Student Inquiry Activity • In groups, examine each of the

4 placards presented:–Each placard represents either

South, North, West, or Nation–Examine the “Technology” side

& guess what innovation changed the region

–Then, examine the “Impact of Technology” & guess how the region was changed

Standard 7Industrial Revolution

The Market Revolution• From 1800 to 1840, the U.S.

developed a “national” economy:–New technologies allowed the North

(industry), South (cotton), & West (commercial farming) to develop specialized economies

–Improved transportation reduced travel time & cost to ship goods which helped connect the country

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The National Economy: The South

Technology:In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin making cotton

easy to refine & very profitable

The Cotton Gin

The National Economy: The South

Specialized Regional Economy: By 1820, cotton became the dominant cash crop

of the Deep South

The spread of cotton increased slavery &

plantation agriculture in the

South

2

The Rise of “King Cotton”• Southern cotton was so important to the

antebellum economy that it was known as “King Cotton”– The South provided 75% of world’s cotton– Southern cotton stimulated the growth of

Northern textile industry, shipping, & marketing

Slave Population, 1820Slave Population, 1860

The “Black Belt”

Slaves picking cotton on a Mississippi plantation

The National Economy: The North

Technology:By 1840, Eli Whitney’s

interchangeable parts & other textile technology led to an Industrial Revolution

in the North

3

Eli Whitney’s Other Major Invention:Interchangeable Parts

Samuel Slater:Father of the American Factory System

Spinning Mule

Power LoomSewing Machine

The National Economy: The North

Specialized Regional Economy: By 1840, Northern factories mass produced textiles, farm

equipment, other finished goodsThe growth of factories in

the North led to an increase in cities (urbanization)

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The Lowell Mill in Massachusetts was the most famous textile mill

Lowell managers hired young, single girls to work & live

at the factory Textile

Production During the Industrial

Revolution

5

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

The National Economy: The West

Technology:Cyrus McCormick’s reaper & John Deere’s steel plow

allowed western farmers to grow enough food to sell

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

John Deere & the Steel Plow

The National Economy: The West

Specialized Regional Economy: The West became a network of cash-crop farms producing

wheat, corn, hogs, & cattle

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Commercial Farming in the West

The Market Revolution• During the antebellum era, these

3 regional economies became connected as a result of: –Henry Clay’s American System (2nd

Bank of the U.S., tariff on foreign manufacturing, & national funding for transportation)

–A transportation revolution of roads, canals, & early railroads that built America’s infrastructure

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Transportation Revolution 1820-1860

Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads

Major Canals by 1840

Because the Erie Canal brought so much trade down the Hudson River, New York City became the commercial capital of the U.S.

The most important canal was the Erie Canal (1825) because it provided the 1st major link

between the East & West

Robert Fulton’s The Clermont, the 1st steamboat

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Inland Freight Rates

Inland Freight Rates

Railroads• In the 1830s,

railroad construction first began

• By 1860, railroads had become the greatest transportation network in America

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Immigration• In the 1840s, millions of Irish &

Germans immigrated to the U.S.–Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in

northern factories or moved west to become farmers

–Immigrants, especially Catholics, faced prejudice from native-born Americans (called Nativism)

–The Know-Nothing Party was formed to limit immigration & keep immigrant men from voting

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Immigration to the US 1820-1860

Where did antebellum immigrants go?

Industrial workers

Farmers

1213

Propaganda from the Know-Nothing Party attacking German & Irish immigrants

REFORM MOVEMENTS

7C

PROBLEM• By 1800, church membership was

low & falling; Just 1 out of 15 people in America was a member of a church

• Poverty, crime, & immorality seemed to be increasing at an alarming rate

SOLUTION• In the early 1800s, evangelists like

Charles Finney led religious revivals called the Second Great Awakening:– Highly emotional “camp meetings”

with thousands in attendance – Preachers talked about forgiveness of

sin & acting morally– By 1850, 1 in 6 Americans was a

member of a church

Religion

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ALCOHOL

PROBLEM• By 1800, alcohol abuse was seen as a

serious problem in America:– Whiskey was cheap to make & buy– By 1820, the typical adult American

drank more than 7 gallons of alcohol per year (Today, its 2.6 gallons)

– Alcohol was linked to crime, debt, domestic abuse, & unproductive employees

SOLUTION• One of the first reform movements was

temperance—to get people to stop drinking:– Women played an important role in

the temperance movement – Reformers convinced people to make

a “pledge” to not drink– From 1820 to 1830, drinking fell from

7 gallons per person per year to 3 gallons on average

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SLAVERY• PROBLEM• From 1810 to 1830, “King

Cotton” led to a huge growth in the slave population

• By the 1830s, Northerners began to view slavery was immoral:– All Northern states

abolished slavery– Slavery led to physical &

sexual abuse & the splitting of slave families

– Slave rebellions & escaping to freedom through the Underground Railroad became more common

• SOLUTION• In the 1830s, abolitionism (desire

to emancipate all slaves) grew radical:– William Lloyd Garrison created

The Liberator newspaper & demanded the immediate end to slavery without payment to slave masters

– Frederick Douglass was a runaway slave who was a popular critic of slavery in his North Star newspaper

• Abolition divided the North & South

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WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE• PROBLEM• By 1800, women’s rights

were limited by the Cult of Domesticity:– Women were expected to

oversee the family & home while their husbands worked to provide money

– Married women had no property rights & could not file for divorce

– Women could not vote, run for political office, or sue in court

1. Women were unable to vote2. Single women could own her

own property3. Married women had no

control over her property or her children

4. Women could not initiate divorce

5. Women could not sign a contract or sue in court without her husband’s permission

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EDUCATION• PROBLEM

• By 1800, the U.S. did not have a true education system for children:– Massachusetts & Vermont

were the only states with compulsory (mandatory) attendance laws

– In most state schools, classrooms were not divided by grade or age

– Few children attended school past the age of 10 years old

SOLUTION

• In the 1830s, education reformers demanded that states create public schools for children using tax money

• Horace Mann helped create teacher-training & curriculum programs

• By 1850, every state had publically-funded schools (but schools in the South & far West were not very good)

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Reviewing Key Themes

JACKSON7E

The Growth of Democracy

• From 1800 to 1840, democracy increased in America:– Before 1800, less than 50% of white men could

vote because of property & tax restrictions– By 1840, these restrictions were removed which

allowed 90% of “common” white men to vote (“universal white male suffrage”)

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Because more “common men” could vote, political parties used new techniques to get votes

As a result of these changes, the 1830s & 1840s saw massive voter turnout in elections

Well organized political parties to rally voters

Campaigns, parades, & slogans that appealed to the “common man”

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1. George Washington

2. John Adams3. Thomas

Jefferson4. James

Madison5. James

Monroe6. John Q.

Adams7. Andrew

Jackson

• In 1828, Andrew Jackson was elected president: – The 1st “common man”

candidate (Old Hickory)– He split from Jefferson’s

Democratic-Republican Party & helped form the Democratic Party (the 1st modern party)

–He greatly expanded presidential power

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Who is Andrew Jackson? Jackson’s wild & rowdy inauguration

Changing Politics Under Jackson• President Jackson changed American

government: –He rewarded loyal supporters with

gov’t jobs (spoils system)–He used the presidential veto more

often than any president for the next 100 years

–Critics of Jackson’s Democrats formed the Whig Party (which maintained the two-party system)

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23

Political Parties Family Tree 24

The 1st Two-Party SystemDemocratic-Repubs

• Thomas Jefferson• States’ rights &

individual liberties • Strict interpretation

of the Constitution• Strongest support in

South & West • Supported by

common farmers

Federalists• Alexander Hamilton• Strong national

government• Loose interpretation

of the Constitution• Strongest support in

the North• Supported by the

wealthy

Leader of the party?

Beliefs about gov’t?

Interpreting the Constitution?

Strongest regional support?

What type of American supported the party?

The 2nd Two-Party SystemDemocrats

• Pro-Jackson supporters

• States’ rights, farming, & Western expansion

• Supported in the South & West, by common farmers

Whigs• Jackson’s opponents • Strong central gov’t,

industry, trade, & national banks

• Supported in NE, by merchants & bankers

Who formed the party?

Beliefs about government?

What type of American supported the party?

Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency• Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by

3 controversies:– In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to

remove remaining Indians from the East• Jackson faced a problem with Indians in the

American South:– Gold was discovered in north Georgia in 1828 in

lands controlled by the Cherokee who refused to move from GA

– Jackson asked Congress for the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to relocate Indians across the Mississippi River

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Since the arrival of Europeans, the Cherokee saw their territory slowly taken away

One reason the Cherokee still remained east of the Mississippi was because their land was

mountainous & not ideal for cash-crop farming

The Cherokee were not removed earlier than the 1830s was because they were highly civilized & did not fit the “traditional Indian stereotype”

Sequoyah’s Syllabary

The Cherokee had a written alphabet, democratically elected leaders, & were

skilled farmers

The Cherokee did not go to war when Congress

passed the Indian Removal Act, they sued in the

Supreme Court…and won!

But, the state of Georgia & President Jackson ignored the Supreme Court & took

Indian lands anyway

26

In 1838, the U.S. Army forced the Cherokees west on the “Trail of Tears” 27

Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency• Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by

3 controversies:– In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to

remove remaining Indians from the East– The Nullification Crisis (1832-33) exposed

sectionalism between the states & national government

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The Nullification Crisis

• By the 1830s, sectionalism was becoming more obvious, especially over the issue of tariffs:– Southerners argued that tariffs helped Northern

industry but made prices higher for farmers– When Congress passed a high tariff in 1832,

Southerners claimed “states’ rights” & threatened to nullify the tariff

Nullification is the argument that states have the right to ignore federal

laws that they think are unfair

Nullification Crisis, 1832

• President Jackson viewed nullification as a threat to U.S.

• The national gov’t is supreme over the individual states

• Urged Congress to pass the Force Bill to enforce the tariff

• VP John Calhoun from South Carolina urged nullification

• States have the right to protect themselves from the national government

• As a last resort, states can secede from the Union

Jackson threatened to “hang Calhoun from the nearest tree”

Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency• Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by

3 controversies:– In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to

remove remaining Indians from the East– The Nullification Crisis (1832-33) exposed

sectionalism between the states & national government

– Jackson’s decision to kill the 2nd Bank of the United States

The BUS held ~$10 million in federal money & loaned it to state banks which forced small

banks to be smart when issuing loans

State banks loaned money to individual citizens, businesses, or local governments to finance roads, canals, factories, & farms

In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the U.S. as part of

Henry Clay’s American System

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The Bank War• President Jackson hated the BUS:

–He thought it was unconstitutional & gave too much power to the elite

–In 1832, he vetoed a law that would have extended the charter of the BUS another 20 years

–In 1833, he ordered all federal money to be removed from the BUS & put in 23 “pet” state banks

–Without the BUS, the economy entered a 6-year recession

Jackson frequently attacked the bank as “dangerous to people’s liberties”Jackson’s veto did not immediately kill the

BUS…its charter would not end for 4 years

Irony?

“King” Andrew?Jackson was criticized as abusing his

Constitutional powers as president

Conclusions• Andrew Jackson represented a new era in

American democracy: – Forming the Democratic Party, campaigning for

the votes of the “common man,” & spoils system– Jackson’s use of the veto strengthened

presidential power– Opposition to Jackson led to the permanent two-

party system

Hero or Villain? You Decide!President Events to get you started…

Thomas Jefferson Embargo of 1807Louisiana PurchaseDeclaration of Independence

James Madison Father of the ConstitutionWashington BurnedDeclaration of War

James Monroe Monroe DoctrineMissouri CompromiseEra of Good Feeling

Andrew Jackson Indian Removal ActNullification CrisesClosing Bank of United States