Study #1 – Chemistry/BiochemistryChapters 2-5~8

Properties of Water

• Hydrogen Bonding (how very important it is..)

– Solvent abilities– Adhesion/cohesion properties– Density of ice– High specific heat/enthalpy of vaporization

• Water Potential = osmotic potential + pressure potential

– Where does water flow??

Organic Chem Review

• Carbon bonds __ times, O __ times..• Review the following R groups

(structure/function)– Hydroxyl– Carbonyl (2)– Carboxyl– Amino– Sulfhydryl– phosphate

Macromolecules - general

• Organic molecules

• Large, repeating subunits

• Types of ISOMERS

• Properties based on # and type of subunits

• Chemistry of– Condensation reactions– Hydrolysis reactions

Macromolecules - carbohydrates

• Monosaccharide

• Disaccharide

• Polysaccharide

• Properties

• Example functions

Macromolecules - proteins

• Amino acids (20)– R group

• Polypeptide• Levels of protein

structure– 1st

– 2nd

– 3rd

– 4th

Macromolecules - Enzymes

• Activation Energy

• Active site

• Substrate

• Induced Fit

• Conformation/denaturation

• Inhibition– Competitive– allosteric

Macromolecules - Lipids

• Fatty acid/glycerol

• General properties

• Fats

• Phospholipids

• steroids

Macromolecules – nucleic acids

• Nucleotide

• Bonding Rules

• DNA– Double strand

• RNA– Single strand

Macromolecules – nucleic acids

Nucleus – levels of DNA packagingNuclear Envelope – nonselective!

Nucleolus

ChromatinDNA

Histones Levels of Packing

AP Labs – Enzyme Catalysis•Concept

–Enzyme function•Active site

•Substrate

•Rate

•Conformation

•Inhibition

–Role of H2SO4, K2MnO4

•Sample Experiment–Design an experiment to determine the optimal temperature of vent polymerase…

Study Questions

• Review enzyme regulation – provide one example of competitive and one of non-competitive regulation.

• Provide an example of negative feedback – what type of regulation is this?

• Review isomer structures, which types were discussed in class? For which MM were these important?

Cellular Metabolism - Respiration

Cellular Metabolism - Respiration• Random, electrically stimulating Info;

– Oxidation reduction reactions• Oxidation loose electrons• Reduction gain electrons• If hard to recognize follow the H atom

(reduction) NAD+ NADH• Realize electrons moving to more

electrongative atom releases energy…

– Substrate Level Phosphorylation

– Oxidative Phosphorylation

Cellular Metabolism - Respiration• Catabolic pathways – exergonic,hydrolysis

• Anabolic pathways – endergonic, condensation

• Respiration – catabolic– Aerobic – most eukaryotes, some prokaryotes

• Krebs cycle

• Electron transport chain

– Anaerobic – most prokaryotes, some eukaryotes• Glycolysis

• Fermentation– Alcoholic

– Lactic acid

Cellular Metabolism – respiration

• Glycolysis – Splitting of glucose– Reactants– Products– Location– Significance– Who can do it???

• Krebs Cycle– Reactants– Products– Location– Significance– Who CAN do it??

Cellular Metabolism – respiration

• Electron Transport Chain– Reactants– Products– Location

Significance– Proton motive

force– Chemiosmosis– Who can DO

it???

Cellular Metabolism – respiration

• Fermentation– Reactants– Products– Location– Significance– Who can do IT??

Cellular Metabolism – respiration

• ADP-ATP Cycle

Cellular Metabolism – respiration

• Regulation of Metabolic Rate– Phosphofructokinase (PPK)

• ATP, Citrate inhibit

• AMP stimulates

– Insulin– Uptake of blood glucose by liver/muscles

– Fatty acid production (adipose cells)

– Glucagon– Liberation of glycogen glucose from liver/muscle

– Increased beta oxidation

Cellular Metabolism – respiration

Life is g

oo

d, b

iolo

gy is g

reatL

ife is go

od

, bio

log

y is great

• Beta Oxidation– Realize…TONS of ATP

• Ex; 18 carbon chain– Every two carbons = 1NADH, 1FADH2, 1ATP, 1AcetylcoA

» 1AcetylcoA=3NADH,1FADH2, 1ATP

» 1NADH=3ATP

» 1FADH2=2ATP

» Yikes!, its tough to “burn” off fat!

Cellular Metabolism – respiration

• Electromagnetic Radiation– Wavelength vs energy

• Absorbance Spectrum

• Chlorophyll a

• Accessory Pigments

• Antenna Complex

Cellular Metabolism – Photosynthetic Pigments

• Chromatography– Mobile Phase– Stationary Phase– Rf Value– Solubility

Cellular Metabolism – Photosynthetic Pigments

• Light Reactions– Reactants– Products– Location– Significance

• Cyclic/noncyclic• Photooxidation• photophosphoryla

tion

Cellular Metabolism – photosynthesis

Cellular Metabolism – photosynthesis

• Dark Reactions– Reactants– Products– Location– significance

Cellular Metabolism – photosynthesis

• Problems and adaptations– Photorespiration

• conditions

– CAM plants – temporal adaptation• Crassulatian acid

• Night vs. day

– C4 plants – spatial adaptation• Oxaloacetate

• Bundle sheath vs. mesophyll cells

Cellular Respiration – Photosynthesis-Transpiration compromise

• Why Transpire?– Conditions– Mechanisms involved

• Stomata– Guard cells– Abscisic acid

• Cation Exchange• Bulk Flow

• Transpiration/photosynthesis ratio– When/where high or low??