study guide for content mastery - wikispaces the elements.pdf... · alkali metals are shiny gray...

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Study Guide for Content Mastery Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 7 37

The ElementsThe Elements

Section 7.1 Properties of s-Block ElementsIn your textbook, read about the representative elements and hydrogen.

Answer the following questions.

1. Why are the elements in groups 1A–8A called the representative elements?

2. What do all the elements in a group have in common?

3. How many valence electrons do group 1A elements have? Group 2A elements?

4. What is the difference between the electron configurations for elements in groups 1A and2A and those for elements in groups 3A–8A?

5. Why don’t all the elements in a group have the same properties?

6. Why is hydrogen not considered a part of any group?

7. How does hydrogen act like a metal? A nonmetal?

8. Name two ways hydrogen is produced in the lab.

STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERYCHAPTER 7

Section 7.1 continued

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38 Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 7 Study Guide for Content Mastery

In your textbook, read about the alkali and alkaline earth metals.

For each statement below, write true or false.

9. Alkali and alkaline earth metals are not reactive.

10. Alkali metals are shiny gray solids soft enough to be cut by a knife.

11. The metal lithium has a diagonal relationship with the metal magnesium.

12. An alloy is a compound of a metal and oxygen.

13. Sodium and potassium are the most abundant alkali metals.

14. Potassium chloride can be used as a substitute for sodium chloride.

15. Alkaline earth metals form ions with a +2 charge.

16. The order of reactivity of the alkaline earth metals, from most to leastreactive, is beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium.

17. Alkaline earth metals do not react with oxygen.

For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.

Column A Column B

18. nonsparking tools

19. fireworks

20. fertilizers

21. chlorophyll

22. chalk

23. X rays

24. treating bipolar disorders

25. baking soda

Circle the element that would be the most reactive of the three.

26. Li Na K

27. K Fr Na

28. Ba Mg Be

29. Li K Ba


a. sodium

b. calcium

c. barium

d. beryllium

e. magnesium

f. strontium

g. potassium

h. lithium

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Section 7.2 Properties of the p-Block ElementsIn your textbook, read about the boron and carbon groups.

Write the word(s) or number that best completes the statement.

1. The p-block elements contain metals, , nonmetals, and

.

2. Boron is found in California in the form of .

3. is the most abundant metal in Earth’s crust.

4. Boron nitride and aluminum oxide are both .

5. Graphite and diamond are examples of because they are different forms of the same element in the same state.

6. The branch of chemistry that studies most carbon compounds is .

7. Carbonates, cyanides, carbides, sulfides, and oxides of carbon are classified as inorganic

compounds. Geologists call these substances .

8. The second most abundant element in Earth’s crust is .

9. Computer chips made of silicon are less efficient than chips.

Use the structures below to answer the following questions.

10. What do these structures have in common? What is different about them?

11. Explain why graphite is a good lubricant and diamond is an excellent abrasive.

DiamondGraphite


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In your textbook, read about the nitrogen group, the oxygen group, and the halogens.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

12. Plants and animals get the nitrogen they need

a. directly from the air. c. from ammonia compounds.

b. from nitrogen-fixing bacteria. d. nitric acid.

13. The major industrial use for nitrogen is to make

a. ammonia. b. nitrous oxide. c. nitrous acid. d. nitric oxide.

14. Some of the uses for phosphorous are

a. in cleaning products and fertilizers. c. in ceramics and food seasonings.

b. in lightweight metals and tools. d. in eyebrow pencils and storage batteries.

15. Which of the following is used as an energy source by certain bacteria living near ocean vents?

a. oxygen b. hydrogen sulfide c. water d. carbon dioxide

16. Oxygen is the most abundant element

a. in the universe. c. in Earth’s crust.

b. in Earth’s atmosphere. d. in living organisms.

17. Ozone is

a. an isotope of oxygen. c. an allotrope of oxygen.

b. a compound of oxygen. d. a stable gas.

18. The release of phosphate ions from fertilizers or detergents into bodies of water may lead to depletion of dissolved oxygen because

a. bacteria in the water decompose phosphate ions.

b. the phosphate ions form a layer in the water.

c. phosphate ions serve as nutrients for algae.

d. the phosphate ions replace oxygen dissolved in the water.

19. Selenium is used in solar panels because it

a. can convert light into electricity. c. is heavy.

b. is a metal. d. can convert light into heat.

20. The most chemically active of all the elements is

a. sodium. b. carbon. c. fluorine. d. bromine.

21. Some of the uses for chlorine are in

a. metal alloys. c. toothpaste and cookware.

b. fertilizers and photographic materials. d. bleaches, disinfectants, and plastics.



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Section 7.3 Properties of d-Block and f-Block ElementsIn your textbook, read about the transition and inner transition metals.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the difference between the transition metals and the inner transition metals?

2. Write the electron configurations for titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), andmanganese (Mn).

3. Which of the elements listed in question 2 would be the hardest? Which would have thehighest melting and boiling points? Why?

4. Which of the elements would be least likely to form compounds with color? Why?

5. How are differences in properties among the transition elements explained?

6. How can a transition metal form an ion with a charge of 3+ or higher?

7. Identify three ways transition metals are separated from their ores.

8. Explain how a metal can become a temporary magnet.

9. Explain why some metals can act as permanent magnets.


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For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Theitems in Column B can be used more than once.

Column A Column B

10. Found in the center of a hemoglobin molecule

11. Provides a protective coating to resist rusting

12. Used in electrical wiring

13. Needed for the development of red blood cells

14. Can control the conditions at which a reaction occurs

15. Involved in cell respiration

16. The main element in steel

17. Are classified as “strategic” metals

18. Found in molecules that help the body digest proteins and eliminate carbon dioxide

19. The best conductor of electricity

In your textbook, read about the inner transition metals.

Write the word or words that best complete the statement.

20. Because there is little difference in the properties of the , they

are usually found mixed together in nature.

21. Welders’ goggles contain and because

these elements absorb high energy radiation.

22. Because some of its compounds emit red light when excited by electrons,

is often used in TV screens.

23. The are radioactive.

24. Elements with atomic numbers above 92 are called .

25. Some smoke detectors used in the home contain .



a. tungsten

b. chromium

c. zinc

d. cobalt

e. iron

f. platinum

g. manganese

h. copper

i. silver

study guide for content mastery - wikispaces the elements.pdf... · alkali metals are shiny gray...

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