Expansion of the universe may slow down

13. Continuous creation of new matter

14. Star approacing Earth with wavelength oflight compressed.C

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26Chapter

a. dark matter

b. cosmology

c. the big bang

d. blue shift

e. formation of galaxies

f. oscillating model

g. Hubble red shift

h. steady state theory

i. clusters and superclusters

j. Local Group

k. dark energy

l. Doppler Effect

m. cosmic microwave background radiation

n. binary stars

student edition - glencoe · 2007. 8. 1. · student edition - glencoe ... may

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