SKRIPSI

STUDI KETAHANAN API DAN UJI BIO-DEGRADASI

KOMPOSIT POLYPROPYLENE RECYCLE (PP) BERPENGUAT

SERBUK KAYU KELAPA DENGAN PERLAKUAN

BORAX BORIC ACID

Oleh :

KRISNANDA MAWIRA 0804305029

JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA

2015

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STUDI KETAHANAN API DAN UJI BIO-DEGRADASI KOMPOSIT POLYPROPYLENE RECYCLE (PP) BERPENGUAT SERBUK KAYU

KELAPA DENGAN PERLAKUAN BORAX BORIC ACID

Oleh : Krisnanda Mawira

Dosen Pembimbing : Prof.Ir. Ngakan Putu Gede Suardana, MT, Ph.D.

: I Putu Lokantara, ST, MT.

ABSTRAK

Produksi sampah di Bali per harinya mencapai 1.756 ton/hari sampah organik berjumlah dan sampah anorganik 789 ton/hari sedangkan diperkirakan sampah plastik sebanyak 87 ton/hari. Pengolahan limbah plastik yang akan dilakukan adalah dengan cara daur ulang (recycle) pada jenis Polypropylene (PP), yaitu plastik yang biasanya banyak digunakan sebagai kemasan air mineral gelas, sehingga sangat banyak jumlah limbah plastik yang ditimbulkan dan cukup mudah untuk ditemukan

Serbuk kayu kelapa disaring untuk mendapatkan partikel berukuran 60 sampai 80 mesh selanjutnya dikeringkan untuk mengurangi kadar air yang terkandung di dalamnya kemudian serbuk dipisah menjadi 4, yaitu: tanpa treatment BBA, dengan treatment 10%, 15%, 20% BBA. Penelitian ini menggunakan komposit fraksi berat serbuk 40%. Spesimen disiapkan untuk uji ketahanan api, dan uji bio-degradasi.

Laju kehilangan berat beserta laju pembakaran linear terendah terjadi pada komposit PP (polypropylene) daur ulang serbuk kayu kelapa dengan perlakuan 20% BBA masing-masing sebesar 0,76 gr/menit, 16,56 mm/menit, dan laju kehilangan berat beserta laju pembakaran linear tertinggi terjadi pada komposit tanpa perlakuan BBA masing-masing sebesar 1,22 gr/menit, 26,27 mm/menit pada uji ketahanan api. Persentase kehilangan berat terendah terjadi pada komposit PP (polypropylene) daur ulang serbuk kayu kelapa tanpa perlakuan BBA sebesar 3,02%, dan persentase kehilangan berat tertinggi terjadi pada komposit perlakuan 20% BBA sebesar 8,29% pada uji bio-degradasi.

Kata kunci : Polypropylene daur ulang, serbuk kayu kelapa, komposit, ketahanan apo, biodegradasi

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STUDY OF FIRE RESISTANCE AND BIO-DEGRADATION TEST COMPOSITE RECYCLE POLYPROPYLENE ( PP ) COCOWOOD

SAWDUST REINFORCED WITH BORAX BORIC ACID TREATMENT

By : Krisnanda Mawira

Author : Prof.Ir. Ngakan Putu Gede Suardana, MT, Ph.D.

: I Putu Lokantara, ST, MT.

ABSTRACT

Waste production of Bali reached 1.756 ton/day for organic waste and 789 ton/day for anorganic waste while plastic waste estimated 87 ton/day. Polypropylene (PP) are chosen as recycled waste in this project because it is commonly used plastic as mineral water package glass. Therefore, it is one of the major sources of plastic waste and fairly easy to find.

Cocowood sawdust filtered to get particle sized between 60 to 80 mesh dried naturally to reduce the moisture. subsequently cocowood sawdust separated into 4 proportion: sawdust without chemical treatment of Borax Boric Acid (BBA), and treated with BBA treatment concentration of 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. This project use composite with particle weight fraction of 40%. Specimens prepared for fire resistance test and biodegradation test.

The lowest rate of weight loss and linear burn occur to PP composite cocowood sawdust reinforced with 20% BBA treatment 0.76 g / min, 16.56 mm / min, respectively. The highest rate of weight and linear burn occur in untreated specimens 1.22 g / min, 26.27 mm / min, respectively, for fire resistance test. Untreated specimens exhibit the lowest percentage weight loss with 3.02% and the highest percentage weight loss occur to specimens treated 20% BBA with 8.29% weight loss in bio-degradation test.

Keywords: recycled polypropylene, cocowood sawdust, composite, fire resistance, bio-degradation

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KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, karena atas berkat dan

rahmat-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan proposal skripsi yang berjudul

“STUDI KETAHANAN API DAN UJI BIO-DEGRADASI KOMPOSIT POLYPROPYLENE RECYCLE (PP) BERPENGUAT SERBUK KAYU KELAPA DENGAN PERLAKUAN BORAX BORIC ACID”

Dalam penyusunan proposal skripsi ini penulis tidak sedikit mendapat bantuan

dari berbagai pihak, untuk itu penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-

besarnya kepada :

1. Bapak Prof.Ir. Ngakan Putu Gede Suardana, MT,Ph.D.,selaku Dekan

Fakultas Teknik Mesin Universitas Udayana;

2. Bapak Prof. I Nyoman Suprapta Winaya, ST., MASc, Phd., selaku Ketua

Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Udayana;

3. Bapak Prof.Ir. Ngakan Putu Gede Suardana, MT,Ph.D.,selaku Dosen

Pembimbing I dalam penulisan proposal skripsi ini;

4. Bapak I Putu Lokantara, ST.MT.,selaku Dosen Pembimbing II dalam

penulisan proposal skripsi ini;

5. Bapak I Gusti Ngurah Putu Tenaya,ST,MT., selaku Dosen Pembimbing

Akademik;

6. Bapak/Ibu dosen serta staf pegawai Jurusan Teknik Mesin, Fakultas Teknik,

Universitas Udayana;

7. Kedua orang tua saya, Drs. I Ketut Sudia Prayudha, dan Ni Luh Suryathi

serta ketiga kakak kandung penulis Putu Febrina Anggreni, Made Agus

Mawira, dan Sinta Hariyati yang telah memberikan dukungan, doa restu,

semangat, curahan kasih sayang baik dalam bentuk materiil maupun moril;

8. Calon istri saya, Luh Putu Vindiata Candra Dewi yang telah menemani saya

dari awal memulai kuliah hingga akhir, dan senantiasa memberikan waktu,

dukungan, saran, bantuan dan cintanya kepada saya;

9. Rekan-rekan Komposit seperjuangan Jurusan Teknik Mesin, dan semua pihak

yang telah membantu dalam penyelesaian skripsi.

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Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini jauh dari kesempurnaan mengingat

keterbatasan pengetahuan dan refrensi yang penulis miliki. Oleh karena itu kritik dan

saran yang bersifat membangun sangat penulis harapkan dari berbagai pihak. Sekali

lagi penulis mengucapkan banyak terima kasih dan penulis mohon maaf apabila

terdapat kekurangan atau kesalahan dalam penulisan proposal skripsi ini.

Penulis

Bukit Jimbaran, November2015

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DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN................................................................................................i LEMBAR PENGESAHAN................................................................................................ii KATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................................iii ABSTRAK............................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................vi DAFTAR ISI......................................................................................................................vii DAFTAR GAMBAR...........................................................................................................x DAFTAR TABEL..............................................................................................................xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN.....................................................................................................xiii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN................................................................................................1 1.1 Latar Belakang...........................................................................................1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah......................................................................................3 1.3 Batasan Masalah........................................................................................3 1.4 Tujuan Penelitian.......................................................................................4 1.5 Manfaat Penelitian.....................................................................................4

BAB II DASAR TEORI....................................................................................................5 2.1 Komposit(Composite).................................................................................5 2.2 Polymer.......................................................................................................7 2.2.1 Matrix..............................................................................................7 2.2.2 Sifat Matrix.....................................................................................8 2.2.3 Ikatan Antara Matrix dan Serbuk....................................................8 2.3 Material Kayu Alam....................................................................................9 2.3.1 Kayu Kelapa (Cocos nucifera)........................................................9 2.3.2 Pengaruh Suhu Terhadap Kayu......................................................12 2.3.3 Perhitungan Masa Jenis Serbuk.....................................................12 2.3.4 Fraksi Berat Serbuk........................................................................13 2.4 Perlakuan Borax Boric Acid (BBA) pada Serbuk.......................................13 2.5 Uji Ketahanan Api.......................................................................................14 2.6 Uji Bio-Degradasi........................................................................................15 2.6.1 Tanah Incepticol.............................................................................16 2.7 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)........................................................16

Halaman

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BAB III METODE PENELITIAN......................................................................................17 3.1 Bahan dan Alat Penelitian...........................................................................17 3.1.1 Bahan...............................................................................................17 3.1.1.1 PP (Polypropylene).........................................................18 3.1.1.2 Serbuk Kayu Kelapa (Sawdust)......................................18 3.1.1.3 Kompos...........................................................................19 3.1.2 Alat..................................................................................................19 3.1.3 Skematik Cetakan Komposit...........................................................20 3.1.4 Skematik Mesin Tekan Panas (Hot Press)......................................20 3.2 Diagram Alur Penelitian.............................................................................22 3.3 Langkah Penelitian.....................................................................................23 3.3.1 Proses Perlakuan Serbuk Kayu Kelapa...........................................23 3.3.2 Proses Pembuatan Larutan...............................................................23 3.3.3 Desain Komposit.............................................................................24 3.3.4 Proses Pembuatan Komposit............................................................25 3.4 Pengamatan Void dan Kelengkungan Komposit........................................26 3.5 Pembuatan Spesimen Uji............................................................................26 3.6 Variabel Pengujian......................................................................................27

3.6.1 Variabel Ketahanan Api..................................................................27 3.6.2 Variabel Bio-Degradasi..................................................................27

3.7 Tahap Pengujian...........................................................................................27 3.7.1 Uji Ketahanan Api...........................................................................27 3.7.1.1 Pelaksanaan Pengujian Ketahanan Api...........................................27 3.7.1.2 Analisa Data Uji Tahan Api............................................................29 3.7.2 Uji Bio-Degradasi...........................................................................29 3.7.2.1 Pelaksanaan Pengujian Uji Bio-Degradasi.....................................29 3.7.2.2 Analisa Data Uji Bio-Degradasi......................................................30 BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN..............................................................................31

4.1 Data Spesifikasi Spesimen Uji Ketahanan Api............................................31 4.2 Hasil Pencatatan Data Uji Ketahanan Api....................................................32 4.3 Hasil Perhitungan Uji Ketahanan Api...........................................................37 4.4 Hasil SEM Uji Ketahanan Api.......................................................................38 4.5 Pembahasan Uji Ketahanan Api....................................................................40 4.6 Data Spesifikasi Spesimen Uji Bio-Degradasi..............................................41 4.7 Hasil Perhitungan Uji Bio-Degradasi............................................................42 4.8 Hasil SEM Uji Bio-Degradasi........................................................................45 4.9 Pembahasan Uji Bio-Degradasi.....................................................................46

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BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN................................................................................47 5.1 Kesimpulan.....................................................................................................47 5.2 Saran...............................................................................................................48

DAFTAR PUSTAKA...............................................................................................................49 LAMPIRAN..............................................................................................................................50

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DAFTAR GAMBAR No. Gambar Halaman 2.1 Komposit................................................................................................ a). Serat................................................................................................... 6 b). Laminer............................................................................................. 6 c). Partikel.............................................................................................. 6 2.2 Pengaruh Suhu Terhadap Kayu ................................................................. 11 2.3 a). Boric Acid.............................................................................................. 13 b). Borax ..................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Alat Uji Ketahanan Api ASTM D 653-03 ................................................ 14 3.1 Bahan Penelitian..................................................................................... a). Kemasan Air Gelas Plastik Polypropylene....................................... 16 b). Serbuk Gergaji Kayu Kelapa............................................................. 16 c). Borax.................................................................................................. 16 d). Boric Acid.......................................................................................... 16 3.2 Bahan Pembentuk Kompos..................................................................... a). Tanah Incepticol ................................................................................... 17 b). Serbuk kayu kelapa............................................................................... 17 3.3 Alat Penelitian........................................................................................ a). Mesin tekan panas (Hot Press).......................................................... 20 b). Cetakan Komposit ................................................................................ 20 3.4 Model 3d Cetakan Komposit................................................ ................ 20 3.5 Skematik Mesin Tekan Panas (Hot Press) ....................................... 20 3.6 Diagram Alir Penelitian. ................................................................. 22 3.7 Diagram Alir Perlakuan Serbuk Kayu Kelapa.................................... 23 3.8 Proses Pencampuran Larutan .................................................................... 24 3.9 Desain Komposit ........................................................................................ 24 3.10 Diagram Alir Proses Pembuatan Komposit.............................................. 25 3.11 Dimensi Spesimen.................................................................................. a). Uji Ketahanan Api sesuai ASTM D 635-03 ....................................... 26 b). Uji Bio-Degradasi mengacu pada ASTM D 570 ................................ 26 3.12 Prosedur Penelitian Uji Ketahanan Api sesuai ASTM D 635-03.......... a). Tampak Depan ...................................................................................... 28 b). Tampak Samping .................................................................................. 28 3.13 Skema Proses Penelitian Uji Bio-Degradasi ............................................ 29 4.1 Grafik perbandingan Laju Pembakaran Linear....................................... 33 4.2 Grafik perbandingan Persentase Kehilangan Berat................................. 35 4.3 Grafik perbandingan Laju Kehilangan Berat.......................................... 36

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4.4 Pengujian Ketahanan Api Komposit Serbuk Kayu Kelapa.................... (a). Tanpa Treatment BBA ......................................................................... 37 (b). Treatment 10% BBA............................................................................ 37 (c). Treatment 15% BBA ............................................................................ 37 (d). Treatment 20% BBA............................................................................ 37 4.5 Hasil Uji Ketahanan Api Komposit Serbuk Kayu Kelapa..................... (a). Tanpa Treatment BBA ......................................................................... 37 (b). Treatment 10% BBA............................................................................ 37 (c). Treatment 15% BBA ............................................................................ 37 (d). Treatment 20% BBA............................................................................ 37 4.6 Foto SEM Hasil Uji Ketahanan Api Spesimen A................................... 38 4.7 Foto SEM Hasil Uji Ketahanan Api Spesimen B................................... 38 4.8 Foto SEM Hasil Uji Ketahanan Api Spesimen C................................... 39 4.9 Foto SEM Hasil Uji Ketahanan Api Spesimen D................................... 39 4.10 Grafik Persentase Kehilangan Berat Uji Bio-Degradasi ......................... 44 4.11 Foto Spesimen Uji Bio-Degradasi ............................................................ 44 4.12 Foto SEM Hasil Uji Bio-Degradasi Api Spesimen A............................ 45 4.13 Foto SEM Hasil Uji Bio-Degradasi Spesimen B................................... . 45 4.14 Foto SEM Hasil Uji Bio-Degradasi Spesimen C................................... . 45 4.15 Foto SEM Hasil Uji Bio-Degradasi Spesimen D................................... 46

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DAFTAR TABEL No. Tabel Halaman

3.1 Karakteristik Polypropylene................................................ ................. .. 18 3.2 Karakteristik Coconut Wood ............................................................ .. 18 3.3 Rancangan Komposit.................................................................... 25 4.1 Data Spesimen Uji Ketahanan Api.......................................................... 31 4.2 Perhitungan Laju Pembakaran Linear ............................................... .. 32 4.3 Perhitungan Persentase Kehilangan Berat........................................ .. 34 4.4 Perhitungan Laju Kehilangan Berat................................................. 35 4.5 Data Spesimen Uji Bio-Degradasi.......................................................... 41 4.6 Hasil Perhitungan Spesimen Uji Bio-Degradasi Berat........................ 43

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Halaman

Lampiran 1 Perhitungan Uji Ketahanan Api....................................................................... 50 Lampiran 2 Perhitungan Uji Bio-Degradasi........................................................................ 60 Lampiran 3 Foto-foto........................................................................................................... 66 Lampiran 4 Pernyataan........................................................................................................ 70