studies on immunomodulatory potential of flavonoids ph.d ... · 2 carbon clearance test the...

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Studies on Immunomodulatory Potential of Flavonoids

Ph.D. Synopsis

Submitted To

Gujarat Technological University

For The Degree

of

Doctor of Philosophy

In

Pharmacy

By

Aditya Ganeshpurkar

Enrollment No: 149997390001

(Pharmacy)

Guided By

Dr. Ajay K. Saluja,

Professor & Principal,

A. R. College of Pharmacy,

Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Gujarat

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Brief description on the state of the art of the research topic

Immune system is remarkably a sophisticated defense system within vertebrates, to protect

them from invading agents. It can generate varieties of cells and molecules and is capable of

recognizing and eliminating limitless varieties of foreign and undesirable agents. Immunity

refers to the ability of the body to identify and resist microorganisms that are potentially

harmful. After maturation, most immune cells circulate into the body and exert specific effect [1]

.Cell-mediated immunity is the result of the activity of many leukocyte actions, reactions,

interactions that range from simple to complex. This type of immunity is dependent on the

actions of the T (Thymus) lymphocytes, which are responsible for a delayed type of immune

response. The T lymphocyte becomes sensitized by its first contact with a specific antigen. In

humoral immunity special lymphocytes (white blood cells), called B (Bone cell)

lymphocytes, produce circulating antibodies to act against a foreign substance. This type of

immunity is based on the antigen–antibody response. Immunopharmacology is the

intersection of immunology and pharmacology. The most well-known immunopharmacology

agents include anti-rejection drugs and vaccines [2]

.Immunostimulants are drugs which can be

used to stimulate the immune system. In addition to drugs themselves, several vitamins,

minerals, and other chemicals are known to boost the efficacy of the immune system. While

immunosuppressant drugs have been studied more extensively than immunostimulants, this

latter class of therapeutic agents has so far shown some promise in the treatment of primary

immunodeficiencies and cancers as well as HIV and AIDS. Immunopharmacological

research is not only limited to the discovery of new drugs. It is also dedicated to examine how

the immune system functions, with a view of discovering new drug targets [3,4]

Definition of the problem

One of the most important factors explaining the mechanism, by which these pathologies

develop, involves oxidative modification of critical molecules. So, ROS can react with

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, altering gene expression and promoting an

inflammatory response [5–7]

. Scientific evidences justify the fact that diet influences the health

as well as controls and modulates many functions of body and thus plays an important role in

the maintenance of good health; this homeostasis produced therefore, decreases the chances

of many chronic diseases [8]

.

Objective and Scope of work

Flavonoids belong to a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures and are

found in fruit, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine [9]

. Flavonoids are

polyphenolic compounds that occur ubiquitously in plants having a variety of biological

effects both in vitro and in vivo. Anthocyanin pigment present in flowers provide colour to it

which contributes to pollination. Flavonoids present in leaves promote physiological survival

of plant by protecting it from fungal infections and UV radiations. In addition, flavonoids are

involved in photosensitization, energy transfer, respiration and control of photosynthesis,

morphogenesis, sex-determination, energy transfer [10]

. However as far as talking about

therapeutic potential, flavonoids have been found to have antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-

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ulcerogenic, cytotoxic, anti-neoplastic, mutagenic, antioxidant, antihepatotoxic,

antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory activities. They have

been found to have anti-inflammatory activity in both proliferative and exudative phases of

inflammation [11]

. A number of plants rich in flavonoids are known to show

immunomodulatory potential. However, no systematic attempts to study effect of flavonoids

on immune system have been done so far. Thus, the aim of present study is to explore

immunomodulatory potential of rutin, catechin and hesperidin.

To evaluate the effect of flavonoid administration on delaved type type hypersensitivity

To evaluate the effect of flavonoid administration on clearance of foreign particles

To evaluate the effect of flavonoid administration on WBC and antibody production.

To evaluate the effect of flavonoid administration on production of IL-1Β, IL-6, TNF-α

and NO production.

Plan of Work

1. Procurement of Plant Flavonoids

2. Experimental

In vivo studies

Delayed type hypersensitivity response

Carbon clearance test

Cyclophosphamide induced myelosuppression

Neutrophil adhesion test

Humoral antibody titre

Effect on serum immunoglobulin

In vitro cell culture studies

Cell line: Murine macrophage/ Peritoneal macrophage

Parameters

A. Assessment of Cell viability using MTT assay

B. Determination of following mediators after treatment with bacterial liposaccharides

Interleukin 1β

Interleukin 6

Tumor Necrosis Factor α

Inducible Nitric Oxide synthase

3. Compilation and Presentation of Scientific Data.

Original contribution by the thesis

The work is original in terms of use of selected flavonoids for immunomodulation in the

current experimental models of depression. The studies conducted have been published in

peer reviewed journals

Methodology of research, Results/Comparisons

1. Procurement and analysis of Test flavonoids

Test flavonoids (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) were purchased from Central Drug House,

Mumbai, India. FTIR study was performed for structural confirmation of the compounds.

2. Animals

Wistar rats (180-200 g) of either sex were housed in polypropylene cages, maintained under

standardized conditions (12 h light/dark cycles, 28±2°) were used in the study. Animals were

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provided with standard pellet food and had free access to drinking water. All the animal study

protocols were duly approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee.

3. Selection of dose

As per studies performed by Shenbagam & Nalini, 2011 [12]

, Hamaishi et al. [13]

Hemanth

Kumar et al.[14]

, rutin, catechin and hesperidin in the dose of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of body

weight were used in the study.

Table1: Dosing protocol for studies

Treatment Dose

Group I Normal control

Group II Cyclophosphamide (30 g/ kg)

Group III Rutin (25 mg/ kg)

Group IV Rutin (50 mg/ kg)

Group V Rutin (100 mg/ kg)

Group VI Catechin (25 mg/ kg)

Group VII Catechin (50 mg/ kg)

Group VIII Catechin (100 mg/ kg)

Group IX Hesperidin (25 mg/ kg)

Group X Hesperidin (50 mg/ kg)

Group XI Hesperidin (100 mg/ kg)

Animals from Group III to Group XI received Cyclophosphamide (30 mg/ kg) once during the starting of

experiment except in cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia. In this protocol (cyclophosphamide induced

neutropenia) anilams from Group II to Group XI received Cyclophosphamide (100 mg/ kg) once during the

starting of experiment.

Study protocols

In vivo studies

1 Hypersensitivity reaction (delayed type)

On day 0, all the groups were immunized by subcutaneous administration of 1 ml of SRBC

cell suspension into the right hind footpad. On day 15, all groups were challenged by

subcutaneously injecting 0.5 mL of SRBC cell suspension into the left hind footpad[15]

, and

the thickness of the left hind footpadwas measured after 24 and 48 h of a challenge using

vernier calipers. The difference in the thickness of the right hind paw and the left hind paw

was used as a measure of DTH reaction and was expressed as a mean percent increment in

thickness/edema.

2 Carbon Clearance Test

The phagocytic activity of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES) was assessed by carbon

clearance method. [16,17]

.

3 Cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia

The method described by Manjrekar et al. [18]

was adopted. Determination of total white blood

cells was carried out.

4 Neutrophil Adhesion test

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The rats were treated orally with standard and test compounds (rutin catechin and hesperidin)

for 14 days. On day 14, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus into

heparinized vials and analyzed for total leukocyte count and (TLC) differential leukocyte

count (DLC) [19,20]

.

The product of total leukocyte count and % neutrophil known as the neutrophil index was

determined for each of the respective groups[21]

. The % neutrophil adhesion for each of the

test groups was determined as follows:

% Neutrophil adhesion=(Difference in neutrophil count in untreated and fiber treated blood

)/(Neutrophil count of untreated blood) ×100

5 Indirect hemagglutination test

Rats were pretreated with the test drugs (rutin catechin and hesperidin) for 14 days, and each

rat was immunized with 0.5×109 sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) intraperitoneally, including

control rats [22]

.

6 Serum immunoglobulin

Animals were treated with standard/ test drug orally for 21 days as mentioned in table. Six

hours after the last dose, blood samples were collected, and the serum was separated The

standard BaSO4 solution was prepared by adding 3 ml of barium chloride solution (1.15%

w/v) to 97 ml of 0.2 N sulphuric acid. The turbidity obtained with this solution was expressed

as 20 zinc sulfate turbidity (ZST) units[23]

.

In vitro studies

1. Isolation of rat peritoneal-exudate macrophages

For induction of inflammatory responses, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 1 ml of 3%

thioglycollate broth, and peritoneal exudate was extracted 5 days later. After gentle

abdominal massage, about 30 ml of peritoneal fluid was extracted using the same syringe and

transferred to 50-ml sterile polypropylene tubes on ice. A 20 µl aliquot was then extracted for

cell counting in a hemocytometer. Aliquots of 100 µl of the cell suspension were added to the

wells of 96- well microculture plates (Corning, USA) or placed on microscope slides, and left

for 90 min in a humidified incubator (37 ˹C, 5% CO2) to allow adhesion. Nonadherent cells

were then removed by gently washing with HBSS[24]

.

2. Determination of the inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6)

The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in cell culture medium in

presence and absence of lipopolysaccharides (from E. coli) was determined by using

Krishgen ELISA based kits as per manufacturer’s instructions.

3. Determination of Nitric oxide

After stimulation of macrophages (1 × 105 cells) with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h in the presence

of various concentrations of each drug, nitrite levels in the conditioned medium were

determined using Griess reagent [25]

. Nitrite concentrations in culture supernatants were

measured to assess NO production in macrophages. NaNO2 was used as standard to

calculated nitrite concentrations [26]

.

In silico studies

1. Software

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Python 2.7- language was downloaded from www.python.com, Molecular graphics

laboratory (MGL) tools and AutoDock 4.2 was downloaded from www.scripps.edu,

Discovery Studio visualizer 4.1 was downloaded from www.accelerys.com.

2. Protein preparation

The three-dimensional crystalline structures of 5 targeted proteins (Table1) were retrieved

from the Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/). The retrieved protein were TNF-α (PDB

ID: 2AZ5), IL-1β (PDB ID: 2NVH), IL-6 (PDB ID: 1P9M) and NOs (PDB ID: 1NSI). The

coordinates of the structures were complexed with water molecules, and other atoms which

are responsible for increased resolution and therefore the water molecules and het-atoms were

removed using discovery studios and saved in. pdb format.

3. Docking analysis

The three-dimensional crystalline structures of 4 proteins were obtained from Protein Data

Bank (http://www.rcsb.org/). These protein were TNF-α (PDB ID: 2AZ5), IL 1β (PDB ID:

2NVH), IL 6 (PDB ID: 1P9M) and NOs (PDB ID: 5UO1). The 2D and 3Dchemical

structures of rutin, catechin and hesperidin was retrieved (http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).

These .sdf and .mol files obtained from PubChem were converted into .pdb files using

Marwin Sketch (http://www.chemaxon.com/marvin/ sketch/index.jsp). These .pdb files were

converted to .pdbqt using ligand preparation module of autodock tools 1.5.6. The docking

analysis of hesperidin was carried out using the Autodock tools (ADT) v1.5.4 and autodock v

4.2 programs. Rutin, catechin and hesperidin were docked to all the target protein complexes

with the molecule considered as a rigid body. The search was carried out with the

Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm; populations of 100 individuals with a mutation rate of 0.02

have been evolved for ten generations. The remaining parameters were set as default. The

Docked structure was then visualised using Discovery Studio 2016 for obtaining the binding

interactions

Statistical analysis

For all in vivo studies, all the values were expressed as mean±SEM. Statistics was applied

using Graph Pad Prism version 5.0 for Windows, Graph Pad software, San Diego, California,

USA. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s comparison test was used to determine the

statistical significance between various groups. Differences were considered to be statistically

significant when *p < 0.05; **p< 0.01, ***p < 0.001. For in vitro cell culture studies, the data

is expressed as Mean ± SD and statistical analysis was carried out employing the one-way

ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test. p values < 0.05 are being taken as

statistically significant.

Results

Hypersensitivity reaction

Treatment with Rutin. Catechin in the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day showed the footpad

thickness 4.81±0.12 mm, 5.03±0.11 mm and 5.06±0.13 mm respectively after 24 h.

Hesperidin in the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day demonstrated the foot pad thickness

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4.91±0.07 mm, 5.01±0.10 mm and 5.36±0.08 mm respectively after 24 h corresponding value

of 4.68 ± 0.16 mm for group II. (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Effect of test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) administration on delayed type

hypersensitivity response in rats. Results are given as mean ± SEM of six animals in each group.

Significance at *p < 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p < 0.001 when compared to Group I;

Carbon clearance Test

Administration of Rutin in the dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/ kg, per oral produced increase

in clearance of carbon particles from blood as indicated by a significant increase in

phagocytic index (*p<0.01, **p<0.001). Catechin administration, especially in the dose of

100 mg/ kg, caused increased clearance of carbon particles from blood (***p < 0.001)

(Figure 2). Hesperidin administration especially in the dose of 100 mg/ kg, caused increased

clearance of carbon particles from blood (***p < 0.001)(Figure 2).

Figure 2: Effect of test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) administration on phagocytic index

in rats. Results are given as mean ± SEM of six animals in each group.Significance at *p < 0.05; **p<

0.01; ***p < 0.001 when compared to Group I

Cyclophosphamide Induced Neutropenia

Administration of Rutin in dose of 25 and 50 mg/ kg, per oral produced decrease in

neutropenia condition as indicated by a significant increase in total leucocyte count

(***p<0.001, ***p<0.001). Catechin administration in a dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day,

per oral caused a decrease in condition of neutropenia (***p<0.001). Hesperidin

*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** ** * * * *

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Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Group VI Group VII Group VIII Group IX Group X Group XI

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administration in a dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, per oral also caused a decrease in

neutropenia (***p<0.001, ###p<0.001)(Figure 3).

Figure 3: Effect of test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) administration on WBC counts in

rats. Results are given as mean ± SEM of six animals in each group.Significance at *p < 0.05; **p<


Neutrophil adhesion

Rutin administration showed significant increase in the neutrophil adhesion

(**p<0.01, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001) when compared to control. Lower dose of rutin was

more effective than high dose. A significant increase in neutrophil adhesion was observed in

Group VI and Group VII animals as compared to Group II animals. Administration of

hesperidin caused significant increase in the neutrophil adhesion (***p<0.001;

###p<0.001) when compared to control (Table 2).

Table 2: Effect of Hesperidin administration on leucocyte mobilization/ migration in rats.

Treatment TLC % Neutrophils Neutrophil Index % Neutrophil

adhesion UTB TB UTB TB UTB TB

Group I 6.20±0.12 5.64±0.10 45.50±1.05 36.66±1.38 282.46±12.68 206.83±14.65 9.13±0.14

Group II 4.76±0.28 4.40±0.25 40.66±0.49 34.82±0.65 193.81±13.89 153.54±16.81 7.51±0.24****

Group II 6.10±0.16 5.36±0.09 47.32±1.02 37.83±1.01 289.11±17.17 203.01±9.22 12.14±0.77***

Group IV 6.21±0.12 5.43±0.05 49.34±1.08 39.33±1.30 306.65±13.78 213.69±6.67 12.59±0.76***

Group V 6.33±0.07 5.64±0.24 50.33±0.76 40.16±0.70 318.76±16.01 226.58±16.87 10.92±0.61***

Group VI 5.81±0.21 5.26±0.70 47.16±0.70 36.83±0.71 274.31±14.78 193.66±4.94 9.59±0.44***

Group VII 5.96±0.14 5.33±0.98 48.33±0.88 38.66±0.99 288.37±12.97 206.18±9.78 10.61±0.56***

Group VIII 6.01±0.11 5.53±0.65 49.50±0.92 39.16±0.65 297.41±9.81 216.69±4.28 7.90±0.36ns

Group IX 6.14±0.17 5.03±0.42 46.33±0.56 36.66±0.42 284.51±13.26 184.71±1.82 17.95±0.20***

Group X 6.33±0.18 5.46±1.19 49.16±0.65 38.16±1.20 311.35±11.60 208.64±14.28 13.68±0.22***

Group XI 6.41±0.08 5.65±1.15 50.83±0.87 39.66±1.50 326.16±7.46 224.41±22.50 11.81±0.36ns

Haemagglutination reaction

Rutin demonstrated a significant increase in the antibody titer at low dose levels. The dose of

25 mg/kg/day showed response 96.00 ± 35.05 (*p<0.05) in comparison to group I (192.00

±28.62). There was a significant change in HA titer levels in animals treated with

cyclophosphamide (***p<0.001; 53.33 ± 16.52). Catechin administration demonstrated a

***

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4000

6000


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significant increase in the antibody titer at low dose levels. Hesperidin in the dose of 25

mg/kg/day showed response 106.66 ± 13.49 (**p<0.01) and dose of 50 mg/kg/day showed

response 138.66 ± 10.66 (***p<0.001) in comparison to group I (192.00 ±28.62)(Figure 4).

Figure 4: Effect of test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) administration on HA antibody titer

in rats. Results are given as mean ± SEM of six animals in each group.Significance at *p < 0.05; **p<


Serum immunoglobulin

Figure 5 revealed a significant increase in the serum immunoglobulin levels in rutin

treated group (group III 10.94±0.56, ***p < 0.001; group IV 11.82±0.72, **p< 0.01)

Hesperidin also caused a significant increase in the serum immunoglobulin (group ix

10.12 ±0.38, ***p < 0.001; group X 11.19 ±0.39, ***p < 0.001, ###p < 0.001; group XI

13.01±0.28, ***p < 0.001,) was seen; whereas group II animals revealed lower serum

immunoglobulin levels (8.61±1.22) compared to vehicle control Group I animals

(14.59±0.48) (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Effect of test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) administration on serum

immunoglobulin levels in rats. Results are given as mean ± SEM of six animals in each

group.Significance at *p < 0.05; **p< 0.01; ***p < 0.001 when compared to Group I

In vitro studies

Cell viability

MTT assay is widely used protocol for measurement of mitochondrial enzyme succinate

dehydrogenase. This assay is widely used to determine the toxicity of chemicals from natural

and synthetic origin. The MTT assay was used in the present study to determine the effect of

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10

rutin on viability of rat macrophage. Cell viability was not altered by maintained due to Rutin

(98%) catechin (97%) and hesperidin (98%) treatment.

Effect on cytokine levels

The results indicated a decrease in TNF-α levels in the cells treated with test flavonoids

(rutin, catechin and hesperidin) as compared to control (LPS only) in a concentration

dependent manner. There was a significant decrease in level of cytokine at 1 µM (p < 0.001)

(Figure 6). Rutin and hesperidin (10 µM) caused a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in IL-1β as

compared to control (Figure 7). Results indicated that the rutin inhibited the release of IL-6

from macrophages in a concentration dependent manner whereby maximum inhibition was

observed at concentration 10 µM (p < 0.05) (Figure 8).

Figure 6: Effects of the test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) on the production of TNF-α

in rat macrophages. Data are expressed as the mean ± S.D. of three individual experiments.

Statistically significant change of cytokine release (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001), as

compared with the group treated without LPS treatment.

Figure 7: Effects of the test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) on the production of IL-1β




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Figure 8: Effects of the test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) on the production of IL-6




Effect on NO production

Rutin catechin and hesperidin inhibited the NO production in a concentration dependent

manner at a dose range of 0.1-100 µM. The maximum inhibition by these test flavonoids was

observed in the range 0.1-10 µM compared to control (p < 0.001).

Figure 9: Effects of the test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) on the production of NO in

rat macrophages. Data are expressed as the mean ± S.D. of three individual experiments.



Docking studies

The four crystal structures of proteins were retrieved from protein databank. A docking was

performed to identify the precise binding sites on various immunomodulatory targets.

Molecular docking is an effective approach that helps to envisage the principal ‘binding

modes’ of the ligand with the ‘protein/ receptor/ enzyme’ having known ‘three-dimensional

structure’. In the present study, we carried out docking studies on rutin, catechin and

hesperidin to various inflammatory and immunomodulatory targets, with the purpose to study

and analyse in silico interaction of former on later. The docking scores and analysis of the

###

*** *** ***

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

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M)

12

interactions of rutin, catechin and hesperidin suggest the ability of these flavonoids to bind to

multiple targets involved in inflammation and immunomodulation.

Table 3: Molecular docking studies of rutin, catechin and hesperidin on some chemokines

and enzymes

Target Resolution PDB

ID

`Rutin Catechin Hesperidin

Binding

energy

Inhibitory

constant

(µM)

Binding

energy

Inhibitory

constant

(µM)

Binding

energy

Inhibitory

constant

(µM)

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α 2.10Å 2AZ5 -6.25 25.62 -5.79 57.14 -6.96 230.93

Interleukin 1β 2.50Å 1ITB -4.24 774.3 -7.50 3.16 -6.64 394.91

Interleukin 6 3.65 Å 1P9M -5.96 42.43 -6.20 20.69 -7.07 191.74

Nitric oxide synthase 1.90 Å 5UO1 -5.71 64.88 -7.44 3.45 -6.83 288.42

Rutin, catechin and hesperidin interacted with various chemokines and inflammatory

mediators’ viz. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and NOs. With each target, rutin, catechin and hesperidin

demonstrated a noteworthy affinity for binding. Findings from the present study show that

rutin, catechin and hesperidin may interact with several chemokines and inflammatory

mediators.

Achievements with respect to objectives

Immunomodulators are the agents that amend the activity of immune system and have dual

effects. A few of them may stimulate the immune system at a lower level while the others

may have inhibitory effects on normal or activated immune response [27]

. Immunomodulators

are likely to be used for the reintegration of ‘immune deficiency.' Plant extracts and

phytochemicals have been extensively investigated for possible immunomodulatory effects [28]

. The present study aimed to explore the immunomodulatory effect of test flavonoid (rutin,

catechin and hesperidin) against various immunological challenges. Rutin, cahechin and

hesperidin were studied for possible protective effects for hypersensitivity reaction, carbon

clearance, cyclophosphamide-induced neutropenia, and neutrophil adhesion. Studies were

also performed to determine haemagglutination titer and serum immunoglobulin levels.In the

present study, test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin)administration in rats caused a

significant increase in the delayed type of hypersensitivity . Phagocytic index of test flavonoid

(rutin, catechin and hesperidin) treated animals was significantly more as compared to the

cyclophosphamide-treated group (Group II). The administration of test flavonoid (rutin,

catechin and hesperidin) to animals (Group III-XI) resulted in a significant increment (***p <

0.001) in the levels of white blood cells. Such an effects might be contributed due to

cytoprotective [29]

and antioxidant [30]

effect of catechin over the biological system.In the

present study, there was a dose-dependent intensification of neutrophil adhesion to nylon

fibers which suggest intense migration of neutrophil to ‘foreign bodies.' As discussed above,

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such an effect might be due to antioxidant potential of catechin. Neutrophil adhesion to

‘nylon fibers’ represents the movement of neutrophils towards the site of ‘inflammation’[20]

.

In the present study, SRBCs immunization to catechin trerated group resulted in noteworthy

antibody production. [31]

. Along with HA titer studies, antibody production were also

calculated by zinc sulfate turbidity method. A notable increase in the levels of serum

immunoglobulin production due to the administration of rutin, catechin and hesperidin was

seen. In the present study, immunomodulatory effect of rutin was determined on macrophage

activity. The decrease in concentration of TNF-α and IL-1 β due to test flavonoid (rutin,

catechin and hesperidin)has been identified previously in other cells/ tissues [32]

. The decrease

in IL-6 levels due to treatment with rutin, catechin and hesperidin could be one of the

important reasons for its down regulation. The outcomes of present study clearly revealed the

decrease in production of NO synthesis due to test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin)

which could be predisposed due to inhibition of underlying enzyme (nitric oxide synthase).

Similar interactions were seen in docking studies.

Conclusion

In conclusion, test flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) modulated the immune system by

acting on cellular and humoral levels in experimental models of immunity in animals. test

flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin)also decreased cyclophosphamide induced

myelosuppression. There was an increased reduction of foreign particles, antibody titer, and

immunoglobulins. There was suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and NO production.

Outcomes of the present study established these flavonoid (rutin, catechin and hesperidin) to be

an immunomodulatory agent. Rutin showed significant immunomodulatory effect, followed

by hesperidin and catechin. Additional studies on them are necessary to establish its

therapeutic effects in autoimmune diseases.

References

1. Silverstein A. A History of Immunology. 2009.

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List of Publications

Review Articles

1. Ganeshpurkar, A., Saluja, A.K., The Pharmacological Potential of Rutin. Saudi

Pharmaceutical Journal 2016. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2016.04.025. Impact Factor 2.611.

(Cited 101 times till date)

2. Ganeshpurkar A, Saluja, AK. Experimental Animal Models Used for Evaluation of

Potential Immunomodulators: A mini review. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo

University 2017; 55; 211-216.

Research Articles

1. Ganeshpurkar A, Saluja AK. 2017. Protective effect of rutin on humoral and cell

mediated immunity in rat model. Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2017;273:154-159.

Impact Factor 3.143.

2. Ganeshpurkar A, Saluja AK. 2017. Protective effect of catechin on humoral and cell

mediated immunity in rat model. International Immunopharmacology. 2018;273:261-

266. Impact Factor 3.067.

3. Ganeshpurkar A, Saluja AK. In silico interaction of Rutin with some

immunomodulatory targets: A Docking analysis. Indian Journal of Biochemistry &

Biophysics. 2018; 55 :88-94 (Impact Factor 0.385)

4. Ganeshpurkar A, Saluja AK. In silico interaction of Catechin with some

immunomodulatory targets: A Docking analysis. Indian Journal of Biotechnology.

2018; 17: 626-631 (Impact Factor 0.368)

5. Ganeshpurkar A, Saluja AK. In silico interaction of Hesperidin with some

immunomodulatory targets: A Docking analysis. Indian Journal of Biochemistry &

Biophysics (Gallay Proof) (Impact Factor 0.385)

Conferences/ Seminars

Conference: 32 th

M.P. Young Scientist Congress

Venue: Vigyan Bhawan, Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology,

Bhopal

Place: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Date: March, 10-11, 2017

Title of the paper: Modulatory effect of rutin on humoral and cell mediated immunity

in rat model.

Conference: International Conference on Emerging Trends in Drug Discovery and

Development (ETDDD)

Venue: Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute

of Technology, Varanasi

Place: Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

Date: January 18-20, 2018

Title of the paper: Modulatory effect of catechin on humoral and cell mediated

immunity in rat model.

studies on immunomodulatory potential of flavonoids ph.d ... · 2 carbon clearance test the...

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