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The Special Political and Decolonization Committee

Letter From the Chair Dear Delegates, Welcome to the United Nations Special Political and Decolonization Committee (SPECPOL) at Spring Mun 2017! My name is Yudhishthir Ruia and I will serve as your director along with your assistant director, Amaan Amiri. In the SPECPOL, we will be discussing the Kashmir conflict. I chose this topic because it is the longest unresolved conflict in UN history. The topic can be looked at from various angles, which will make delegates think on their feet. The known history of this region dates back to 13 AD, and given the abundance of Kashmir and its strategic location the issue of who “actually” owns the Land of Kashmir, has always been a contentious one. Taking this conflict into the twenty first century, multiple wars have broken out, fought between Pakistan, India and China. These wars have lead to the death of thousands of common men as well as many soldiers. This unresolved conflict will be open to the committee to debate upon and come to a common consensus (hopefully). I am currently studying in the IB Program, focusing on Economics, Business and Math. I would love to see a high level debate in committee, with every delegate participating. If this takes place, we can cover more aspects of the topic, and hopefully pass a resolution! Moreover, I would love to have diplomatic delegates, who acknowledge fellow delegates during all times in and out of committee. I am extremely excited to see what committee can come up with! Good luck with your preparation, I cannot wait to see your excited faces (again, hopefully) in February. Come well prepared; let’s hope to have a successful committee, and finally put this conflict to rest. Yudhishthir Ruia (Director of the Special Political and Decolonization Committee) Director General.

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About the Committee: The Special Political and Decolonization Committee deals with a variety of subjects which include those related to decolonization, Palestinian refugees and human rights, peacekeeping, mine action, outer space, public information, atomic radiation and University for Peace. Our topic is the Kashmir conflict, which deals with peacekeeping and human rights. Since the SPECPOL is part of the general assembly its mandate is to:

• Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament;

• Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it;

• Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations;

• Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and international collaboration in the economic, social,

humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields;

• Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among nations;

• Receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs;

• Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States;

• Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General.

Statement Of The Problem: Kashmir is a heavily disputed land, which has majority claims from Pakistan, India and China. During the ruling of the British over India, the British had no control over Princely states such as Hyderabad and Kashmir. In 1947, when India got its independence, these Princely states got to choose which country they wanted to belong to. The Sub-continent region found a regular pattern during the splitting of the Princely states. Where there was a Hindu population, the land sided India. Meanwhile, a primarily Muslim population joined Pakistan. A Princely state like Hyderabad was ruled by a Muslim, while majority of the population was Hindu. Even though the ruler wanted to join Pakistan because he was a Muslim, the Hindu population did not allow it. As a

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Hyderabad joined India. On the other hand, Kashmir had a Hindu ruler, but a Muslim population. Even though the population was Muslim, the land was never completely given to Pakistan. The ruler then signed an agreement with India, which insured the Indian support if Kashmir was attacked. Kashmir was the only Princely state that never chose a side- India or Pakistan. Given the scenario, let’s see how we can work in the best interest of all contending parties!” History Of The Problem: In order to find the root cause of the Kashmir conflict, one must know the history of Kashmir, and how many kingdoms ruled over Kashmir over 1000’s of years. North of the Himalayas, saffron was found in abundance. Saffron is also known as “Kashmiran”, hence the name Kashmir. Kashmir is the Sanskrit word for Kesar. Under the Maurya’s, the Indians prayed to Shreedevi, and kesar was offered to her during prayers. For this reason, the ruler at the time, Ashok, gave the name “Shreenagar”. Shreenagar had migrants from India, from different castes such as Brahmins and Pundits. In 13 AD, Shahmir brought Islam to the valley of Kashmir. To avoid any conflict with the existing casts, these people called their faith “Sufism Islam” which is different from traditional Islam culture. Sufism Islam believed in love for god. This cult is known as Kashmiriath- A mixture of the old religion (Shivism) and Sufism (Islamic). Many Pandits and Brahmins converted to Sufism Islam. During the mughal Period, many more

Pandits became Islamic, which gave rise to Kashmiri Muslims. These Muslims lived in peace and harmony, and never conflicted with the Hindu Kashmiri’s, who were situated in Kashmir. This peaceful time was short lived, as the Mughal Empire disintegrated in 1857. Many empires in the north were split up. This gave rise to the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh owned the big kingdoms in the area, and it was because of him, some empires could be remade in the Kashmiri valley. From 1707-1947, India was divided into British India and Princely states. Kashmir, being a Princely state, had the option to decide its own faith. Once the British defeated Ranjit Singh’s empire, British India spread. The British were only able to take over the land, because there was a traitor in Maharaja Ranjit’s empire. A Rajpoot and Dogra named Gulab Singh, was from the Kashmir valley. He betrayed Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Sikh empire by leaking valuable information about the establishments of the kingdom, to the British. The British took full advantage, and demolished the empire. The British wanted to reward Gulab Singh for his work, and hence they offered him the kingdom for 75 Lakhs. Kashmir had always wanted to be independent and it was for this reason that Maharaja Hari Singh, the Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, did not want J&K to accede either to India or Pakistan. However, Pakistan did not take kindly to this idea, as the population in the Kashmir Valley was predominately Muslims. Pakistan retaliated

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by sending irregular forces, mainly comprised of Pathan tribesman from the Northwest Province, to claim the Kashmir Valley (barring Ladakh and Jammu) by force. The Maharaja, alarmed by the sudden turn of events, pleaded with the Indian government to send its army to repulse the attack. India agreed to come to his rescue on the condition that he give his consent to sign the Instrument of Accession with India. The Instrument of Accession is a legal document made by Maharaja Hari Singh, and the Indian government in 1947 signed it. This document states that, the Indian army will be at the disposal of Kashmir whenever Maharaja Hari Singh deems fit. During this time, a Muslim leader in the name of Shaikh Mohammad Abdullah, wanted to dethrone Maharaja Hari Singh and take over Kashmir. Shaikh Mohammad Abdullah had the support of the local Muslim Kashmiris, who believed that Shaikh Mohammad Abdullah would lead for their best interests. Once King Hari Singh was dethroned, Shaikh Mohammad became the ruler of Kashmir. However, even though he was Muslim, he did not want to join Pakistan, due to their differing ideologies on how to rule the country. Shaikh Mohammad then built a relationship with the Indian Prime Minister at the time, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Shaikh Mohammad Abdullah and Pandit Nehru implemented article 370 of the constituent assembly, which stated that India would take control of Kashmir’s telecommunication, transportation, military and currency. This article also reads that the Valley of Kashmir has full independence and is not controlled entirely by India.

Shaikh Mohammad Abdullah said, “I share a religion with Pakistan but a dream with India”. He was able to convince the Muslim population to not join Pakistan, but rather be their own country. He claimed that Kashmir would be ruled by similar rules that India implemented. However, even though he had a powerful movement, Kashmir never became its own state. By 1947, Pakistan had control of many northern areas of Kashmir such as Baluchistan. The areas occupied by Pakistan, which shared a border with China, was leased to China, and hence India then shared the border of Laddakh with China. This heightened military pressure on India, as on the east side they had to deal with Pakistani military, while on the other side, they had to deal with one of the most powerful militaries in the world- China. 1947 war: Tensions between Pakistan and the government of Kashmir grew as the Maharaja's indecision frustrated Pakistan and pro-Pakistani factions within Kashmir. Hostilities began in early October 1947 when a tribal rebellion broke out in Poonch in southwest Kashmir. By October 20th the Pakistani army entered the conflict in support of the tribal forces in a multi-pronged effort designed to capture Uri, Jhangar, Rajuara, and Naushera in the opening days of the campaign. Pakistan's timetable was to capture the capital of Kashmir, Srinagar, within a week.

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On October 22, 1947, a Lashkar of tribal, some five thousands strong, led an incursion into the valley of Kashmir from Abbottabad. Tribal and Pakistani forces experienced significant successes in the opening days of the conflict as they were able to take Dommel on the first day and overpowered a Kashmiri government battalion at Muzaffarabad by October 23. On October 26, 1947, after four days, they were in the vicinity of Srinagar. The Dogra Army seemed to have been beaten. The Maharaja had already fled his capital, Srinagar, to seek the comparative safety of Jammu. Tribal and Pakistani forces met fierce resistance at Uri, where Kashmiri government forces, despite the desertion of many of its Muslim troops, were able to delay the Pakistani forces for two days until it was destroyed. Retreating Kashmiri forces were able to destroy a key bridge thus delaying Pakistani forces for an additional day. Pakistani efforts to the south in the Jammu region were less successful as Pakistani forces faced significant resistance and were prevented from gaining most of the towns and locations that Pakistan attempted to capture. Following the fall of Uri, Pakistani and tribal forces took Baramulla and began to march on Srinagar. The Pakistani-backed forces were able to damage an important power station, located in Mahura that supplied electricity to Srinagar. In the following days the invading forces were able to get within a few miles of the airfield near Srinagar.

Up to this point the Pakistani-backed forces had faced opposition only from the Kashmiri government forces. The Maharaja, facing overwhelming odds and near certain defeat, asked India for military support. India agreed to help provided that Kashmir acceded to India and that the Prime Minister of Kashmir agreed to the accession. Both the Maharaja and the Prime Minister agreed to these terms and on October 26 the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession. At that moment when the Lashkar was preparing to enter the state Capital, Lord Mountbatten, the last Governor General of India and the Chairman of the Provisional Defense Committee, reacted with exceeding speed on behalf of India, and air-lifted Indian troops for operations to halt the tribal incursion. India's 161st Infantry Brigade was deployed and thwarted the advance of the tribal forces. In early November 1947, the 161st using armored cars, counterattacked, surprising the Pakistani forces and successfully broke through their defenses. The 161st was flown into the airfield at Srinagar and from there was able to repulse the Pakistani-backed forces. Initial successes allowed the Indians to secure the airfield and to return power to Srinagar. The momentum of the Indian counterattack forced the Pakistani forces into a full retreat allowing elements of the 161st to retake Baramulla and Uri. Despite early successes, the Indian army suffered a setback in December 1947 because of logistical problems. Furthermore, many of the Indian soldiers were ill prepared

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for fighting in the mountainous region of Kashmir and Jammu; few neither were experienced at high altitude combat nor were they prepared for the cold. These setbacks were significant as the Pakistani-backed forces were able to capitalize on these problems and to push back Indian forces from the border area. In the spring of 1948, the Indian side mounted another offensive to retake some of the ground that it had lost. Pakistani regulars were introduced into the conflict later in the year, targeting the city of Jammu. The fighting from the spring through December 1948 was widespread as Pakistani forces conducted operations in both the north and the south. The intensity of the conflict and the inability to foresee a quick end to the conflict without involving considerable resources on the part of India to expel the Pakistani forces led Indian leaders to approach the United Nations who ultimately introduced Observers in June 1948. A UN brokered cease-fire went into effect on Jan. 1, 1949. In all, 1,500 soldiers died on each side during the war and Pakistan was able to acquire roughly two-fifths of Kashmir, which it established as Azad Kashmir, meaning free Kashmir. Indo-pak war of 1965: The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was the second conflict between the two countries over the status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The clash did not resolve this dispute, but it did engage the

United States and the Soviet Union in ways that would have important implications for subsequent superpower involvement in the region. The conflict resumed again in early 1965, when Pakistani and Indian forces clashed over disputed territory along the border between the two nations. Hostilities intensified that August when the Pakistani Army attempted to take Kashmir by force. The attempt to seize the state was unsuccessful, and the second India-Pakistan War reached a stalemate. This time, the international politics of the Cold War affected the nature of the conflict. The United States had a history of ambivalent relations with India. During the 1950s, U.S. officials regarded Indian leadership with some caution due to India’s involvement in The Nonaligned Movement, particularly its prominent role at the Bandung Conference of 1955. The United States hoped to maintain a regional balance of power, which meant not allowing India to influence the political development of other states. However, a 1962 border conflict between India and China ended with a decisive Chinese victory, which motivated the United States and the United Kingdom to provide military supplies to the Indian army. After the clash with China, India also turned to the Soviet Union for assistance, which placed some strains on U.S.-Indian relations. However, the United States also provided India with considerable development assistance throughout the 1960s and 1970s. U.S.-Pakistani relations had been more consistently positive. The U.S. Government

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looked to Pakistan as an example of a moderate Muslim state and appreciated Pakistani assistance in holding the line against communist expansion by joining the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954 and the Baghdad Pact (later renamed the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO) in 1955. Pakistan’s interest in these pacts stemmed from its desire to develop its military and defensive capabilities, which were substantially weaker than those of India. Both the United States and the United Kingdom supplied arms to Pakistan in these years. After Pakistani troops invaded Kashmir, India moved quickly to internationalize the regional dispute. It asked the United Nations to reprise its role in the First India-Pakistan War and end the current conflict. The Security Council passed Resolution 211 on September 20 calling for an end to the fighting and negotiations on the settlement of the Kashmir problem, and the United States and the United Kingdom supported the UN decision by cutting off arms supplies to both belligerents. This ban affected both belligerents, but Pakistan felt the effects more keenly since it had a much weaker military in comparison to India. The UN resolution and the halting of arms sales had an immediate impact. India accepted the ceasefire on September 21 and Pakistan on September 22. The ceasefire alone did not resolve the status of Kashmir, and both sides accepted the Soviet Union as a third-party mediator. Negotiations in Tashkent concluded in January 1966, with both sides giving up

territorial claims, withdrawing their armies from the disputed territory. Nevertheless, although the Tashkent agreement achieved its short-term aims, conflict in South Asia would reignite a few years later. Kargil war:The Kargil War also known as the Kargil conflict was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay which was the name of the Indian operation to clear the Kargil sector. The cause of the war was once again unresolved border issues, insurgency allegations and claims and counter claims by both India and Pakistan with regard to the LOC, which serves as the de facto border between the two states. During the initial stages of the war, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces, led by General Ashraf Rashid. The Indian Army, later supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants. Facing international diplomatic opposition, the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC. The war is one of the most recent examples of high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, which posed significant logistical ‘

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problems for the combating sides. It is one of the very few instances of direct, conventional warfare between nuclear states (i.e., those possessing nuclear weapons). India had conducted its first successful test in 1974; Pakistan, which had been developing its nuclear capability in secret since around the same time, conducted its first known tests in 1998, just two weeks after a second series of tests by India. 1971 indo-pak war: This war started off with both India and Pakistan working in the Bangladesh Liberation War. Different parts of Pakistan were at odds in 1971. When East Pakistani generals and troops were exiled to India, India lent a helping hand to the Eastern Pakistani supporters, thus sparking a further war that developed into another war over Kashmir. Both America and the Soviet Union became involved in late 1971 and early 1972. Pakistan suffered a great loss while India won with ease. Pakistan not only lost respect of their people and of other nations, but also half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army. Current situation: Currently, the situation in Kashmir is far from good and as a matter of fact it may have gotten worse with a lot of locals migrating to other countries such as USA and the tourist sector have plummeted. The capital, Srinagar the summer capital of Kashmir currently has a curfew due to pellet firing and stone pelting between Indian forces and rebel groups. In October of 2014, there were on going peace

talks between the two nuclear-armed nations of India and Pakistan, however, there were reported firings during this time which furthered tensions between the nations. None of the nations are willing to take the blame for who started the firings with Indian forces saying that they were shocked by the sudden firings at one of their bases. On the contrary Pakistani forces stated that Indian forces attacked their rangers and hence they fired back. But on the Indian side there were a few casualties and none on the Pakistani side. This shooting lasted several hours but only worsened the situation of Kashmir, as the conflict was just about to come to peace during their peace talks. However, nobody benefitted. Moreover, Indian armies were apparently killing unarmed protesters in the area under the claim of anxiety which caused an uproar in Kashmir and now shifting the peoples heart more towards Pakistan. Soon, after the new prime minister of India, Narendra Modi, called off peace talks with Pakistan the locals in Kashmir then started stating that there were an increased number of firings from both sides during the start of 2015 and this is where tensions gravely escalated by huge amounts because more than 6000 people had to flee their homes and move to safer places and most of these people included farmers who were devastated and they pleaded for desperate help from the government. In order that tensions don’t rise too high between the two nuclear powered nations the US had to intervene. They intervened by trying to better the relations with talks and they tried to convince both nations to come to a peaceful conclusion. However, the mistrust between the two nations denied this from happening, hence the tension unfortunately remained at a

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high. Then, by the time it came to 2016 the tensions grew a lot between the nations as there were attacks by terrorist groups in Uri killing 18 soldiers and India retaliated to that by surgical strikes on terrorist base camps in Pakistan. Moreover, Indian forces also killed the famous rebel group leader, or according to India a terrorist, by the name of BurhanWani. This was in a time of curfew and thousands of people went to mourn his death. However, this violated the curfew set by the Indian army and caused many pellet firings. This lead to several casualties and the local people were in tremendous distress because of this and wanted justice. However, nothing changed. In September 2016 there was an attack similar to the one that happened in Mohra in 2014. At around 4am four terrorists from Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) breached the borders and entered Indian administered Kashmir and carried out a suicide mission in the 12th brigade at Uri in Baramulla district. In this mission they killed 18 Indian soldier and 19 were injured. The casualties could have increased, however, the Indian army neutralized them. This is regarded as the most deadly terror attack on an Indian military base in recent times. In response to this terror strike by the terrorist group, the Indian government accused Pakistan of funding the terrorist group. The US government regarded Pakistan as a terrorist nation and wanted to deal with Pakistan immediately through military intervention. However, China, Pakistan’s’ long standing economic and strategic ally refutes the claim.

Moreover, in retaliation the Indian army carried our surgical strikes in Pakistan terrorist camps which for the Indian side was a great success. The Indian army conducted an overnight surgical strike along the Line of Control in Pakistan on Thursday. The surgical strikes targeted seven terror launch pads. Addressing a press conference, DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh said India inflicted “significant casualties” on terrorists and those who are trying to support them. Several Indian leaders, across party lines have since hailed the army for successfully executing surgical strikes and backed the Modi government’s decision as a befitting retaliation to Pakistan. India confirmed that surgical strikes were conducted along the LoC to safeguard our nation on Thursday. “Significant casualties have been caused to terrorists and those trying to shield them. We don’t have a plan to further conduct such strikes. India has spoken to Pakistan,” DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh said. Pakistan, however, has dismissed India’s claim of surgical strike and has termed it as a “quest” by India to create media hype by re-branding cross-border fire, that killed their two soldiers, as a surgical strike. In a statement, Pakistan Defence Minister KhawajaAsif on Thursday said, “The Pakistani Army gave befitting response to the Indian army. Indian Army opened up small arm fire last night on five sectors across LoC. India is doing this under a well-planned objective. If India tries to do this again, we will respond forcefully. India is doing this only to please their media and public.” Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif condemned the attack and said, “Strongly condemned the unprovoked and naked aggression of Indian forces resulting in martyrdom of two Pakistan soldiers along

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LoC.” Indian news agencies reported that the strikes were conducted between 12:30 a.m. to 4:30 a.m, Thursday. According to a statement released by Pakistan’s Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR), the firing started around 2.30 am and continued well after dawn till 8.00 am on Thursday. The seven terror launch pads were located between 500 meters to three kilometres across the LoC in Pakistan. An ISPR statement said, town of Bhimber, HotspringKel and Lipa sectors in Pakistan were attacked. Thursday’s attacks were the latest in the offensives launched by India since the Uri attack. On September 18, four men executed what was one of the worst terrorist attacks on the Indian Army and killed 19 army jawans in Jammu and Kashmir’s Uri in the rear office of an Indian Army infantry installation. According to India, the attackers are believed to have come from Pakistan. Since then, India has upped its diplomatic offensive against Pakistan in a bid to isolate the country internationally. The defense Ministry confirmed that there were no causalities on the Indian side. The Pakistan side has accepted that two soldiers were killed in the early morning firing. There are some reports that upto 40 terrorists were killed in the strikes across multiple launchpads. However, the Indian defense apparatus has not yet authenticated any of these reports. Over this entire period of so many years of conflict and unresolved issues it is the local populace that has been tormented and borne the brunt as well as faced the consequences of a severe economic meltdown. The resultant radicalization and militarization of

the emerging youth in the given scenario has only added to the complex web of issues plaguing the region. The idea of “Hindu Nationalism” is also a major change that Kashmir experienced. It meant that becoming a Hindu nation was a way of life for many Kashmiri citizens. As a result of choosing this way of life, Muslims were regarded in a very different light in Kashmir. This lead to a further conflict between the two casts (Hindu and Muslim) which was later preceded by violent acts by both the counterparts. During 2014, the BJP was elected as the ruling party in India, headed by Prime Minister NarendraModi. The government of India was in favour of Hindu Nationalism, which posed further conflict in Kashmir. It was during this period of time, that the BJP (BharatiyaJanata Party) and PDP (People’s Democratic Party) formed a union. The two leaders of each political party, Narendra Modi and Mufti Mohammed Sayeed of the BJP and PDP respectively, agreed that they would deliver a speech to the people of Kashmir. However, the terrorist organization Hizbul Mujahideen who was led by SayeedSalahudeen, caused severe unrest in Kashmir during 2014 and 2016. This was because the group leader was pro Pakistan. This unrest was the worst Kashmir had experienced in over 10 years due to which the state remained on high alert form the 8th of July to the end of August as a result of the 57 day curfew.

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Bloc Positions The three countries currently fighting for the land of Kashmir are India, Pakistan and China. Due to this fact, there probably will be three distinct bloc positions in committee or more. History suggests that these countries have no interest in working together/compromising, especially on this topic. Britain cannot be forgotten, as they gave India independence in 1947, and left it to the Princely states to decide who they want to be ruled under. Russia and USA have both had a history of supplying arms in the region, and siding either Pakistan or India. Keeping history and relations in mind, the delegates of the committee will decide which bloc they want to join. Perhaps colluding blocs, gaining points from different delegates and keeping an open mind may be the key to cracking this conflict. QARMA (Questions a resolution must answer)

1) Should CPEC (China-Pakistan economic corridor) be built? a) What should be the

limitations/restrictions b) How feasible is it? c) Who all will gain access to it?

2) Where does the future of Kashmir lie? 3) How are western countries impacting

the conflict? 4) What is the influence of political

parties? And how is it affecting the conflict? Example- PDP

Position paper requirements: Writing a position paper is an excellent way to streamline your understanding of a given topic, and pinpoint main idea that you want to bring up in committee. Position papers should be broken up into three sections: Statement of the problem, your nation’s history in relation to the issue, and possible solutions. First, give a concise summary of what you see as the central issues of the committee should address not just from your nation’s perspective, but also from a comprehensive, international one. After the statement of the problem, proceed to give some information about how your nation has been influenced by the topic and provide context for your nations policy. The final and most substantial section of your position paper should create the foundation for your participation in committee. It should first detail your nation’s general policy on the key points of contention presented in this background guide. Then, the most important part of your position paper is your presentation of original proposals for how to solve the issue at hand. These should be presented as specific solutions geared towards the nuances of the topic of the position paper. The position paper should be written in third person. These position papers should be seen as an opportunity to flesh out ideas effectively in order to come in truly prepared for committee. Therefore, the position paper should show some thorough research and original thoughts and ideas. Do not be afraid to get creative; without taking some risks, no progress will ever be made!

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Bibliography: http://thediplomat.com/2016/09/kashmirs-problems-need-a-political-solution/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html http://thediplomat.com/2016/09/analysis-why-kashmir-matters/

http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmirs-situation-changing-with-growing-support-for-militants-skewed-media-reports-2937570.html http://thediplomat.com/2016/12/kashmir-indias-failed-gambit/ http://thediplomat.com/2016/10/indian-army-fire-assault-hits-pakistan-military-outposts/ http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-explainer/

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