study of eco-friendly recycling system for local development ......study of eco-friendly recycling...

Study of eco-friendly recycling system for local development in Vietnam

Study Report

March 2007

Engineering and Consulting Firms Association, Japan Naigai Engineering Co.,Ltd. Osaka Sangyo University

This work was subsidized by Japan Keirin

Association through its Promotion funds from

Contents

I. OUTLINES OF SURVEY .................................................................................................. 1

I.1. BACKGROUND OF SURVEY............................................................................................... 1 I.2. PURPOSE OF SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 2

I.2.1. Purpose of survey .................................................................................................. 2 I.2.2. What is eco-friendly and sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development?......................................................................................................... 3 I.2.3. Significance of the recycling-oriented local integrated development ................ 4

I.3. CONTENTS OF SURVEY.................................................................................................... 5 I.4. COMPOSITION AND SCHEDULE OF RESEARCH GROUP ..................................................... 6

II. DOMESTIC SURVEY ～ UNDERSTANDING OF THE NANOHANA PROJECT.. 7

II.1. OUTLINES OF THE NANOHANA PROJECT ........................................................................ 7 II.2. POINTS TO REMEMBER WHEN THE SYSTEM IS INTRODUCED ........................................... 8

III. FIELD SURVEY ～PRESENT SITUATION OF INDUSTRIAL ZONES AND THE

SURROUNDING RURAL AREAS IN THAI BINH PROVINCE～............................ 10

III.1. SURVEY METHOD ...................................................................................................... 10 III.2. THE CURRENT CONDITIONS OF THAI BINH PROVINCE.............................................. 11

III.2.1. Conditions of Industrial zones ........................................................................... 11 III.2.2. Wastewater treatment conditions ...................................................................... 12 III.2.3. Biomass production and waste processing ........................................................ 12 III.2.4. Current utilization of energy.............................................................................. 14 III.2.5. Agricultural condition......................................................................................... 15

III.3. DETAILS OF INDUSTRIAL ZONES................................................................................ 16 III.3.1. PHUONG LA industrial zone and surrounding rural area, THAI PHUONG 16 III.3.2. PHONG PHU Industrial Park and surrounding rural areas, TEN PHONG and PHU XUAN ......................................................................................................... 19 III.3.3. Current conditions of NAM THO Industrial zone and surrounding village, DONG THO ......................................................................................................... 24

IV. SUMMARY OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SIMILAR PROJECTS..................... 26

V. CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE

RECYCLING-ORIENTED LOCAL INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ......................... 27

V.1. ADVICE FROM THE RELATED ORGANIZATIONS FOR RECYCLING-ORIENTED LOCAL

DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................................. 27 V.2. CHALLENGES AND SOLUTION POLICIES FOR RECYCLING-ORIENTED LOCAL INTEGRATED

DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM.......................................................................................... 29 V.3. POSSIBILITY OF SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING-ORIENTED LOCAL INTEGRATED

DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................................................. 33 V.4. NECESSITY OF TECHNICAL COOPERATION SUPPORT FOR RECYCLING-ORIENTED LOCAL

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT......................................................................................... 34 V.5. ENVISIONED SUPPORT PROJECT ................................................................................... 35

V.5.1. Development survey............................................................................................ 35 V.5.2. Technical cooperation project ............................................................................. 38

VI. AS AN END OF SURVEY............................................................................................ 39

VI.1. FROM THE EXPERIENCES OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES .............................................. 39 VI.2. LESSONS OF JAPAN'S SUPPORT ................................................................................. 39 VI.3. SUMMARY OF SURVEY ............................................................................................... 40 VI.4. APPLICATION OF RESEARCH FOR THE FORMULATION OF A MASTER PLAN FOR

SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING-ORIENTED LOCAL INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT (PROPOSAL) .......... 43

VII. APPENDIX................................................................................................................... 51

Figure contents

FIG. I-1 IMAGE OF ECO-FRIENDLY AND SUSTAINABLE RECYCLING-ORIENTED LOCAL

INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT....................................................................................... 3

FIG. I-2 PROCEDURE OF SURVEY.............................................................................................. 6

FIG. II-1 THE NANOHANA PROJECT RESOURCE RECYCLING MAP .............................................. 7

FIG. III-1 OVERALL VIEW OF THE THAI BINH PROVINCE AND LOCATIONS OF INSPECTED

INDUSTRIAL ZONES ................................................................................................... 10

FIG. III-2 DETAILS OF INDUSTRIAL ZONES (FY: 2005).............................................................. 11

FIG. III-3 DETAILS OF ELECTRICITY OF ENERGY USE (FY: 2005) ............................................. 14

FIG. VII-1 NANOHANA PROJECT MAP........................................................................................ 52

FIG. VII-2 RESOURCE RECOVERY ITEMS..................................................................................... 53

FIG. VII-3 THE AITO RESOURCE RECOVERY SYSTEM.................................................................. 54

FIG. VII-4 FUNCTIONS OF THE AITO ECO PLAZA NANOHANA-KAN............................................ 55

FIG. VII-5 FLOWCHART OF THE BIOMASS RECYCLING PROCESS OF THE AITO ECO-PLAZA

NANOHANA KAN. ...................................................................................................... 56

FIG. VII-6 SYSTEM FLOW OF BIOMASS CIRCULATION OF YAGI BIOMAS ECO CENTER................ 58

I. Outlines of Survey

－1－


I.1. Background of survey

There is a model of a sustainable resource recycling system called the “Nanohana Project※”, which is spreading throughout Japan. This project uses advanced, eco-friendly technologies such as wastewater treatment (community sewerage, domestic wastewater treatment systems, and flush toilet wastewater treatment systems), biomass technology (material and energy), natural energy technology (small-scale hydropower, solar, and wind power), environmentally sensitive agriculture, and integrated rural improvement (improvement of agricultural infrastructure, improvement of living environment infrastructure, and improvement of telecommunication systems.

On the other hand, developing countries encounter many environmental problems, such as untreated and uncontrolled wastes and water pollution, along with economic development without a resource recycling system and eco-friendly environmental technologies, similar to the problems encountered by developed countries in the past, like Japan.

Economic development of Vietnam has been on the right track by promotion of market-oriented economic reform since the Doi Moi policy was introduced in 1986. Irrespective of the sharp changes from the global economic recession and crude oil prices between 2000 and 2004, a high economic growth rate has been maintained and average growth has been 7.4% per year. On the other hand, the gap in the living standard between urban and rural areas is seen as a problem. For this reason, the Vietnam government is focusing on the promotion of Industrial zones in order to connect handcraft products with tourism and utilize the resources of rural areas. Now, there are about 1,500 Industrial zones throughout Vietnam. Greatly contributing to the fight against poverty and increase in cash earnings, the development of an Industrial zone is indispensable to the development of a rural area. However, many of the Industrial zones have untreated wastewater and waste. This influence causes environmental deterioration in not only Industrial zones but also the surrounding rural areas. Furthermore, in the surrounding rural areas, untreated and uncontrolled waste from agriculture and livestock cause water pollution. Open burning also causes a smoke problem. As a result, resource recycling-oriented local development in harmony with the environment is crucial for sustainable development in rural areas of future Vietnam.

※The Nanohana Project: a series of a local resource recycling systems where rape blossoms, are

planted in crop-rotating rice fields, and cooking oil is pressed from harvested rape blossoms. The rape blossom oil is then used for cooking. The oil cake which comes out while pressing oil is used as manure or feed. Collected waste cooking oil is then converted into soap and diesel oil alternative fuels.


－2－

I.2. Purpose of survey

I.2.1. Purpose of survey

The purpose of this survey is to evaluate the possibility of future support for technical cooperation, aiming at eco-friendly and sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development, and analyzing the possibility of the application of Japan’s advanced resource recycling system and environmental technology in rural areas through the promotion of industrial zones in Vietnam.

The five reasons why the Thai Binh Province in Vietnam was selected as a case study are: 1) The Thai Binh Province is a region of high population density, following only Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. 2) The Thai Binh Province is located in the delta of the Phong River and is a granary area for the northern region of Vietnam. Furthermore, there are many farm products to export, such as jute of approximately 1,000 ha, rushes of more than 3,000ha and mulberry of about 1,000ha as well as rice and other agricultural products. 3) Besides agriculture, the Thai Binh Province exports frozen meat more than 3,000t a year and the livestock industry, specifically pigs, is prosperous. 4) The Thai Binh Province is situated at an important area in a triangle zone of economic development with Hanoi-Hai Phong-Quang Ninh. Furthermore, the Thai Binh Province is located in a coastal line of traffic between Hai Phong and Quang Ninh. The Thai Binh Province is very likely to develop economically, and this suggests that environmental problems will become issues in the future. 5) The Thai Binh Province is a pertinent area of Japanese ODA support.


－3－

I.2.2. What is eco-friendly and sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development?

An image of eco-friendly and sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development is shown in Fig. I-1. A plan to establish eco-friendly and sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development is indicated as follows:

1) Effluent from an industrial zone is properly disposed. 2) Sludge generated when wastewater is disposed and waste (biomass)

produced in an industrial zone and the surrounding rural areas is separately collected and converted into energy for local industrial and domestic use.

3) Cultivation of crops for resource use 4) By applying digestive juice from methane fermentation and ash and coal

generated when waste is converted into energy to the fields, organic agriculture is promoted.

Fig. I-1 Image of eco-friendly and sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development

industrial effluent

domestic wastewater

raw garbage generated from manufacturing

woody waste

livestock manure

vegetable residue

rice husk

agricultural products for resource use

wastewater treatment for individual use

small-scale sewer culvert

sewage treatment facility

water environment

traditional handicrafts

home

farming land

vehicle

industrial zone surrounding rural areas

liquid fuel plant

pyrolysis gas power generation

plant

methane fermentation

facility

resource recycling treatment and recycling facilities locations for

electricity

methane gas

heat

ash and coal

effluent

electricitysludge

oil cake

electricity sludge

fuel

electricity

effluent

digestive juice of methane

fermentation

local agricultural products


－4－

I.2.3. Significance of the recycling-oriented local integrated development

The following goals can be achieved by applying Japan’s resource recycling system and environmental technology.

1) Environmental conservation: the environment can be preserved by proper

disposal of wastewater treatment, livestock manure, and food waste in Industrial zones and agricultural areas.

2) Converting waste into energy: biomass such as treated sludge, livestock manure, food waste, rice straw, rice husk, vegetable residues and wood waste can be converted into energy.

3) Production of fertile soil and organic farm products: chemical fertilizer free soil for natural eco-systems can produce organic farm products by manuring digestive juice from methane fermentation, which is produced when biomass is converted into energy, and organic matter such as coal and ash to agricultural land.

4) Establishment of energy self-sufficiency: an energy independent village can be made by providing natural energy generated in a region with the region

5) Training individuals: regarding resource recycling systems such as Japan’s Rainbow Plaza and Nanohana Project, individuals who have management abilities for establishing resource recycling systems and nature-friendly technologies are trained by studying Japan’s advanced knowledge and experience and providing education and exchanging personnel in a systematic manner.

6) Creating employment: jobs are created in a new environmentally conscious industry in order to recover, collect and convert biomass.

7) Dissolution of economic inequality between urban and rural areas: Living standards in rural areas are improved and raised to the level of urban areas by carrying out from 1) to 6) as described above.

The results indicated that this survey will also be effective in other provinces

of Vietnam in order to examine sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development.


－5－

I.3. Contents of survey

The contents of this survey and procedure are as indicated below.

1) Domestic survey ～Understanding of the Nanohana Project(Resource Recycling System)～ The outlines of the Nanohana Project of Higashi Oumi city in Shiga Prefecture, which succeeded in establishment of a local recycling system, are organized by the existing documentations. In addition, the points in the introduction of the resource recycling system will be described through a field survey focusing on the selection of applicable conditions, by interviewing people involved regarding points to remember while introducing the system. These points are difficult to comprehend with only investigation by documentation and the future policy of development.

2) Field survey

～The current conditions of Industrial zones and the surrounding rural areas in Thai Binh of Vietnam～ By interviewing with related organizations in Thai Binh and through a field survey, the following 5 points in Thai Binh are examined: 1. Condition of Industrial zones 2. Condition of wastewater treatment 3. Biomass generation and treatment condition 4. Current utilization of energy 5. Agricultural condition Based on these findings, challenges for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development can be ascertained and basic data and knowledge for examining possible applications are obtained.

3) The state of implementation of similar projects

The state of implementation of similar projects related to agriculture and environment, which the World Bank, The Asian Development Bank, the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation perform, is finalized.

4) Challenges and possibilities of sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated

development Challenges for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development and solutions are organized by the results of domestic and field surveys. Finally, the necessity of technical cooperation support from Japan and an assumed support project are indicated, examining approaches to solve challenges based on this survey.


－6－

The outlines of the Nanohana Project (local resource recycling system) are organized by the existing documentations. In addition, the points in the introduction of the resource recycling system will be described by interviewing people involved regarding points to remember while introducing the system.

Domestic survey (the Nanohana Project)

By interviewing related organizations in Thai Binh and through a field survey, the following 5 points in Thai Binh are examined:

1. Condition of Industrial zones 4. Current utilization of energy2. Condition of wastewater treatment 5. Agricultural conditions3. Biomass generation and treatment conditions

Field survey in Thai Binh of Vietnam

The similar projects of the World Bank, The Asian Development Bank, the Japan International Cooperation Agency and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation are finalized.

State of implementation of similar projects

Challenges and solution policies for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development are organized.The necessity of technical cooperation support from Japan and an assumed support project are indicated, examining approaches to solve challenges based on this survey.

Challenges and possibilities for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development

Fig. I-2 Procedure of survey I.4. Composition and schedule of research group

Composition and schedule of research group of this survey is described below.

【Research group】 Toshiaki Nishimura : Naigai Engineering Co.,Ltd.（Survey summation、 Rural planning、Development of rural areas） Kazuyuki Doi : Naigai Engineering Co.,Ltd.（Biomass） Masataka Sugahara : Osaka Sangyo University（Water environment、 Waste treatment、Environmental technology） Ryuei Hamazaki : Osaka Sangyo University（Water environment）

【Schedule】

August, 2006 Domestic preliminary work September, 2006 Collection and organization of literary documents October, 2006 National search（Higashi Oumi City, Shiga） November, 2006 Field survey（Thai Binh, Vietnam） December, 2006 Compiling of survey results January, 2007 Report writing

II. Domestic survey ～ understanding of the Nanohana Project

－7－


II.1. Outlines of the Nanohana Project

The aim of the Nanohana Project is to circulate energy in a region. Basically, it is to form a resource recycling-oriented society where resources in the region are converted into energy and the energy is used in the region. The flowchart of the resources recycling system is shown in Fig. II-1.

Rape blossoms are planted in crop-rotating rice fields, and cooking oil is pressed from harvested rape blossoms. The rape blossom oil is used for cooking and school lunch. The oil cake which comes out while pressing oil is used as manure or feed. Waste cooking oil is collected and converted into soap and diesel oil alternative fuel. Rape blossoms are planted to absorb CO2, which is emitted into the atmosphere. In this manner, resources and energy are circulated in the region.

Fig. II-1 The Nanohana project resource recycling map

The source）http://www.nanohana.gr.jp/intro/nyumon2.html


－8－

II.2. Points to remember when the system is introduced

Regarding points to remember when the Nanohana Project system was introduced, we interviewed Ms. Fujii, chairperson of the Nanohana Project Network and Mr. Machimura, curator of Aito Eco Plaza Nanohana Kan. The findings were as follows:

① Creating a system for everyone to understand

Working on any place, specific and understandable activities Giving incentive that this activity brings wealth

② Creation of new business opportunities, focusing on economic efficiency

Focusing on a viewpoint of "Environment" and " Economy" Development of communication business such as NPOs

③ Employing the collection method of biomass to an entire region

Voluntary separation and collection of recyclable waste by a rural community unit was possible because it was a rural community, whose self-government organization worked properly.

Because merging of cities towns and villages spread objective ranges, an increase in collection of waste cooking oil is expected. In order to achieve this, various collection methods to install a collection box in a service station have been examined.

Heiwado, which is a large-scale commercial facility, operates six commercial facilities in the city. Waste cooking oil of 20,000?/y is generated from there. We would like to work on Heiwado to aim at the cooperation with these companies.

④ Performing administration support for production of resource crops

Performing cultivation guidance and production adjustment of rape blossoms as resource crops of BDF.

Expansion of production of rape blossoms is a future challenge. By providing incentives equal to incentives for wheat, plus subsidies by the City itself, farmhouse income is ensured. In the future, grant measures from the government, which is regarded as the resources crops, is necessary.

⑤ Building the small-scale dispersion facilities considered biomass

collection.

Building not large-scale but small-scale dispersion facilities feasible for a regional area


－9－

⑥ Research and develop a conversion technology by collaboration with a

university and an enterprise.

Research and development regarding BDF conversion facilities were carried out by the collaboration of a local university and a plant maker.

⑦ Promotion of a variety of people participating throughout the country

Promoting positive participation in a wide range of areas and groups. Spreading the activities all over the country. Establishing a network of the Diet member Establishing a national organization such as the Rape blossoms Society.

III. Field survey ～Present situation of Industrial zones and the surrounding rural areas in Thai Binh Province～

－10－

III. Field survey ～ Present situation of Industrial zones and the surrounding rural areas in Thai Binh Province～

III.1. Survey method

By interviewing the Thai Binh officials and the people involved in Industrial zones and through a field survey, the following areas are examined based on the present situation of Thai Binh Province:

1） Condition of Industrial zones 2） Condition of wastewater treatment 3） Biomass generation and treatment condition 4） Current utilization of energy 5） Agricultural condition

Fig. III-1 Overall view of the Thai Binh Province and locations of inspected Industrial zones

THAI PHUONG

DONG THO

TEN PHONG


－11－

III.2. The current conditions of Thai Binh Province The Thai Binh Province is an area that is highly engaged in high-tech

farming in the delta of Phong River. It has an area of 153,597ha and a population of 1,827,000. The population density of Thai Binh is 1,189 people /km2. It shows Thai Binh is the third biggest province after Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh. It is composed of one city and 8 districts and there are 285 Industrial zones.

The amount of industrial production in 2005 was 331.5 billion dong and 350 billion dong in 2006. The industrial production of 2006 is three times as large as that of 2000 and it shows 18% growth rates a year. The industrial work force is 140,528 people which is equivalent to 14.6% of the total work force. Thai Binh Province plans to create five Industrial zones (A=693ha) and eight Industrial groups (A=215ha) in this province. To date, Thai Binh has approximately 196 investment projects with total capital of 430 billion dong. 130 out of 196 projects have already been achieved with capital-usage of 300 billion dong and with the given work force of 38,000 people.

III.2.1. Conditions of Industrial zones

There are 188 Industrial zones in the province. The work force is about 160,000 people and the production is amounting to 220 billion dong.

The details of one city and eight districts are as follows: 4 Industrial zones are in Thanh pho Thai Binh, 23 in Huyen Vu Thu, 38 in Huyen Hung Ha, 24 in Huyen Quynh Phu, 22 in Huyen Thai Thuy, 25 in HuyenTien Hai, 33 in Huyen Kien Xuong and 19 in Huyen Dong Hung.

The details of the industries are the following: 45 Industrial zones are in textile/fabrics industry, 44 in rattan-based industry and bamboo and pipe work, 32 in Vietnamese tatami mat, 24 in food industry, 21 in various productions, 10 in construction, machinery and forged iron, 4 in silverwork and 8 in other industries.

45

4432

24

21

10

4

8

textile/fabrics industry

rattan-based, bamboo and pipe work

Vietnam tatami mat

food industry

various productions

construction, machinery and forged iron

silverworkother industries

23.9%

23.4%17.0%

12.8%

11.2%

5.3%

2.1%

4.3%

Industrialzones188

Fig. III-2 Details of Industrial zones (FY: 2005)


－12－

III.2.2. Wastewater treatment conditions

40 - 50% of domestic wastewater is disposed by johkasous. Amount of industrial effluent is 16,000m3/day. Most wastewater from Industrial

complexes is not fully disposed because of lack of funds and technology, and this results in environmental pollution. This brings SS, COD, and BOD above the standard levels. The levels of NH4 and H2S are also high. However, wastewater treatment is performed in the D'antin complexes and there are some areas that comply with the level B water standard of Vietnam (TCVN5945-1995).

In Industrial zones, similar to Industrial complexes, wastewater is disposed by sand filtration and creates an adverse affect on the surrounding environment. However, there are some areas which use purification ponds utilizing effective miroorganisms and aquatic plants. Dong Xam village has wastewater treatment facilities. The disposed wastewater complies with level B, water standard of Vietnam (TCVN5945-1995).

III.2.3. Biomass production and waste processing

(1) Domestic refuse Domestic refuse of 548.1～823.5t/day (0.3～0.48kg/day/person) is generated.

The most domestic refuse is generated in Thai Binh, and 80% of domestic refuse is organic matter. In Industrial zones, domestic refuse of 2～3kg/day/househould is generated. Each household applies organic matter to farms, and inorganic substances are disposed by open burning.

In urban areas, 70-80% of domestic refuse is collected and disposed at refuse disposal facilities (Environmental Manegement Center) and sanitary landfills. The components of domestic garbage are: organic matter, inorganic substances, nylons, gold and reinforcing steel waste, packing materials and plastics.

An urban environment sanitation company collects 80% of domestic refuse and disposes them at the Tinh Phong sanitary landfill. The area of the Tinh Phong sanitary landfill is 11ha, and 3ha is now used. The disposal capacity is 108t/day. The components of domestic garbage are: organic matter (80%), inorganic substances (15-17%), and nylons (3-5%), which does not biodegrade easily.

Thai Binh Province expects to collect organic and inorganic domestic garbage which is separated by each household. Also, by promoting the separation and introducing the advanced technology, the conversion of domestic garbage into production materials and resources for living is considered.


－13－

(2) Livestock manure The production of livestock is amounting to 130 billion dong/y. It covers 32% of

gross agricultural production in 2005. 9,312,067 livestock are now being bred. Regarding the manure production (except animal urine and other wastes), pigs produced 2,750 - 3,850t/y, cows and buffaloes have 315,990～1,231,980t/y, and 733,539t/y are from poultries. Because of lack of funds and technologies, the livestock manure is disposed through the following processes; 1) composting by anaerobic fermentation, 2) composting using microorganisms, or 3) in the biogas tank.

(3) Residues in agriculture products

The agricultural area is 91,424ha and it occupies 59.5% of the total land area. The agricultural production amounts to 250 billion dong/y (1 million t/y).

A large amount of rice husk and rice straw is generated mainly because of paddy rice. Because most of these materials are disposed to an open field through burning, the smoke it generates causes air pollution.

Rice husk and rice straw as well as livestock manure are essential organic matter for the development of organic agriculture. In the future, Thai Binh Province plans to develop organic agriculture using these waste materials and provide the province and other regions with impressive agricultural production and products that are safe for consumers.

Picture III-2 Condition of rice straw on farmlands

Picture III-3 Burning rice straw

Picture III-1 Conditions of grazing


－14－

(4) Wood waste The Gross agricultural production is amounting to 250 billion dong/y (1 million

t/y). The Natural forest and artificial forest in the Thai Binh Province are well protected. The forest and mangrove found mainly in HuyenTien Hai and Huyen Thai Thuy are also part of the preservation program of the government. The area is about 7,000ha and it occupies 4.6% of the total land area. The main roles of the mountain forest are many. It plays an important role not only in wood production but also in the prevention of disaster or ecosystem maintenance. Wood industry produces furnitures for home and offices from quality wood.

Waste materials from the lumber mill are used as fuel. Thus, no waste is really produced from the wood.

III.2.4. Current utilization of energy

The electrical energy used in 2005 was 48,1960,000kW/year. The breakdown are as follows: 4.5% (2,1530,000kW/year) from the agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry; 22.8% (10,9730,000kW/year) from the construction industry; 0.9% (4,500,000kW/year) from the service sector; 69.8% (336,290,000kw/year) from consumption control services (among them, 55.2% (26,6430,000kW/year for rural life); and 2.1% (9,910,000kW/year) is used for other activities.

There is no electrical power plant in Thai Binh. The fuel price of diesel oil is 8,000 dong/?, while propane gas is 15,000 dong/kg.

2,153

10,973

450

33,629

991

agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry

construction industry

service sector

consumption control services

other activities

4.5%

22.8%

0.9%

69.8%

2.1%

electrical energy used

481,960,000kW

Fig. III-3 Details of Electricity of energy use (FY: 2005)


－15－

III.2.5. Agricultural condition

The area of agricultural land is 91,424ha. There are 1,530,000 agricultural workers among 419,000 farm households. Cultivation of paddy-field rice is the main source of income of the residents in the area. There is an overproduction of rice. The annual gross production of paddy-field rice is 3.5 - 3.8 million dong/ha. Income of farm households is 30% of the total cost of production. The government sets the price and buys the products. Based on the study, other agricultural crops can possibly grow in the area and can bring higher income to the residents. However, the government has difficulty convincing the farm households to shift from growing solely paddy-rice to other agricultural crops because of the latter's perception that taking this step is so risky. But Thai Binh Province is interested in promoting organic farm products in the future.

The rural community is mainly composed of the People's Councils. The

connection between the members is strong. There are three distribution channels for the agricultural products: 1) Farm

household→Market, 2) Farm household→Agricultural Cooperatives→Market, 3) Farm household→Government→Market.

Picture III-4 Agricultural condition


－16－

III.3. Details of Industrial zones

III.3.1. PHUONG LA industrial zone and surrounding rural area, THAI PHUONG ～Industrial zone for textiles, such as towels, hand-towels, and silk～

(1) PHUONG LA industrial zone Conditions of industry

PHUONG LA belongs to HUNG HA with an area of 760ha and a total population of 9,942. 70% of the population engages in textile-related jobs. The average volume of production is 10-15 billion dong/y. The number of companies increased from 10 in 2002 to 30 companies now. The companies export towels, hand-towels, and silk to the U.S., as well as to Japan and Korea.

Picture III-5 Textile bleaching factory(front: before bleaching, back: after

bleaching)

Picture III-6 Bleaching machine


－17－

Condition of wastewater treatment

Wastewater from towel bleaching causes pollution. Currently, wastewater is discharged to a river via a sedimentation pond. This gives an adverse effect on approximately 500ha of agricultural fields. Wastewater treatment facilities are expected to be built when the funds can be obtained in the future.

Waste water load from the processing plants is 400,000m3/y. The wastewater contains soap, sodium hydroxide, and a bleaching agent. They are disposed through filtration, and the filter mediums are sand and activated carbon. There is no regularly scheduled exchange of filter mediums during the filtration process, instead, they are exchanged only when they are clogged.

Picture III-7 Sedimentation pond for wastewater1

Picture III-8 Wastewater treatment equipment

Picture III-9 Wastewater from filtration equipment

Picture III-10 Filter medium dump site by the side of a plant


－18－

Condition of other wastes Other wastes include coal waste

5,000t/y, industrial waste 1,500t/y (mostly woven waste), and household solid waste 975t/year.

(2) Surrounding rural area, THAI PHUONG Wastewater treatment status

About 60-65% of domestic wastewater can be readily disposed by a johkasou. The government of Thai Phuong aims to build in the future advanced eco-friendly facilities, which can dispose wastewater more safely and effectively.

Biomass production and disposal condition

The domestic refuse disposed by each household reaches 975t/y. The production of livestock is 250 million dong/y. The number of livestock,

such as cows, water buffaloes, and pigs is 2,313. The manure production amounts to 23.13t. The number of poultry, such as chickens and ducks is 25,268. The manure production is 2.25t.

The livestock manure is disposed through the following processes; 1) composting by anaerobic fermentation, 2) composting using microorganisms, or 3) in the biogas tank.

The agricultural areas total 449ha. The production of crops is 5,000t/y. This results in the production of agricultural residues of 1,495t/y. The residues are disposed by composting or through a biogas tank, which employs open burning of the wastes. Fertilization of 168t/y (nitrogen 62t/y, phosphate 124t/y, others 2t/y) is applied to farmlands. In the future, the Thai Binh Province aims to promote organic agriculture.

Picture III-11 Dump yard

Picture III-12 Surrounding farm fields


－19－

III.3.2. PHONG PHU Industrial Park and surrounding rural areas, TEN PHONG and PHU XUAN ～recycling, food industry, chemistry, and industrial complexes for machines～

(1) PHONG PHU Industrial Park PHONG PHU Industrial Park is situated in Thai Binh city with a total area

of 77.77ha and a population of 2,514 people. There are small and large scale factories for machinery, chemistry, food industry and recycling. The amount of production recorded in 2005 was 25 billion dong. It is estimated that the production will reach 31.5 billion dong in 2006.

The wastewater generated reaches 136,000m3/y and is easily disposed. However, it does not reach level B of TCVN5945-1995 standard. Only 3,600t/y of industrial waste is generated and it is disposed at the refuse disposal facilities in Ten Phong in Thai Binh city.

Polyester recycling factory

By recycling plastic (PET) bottles, 25,000t/y of polyfiber for futon and car cushion are produced and exported to the U.S. and Europe. This recycling technology is a combination of German and Chinese technology. Polyfiber is 100% recycled. The polyfibers used are not only from the U.S. and Japan, but also from domestic sources and amounts to 90t/d. The factory runs 24 hours with three shifts a day. The wastes are recycled and the resulting effluent has an adverse effect on the environment. Industrial water utilized for the industry is 1,000t/y. Sodium hydroxide is also used. The effluent without disposal area is discharged into the river by the way of a sedimentation pond.

Picture III-13 Plastic bottles collected

Picture III-14 Cushion poly fiber for export


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Waste incineration plant All collected wastes are manually separated. The raw garbage is composted

and the others are disposed through incineration. Disposal capacity is amounting to 180m3/d.

Refuse incinerated ash is place in the landfill. The total area of the landfill is 200ha. Since there is no wastewater treatment plant, wastewater from refuse is discharged to a nearby river. The dust-like refuse produced by inceneration causes a problem in the surrounding villages. Complaints from the nearby residents are already raised to the management of the incineration plant. The compost product made by the plant has not been sold because of low quality.

Picture III-15 Garbage brought-in area

Picture III-16 Waste incineration plant

Picture III-17 Landfill Picture III-18 Composting facilities

Picture III-19 Compost screener Picture III-20 Stock yard


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Retention pond for wastewater from industrial complexes

Wastewater from a rubber factory or a beer factory is discharged to a river. The place which used to be a river is now dammed up. The retention pond, which is an extension of about 2km from the refuse disposal facilities, is formed. The retention pond is being purified by Koo Shin greens and the analysis of water quality purification is performed as well.

The presence of an immigration town along the retention pond is an issue. Some people use well water for their daily needs, wherein environmental influence to the source of water is a concern. Facilities for the proper disposal of the effluent from industrial complexes and refuse disposal facilities by laying a headrace channel from the pond are expected. However, because of lack of budget from the government, they have not been built yet.

Thai Binh beer factory

600,000ℓ/y of beer is produced. The amount of water used for the production is 6,000,000 ?/y. Only 10% of the used water becomes beer and the rest is effluent. The effluent is discharged via the sedimentation pond in the factory. Wastewater treatment facilities (500m3/d) are planned to be built, however, it is not yet decided what kind of facilities will be built.

Picture III-22 Sedimentation pond of effluent

Picture III-23 Beer factory front

Picture III-21 Retention pond of wastewater


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Picture III-24 In the factory 1 Picture III-25 In the factory 2

(2) Surrounding village, TEN PHONG Wastewater treatment status

1,198 (979 people) out of 2,642 households are agricultural workers. 60-65% of domestic wastewater is readily disposed by a johkasou. The eco-friendly and technologically advanced facilities, which can dispose wastewater safety and effectively, are aimed to be built in the future.


The total area of the region is 310ha and the agricultural area is 52ha. The agricultural production is amounting to 2.5 billion dong/y. Domestic refuse of 2,670t/y is disposed and burned in the open field or placed in the landfill and biodegraded by each household.

The production of livestock is amounting to 170 million dong/y. The 3,305 livestock are now bred.

The amount of manure produced by cows, water buffalos and pigs is 17.32t, while chicken and ducks produce 0.5t.


3,850,000kW/y of electricity is used for daily life.


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(3) Surrounding village, PHU XUAN Wastewater treatment status

There are 2,250 households (or 7,820 people) engaged in agriculture. The agricultural area is 485ha. The agricultural production is 2.27 billion dong/y. 55-60% of domestic wastewater is readily disposed by a johkasou. The eco-friendly and technologically advanced facilities are aimed to be built in the future to address the need of proper disposal of wastewater in the area.


Domestic refuse of 2,800t/y is disposed and burned in the open field or placed in the landfill and biodegraded by each household.

The production of livestock is amounting 250-300million dong/y. The 27,518 livestock are now bred.

The amount of manure produced by cows, water buffalos and pigs is 24-25t, while chicken and ducks produce 2.3t.



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III.3.3. Current conditions of NAM THO Industrial zone and surrounding village, DONG THO ～Industrial zone for food industry (noodle, rice paper etc.)～

(1) NAM THO Industrial zone Condition of industry

NAM THO belongs to the DON HUNG District with a population of 2,075 people.

There are 46 factories that produce noodle and rice paper made from rice and potatoes. Approximately, there are 690 people working in these factories. The production of noodle is 1,284t/y. For the months of November and December, the production of noodles is about twice as much as the other months because the said months are the peak months of production. Gross production is estimated to reach 128.4 billion dong/y. Basic ingredients for the production are rice and potatoes of 1,900 t/y, chemicals of 3.6 t/y, and wrapping materials of 0.3 t/y.

Picture III-26 In a noodle factory 1

Picture III-27 In a noodle factory 2

Condition of wastewater treatment A decade ago, all production processes were performed manually. The

volume of noodle production increased drastically from 30kg/d to 1 t/d after industrial machineries are introduced. This brought about largely the excess quantity of wastewater, which is beyond self-purification, and a problem.

Wastewater from each factory is discharged into a river, which runs through the center of a village. Organic matter accumulates at the bottom of a river causing the river to become shallow. However, the presence of water hyacinth covers the surface of the water and prevents diffusion of bad smell. In addition, the processing of the water with effective microorganisms is also performed.


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Picture III-28 Effluent retention pond 1

Picture III-29 Effluent retention pond 2

Other wastes

The amount of garbage generated by 46 noodle manufacturing plants is 400m3/y. This garbage is dumped at the back yard of each manufacturing plant and biodegraded naturally. Except for some non-biodegradable wastes like vinyl, which is just left and piling up, plastic bottles (PET), on the other hand, are collected because they are being exchanged for money.

Energy availability

62,400kW/year of electricity and 62.54t/year of coal are used for production. While 36,000 kW /year of electricity is being utilized by the consumers.

(2) Surrounding village, DONG THO

Wastewater treatment status The population of the surrounding village is 4,265 people with 1,403

households. Among them, 610 are agricultural workers. 60-65% of domestic wastewater is readily disposed by a johkasou. The eco-friendly and technologically advanced facilities are aimed to be built in the future to address the need of proper disposal of wastewater in the area.

Biomass generation and processing status

Domestic refuse of 2,132t/year was disposed by each household. The number of livestock such as cows, water buffaloes and pigs is 2,280. The number of poultry products such as chickens and ducks is 14,968. Manure production is totaled to 22.5t. Residues from the agriculture

products are mainly disposed and burned in the open field and used as compost. Organic agriculture is expected to grow in the future.

Picture III-30 Dump yard behind a needle manufacturing plant

IV. Summary of the implementation of similar projects

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IV. Summary of the implementation of similar projects

The survey of the implementation of similar projects indicated the following projects: improvement of water supply and sewerage system, waste treatment (mainly construction of repository sites), management of biodiversity related to the environment, and improvement of irrigation facilities and cultivation techniques concerning agriculture. This project is greatly different from many other conventional projects in that it aims to reuse raw garbage, livestock manure and agricultural residue for local organic resources and it aims to form a recycling society.

Furthermore, conventional projects regarding water preservation are measures against point source loads such as sewage and industrial wastewater treatment, while this project responds problems with plane source loads by properly disposing of livestock manure and agricultural residue. This point is also different from conventional projects.

These points show that the project on the resource recycling system is regarded as a new project

V. Challenges and possibilities for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development

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V.1. Advice from the related organizations for recycling-oriented local development

Advice regarding recycling-oriented local development was obtained by interview surveys. The results are described below.

Embassy of Japan in Vietnam

Comprehension of sufficient needs of Vietnam. The technological support which has already been established in Japan

could be better than Japan's latest technology concerning the conversion of crops into energy.

Vietnam office of the Japan International Cooperation Agency Sufficiently reflect the opinions of the local governments and the People's

Councils. Sufficiently examine the measure for development to areas throughout

Vietnam after the improvement of model Industrial zones. The Ministry of Science and Technology

Points to develop the project 1) Benefits for farmers 2) Generation of economic efforts 3) Creating local employment 4) Environmental improvement 5) Cooperation with Vietnamese professionals

The Ministry of Planning and Investment Thai Binh Province, where the value of agriculture is high, is feasible for

a case study of this project. In rural areas, there is much rice straw and rice husk. In addition,

compost is in high demand. Four points to develop this project in the future

1) Securing of capital 2) Technology transfer 3) Biomass conversion technology that is feasible for an entire region 4) Establishment of a cooperation system with Vietnamese institutions

The Ministry of Planning and Investment suggests that they have a formal communication channel regarding the project, and four ministries, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, and


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the Ministry of Industry submit joint requests. The Ministry of Planning and Investment would also like this request to be a priority.

Cooperate with the People's Council of a model ministry Refer to Chapter 17 MPI concerning procedure

The Ministry of Resources and Environment The Central Government would like to create an environmental model

Industrial zone in order to create a model for pollution control of an Industrial zone.

Standards of present industrial waste are now under revision. The Ministry of Resources and Environment would like to meet world standards.

There are ranks of A, B, and C in water standards and a traditional Industry zone is placed in the lowest rank C. However, water pollution is increasing because of the lack of technical capabilities and financial power.

The biogas which utilizes livestock manure is examined in cooperation with the United Nations. In addition, the central government examines the project on wood waste and ethanol converted from rice straw.

For citizens, environmental preservation can raise health standards and even save lives. It is expected that they recognize how they can protect their lives.

There are existing environmental laws in Vietnam. In addition, there are pressures from both foreign countries in connection with WTO on environmental preservation and companies related to ISO14000. An interest in environmental preservation will rise in the future.

The Ministry of Resources and Environment would like to use 1% of the Vietnamese GDP for environmental preservation in the future. In addition, the Ministry of Resources and Environment would like to use 85% of this total for local governments.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Owing to the following five ministries involved in this project: The

Ministry of Planning and Investment, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Resources and Environment, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Industry, the promotion of this project is a key factor.


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V.2. Challenges and solution policies for recycling-oriented local integrated development in Vietnam

Here are challenges and solution policies for recycling-oriented local integrated development in Vietnam.

① Fostering a local awareness for the resource recycling system

Challenge In order to establish the resource recycling system, understanding of the

residents concerning garbage separation, local environmental preservation, and independence by local production for local consumption of natural energy and sustainable living is crucial.

Solution policy Regarding significance or contents of the system, briefing sessions and

public information, which can be understood by all ages, are frequently held. In addition, an incentive system for farming families is examined.

② Proper wastewater treatment in Industrial zones

Challenge Recently production has increased in industrial zones, because of

promotion of market-oriented economic reform. This has resulted in an increase in industrial effluent. The level is beyond natural depuration and environmental problems such as water pollution and bad smell are exposed. This gives an adverse affect on neighboring agricultural fields. Treating wastewater properly in industrial zones is immediately demanded.

Solution policy Because there are various industry sectors in the Industrial zones, water

quality of wastewater generated is studied and a treatment policy including sludge use after treatment is examined.

③ Establishment of a feasible separated garbage collection plan

Challenge Waste generated in rural areas is now self-disposed by open burning.

However, the generation of garbage is increasing. Consequently, separated garbage collection and recycling measures are needed in the future.


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Solution policy Comprehending the current conditions and needs of crop farmers and

livestock farmers, a separated collection system feasible for everyday life is examined.

④ Establishment of a feasible biomass collection system generated from the agriculture

and livestock industry

Challenge Most of livestock manure and biomass generated from agriculture and

livestock and agricultural residue are disposed by field heaping or opening burning. This waste is untreated. In particular, a large amount of rice husk and rice straw are generated in Vietnam, where much paddy rice is produced. Because most of this is disposed by open burning, it causes smoke pollution.

Solution policy A collection system is examined by comprehending the current conditions

and needs of crop farmers and livestock farmers.

⑤ Proper placement of conversion facilities based on utilization

Challenge To establish a resource recycling system, efforts to effectively use

converted energy and products in regions are needed. Solution policy

Based on demand for use of converted energy and products, and conditions of biomass generation, the placement of the conversion facilities is examined.

⑥ Research and development of proper conversion technology

Challenge Japan's advanced conversion technology does not seem to apply directly

to local areas. When biomass is generated, it can be used for different purposes in different communities, so the conversion technology for each local area is crucial.

Solution policy Proper conversion technology which considers the conditions of collected

biomass, utilization of converted energy, maintenance, and economical efficiency is researched and developed. At that time, a joint system


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cooperated with Vietnamese institutions is required.

⑦ Promotion of organic agriculture

Challenge After converting biomass, digestive juice from methane fermentation and

organic matter such as ash and coal are produced. Demand for safe and secure agricultural products will increase as the economy grows. Organic agriculture will be promoted.

Solution policy To promote organic agriculture, a press release (PR) explaining the

importance of safe and secure food and the guidelines of organic agriculture are developed.

⑧ Cultivation of resource crops

Challenge Recent high oil price gives attention to transportation fuel made from

biomass such as ethanol. At the same time, cultivation of paddy-field rice is flourishing, and there is excess rice remaining. The Vietnamese Government examines the use of biofuels from livestock manure in the cooperation with the United Nations. In addition, the central government examines the project on wood waste and ethanol converted from rice straw.

Solution policy Cultivation of resource crops is examined, and farming plans are

adjusted. Especially, the examination concerning the effect of economic efficiency is important.

⑨ Establishment of a cooperation and promotion organization

Challenge The resource recycling system needs the cooperation of various people

such as crop farmers, livestock farmers, local residents, administrations, and people from enterprises, research institutes and universities.

Solution policy People involved establish a cooperative promotion organization.

Especially, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, and the Ministry of Industry related to the central government make a project team and cooperate with one another.


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Furthermore, training programs for the people involved are systematically performed because these organizations will take the lead in promoting the resource recycling system.

⑩ Development throughout Vietnam

Challenge There are many rural areas based on Industrial zones. For this, gradual

measures of development and securing of finances are needed. Solution policy

Some of model Industrial zones for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development are established. Using this area as the base for the activities, such as personnel training and transmission of information, the recycling-oriented system is developed throughout Vietnam. Improvement of model Industrial zones and a training program for administrators who will be leaders in the future are conducted by technology cooperation support.


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V.3. Possibility of sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development

The following needs of sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development were found by this survey which was conducted in Thai Binh Province as a case study:





The challenges for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development in Vietnam can be solved by implementing cooperation and support of environment technologies such as Japan's wastewater treatment, biomass relationship, natural energies, environmentally sensitive agriculture and integrated rural development and local management techniques, all of which the Aito Nanohana Project implements.

Moreover, recycling-oriented local integrated development will succeed only with the cooperation of various local people involved such as enterprises in Industrial zones, the surrounding rural farming families, local residents, local governments and people's councils. In addition, central government needs cross-sectoral efforts such as the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Ministry of Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Industry and the related research institutes and universities. In order to achieve this, some model Industrial zones for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development are established and model development, basic research, and training of a leader are implemented. Using this area as the base for the activities, such as personnel training and transmission of information, industry-government-academia cooperation, and pilot programs, promoting the recycling-oriented program to industrial zones throughout Vietnam is our final goal.


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V.4. Necessity of technical cooperation support for recycling-oriented local integrated development

"The Socio-economic Development Plan (2001 - 2010)" of the Vietnamese Government describes: investing as much as possible in socio-economic infrastructure in rural areas; making rational plans for effective utilization of land, water, and forest resources; and considering environmental conservation. This project can contribute to the achievement of these goals. Furthermore, "The Agricultural and Rural Development Plan (2006 - 2010)" describes: improving the living standards and social environment in rural areas; improving the living environment of rural residents by protecting natural resources. This project is considered as a means of technological support to contribute to these goals as well.

Three important sectors in the country-by-country aid plan for Vietnam (April, 2004) are as follows:

1) Growth promotion 2) Improvement of living standards 3) Development of support systems This project concerns development of agriculture, rural areas, and outlying

regions, and an environmental sector for the improvement of living standards. In addition, this project suggests that logistical support as well as

infrastructural aid (wastewater treatment plants and biomass conversion facilities) be important for training programs for people involved, such as increasing awareness and organizing of enterprises, residents and farming families. In order to implement this, "human exchange" with Nanohana Project Network and universities in Japan (e.g., Osaka Sangyo University) is also needed.

As described above, this project can contribute to resource recycling-oriented local integrated development of the rural areas in Vietnam by applying Japan's expertise. In the future, this project is also considered to be a support project regarding "Environment", "Human training", and "Human exchange" to which Japan's overseas cooperation and support can give attention.


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V.5. Envisioned support project

Some model Industrial zones for eco-friendly and sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development are established and model development, basic research, and leader training are implemented for advanced examples. Using this area as the base for activities, such as personnel training, transmission of information, industry-government-academia cooperation, and pilot programs, promoting the recycling-oriented program to industrial zones throughout Vietnam is our final goal.

For this, the formulation of a "Master plan" and "Feasibility study," and training of community members and leaders are crucial, based on further details of the current conditions.

■ Development investigation

Stage1: classification survey of Industrial villages and selection of candidate sites for model Industrial zones

Stage2: analysis of the current conditions and selection of model Industrial zones

Stage3: formulation of the master plan at a model Industrial zone

Stage4: feasibility study

■ Technical cooperation project V.5.1. Development survey

Selecting model Industrial zones, which is an objective of the feasibility study and making a scenario of sustainable development of rural areas using the establishment of resource recycling system are needed. Furthermore, it is envisioned that there will be a development survey on the establishment of the basic framework on the improvement of wastewater treatment plants, and collection, transfer and energy conversion of biomass and organic agriculture using its residue and energy use.

(1) Stage1：Classification survey of Industrial zones and selection of candidate

sites for model Industrial zones To establish a model Industrial zone, cooperation from the local government

in which the Industrial zone belongs to is needed. The first necessary step is an explanation of this survey to every local government, so that the local

Master plan


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governments can recommend candidates for model Industrial zones. Second, based on borrowed documents concerning Industrial zones from the

ministries, overall conditions, wastewater treatment, biomass generation and disposal, utilization of energy and existing conditions of the present state of agriculture of the surrounding villages are organized and classified. After discussion with the central government, some Industrial zones (approximately 10 Industrial zones) with the possibility of development and versatility are selected.

(2) Stage2：Survey on present state analysis and selection of model Industrial

zones The major purpose of this stage is to confirm the facts and collect documents

and further information on sewage, biomass, energy, agriculture and local organizations related to recycling-oriented local integrated development and to select model Industrial zones for a master plan.

Limited to the Industrial zones selected in Stage1, information is collected regarding: 1) Industrial zones, 2) generation and disposal of wastewater 3) production and treatment of biomass 4) use of energy 5) agriculture of surrounding rural areas 6) conditions of local organizations

the members of the local People's Councils are interviewed regarding: 1) environmental preservation, 2) recyclable waste 3) use of natural energy 4) organic agriculture

Selection of model Industrial zones (approximately 10 villages) which are feasible for recycling-oriented local integrated development, consulting with the related central government based on the present state of Industrial zones and community residents' willingness

Analysis of disincentives against recycling-oriented local integrated development under the current conditions

Examination of resolution policy of extracted disincentives

(3) Stage3：Formulation of Master Plan In this stage, the main work is to clarify the basic scenario for

recycling-oriented local integrated development. The survey items (contents) of this stage are as follows:

Establishment of a basic scenario of recycling-oriented local integrated development

Basic framework of flow quantity and water investigation, and wastewater treatment

Estimation of possible production and collection biomass quantity and a


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basic framework of collection and transportation method Basic framework of the use of energy Estimation of the residue amount which generates at conversion time

and an outline design of the energy conversion system Introduction framework of other natural energy Basic frame of the production of organic products utilizing the residue

amount of biomass which generates at conversion time Rough calculation of project expense and maintenance management Interviews with local residents, farmers and enterprises, and

questionnaire surveys regarding: 1) environmental preservation 2) recyclable waste 3) use of natural energy 4) understanding and analysis of desire for organic agriculture

Establishment of a method to train a local promotion organization for implementation

Creation of an implementation plan for a master plan and an action plan Examination of the order of priority of projects under a master plan

(4) Stage4： Feasibility study

At the current moment, the survey of this stage is described below. Outline design of a wastewater treatment plant Collection and transport, energy conversion, and model experiment of

organic agriculture Determination of biomass specific productivity, amount in collection, and

collection and transport methods Outline design and determination of locations of conversion facilities Evaluation of environmental impact of the surrounding conversion

facilities Outline design of other natural energy use Calculation of approximate project expense and maintenance and

management Financial feasibility Evaluation of the project


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V.5.2. Technical cooperation project

A series of social system establishments for the implementation of the recycling-oriented program is needed. For this, the institutional design of the society system and training programs for those who promote resource recycling in the region are envisioned. In addition, fostering an awareness of central and local government administrators and residents through the implementation of a model project, finding stakeholders and technical cooperation project which implements a self-viable support program are.

Technology transfer should be implemented through training and visiting Japan's advanced sites such as the Nanohana Project (Higashi Oumi City, Shiga) and participating in a local symposium or workshop during the implementation of survey.

The following trainings are included: Measures for the creation of sustainable resource recycling-oriented society

for the country Significance and implanted technique of recycling-oriented local integrated

development for local administration Significance and action of environmental preservation and recycling for

citizens Basic knowledge and local production for local consumption concerning safe

food for consumers Basic knowledge and manufacturing technology concerning organic

agriculture for farmers.

VI. As an end of Survey

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VI.1. From the experiences of developed countries

Our biggest challenge of the 21st century is to establish a sustainable society. The "Resource recycling-oriented society system" is the basis for a sustainable society.

The course our society has followed has been to merely pursue technology for the sake of production and consumption. We have been ignoring the concepts of reuse, recycle and eco-friendly waste disposal.

As a result, in developed countries, such as those in Europe, the US and Japan, societies built upon the structure of conventional mass consumption and mass disposal are against the principles of a sustainable society.

It is clear that our industrial society cannot last, and large amounts of costs occur for restoration of destroyed environments (e.g., anti-pollution measures, soil pollution of farmland and groundwater contamination) and promotion of recycling for various wastes.

VI.2. Lessons of Japan's support

In these few decades, the progress of urbanization and economic growth in developing countries is remarkable. Consequently, industrial development and diversification of lifestyles has resulted in an increase in wastewater and waste biomass such as raw garbage, livestock manure and agricultural residue. However, developing countries do not avoid proper treatment and effective utilization of increasing wastewater and biomass.

In the case of Japan, efforts for environmental preservation have been performed in various locations. As an extended effort, resource recycling was started. It led to the basis of resource recycling communities such as the "Aito Recycling System" where residents individually separate, collect, and transfer waste in Higashi Oumi City, Shiga (Aito city) and the "Aito Eco Plaza Nanohana Kan" which converts waste cooking oil and existing biomass from rural areas into BDF (bio-diesel fuel).

In Vietnam sharp changes in industrial structures and the lifestyles of citizens resulting from sharp economic growth creates wastewater and solid waste, and proper treatment is required. Additionally, ensuring energy in rural areas and promoting safe and secure agriculture is needed. These are all problems Japan had in the past, and are likely to happen to many other developing countries in the future. In this point, Japan's experience can provide an example in order to form a resource recycling-oriented society in developing countries.


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VI.3. Summary of survey

(1) The current conditions of Industrial zones and the surrounding rural areas in Thai Binh Province of Vietnam

The Thai Binh Province is an area that is highly engaged in high-tech farming in the delta of Phong River. It has an area of 153,597ha and a population of 1,827,000. The population density of Thai Binh is 1,189 people /km2. It shows Thai Binh is the third biggest province after Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh.

The amount of industrial production in Thai Binh Province was 350 billion dong in 2006. The industrial production of 2006 is three times as large as that of 2000 and it shows 18% growth rates a year. There are 188 Industrial zones in the province. The work force of the industrial zones is about 160,000 people and the production amounts to 220 billion dong and makes up approximately 60% of the total industrial production of the province.

The details of the industries are the following: 45 Industrial zones are in textile/fabrics industry, 44 in rattan-based industry and bamboo and pipe work, 32 in Vietnamese tatami mat, 24 in food industry, and 43 in other industries.

Wastewater in rural areas is disposed by sand filtration. For this 10 year period, economic activities and a sharp increase in production by new advanced machinery creates an adverse affect on the surrounding environment. Thai Binh Province expects that a wastewater treatment plant with advanced technology will be introduced in the future.

In Industrial zones, domestic refuse of 2～3kg/day/househould is generated. Each household applies organic matter to farms, and inorganic substances are disposed by open burning. Thai Binh Province expects to promote the separation of wastes and introduce advanced technology to recycle waste.

9,312,067 livestock are now being bred. Regarding the manure production (except animal urine and other wastes), pigs produced 2,750 - 3,850t/y, cows and buffaloes have 315,990～1,231,980t/y, and 733,539t/y are from poultries. Because of lack of funds and technologies, the livestock manure is composted by field heaping.

The agricultural area is 91,424ha and it occupies 59.5% of the total land area. The agricultural production amounts to 250 billion dong/y (1 million t/y). A large amount of rice husk and rice straw is generated mainly because of paddy rice. Because most of these materials are disposed to an open field through burning, the smoke it generates causes air pollution. Rice husk and rice straw as well as livestock manure are essential organic matter for the development of organic agriculture. In the future, Thai Binh Province plans to develop organic agriculture


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using these waste materials and provide the province and other regions with impressive agricultural production and products that are safe for consumers.

There are 1,530,000 agricultural workers among 419,000 farm households. Cultivation of paddy-field rice is the main source of income of the residents in the area. There is an overproduction of rice. The annual gross production of paddy-field rice is 3.5 - 3.8 million dong/ha. Income of farm households is 30% of the total cost of production. The government sets the price and buys the products. Based on the study, other agricultural crops can possibly grow in the area and can bring higher income to the residents. However, the government has difficulty convincing the farm households to shift from growing solely paddy-rice to other agricultural crops because of the latter's perception that taking this step is so risky. But Thai Binh Province is interested in promoting organic farm products in the future.

The rural community is mainly composed of the People's Councils. The connection between the members is strong.

There are three distribution channels for the agricultural products: 1) Farm household→Market, 2) Farm household→Agricultural Cooperatives→Market, 3) Farm household→Government→Market.

(2) Possibility of sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development

The following needs of sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development were found by this survey which was conducted in Thai Binh Province as a case study:





The challenges for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development in Vietnam can be solved by implementing cooperation and support of environment technologies such as Japan's wastewater treatment, biomass relationship, natural energies, environmentally sensitive agriculture and integrated rural development and local management techniques, all of which the Aito Nanohana Project implements.


－42－

Moreover, recycling-oriented local integrated development will succeed only with the cooperation of various local people involved such as enterprises in Industrial zones, the surrounding rural farming families, local residents, local governments and people's councils. In addition, central government needs cross-sectoral efforts such as the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Ministry of Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Industry and the related research institutes and universities. In order to achieve this, some model Industrial zones for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development are established and model development, basic research, and training of a leader are implemented. Using this area as the base for the activities, such as personnel training and transmission of information, industry-government-academia cooperation, and pilot programs, promoting the recycling-oriented program to industrial zones throughout Vietnam is our final goal.

(3) Envisioning Japan's cooperation projects

In order to improve Industrial zones, the formulation of the "Master plan" and training programs for those who implement the "Master plan" are crucial, based on further details of the current conditions. The envisioned projects implemented by Japan's cooperation ventures are as follows:

Survey on sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development Selecting model Industrial zones, which is an objective of the Master plan

and making a scenario of sustainable development of rural areas using the establishment of resource recycling system are needed. Furthermore, it is envisioned that there will be a development survey on the establishment of the basic framework on the improvement of wastewater treatment plants, and collection, transfer and energy conversion of biomass and organic agriculture using its residue and energy use.

Technical cooperation project A series of social system establishments for the implementation of the

recycling-oriented program is needed. For this, the institutional design of the society system and training programs for those who promote resource recycling in the region are envisioned. In addition, fostering an awareness of central and local government administrators and residents through the implementation of a model project, finding stakeholders and technical cooperation project which implements a self-viable support program are.


－43－

VI.4. Application of research for the formulation of a master plan for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development (Proposal)

No.1. Project name

Research for the formulation of a master plan for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development

No.2. Outlines of cooperation （1）Purpose of the project

1）Purpose In industrial zones and the surrounding rural areas in Vietnam, areas where

environmental degradation is serious because of sewage and discharge of living, agriculture and livestock waste are studied. With an aim of environmental conservation and effective utilization of biomass resources, the formulation of the master plan for sustainable recycling-oriented local integrated development by selecting model Industrial zones is the purpose of the project. In conjunction with this, improving the abilities of the central and local government administrators involved in recycling-oriented local integrated development is also our goal.

Implementing model development, basic research and training of a leader is implemented for an advanced example in model industry zones for recycling-oriented local integrated development. Using this area as the base for the activities, such as personnel training and transmission of information, industry-government-academia cooperation, and pilot programs, promoting the recycling-oriented program to Industrial zones throughout Vietnam is our final goal.

※ Recycling-oriented local integrated development is used to establish the following resource

recycling system: 1) Effluent from an industrial zone is properly disposed. 2) Sludge generated when wastewater is disposed and waste (biomass) produced in an

industrial zone and the surrounding rural areas is separately collected and converted into energy for local industrial and domestic use.

3) Cultivation of crops for resource use 4) By applying digestive juice from methane fermentation and ash and coal generated

when waste is converted into energy to the fields, organic agriculture is promoted.

2）Significance of the recycling-oriented local integrated development, 1．Environmental conservation: the environment can be preserved by proper

disposal of wastewater treatment, livestock manure, and food waste in Industrial zones and agricultural areas.


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2．Converting waste into energy: biomass such as treated sludge, livestock manure, food waste, rice straw, rice husk, vegetable residues and wood waste can be converted into energy.

3．Production of fertile soil and organic farm products: chemical fertilizer free soil for natural eco-systems can produce organic farm products by manuring digestive juice from methane fermentation, which is produced when biomass is converted into energy, and organic matter such as coal and ash to agricultural land.

4．Establishment of energy self-sufficiency: an energy independent village can be made by providing natural energy generated in a region with the region

5．Training individuals: regarding resource recycling systems such as Japan's Rainbow Plaza and Nanohana Project, individuals who have management abilities for establishing resource recycling systems and nature-friendly technologies are trained by studying Japan's advanced knowledge and experience and providing education and exchanging personnel in a systematic manner.

6．Creating employment: jobs are created in a new environmentally conscious industry in order to recover, collect and convert biomass.

7．Dissolution of economic inequality between urban and rural areas: Living standards in rural areas are improved and raised to the level of urban areas by carrying out from 1) to 6) as described above.

3）Higher goals A comprehensive plan can be made for environmental preservation and the

effective use of local resources in rural areas in Vietnam, utilizing this development investigation. Subsequently, living standards for rural residents is improved.

4）Project goals

1． Approximately three model Industrial areas as a pilot for the recycling-oriented local integrated development are selected.

2． A master plan for the model Industrial zones is formulated.

3． Central and local government administrators involved in the project are trained.


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（2）Survey period From January, 2009 to December, 2010 (approximately 24 months)

（3）Total sum of the survey

---- billion yen （4）Cooperative partners

1) The Ministry of Science and Technology 2) The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development 3) The Ministry of Resources and Environment 4) The Ministry of Industry 5) Research organizations and universities 6) The Department of Science and Technology of each local government The Central government organizes a project team composed of four

ministries from 1) to 4) as described above. The Ministry of Science and Technology becomes a leader of the team.

（5）Plan objective

1）Objective region STEP1 Industrial zones throughout Vietnam : 1,500 villages STEP2 Candidate sites of model Industrial zones : Approximately 10 villages STEP3 Model Industrial zones : Approximately 3 villages Refer to survey items concerning STEP1-3

2）Candidates Administrators related the central and local governments Residents in the model Industrial zones

No.3 Necessity of cooperation （1）The present condition and problem

Economic development of Vietnam has been on the right track by promotion of market-oriented economic reform since the Doi Moi policy was introduced in 1986. Irrespective of the sharp changes from the global economic recession and crude oil prices between 2000 and 2004, a high economic growth rate has been maintained and average growth has been 7.4% per year. On the other hand, the gap in the living standard between urban and rural areas is seen as a problem. For this reason, the Vietnam government is focusing on the promotion of Industrial zones in order to


－46－

connect handcraft products with tourism and utilize the resources of rural areas. Now, there are about 1,500 Industrial zones throughout Vietnam. Greatly contributing to the fight against poverty and increase in cash earnings, the development of an Industrial zone is indispensable to the development of a rural area. However, many of the Industrial zones have untreated wastewater and waste. This influence causes environmental deterioration in not only Industrial zones but also the surrounding rural areas. Furthermore, in the surrounding rural areas, untreated and uncontrolled waste from agriculture and livestock cause water pollution. Open burning also causes a smoke problem.

（2）Position regarding Vietnamese government policy

1) "The Socio-economic Development Plan (2001 - 2010)" of the Vietnamese Government describes: investing as much as possible in socio-economic infrastructure in rural areas; making rational plans for effective utilization of land, water, and forest resources; and considering environmental conservation. This project can contribute to the achievement of these goals.

2) "The Agricultural and Rural Development Plan (2006 - 2010)" describes: improving the living standards and social environment in rural areas; improving the living environment of rural residents by protecting natural resources. This project is considered as a means of technological support to contribute to these goals as well.

（3）Consistency with associated projects of foreign organizations

There is no other project for rural areas similar to ours. （ 4）Associated with Japan's aid policy and implementation plan of the JICA

country-by-country project Three important sectors in the country-by-country aid plan for Vietnam (April,

2004) are as follows: 1) Growth promotion 2) Improvement of living standards 3) Development of support systems

This project concerns development of agriculture, rural areas, and outlying regions, and an environmental sector for the improvement of living standards.


－47－

No.4. Framework of survey （1）Survey items

Stage1: classification survey of Industrial villages and selection of candidate sites for model Industrial zones

Stage2: analysis of the current conditions and selection of model Industrial zones

Stage3: formulation of the master plan at a model Industrial zone

■ Stage1: Classification survey of Industrial zones and selection of candidate

sites for model Industrial zones (6 months) To establish a model Industrial zone, cooperation from the local government

in which the Industrial zone belongs to is needed. The first necessary step is an explanation of this survey to every local government, so that the local governments can recommend candidates for model Industrial zones.

Second, based on borrowed documents concerning Industrial zones from the ministries, overall conditions, wastewater treatment, biomass generation and disposal, utilization of energy and existing conditions of the present state of agriculture of the surrounding villages are organized and classified. After discussion with the central government, some Industrial zones (approximately 10 Industrial zones) with the possibility of development and versatility are selected.

■ Stages2: Survey on present state analysis and selection of model Industrial

zones (6 months) The major purpose of this stage is to confirm the facts and collect documents

and further information on sewage, biomass, energy, agriculture and local organizations related to recycling-oriented local integrated development and to select model Industrial zones for a master plan.

Limited to the Industrial zones selected in Stage1, information is collected regarding: 1) Industrial zones, 2) generation and disposal of wastewater 3) production and treatment of biomass 4) use of energy 5) agriculture of surrounding rural areas 6) conditions of local organizations

the members of the local People's Councils are interviewed regarding: 1) environmental preservation, 2) recyclable waste 3) use of natural energy 4) organic agriculture

Selection of model Industrial zones (approximately 10 villages) which are feasible for recycling-oriented local integrated development, consulting

Master plan


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with the related central government based on the present state of Industrial zones and community residents' willingness

Analysis of disincentives against recycling-oriented local integrated development under the current conditions

Examination of resolution policy of extracted disincentives

■ Stage3: Formulation of Master Plan (12 months) In this stage, the main work is to clarify the basic scenario for

recycling-oriented local integrated development. The survey items (contents) of this stage are as follows:

Establishment of a basic scenario of recycling-oriented local integrated development

Basic framework of flow quantity and water investigation, and wastewater treatment

Estimation of possible production and collection biomass quantity and a basic framework of collection and transportation method

Basic framework of the use of energy Estimation of the residue amount which generates at conversion time

and an outline design of the energy conversion system Introduction framework of other natural energy Basic frame of the production of organic products utilizing the residue

amount of biomass which generates at conversion time Rough calculation of project expense and maintenance management Interviews with local residents, farmers and enterprises, and

questionnaire surveys regarding: 1) environmental preservation 2) recyclable waste 3) use of natural energy 4) understanding and analysis of desire for organic agriculture

Establishment of a method to train a local promotion organization for implementation

Creation of an implementation plan for a master plan and an action plan Examination of the order of priority of projects under a master plan

（2）Output

1) Multipurpose recycling-oriented local integrated development resulting from cooperation between the related government ministries involved in Industrial zones becomes clear.

2) A primary project based on the master plan is selected and its implementaion policy becomes clear.


－49－

3) The object of feasibility study becomes clear. 4) The abilities of the central and local government administrators involved in

the recycling-oriented local integrated development are improved. （3）Input: Implementation of survey by the following consultants

1） Consultant (field / number of persons): One person is selected for the following fields: General overview Environmental policy Rural planning Biomass program Wastewater treatment technical support Biomass conversion technological support Organic agriculture and technological support to spread its use

2）Other Trainees Two persons from each of the four central government-affiliated

organizations and two persons from each of the local governments and People's Councils (made up of approx. three Ministries) are selected, and a training centering on inspection by a group of 14 persons is planned.

No. 5 Anticipated goals （1）Goals of the proposal plan

The Government of Vietnam implements model enterprises feasible for recycling-oriented local integrated development based on the master plan formulated by this development survey, by using related organizations' budget or by receiving support from donors. This includes infrastructure in the model Industrial zones and surrounding rural areas, and separation, collection and use of biomass, and the spread of organic agriculture.

The creation and implementation of aid programs of JICA and the expansion of JICA (including yen loans), which is considered after integration, must be kept in mind. In addition, a series of social system establishments for the implementation of the recycling-oriented program is needed. For this, the design of institutional arrangements and training programs for those who promote resource recycling in the region are needed. And, in case this project is not sufficient, implementation of a technical cooperation project is also needed.


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（2）Performance target by utilization In the end, implementing model deveolpment, basic research, training of a

leader are implemented for an advanced example in model industry zones for recycling-oriented local integrated development. Using this area as the base for the activities, such as personnel training and transmission of information, industry-government-academia cooperation, and pilot programs, promoting the recycling-oriented program to Industrial zones throughout Vietnam is our final goal.

No.6. External factors （1）Domestic affairs of the cooperative partner country

Focusing on policy of agricultural and rural development and the environment

Making a project team in cooperation with the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Ministry of Resources and Environment and the Ministry of Industry. The Ministry of Science and Technology has an adjust function as a project team

Promoting cooperation of the project team with the Ministry of Planning and Investment

Promoting cooperation between the local government and the People's Councils

（2）Delay of related project

No related project is delayed.

VII. Appendix

－51－

VII. Appendix

◆ Background of the Nanohana Project

Starting with the collection of waste cooking oil

In Shiga Prefecture, the breakout of a red tide in Lake Biwa in 1986 resulted in the "Recycling waste cooking oil program," which makes soap by collecting waste cooking oil which pollutes Lake Biwa. At this time the local program which collects waste cooking oil spread to all over the prefecture. But as the amount of collected waste oil increased, new facilities for recycling waste cooking oil was needed to be built up.

The encounter with Germany's "Rapeseed Oil Program"

In Germany, considering the oil crisis which threatened the world in the 1970s as a lesson, the use of the "Fuel Project of Rapeseed" as a fossil alternative energy source has been advancing, which reduces CO2, a known greenhouse gas, and reduced dependence on fossil fuels, which can lead to resource depletion.

When the environmental co-op visited Germany in 1998, the planted area of rapeseed spread 1 million ha, and 800 gas stations which provide fuel refined from rapeseed oil had been installed all over the country.

Nanohana Eco Project

Conventional collection and recycling activities with waste cooking oil seem to be more widely spread by the "Nanohana Eco Project".

Rape blossoms are planted in crop-rotating rice fields, and cooking oil is pressed from harvested rape blossoms. The rape blossom oil is used for cooking and school lunch. The oil cake which comes out while pressing oil is used as manure or feed.

Inspired by the efforts in Germany, the proposal based on the efforts of the environmental co-op is the "Nanohana Project". The project began in Shiga Prefecture and has spread to many domestic municipalities in Japan.

The basic models of a "Recycling-oriented society" and "Energy of local independence" have recently been established. In order to spread to all crop-rotating rice fields, policy examination with the government is needed.

For greenhouse reduction agreed at the COP3, it is necessary to encourage the use of alternative energy. Bio fuel (BDF) produced from rape blossoms can be used as an alternative to fossil-based liquid fuels.

VII. Appendix

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Forming of the "Nanohana Project Network"

On April 28 of 2001, the "Nanohana Summit" was held in Shin-Asahicho, Shiga Prefecture. Over 500 people from 27 prefectures, more than expected, participated in the "Nanohana Summit" by calling on those who practice the "Nanohana Project" across the country and those who are interested in it.

In the summit, the keynote report, the keynote lecture, and relay talks from around the country were performed. In the end, the "Rape Blossoms Summit Declaration" was adopted. In this way, the "Rape Blossoms Project Network" was born.

【What exactly is the Nanohana Project Network?】

The purpose of the Nanohana Project Network is to promote a concrete local model of a recycling-oriented society based on rape seed oil and to form a recycling-oriented society with cross-sectoral networks among industry, government, academia and citizens based on citizens' initiative.

To achieve this purpose, domestic and international information exchange on biomass, research for a recycling-oriented society, policy recommendation to the central government and the network formation of individual and organizations related to Nanohana Project all over Japan are performed.

Fig. VII-1 Nanohana Project Map

The source）http://www.nanohana.gr.jp

VII. Appendix

－53－

◆ Outlines of recycling system

(1) History of the organization The "Ainodenen Aito shoihiseikatugakushuu group” was inaugurated in 1981

and then the group worked on the reduction from residential wastes in response to the soap movement of Lake Biwa.

This activity was developed and the "Aito recycling system" was established in 1986 by the collaboration of municipalities, organizations and administration. Since then, recycling by residents’ collaboration has been promoted by adding recovery items.

(2) Recycling items The items which are now collected by the recycling system are shown below.

Table VII-1 Time-line for resource recovery items

【Items which are now collected

by the recycling system】

Fig. VII-2 resource recovery items

The source) http://www.city.higashiomi.shiga.jp/nanohanakan/html/system.html#1 * Returnable bottles: the same bottle is used repeatedly. * One-way bottles: the bottle is dissolved and reproduced.

1981 Collection of bottles, aluminum cans, and waste

cooking oil started at a rate of once a year.

1982 Collection increased to 4 times a year.

1983 Collection increased to 5 times a year.

1986

Collection increased to once a month. (Establishment of Recycling System by collaboration

of residents)

○ Recovery items

Bottles (flint bottles, brown bottles, blue・

green bottles, black bottles)

Cans (steel cans, aluminum cans)

Waste cooking oil

Used batteries

1991 Collection of milk cartons is added.

2000 Collection of plastic bottles is added.

2001

Collection of plastic bottles is added.

Seven different items and a total of eleven

different products are now collected.

VII. Appendix

－54－

(3) Resource recovery system The separate collection system for resources (domestic waste) is shown in Fig.

VII-3.

・Source Separation

・Individuals bring in recyclables.

○ Rinse the inside with water before putting them out○ Cut milk cartons to make them flat○ Crush Aluminum cans○ Remove contaminants from waste cooking oil

A person in charge of a community (turn system) andLadies Ai Land (organization)○After recyclables from each family are inspected to ensure that

the guidelines have been followed, they are carried to the stock yard.

Aito city culture promotion meeting 4 peopleAito city government office revenue and

residential department 4 peopleAito city Silver Human Resources Center 2 peopleAito city town council member 2 people○ Inspection of items brought in from the community○ Inappropriate items are returned○ Unloading assistance

・Carry-in by a community unit27 locations

○ Steel cans 20yen/kg Manufacturer recovery for payment○ Aluminum cans 35yen/kg Manufacturer recovery for inverse

onerous contract (Return to each community)○ Bottles Manufacturer collection○ Waste cooking oil Reproduction into soap powder and BDF○ Milk cartons Brought-in to a CO-OP

(Reproduction into tissue and toilet paper)○ Crushed plastic (PET) bottles the manufacturer collects them.

(a compactor is available for use)○ Styrofoam trays Manufacturer bring-in

Fig. VII-3 The Aito resource recovery system

The source）the Aito Nanohana Eco Project

VII. Appendix

－55－

◆ Outlines of "the Aito Eco Plaza Nanohanano Kan", which is a base facility for resource recycling

(1) Functions

The functions of the Aito Eco Plaza Nanohanano Kan, which is a base facility for resource recycling, are shown in Fig. VII-4.

The Nanohana Project has garbage reduction component as a base of recycling promotion.

Possibility of environmental education through experiential learning

The Nanohana Project has a harvester and drying and rapeseed-pressing oil plant to promote the Nanohana Eco Project as a model of local recycling.

The Nanohana Project creates biomass energy and serves as a model for community based environmental conservation.

The Nanohana Project supports activities cooperated with inhabitant activities such as Environmental NPOs and individuals performing environmental activities

The Nanohana Project supports the development of an eco-friendly recycling oriented agriculture utilizing biomass energy

○ A recycling program for encouraging a community to promote resource recycling

○ A program for recycling activity led by local residents

○ A program for the recycling model that can be transmitted to the world

Fig. VII-4 Functions of the Aito Eco Plaza Nanohana-kan


VII. Appendix

－56－

(2) The biomass recycling process

A flowchart of biomass recycling at the Aito Eco-plaza "Nanohana Kan", which is a core facility for resource recycling, is shown in Fig. VII-5.

●New energy generation●Nanohana Eco promotion●Promotion of agriculture persistence to

environment●Base facility for resident activities●Environment learning and recycling program

・Biomass practical use facilities・Marguerite station

-AITO IKI-IKI GENKI-KAN-

Fruit farm and lumbermill

Japan Agricultural Cooperatives

-Country elevator-

Promotion of agriculture persistence to environmentPromotion of agriculture

persistence to environmentManuring・Energy supply・Scene formation

・Soil improvement material・Raising seedbed soil

・Kutan 75.6t/y

・Heat utilization 384,000 Mcal/y

carbonization plant

Available oil

・Fuel for official car・Tractor fuel

・Rapeseed dry adjustment

・Pressing rapeseed oil・BDF production

10,000ℓ/y

BDF plant

Aito Eco-plaza Nanohana KanAito Eco-plaza Nanohana Kan

Oilcake Dry and

pressing oil

Rapeseed oil

Use for home cooking/school lunch

Collecting waste cooking oil

(The Aito Recycling System)

Harvest

Fig. VII-5 Flowchart of the biomass recycling process of the Aito Eco-plaza Nanohana Kan.


VII. Appendix

－57－

(3) Outlines of conversion facility

Picture VII-2 BDF Plant Waste cooking oil of 200ℓ can be converted into

about 200ℓ biodiesel at a time.

Picture VII-3 Rapeseed dry adjustment plant where harvested rapeseed is dried.

Picture VII-4 Carbonization plant

To enlarge the range of use, Kuntan is solidified into pellet form

Picture VII-5 Carbonization plant Rice husk at 120kg / hour rate is automatically

conveyed and carbonized.

Picture VII-1 Appearance

Facility area Plant for biomass use 944.42m2

Stock yard 98.50 m2

Total operating cost Facility maintenance 217,681,000 yen Natural energy 13,650,000yen

VII. Appendix

－58－

(4) Yagi Bio-ecology Center (Case study) The Yagi Bio-ecology Center is described as a case study on the livestock

industry in a rural area. The livestock industry is prosperous in Yagi-cho, which has this facility, and

1,150 dairy cows and beef cattle and 1,500 pigs are bred there. However, flies, bad smell and river pollution from the piling up of livestock manure in the open is a concern. A facility used only for compost manufacture is usually built to solve this livestock environmental problem. However, Yagi City paid attention to the biogas (main-ingredient is methane) generated from manure, which is unused energy. Now, electricity for the center is provided by electricity generated by this biogas. At the same time, collected exhaust heat is used for warming of the fermentation tank for the purpose of effective use of energy. Additionally, fermentation residue is returned to farming land as high-quality compost, and efficient use of resources is promoted.

At this facility, digestion gas generated from methane fermentation to generate electricity is used. Both the generated electricity and the exhaust heat are used. Power generation capacity is 140kW in total with two electric generators. The generated electricity is used for this facility. Collected exhaust heat is used for warming fermentation tanks, hot-water supply, and heating the control room, in order to use all of the energy most effectively. The methane tank of this facility employs a BIMA digester tank with a non-powered agitation process. By adoption of this equipment, it is an environment-friendly facility, while at the same time showing that operation costs can be reduced.

Fig. VII-6 System flow of Biomass circulation of Yagi Biomas Eco Center

VII. Appendix

－59－

Picture VII-6 Yagi Bio Ecology Center appearance

（Composting plant 7oo million yen, Methane plant 1 billion yen）

Picture VII-7 BIMA digester tank

Picture VII-8 Gas engine generator70kW×2

Picture VII-9 Fermenter Rotary agitator

VII. Appendix

－60－

◆ System of the Nanohana Project The system of the Nanohana Project is described below.

① Resource recycling to achieve local autonomy A recycling-oriented society approaches reality by reducing garbage as much as

possible and reusing resources effectively. The goal of "Resource recycling to achieve local autonomy" is to regenerate the balance of nature and human activity by using regional resources to the optimal level.

② Achievement of resource recycling based on properties and challenges It is not easy to change the current system of "mass production, mass

consumption and mass disposal" into a recycling-oriented society. In order to change into a recycling-oriented society, every resident must become aware that something is wrong with the present way of life as a starting point. Noticing immediate problems of the current system and knowing local challenges are a starting point for the achievement of a recycling-oriented society. Each region has its own challenges, such as depopulation problems, agricultural problems, air and water pollution issues and the collapse of community. In order to establish a recycling-oriented society, it is essential to work on these challenges, utilizing local cultures and characteristics based on local challenges, and using examples from other local efforts.

③ The basic challenge of these efforts for resource recovery by regional unity The purpose of the Nanohana Project is to establish resource recycling by

focusing on the biomass generated by homes and paddy fields. Collecting the biomass (waste cooking oil), a recyclable resource, is the biggest key point. In the "Aiko Model", a recovery base for waste cooking oil is prepared for every community, and the domestic waste cooking oil is collected. Subsequently, collected waste cooking oil water is carried to the Resource Collection Center by local residents. It is essential to develop this system and support its users in order to establish a recycling oriented society. It is also essential to ensure a high level of recovery in order to maintain collection rates of cooking oil during urbanization.

④ Development and utilization of proper technology to support local resource recycling

In order to process collected waste cooking oil into soap and BDF (bio-diesel fuel), a small scale plant to manufacture soap called "Zaife" and a BDF refining mini plant called "Elf" have been developed. In addition to "Zaife" and "Elf", various

VII. Appendix

－61－

efforts have been carried out to achieve resource recycling in different areas. For instance, for recycling collected waste cooking oil in an area, a small scale plant, which is feasible for a local area, is more effective than a large, conventional plant. Soap and BDF processing is low-load to the environment. Additionally, easy handling as well as the effective use of environmental learning is an important point. The BDF refining plant, "Elf A3 type" was awarded at the "Global 100 Eco - Tech Awards", which commends excellent environmental technology from around the world at the EXPO 2005, held in Aichi Prefecture in 2005.

⑤ Utilization in the area to create Resource Recycling In order to establish a Resource Recycling system in the area, the efforts to use

recycled soap and BDF effectively are needed. In this project, soap and BDF were made from waste cooking oil. If they are not used, the circle of resource recycling is interrupted. Keeping recycling in the local area can foster "local production for local consumption" of food. It is important to expand the habit of using local materials as much as possible in the local area. However, in order to spread BDF in the place of diesel oil in the area, there are many challenges that must be addressed, such as securing the quality, guiding the prices by a tax-free system and cooperating with the diesel engine manufactures. The Nanohana Project Network works on the achievement of a recycling-oriented society while appealing to the central government and local government.

⑥ Effective system to prevent problems in an area in advance The Nanohana Project aims to create a community that can prevent problems

in the area beforehand. If a problem to threaten the living environment occurs, creating a community that can solve the problem before it gets serious is necessary. Waste is a significant environmental problem in the area, and the garbage from daily life needs to be decreased. An effective system to utilize the garbage as much as possible must be made. In addition, a system to make efficient use of limited resources in the area must be made, and the biomass generated from mountains and rice fields is crucial. These are the efforts of the Nanohana Project.

⑦ Rediscovering the connection of living and agriculture The Nanohana Project aims to review the way of life and to regenerate a

sustainable life style through recycling waste cooking oil generated from the area. The Nanohana Project plans to rediscover a way of life which can coexist with nature. In Japan, which is called "Mizuho no Kuni", agriculture has raised a life and culture

VII. Appendix

－62－

and supported communities. The Nanohana Project aims at restoring vitality to the weakened agriculture sector by reproducing the multiple functions which agriculture has in the area.

⑧ Autonomy and independence There are two important terms used in the implementation of the Nanohana

Project: "autonomy," meaning we must think individually, and "independence," meaning we must begin at first. In the future we must think and act independently, not relying on others. If we can't immediately theorize the future of the area where we live, we must look for the concrete "alternative" first and the way we carry out the alternative is the policy of the Nanohana Project. "Autonomy" and "Independence" themselves are the key to open the door to times beyond the 20th century.

⑨ Mutual exchange by forming many local models "Resource recycling" born in Aito is one of the local models. Inspired by this

Aito Model, the efforts of the "Nanohana Project" have spread across the country, and the number of locals and organizations which work on this project is increasing. Consequently, the new local models were born one after another, exchanging information on the outcomes. The goal of the Nanohana Project is to create an effective model for a recycling-oriented society and sustainable society by exchanging mutual information after new local models were born in the wake of the Aito Model. The place itself is not only the "Nanohana Summit" but also the "Nanohana Project Network".

平成 18年度連携促進型地域振興技術協力支援調査事業

自然に優しい持続可能な循環型地域総合開発に向けた適用可能性調査

ベトナムタイビン省におけるケーススタディ

（和文要約）

調査報告書

平成 19年 1月

社団法人海外コンサルティング企業協会内外エンジニアリング株式会社大阪産業大学

報告書目次

I. 調査の概要........................................................................................................................ 1

I.1. 調査の背景 ..................................................................................................................... 1 I.2. 調査の目的 ..................................................................................................................... 1 I.3. 調査団の構成 ................................................................................................................. 3

II. 国内調査～菜の花プロジェクトの把握～....................................................................... 4

II.1. 菜の花プロジェクトの概要............................................................................................ 4 II.2. システム導入時の留意点 ............................................................................................... 5

III. 現地調査～ベトナムタイビン省における産業村、周辺農村の現状～........................ 6

III.1. 調査方法 ..................................................................................................................... 6 III.2. タイビン省の現状 ...................................................................................................... 7 III.3. 産業村の詳細............................................................................................................ 12

IV. 持続可能な循環型地域総合開発に向けての課題と可能性 ............................................ 21

IV.1. 循環型地域開発に向けての関連機関の助言............................................................. 21 IV.2. ベトナムにおける循環型地域総合開発に向けての課題と解決方針 ........................ 23 IV.3. 循環型地域総合開発の実現性 .................................................................................. 26 IV.4. 循環型地域総合開発に向けての技術協力支援の必要性 .......................................... 26 IV.5. 想定される支援プロジェクト .................................................................................. 27

V. 調査のむすびとして ........................................................................................................ 30

V.1. 先進国の経験から ........................................................................................................ 30 V.2. 日本の支援の教訓 ........................................................................................................ 30 V.3. 調査のまとめ ............................................................................................................... 31 V.4. 持続可能な循環型地域総合開発マスタープラン策定調査の申請書（案） ................. 33

I. 調査の概要

－1－

I. 調査の概要

I.1. 調査の背景

我が国には、日本全国に広がりつつある“菜の花プロジェクト※”という持続可能な

資源循環システムのモデルがある。また、廃水処理施設（集落排水、合併・個別浄化槽）、

バイオマス技術（マテリアル、エネルギー）、自然エネルギー技術（小水力・太陽光・

風力）、環境保全型農業、農村総合整備（農業生産基盤整備、生活環境基盤整備、交流

基盤整備）などの自然に優しい先進的な環境技術がある。一方発展途上国では、このような資源循環システムや自然に優しい環境技術が導入さ

れないまま、かつての日本等の先進国と同様に、経済発展に伴い、処理されないまま放

置された廃棄物や水質汚濁などの環境問題が生じてきている。ベトナムは、1986 年のドイモイ政策導入以来、市場経済化の推進により経済発展が軌道に乗っている。2001～2004年の 4年間、世界における経済不況や原油価格の激しい変動にもかかわらず、経済成長率は引き続き高いレベルを維持し、年平均 7.4％の伸びを示した。その一方で、都市と農村地域との生活水準の格差が問題視されている状況

にある。このため、ベトナム政府は、農村地域の資源を活用し、観光と工芸品を結びつ

けた産業村の振興に力を入れている。現在、ベトナム全土に約 1,500 の産業村があり、貧困対策や現金収入の増加に大きく貢献し、産業村の発展は農村地域の地域振興に欠か

せない柱となっている。しかしながら、産業村の多くが未処理の廃水や廃棄物を抱えて

おり、その影響で産業村はもちろん周辺の農村を含めた広い範囲で環境が悪化してきて

いる。さらに、周辺の農村でも、農畜産系の廃棄物の不当な放置が原因とみられる水質

汚濁や、野焼きによる煙害が発生している。このため、今後ベトナムの農村地域の持続

可能な発展には、環境と調和した資源循環型の地域開発が不可欠となっている。 ※ 菜の花プロジェクト：休耕田に資源作物で景観形成に優れた菜の花を植え、なたねを収穫し、搾油

してなたね油に。そのなたね油は料理に使い、搾油時に出た油かすは肥料や

飼料として使う。廃食油は回収し、石けんや軽油代替燃料にリサイクルする、

という一連の地域循環システム。 I.2. 調査の目的

I.2.1. 調査の目的

本調査は、ベトナムの産業村を核とした農村地域において、自然に優しい持続可能

な循環型地域総合開発をめざし、これら日本の先進的な資源循環システムや環境技術

の適用可能性を分析し、今後の技術協力支援の可能性を判断することを目的にするも

のである。ケーススタディをベトナムタイビン省とした理由は、「①ハノイ、ホーチミン市に次

ぐ人口密度の高い地方である。②ホン川のデルタに位置し北部の穀倉地域である。さ

らに、稲作以外にも約千 haのジュート、3,000ha以上のイグサ、約千 haの桑など輸出農作物が多く、農業が盛んである。③農業以外に、年間 3,000t以上の冷凍肉を輸出

I. 調査の概要

－2－

する養豚など畜産業も盛んである。④ハノイ―ハイフォン―クアンニンの三角地帯経

済開発において重要な位置にあり、さらにハイフォン―クアンニン間の交通の玄関口

で湾岸に位置するなど、経済発展の可能性が高い地域である。このため今後、環境問

題が懸念されている。⑤日本の ODA支援の該当地域である。」の 5点である。 I.2.2. 自然に優しい持続可能な循環型地域総合開発とは

自然に優しい持続可能な循環型地域総合開発とは、図 I-1のようなイメージである。「①産業村からの廃水を適正処理する。②廃水処理に伴い発生する汚泥や産業村・周

辺農村で発生する廃棄物（バイオマス）を分別収集して、地域の産業や生活に必要な

エネルギーに変換して利用する。③資源作物栽培及びその利活用、④廃棄物のエネル

ギー変換などで発生する消化液や灰・炭などを農地に還元して有機農業を推進する。」

といったような自然に優しい持続可能な資源循環型のシステム構築をめざす総合開発

である。

図 I-1 自然に優しい持続可能な循環型地域総合開発のイメージ

I. 調査の概要

－3－

I.2.3. 資源循環システムを導入する意義

日本の資源循環システムや環境技術を適用することにより、次の 7 点が可能になると考えられる。

1) 環境保全：産業村や農村集落における廃水処理や畜産ふん尿・生ごみなどの適

正処理により、環境が保全できる。

2) 廃棄物をエネルギーへ：これまで廃棄され環境に悪影響を与えていた廃水処理

汚泥・家畜ふん尿・生ごみ・稲わら・もみ殻・野菜残さ・木くずなどのバイオ

マスをエネルギーに転換できる。

3) 土づくり･有機農産物の生産：バイオマスをエネルギー変換した際に発生する

発酵消化液、炭・灰などの有機物を農地還元することにより、化学肥料等に頼

らない自然生態系に即した土づくりを行うことができ、有機農産物の生産が可

能になる。

4) 自給エネルギーの確立：地域内で生産された自然エネルギーを地域へ提供して

いくことで、分散自立型の自給エネルギー農村が実現できる。

5) 人材育成：レインボープランや菜の花プロジェクトのような資源循環システム

について、日本の先進的な知見と経験を学び、計画的に教育や人材交流を行い、

資源循環システム構築のマネージメント力や自然に優しい環境技術を持つ人

材を育成する。

6) 雇用創出：バイオマスを回収・収集、変換などを行うための新たな環境調和型

の産業が創出され、新たな雇用創出が期待される。

7) 都市と農村地域の格差の解消：1)～6)により都市と農村地域の貧困・生活水準の格差を解消する。

また、本調査結果はタイビン省以外においても、持続可能な循環型地域総合開発を

検討していく上で、参考となり得る調査であると考えられる。

I.3. 調査団の構成

本調査における調査団の構成は以下のとおりである。【調査団】西村俊昭：内外エンジニアリング株式会社（全体総括、農村計画、農村整備）土井和之：内外エンジニアリング株式会社（バイオマス）菅原正孝：大阪産業大学（水環境、廃棄物処理、環境技術）濱崎竜英：大阪産業大学（水環境）

Ⅱ. 国内調査～菜の花プロジェクト（資源循環システム）の把握～

－4－

II. 国内調査～菜の花プロジェクトの把握～

II.1. 菜の花プロジェクトの概要

菜の花プロジェクトの狙いは、エネルギーの地域内での循環である。地域にある資源

を利用してそれをエネルギーに変え、そのエネルギーを地域内で利用するという資源循

環型の地域づくりをめざしている。図 II-1に、資源循環サイクルの流れをまとめた。転作田に菜の花を植え、なたねを収穫し、搾油してなたね油にする。そのなたね油を

料理や学校給食に使い、搾油時に出た油かすは肥料や飼料として使う。廃食油は回収し、

石けんや軽油代替燃料にリサイクルする。そして大気中に排出された CO2 は菜の花を

栽培することで吸収される。このようにして、資源やエネルギーが地域の中で循環して

いる。

図 II-1 菜の花プロジェクト資源循環サイクル・マップ出典）http://www.nanohana.gr.jp/intro/nyumon2.html

Ⅱ. 国内調査～菜の花プロジェクト（資源循環システム）の把握～

－5－

II.2. システム導入時の留意点

菜の花プロジェクトのシステム導入時における留意点を、菜の花プロジェクトネット

ワーク藤井会長、あいとうエコプラザ菜の花館町村館長よりヒアリングした。結果は以下のとおりである。

① 誰にでもわかりやすい仕組みとする。

どこでも取り組める、具体的で分かりやすい活動とする。この活動をすれば豊かになるというインセンティブを与える。

② 経済性も重視し新たなビジネスチャンスの創造を視野に入れる。

「環境」と「経済」の視点を重視する。 NPOなどのコミュニティビジネスの展開

③ 地域特性にあったバイオマスの回収方法とする。

農業集落ということもあり、自治組織がきちんとしていたため、集落単位で

の自主的な資源ごみの分別回収が可能であった。市町村合併で対象範囲が拡大したため廃食油の回収率を高めたいが、都市部

の理解が得られない。このため、ガソリンスタンドに回収ボックスを設置す

るなどの多様な回収方法を検討している。大型商業施設である平和堂が 6店舗市内に立地している。ここで多量の廃食油 2 万／年が発生している。これからは平和堂に働きかけ、企業との連携をめざしたい。

④ 資源作物の生産に対する行政支援を行う。

BDFの資源作物で菜の花の栽培指導や生産調整を行う。菜の花の生産の拡大が今後の課題である。麦並の奨励金プラス市の単独補助

により、農家所得を確保している。今後は資源作物と位置づけられ国の交付

金施策が必要と考えられる。

⑤ バイオマスの収集に考慮した小規模分散型の施設配置とする。

大規模な施設ではなく、地域に合った小規模分散型とする。

⑥ 大学や企業との協働による変換技術の研究開発を行う。

BDF の変換施設の研究は、地元大学とプラントのメーカーと協働で研究開発を行った。

⑦ 多様な人々の参加と全国展開を促進する。

幅広い分野の人々や団体への積極的な参加を促す。全国に活動を広める。議員のネットワークを構築する。菜の花学会など全国組織を設立する。

Ⅲ. 現地調査～ベトナムタイビン省における産業村、周辺農村の現状～

－6－

III. 現地調査～ベトナムタイビン省における産業村、周辺農村の現状～

III.1. 調査方法

ベトナムタイビン省（THAI BINH）政府、産業村関係者へのヒアリング及び現地踏査により、タイビン省における以下の現状を調査した。

1）産業村の状況 2）廃水処理の状況 3）バイオマスの発生及び処理状況 4）エネルギーの活用状況 5）農業の状況

図 III-1 タイビン省全図及び視察した産業村の位置図

THAI PHUONG (タイ・フォン)

DONG THO(ドン・トォ)

TEN PHONG (ティン・フォン)


－7－

III.2. タイビン省の現状

タイビン省は、ホン川のデルタ地域で、高度な農業技術を有する地域である。面積

153,597ha、人口 1,827,000人で、人口密度は 1,189人／km2とハノイ、ホーチミンに

続き国内 3番目である。本省は、1市 8郡で構成され、その中に 285の町村がある。工業生産額は 2005年度 3,315億ドン、2006年度 3,500億ドンと、2006年度の生産額は 2000年度の約 3倍となり、年 18％の成長率である。工業就業人口は 140,528人で、総就業人口の 14.6％を占めている。本省では 5つの工業団地（A=693ha）と 8 つの工業集団（A=215ha）を計画し整備している。現在約 196 の投資計画があり 4,300 億ドンの資本金がある。このうち、現在は 130の計画が実現され、資本金は 3,000億ドンで就業人口は 38,000人となっている。

III.2.1. 産業村の状況

産業村は 188村あり、就業人口は約 16万人、生産額は 2,200億ドンである。 1市 8郡の村数の内訳は、Thanh pho Thai Binh（タイビン市）4村、Huyen Vu Thu

（ブー・トゥ郡）23村、Huyen Hung Ha（フン・ハー郡）38村、Huyen Quynh Phu（キュン・フン郡）24村、Huyen Thai Thuy（タイ・チ－市）22村、HuyenTien Hai（ティン・ハイ郡）25村、Huyen Kien Xuong（キュン・スーン市）33村、Huyen Dong Hung（ドン・フン市）19村である。産業別の内訳は、織物関連 45 村、籐・竹細工・管細工関連 44 村、ベトナム畳 32

村、食品産業関連 24村、多様な生産を行っている村 21村、建設・機械・鍛鉄 10村、銀細工 4村、その他 8村である。

45

44

32

24

21

10

4 8織物関連

藤・竹細工・管細工関連

ベトナム畳

食品産業関連

多様な生産をおこなっている

建設・機械・鍛鉄

銀細工その他

23.9%

23.4%

17.0%

12.8%

11.2%

5.3%

2.1% 4.3%

産業村188村

図 III-2 産業村の内訳（2005年）


－8－

III.2.2. 廃水処理の状況

浄化槽で処理されている家庭廃水は、全体の 40～50％である。工業用廃水の排出量は 16,000m3／日である。大半の工業団地は経費と技術が不足し

ているため、工場廃水は簡単な処理しか行っておらず、環境汚染が問題となっている。

このため、SS、COD、BODは基準値を超え、NH4、H2Sなどの値も高い状況である。しかし、ダンティン工業団地などは廃水処理を実施していて、ベトナムの水質基準

（TCVN5945-1995）のレベル Bのところもある。産業村でも、工業団地と同様に、廃水は砂ろ過などの簡単な処理であり、周辺環境

に悪影響を及ぼしている。しかし、EM 菌や水生植物を利用した浄化池などを試みて

いるところもある。Dong Xam村では廃水処理施設を整備しており、その処理後の廃水はベトナムの水質基準（TCVN5945-1995）のレベル Bに達している。

III.2.3. バイオマスの発生と処理状況

(1) 家庭ごみ家庭ごみは、548.1～823.5t／日（0.3～0.48kg／日／人）発生する。タイビン市の

発生量が一番多く、150～200t／日である。家庭ごみの 80％は有機物である。農村地域では、2～3kg／日／世帯発生しており、有機物は農地還元、無機物は野焼

き等の処理を各世帯で行っている。都市地域では、発生量のうち 70～80％を収集して、ごみ処理場（環境事業センター）

と埋め立て処分場で処理している。収集方法は、各世帯の前から荷車で中間処理場へ

運搬し、トラックでごみ処理場へ運んでいる。ごみの成分は、有機物、無機物、ナイ

ロン系、金・鉄筋くず、包装材料、プラスチックなどである。タイビン市では、都市環境衛生会社が発生量のうち 80％のごみを収集し、ティン・

フォンのごみ処理場で処理している。処理場の面積は 11ha で、現在 3ha を使用している。処理能力は 180t／日である。ごみの成分は有機物 80％、無機物 15～17％、消化しにくいナイロンごみは 3～5％である。今後省としては、各家庭で分別を行い有機物と無機物を別々に収集し処理していき

たいと考えている。また、分別を推進するとともに、先進技術を導入して、家庭ごみ

を生産・生活向けの資源に転換していきたいと考えている。


－9－

(2) 家畜糞尿畜産業の生産量は 1,300 億ドン／年で、2005 年度の農業生産額の 32％を占めてい

る。家畜は現在 9,312,067頭羽飼養されている。ふんの発生量（尿と他の廃棄物は含まない）は豚2,750～3,850t／年、牛・水牛315,990

～1,231,980t／年、鶏 733,539t／年である。処理は資金と技術が不足している

ため、次の方法しか適用していない。 1) 嫌気性発酵方式で堆肥化 2) 微生物を利用して堆肥化 3) バイオガス槽で処理家畜ふん尿の適正処理に関する法

律には、①環境保管法律、②ベトナム

の獣医法律とタイビン市の法律書類

の 2つがある

(3) 農産物残さ農地面積は 91,424ha で総面積の 59.5％を占めている。農業生産額は 2,500 億ドン

／年（100万 t／年）である。水稲が中心の農業のため、大量のもみ殻、稲わらが発生する。これらの大半は野焼

きで処理され、煙が問題となっている。もみ殻、稲わらは、家畜ふん尿とともに、有機農業の発展のために必須な有機物で

ある。今後省としては、これらを利用して有機農業を展開して、タイビン省及びそれ

以外の地域の消費者に安全な農産物を提供していきたいと考えている。

写真 III-2 農地の稲わらの状況写真 III-3 稲わらの焼却

写真 III-1 放牧の状況


－10－

(4) 木くず農業生産額は 2,500億ドン／年（100万 t／年）である。タイビン省にある天然林と

人工林は、保護林とマングローブ林で、主にティン・ハイ、タイ・テーにあり、面積

は約 7,000ha と総面積の 4.6％である。山林の主な役割は、災害防止や生態系保全等の木材産出以外の多面的機能である。木製品業は家庭や事務所向けの家具を生産している。製材所では素材以外のものは

燃料として利用しており、特に廃材は発生しない。木質系廃棄物に関する法律と制度は、①環境保管法律、②環境保管法律の実現を案

内する 175CP通知で、タイビン省の法律書類の 2つがある。 III.2.4. エネルギーの活用状況

2005 年のエネルギーの使用電力は 48,196 万 kW／年で、うち農林水産業用 4.5％（2,153万 kW／年）、建設工業用 22.8％（10,973万 kW／年）、サービス商業用 0.9％（450万 kW／年）、消費管理業用 69.8％（33,629万 kW／年）（うち農村生活用 55.2％（26,643万 kW／年））、他の活動 2.1％（991万 kW／年）である。なお、タイビン省には発電所はない。燃料価格は、軽油 8,000ドン／、プロパンガス 15,000ドン／kgである。

2,153

10,973

450

33,629

991農林水産業

建設工業

サービス商業

消費管理業

他の活動

4.5%

22.8%

0.9%

69.8%

2.1%

使用電力量48,196万kW

図 III-3 使用電力の内訳（2005年）


－11－

III.2.5. 農業の状況

農地面積は 91,424ha、農家数 419,000戸、農業人口は 1,530,000人であり、水稲を中心に農業が盛んな地域である。しかし、近年、米は余っている。水稲による粗生産

額は年間 3,500～3,800万ドン／haで、その 30％が農家の収入である。米は政府が価格及び買い取りを補償している。他の農作物は面積当りの収入も多いがリスクも高い

ため、農家は水稲以外の生産に移行しにくい。今後省としては、有機農産物の生産を

推進していきたい。農村コミュニティは、人民委員会を中心に組織されており、その繋がりは強い。農産物の流通経路は、①農家→市場、②農家→農協→市場、③農家→政府→市場の 3

種類ある。

写真 III-4 農地の状況


－12－

III.3. 産業村の詳細

III.3.1. PHUONG LA（フェン・ラ）産業村と周辺農村地域の THAI PHUONG（タイ・フォン）～タオル・おしぼり・シルク等の繊維の産業村～

(1) PHUONG LA（フェン・ラ）産業村産業の状況

HUNG HA（フン・ハ郡）に属し、面積は 670ha、人口は 9,942人である。人口のうち 7割は繊維関係に従事している。生産額は 100～150億ドン／年で、2002年10社から→現在 30社に増加している。タオル・手ぬぐい・シルクは日本・韓国へ、最近ではアメリカに輸出している。

写真 III-5 繊維の漂白工場写真 III-6 漂白機械（手前漂白前、後漂白後）


－13－

廃水処理の状況タオル生地等の漂白などの廃水が問題となっている。現在、廃水は沈殿池 1 ヵ所を経由させ、川に流れ込んでいる。このため、500haくらいの農地に悪影響がでている。今後は、廃水処理施設の予算が確保できれば整備をしたい。工場からの廃水量は 40万 m3／年で、内容はせっけん、カセイソーダ、漂白剤な

どである。処理はろ過を行っていて、ろ過剤は砂、活性炭である。ろ過剤の交換は

特に決まった期間はないが、ろ過剤が目詰りしたら交換している。

写真 III-7 廃水の沈殿池 1 写真 III-8 廃水処理装置 1

写真 III-9 ろ過装置からの廃水写真 III-10 工場横のろ過剤の捨て場


－14－

その他廃棄物の状況廃棄物としては、石炭くず 5,000t／年、産業ごみ 1,500t／年（うちわたくずが多い）、生活ごみ 975t／年である。

写真 III-11 ごみ捨て場

(2) 周辺農村地域の THAI PHUONG（タイ・フォン）

廃水処理の状況家庭廃水は、60～65％は浄化槽で簡易に処理されている。今後は廃水を安全的に処理でき、環境にやさしい先進な設備の導入をめざす。

バイオマスの発生と処理状況家庭ごみは 975t／年で、各世帯で処理している。畜産業の生産量は 2.5億ドンである。牛・水牛・豚などの飼養頭数は 2,313頭で、ふん尿の発生量は 23.13tである。鶏、鴨などの飼養羽数は 25,268匹で、ふん尿の発生量は 2.25tである。家畜ふん尿は、①嫌気性発酵方式で堆肥化、②微生物を利用して堆肥化、③バイ

オガス槽で処理をしている。農地面積は 449haで、穀物 5,000t／年を生産している。このため、稲わら等の農産物残さは 1,495t／年発生し、野焼きを中心にバイオガス槽や堆肥化で処理している。農地には施肥 168t／年（窒素 62t／年、リン酸 124t／年、その他 2t／年）を投入している。今後は有機農業をめざしていきたい。

写真 III-12 周辺の農地


－15－

III.3.2. PHONG PHU（フォン・フー）工業団地と周辺農村地域の TEN PHONG（ティン・フォン）、PHU XUAN（フー・ソァン）～リサイクル、食品産業、化学、機械の工業団地～

(1) PHONG PHU（フォン・フー）工業団地 THAI BINH（タイ・ビン市）に位置し、面積 77.77ha、人口は 2,514人である。機械、化学、食品生産、リサイクルの中小零細企業の工場があり、2005年度の生産額は 250億ドンで、2006年度は約 315億ドンに達すると推定されている。

136,000m3／年の廃水は簡易に処理しているが、TCVN5945-1995基準のレベルBに達していない。産業系ごみは 3,600t／年発生して、ティン・フォンにあるタイビン市のごみ処理場で処理されている。

ポリエステル・リサイクル工場ペットボトルをリサイクルし、ふとんのわた・車のクッション材を 25,000t／年生産して、アメリカやヨーロッパに輸出している。このリサイクル技術はドイツ、中

国のものを活用している。原料は 100％リサイクルで、国内のみならず、アメリカ、日本などの海外からも収集して、90t／日を利用している。工場は 1 日 3 交代制で24時間稼働している。ごみをリサイクルしている反面、廃水等の環境への悪影響が問題である。工業用水として 1,000t／年を使用している。また、洗浄するためにカセイソーダを使用している。廃水は、特別な処理はしておらず、沈殿池を経由して

川へ流出させている。

写真 III-13 収集されたペットボトル写真 III-14 輸出用のクッション繊維


－16－

ごみ処理場収集してきたごみを人力で分別した後、生ごみはコンポスト、その他は焼却し処

理している。180m3／日の処理能力がある。焼却灰は埋め立てている。埋め立て用の敷地は 200haである。廃水処理施設はなく、ごみから出た廃水はそのまま川へ流出させている。焼却で

は粉塵の問題があり、周辺の村から苦情が出ている。また、コンポストをしている

が、品質が悪く売れない状況にある。

写真 III-15 ごみの受け入れ写真 III-16 焼却施設

写真 III-17 埋立場写真 III-18 堆肥化施設

写真 III-19 堆肥化のための選別機写真 III-20 ストックヤード


－17－

工業団地の廃水の貯留池ゴム工場やビール工場などからの廃水が流入している。川であった場所を堰き止

め、現在、ごみ処理場から延長 2kmの貯留池を形成している。貯留池ではクーシン菜による植物浄化、地下浸透の水質浄

化対策を講じている。貯留池に沿って移民街があり、一部

井戸水を利用している人々もおり環

境影響が懸念される。この貯留池から

導水路を整備して、工業団地やごみ処

理場からの廃水を処理する施設を整

備したいが、予算等がなく実現できな

い状況である。

タイビンビール工場ビール 60 万／年を生産している。生産に使用する水の量は 600 万／年で、そのうちビールになるのは 10％、残り 90％は廃水となる。現在廃水は工場内の沈殿槽を経由して工場外へ流出している。廃水処理施設（500m3／日）を整備したいが、

どのようなものにするかは未定である。

写真 III-22 廃水の沈澱槽写真 III-23 ビール工場正面

写真 III-24 工場内 1 写真 III-25 工場内 2

写真 III-21 貯留池


－18－

(2) 周辺農村地域の TEN PHONG（ティン・フォン）廃水処理の状況世帯数は 2,642 戸で、うち 1,198世帯（979人）が農業に従事している。家庭廃水のうち 50～60％は浄化槽で簡易に処理されている。今後は、廃水を安全的に処理でき、環境にやさしい先進技術設備の導入をめざす。

バイオマスの発生と処理状況地域の総面積は 310ha で、うち農地面積は 52ha、農業生産額は 2.5 億ドン／年である。家庭ごみは 2,670t／年で、各世帯で野焼きや埋め立てを行い、微生物などで処理している。畜産業の生産量は 1.7億ドン／年である。家畜の飼養頭羽数は 3,305頭羽であり、牛・水牛・豚ふん尿の発生量は 17.32t、鶏、鴨のふん尿の発生量は 0.5tである。家畜ふん尿は、①嫌気性発酵方式で堆肥化、②微生物を利用して堆肥化、③バイオガ

ス槽で処理している。生活用の電気として 385万 kW／年を利用している。

(3) 周辺農村地域の PHU XUAN（フー・ソァン）廃水処理の状況

2,250世帯（7,820人）が農業に従事している。農地面積は 485ha、農業生産額は22.7 億ドン／年である。家庭廃水の 55～60％は浄化槽で簡易に処理されている。今後は廃水を安全的に処理でき、環境にやさしい先進技術設備の導入をめざす。

バイオマスの発生と処理状況家庭ごみは 2,800t／年で、各世帯で野焼きや埋め立て、微生物などで処理している。畜産業の生産量は 2.5～3億ドン／年である。家畜の飼養頭羽数は 27,518頭羽であり、牛・水牛・豚ふんの発生量は 24～25t、鶏、鴨のふんの発生量は 2.3tである。家畜ふん尿は、①嫌気性発酵方式で堆肥化、②微生物を利用して堆肥化、③バイオ

ガス槽で処理している。


－19－

III.3.3. NAM THO（ナン・トォ）産業村と周辺農村の DONG THO（ドン・トォ）の状況～食品産業系産業村（麺、ライスペーパー等）～

(1) NAM THO（ナン・トォ）産業村産業の状況

DON HUNG（ドン・フン郡）に属し、人口は 2,075人である。米・芋を原料にして麺、ライスペーパー等を生産している麺工場が 46戸あり、概ね 690 人がこれらの工場に従事している。麺の生産量は 1,284t／年で、11～12 月が生産のピーク月で通常月の 2倍程度を生産している。生産額は 1,284億ドン／年である。原料は米・芋の粉 1,900t／年、化学薬品 3.6t／年、包装材料 0.3t／年である。

写真 III-26 麺工場内 1 写真 III-27 麺工場内 2

廃水処理の状況 10年くらい前までは手ですべての生産工程を行っていたが、簡単な機械を導入してからは、生産量は麺 30kg／日から 1t／日と飛躍的に伸びた。このため、廃水量が自然浄化できる量を大幅に上回っており、問題となっている。廃水は各工場から

村の中心を流れる川へ流出している。有機物が川底に貯まり浅くなっている。ホテ

イアオイが水面を覆い悪臭の拡散を防いでいる。また、EM 菌での処理も試みてい

る。

写真 III-28 廃水貯留池 1 写真 III-29 廃水貯留池 2


－20－

その他廃棄物の状況麺工場 46 戸から発生するごみの量は 400m3／年で、各戸の裏の農地に放置され

自然分解されている。ビニールなどの自然分解できないごみは、一定量貯まると、

換金できるペットボトル等のみを収集する。

写真 III-30 工場裏のごみ捨て場

エネルギーの利用状況生産用として電気 62,400kW／年、石炭 62.54t／年のエネルギーを使用している。なお、民生用には電気 36,000 kW／年を使用している。

(2) 周辺農村の DONG THO（ドン・トォ）廃水処理の状況人口は 4,265人、世帯数 1,403戸で、うち農業従事者は 610人である。家庭廃水の 60～65％は浄化槽で簡易に処理されている。今後は廃水を安全的に処理でき、環境にやさしい先進技術設備の導入をめざす。

バイオマスの発生と処理状況家庭ごみは 2,132t／年で、各世帯で処理している。牛・水牛・豚などの飼養頭数は 2,280頭で、鶏、鴨などの飼養羽数は 14,968羽、ふん尿の発生量は 22.5tである。農産物残さは、野焼きを中心に堆肥化で処理している。今後は有機農業をめざし

ている。

Ⅳ. 持続可能な循環型地域総合開発に向けての課題と可能性

－21－

IV. 持続可能な循環型地域総合開発に向けての課題と可能性

IV.1. 循環型地域開発に向けての関連機関の助言

循環型地域開発に向けての助言を、関連機関よりヒアリングした。結果は以下のとお

りである。

ベトナム日本大使館ベトナムのニーズを十分に把握すること。資源作物のエネルギー化など日本でも最新とされる技術の支援よりも、日本

で既に確立された技術支援のほうがよいのではないか。国際協力機構ベトナム事務所

地方省や人民委員会の意見を十分に反映すること。モデル農村を整備した後のベトナム全土への展開方策を十分に検討してお

くこと。科学技術省

プロジェクトを展開するためのポイント 1) 農民達にメリットがあること。 2) 経済的な効果の発生 3) 地域の雇用創出 4) 環境改善 5) ベトナムの専門家との連携

計画投資省このプロジェクトのケーススタディとして、農業の価値が高いタイビン省は

適切である。農村部には稲わら、もみ殻が多い。また、コンポストの需要も多い。今後このプロジェクトを展開するためのポイントが 4つある。

1) 資本金の確保 2) 技術移転 3) 地域に適合したバイオマスの変換技術 4) ベトナム研究機関と協働体制

計画投資省が窓口となり、科学技術省、資源環境省、農業農村開発省、工業

省の 4省共同で要請書を提出してはどうか。リストの上位に載せていきたい。モデルとなる省の人民委員会と十分に協力すること。手続きはMPI議定書 17番を参照すること。

資源環境省産業村の公害解決のモデルをつくれるよう、国としては環境モデル村をつく

りたい。現行の工場排水の基準は現在改正中で、世界基準まで持っていきたい。


－22－

水質基準には A・B・Cのランクがあり、伝統産業村は一番下位の Cランクに位置づけられている。しかし、技術力、財力がなく水汚染が進行している。

バイオマス利用としては、国連の協力のもと家畜ふん尿を活用したバイオガ

スを検討している。また、国レベルでは木くず、稲わらのエタノール化のプ

ロジェクトを検討している。市民には、環境保全は自分の命を守ることにつながり、どのようにすれば自

分の命を守れるかを認識してほしい。ベトナムには環境法が既にある。また、WTO などの関連から環境保全に関する外国からの圧力、ISO14000の関連から企業からの圧力があり、環境保全への関心は今後さらに強まる。

今後はベトナムの GDPの 1％を環境保全に使いたい。また、その 85％は地方自治体で使いたい。

農業農村開発省このプロジェクトは計画投資省、科学技術省、資源環境省、農業農村開発省、

工業省の 5つの省が関連するため、どのように推進させるかがポイントである。


－23－

IV.2. ベトナムにおける循環型地域総合開発に向けての課題と解決方針

ベトナムにおける持続可能な循環型地域総合開発に向けての課題と解決方針は、以下

のとおりである。 ① 資源循環システムに対する住民の意識の醸成

課題資源循環システムを構築するためには、ごみの分別をはじめ、地域環境の保

全、自然エネルギーの地産地消による自立、持続可能な暮らしなど、システ

ムに対する住民の理解が不可欠である。解決方針

システムの意義や内容などについて、子供からお年寄りまでだれでも理解で

きるよう説明会や広報などを十分に行う。また、住民に対して行動へのイン

センティブを与えるよう、農家など各主体にメリットが享受できるような仕

掛けを検討する。

② 産業村からの廃水の適正処理

課題市場経済化の推進により、産業村においても近年生産量が増加している。こ

のため、工場からの廃水量も増加し、これまで自然浄化の可能な範囲であっ

たものが許容限度を超え、水質汚濁や悪臭など環境問題が顕在化してきてい

る。この影響は周辺の農地にも悪影響があり、早急に産業村からの廃水を適

正処理することが求められている。解決方針

産業村には様々な業種があるため、各業種で発生する廃水の水質を十分に把

握して、処理後の汚泥利用も念頭に入れて処理方針を検討する。

③ 生活習慣にあったごみの分別収集システムの構築

課題現在、農村地域で発生するごみは野焼き等で自己処理している。しかし、生

活水準の向上や産業の発展により、ごみの発生量は増加傾向にあり、今後は

ごみの分別収集や資源化対策が必要となっている。解決方針

住民・企業の現状や意向を把握して、生活習慣にあった分別収集システムを

検討する。


－24－

④ 営農体系に適合する農畜産系のバイオマスの収集システムの構築

課題農畜産系のバイオマスである家畜ふん尿、農産物残さの大半は、野積みや野

焼きで処理され、適正処理されていない。特に、水稲の生産が多いベトナム

では、多量のもみ殻、稲わらが発生し、この大半を野焼きで処理しているた

め、煙が環境問題となっている。解決方針

耕種農家・畜産農家の現状や意向を把握して、営農体系に適合する収集シス

テムを検討する。

⑤ 利活用を考慮した変換施設の適正配置

課題資源循環システムを構築するためには、変換したエネルギーや製品を地域で

有効に利活用していくための取り組みが必要である。解決方針

変換したエネルギーや製品などの利活用の需要やバイマスの発生状況等よ

り、変換施設の配置を検討する。

⑥ 適正な変換技術の研究開発

課題日本の先進的な変換技術をそのまま持ち込んでも、地域に上手く適用できな

いと思われる。また、発生するバイオマスや利活用の用途、コミュニティな

ども地域によって様々であり、それぞれの地域の持つ特性に適した変換技術

が不可欠である。解決方針

収集されるバイオマスの状況、変換したエネルギー等の利活用の用途、維持

管理、経済性などを考慮した適正な変換技術を研究開発する。その際には、

ベトナムの研究機関との共同体制が必要である。

⑦ 有機農業の推進

課題バイオマスを変換したあとには、発酵消化液、灰・炭などの有機物が発生す

る。また、経済発展に伴い安全・安心な農産物の需要が高まり、有機農業が

推進するものと思われる。解決方針

有機農業を推進するため、安全安心な食品の重要性の PRや有機農法の指導を展開する。


－25－

⑧ 資源作物の導入

課題近年、原油の高騰に伴いエタノールなどのバイオマスからの輸送燃料も注目

されている。一方、水稲生産を中心とした農業が盛んであるが、米が余って

いる状況である。また、ベトナムは国連の協力で家畜ふん尿を活用したバイ

オガスを検討している。また、国レベルでは木くず、稲わらのエタノール化

のプロジェクトを検討している。解決方針

営農計画と調整して資源作物の導入を検討する。特に経済性の効果の検討が

重要である。

⑨ 関係者が連携した推進組織の構築

課題資源循環システムは、産業村の企業、耕種農家、畜産農家、地域住民、行政、

研究機関、大学など様々な立場の人々の協力が必要である。解決方針

関係者が連携した推進組織を立ち上げる。特に中央政府で関連する科学技術

省、資源環境省、農業農村開発省、工業省でプロジェクトチームを設立して

連携を行う。また、これらの組織が今後の推進の中心となるため、関係者の人材教育も計

画的に行う。

⑩ ベトナム全土への展開

課題産業村を核とした農村地域は多数ある。このため、段階的な展開方策や資金

の確保が必要である。解決方針

循環型地域総合開発のモデル産業村を数村設定し、ここを拠点に人材教育や

情報発信などを行い、ベトナム全土に展開する。モデル産業村の整備や今後

指導者となる行政等の人材育成は技術協力支援により行う。


－26－

IV.3. 循環型地域総合開発の実現性

「①産業村からの廃水を適正処理する。②廃水処理に伴い発生する汚泥や産業村・周

辺農村で発生する廃棄物（バイオマス）を分別収集して、地域の産業や生活に必要なエ

ネルギーに変換して利用する。③資源作物栽培及びその利活用、④廃棄物のエネルギー

変換などで発生する消化液や灰・炭などを農地に還元して有機農業を推進する。」とい

ったような持続可能な資源循環型地域総合開発のニーズは、本調査のケーススタディで

あるタイビン省の調査で明確になった。ベトナムにおける持続可能な循環型地域総合開発に向けての課題は、あいとう菜の花

プロジェクトが実施している地域マネージメント手法や、日本の持つ廃水処理、バイオ

マス関連、自然エネルギー関連、環境保全型農業、農村総合開発などの環境技術の協力

支援により解決できる。また、循環型地域総合開発は、産業村の企業、周辺農村の農家、地域住民、地方省政

府、地方人民委員会などの地域の様々な関係者の協力により成立するものである。さら

に、中央政府も科学技術省をはじめ、農業農村開発省、資源環境省、工業省及び関連す

る研究機関や大学などの分野横断的な取り組みが必要である。このため、持続可能な循

環型地域総合開発のモデル産業村を数村設定し、モデル整備、基礎研究、指導者の育成

などを実施して先進事例をつくり、ここを拠点に人材育成や情報発信、産官学連携、社

会実験などを行い、ベトナム全土へ拡げることをめざす。 IV.4. 循環型地域総合開発に向けての技術協力支援の必要性

ベトナム政府の「社会経済開発計画(2001～2010年)」においては、農村の社会経済インフラ建設に対してより多くの投資を行うこと、環境保全を考慮しながら土地、水、森

林資源の有効活用を図るための合理的な計画づくりをすることとしており、本件はこれ

らに貢献するものである。さらに、「農業農村開発計画（2006～2010 年）」において、農村地域における生活水準と社会環境を改善すること、天然資源と生態環境を護り農村

住民の生活環境を改善することとしており、これにも貢献できる技術支援として位置づ

けられる。また、「対ベトナム国別援助計画（平成 16 年４月）」の中で重要三分野として、①成長促進、②生活・社会面の改善、③制度整備を挙げており、本件はこの「生活・社会面

の改善」の農業・農村開発／地方開発、環境のセクターに位置づけられる。さらに、本件は、単に廃水処理施設やバイオマス変換施設のハード対策支援だけでな

く、企業・住民・農家などの意識の向上、組織化など、関係者の“人材育成”のための

ソフト対策支援が重要である。このために、菜の花プロジェクトネットワークや日本の

大学（例えば大阪産業大学）などとの“人的交流”も必要となる。以上より、日本の持つノウハウの適用により、ベトナムの農村地域における資源循環

型の地域総合開発に寄与できるとともに、今後、日本の海外協力支援で重視する「環境」、

「人材育成」、「人的交流」も満足できる支援プロジェクトとなると考えられる。


－27－

IV.5. 想定される支援プロジェクト

最終的には、自然に優しい持続可能な循環型地域総合開発のモデル産業村を数村設定

し、モデル整備、基礎研究、指導者の育成などを実施して先進事例をつくり、ここを拠

点に人材育成や情報発信、産官学連携、社会実験などを行いベトナム全土へ拡げること

をめざす。このためには今後、より詳細な現状調査をもとに「マスタープラン」、「フィージビリ

ティ・スタディ」の策定、これを動かす人材の育成が必須である。

■開発調査 Stage1：産業村の分類調査とモデル産業村候補地の抽出 Stage2：現状分析調査とモデル産業村の抽出 Stage3：モデル産業村でのマスタープラン策定 Stage4：フィージビリティ・スタディ

■技術協力プロジェクト

IV.5.1. 開発調査

フィージビリティ・スタディの対象とするモデル産業村を複数選定するとともに、

資源循環システム構築による持続可能な農村開発のシナリオを明確にする必要がある。

さらにこれを受けて、廃水処理施設整備、バイオマスの収集・運搬、エネルギー化、

これに伴う残さを利用した有機農業、エネルギーの利用に関する基本フレームを設定

する開発調査が想定される。

(1) Stage1：産業村の分類調査とモデル産業村候補地の抽出モデル産業村を構築するためには、その産業村が属する地方省政府の積極的な協

力がなければ成立しない。このため、まず、各地方省政府に対して本調査の趣旨説

明を行いモデル産業村の候補地を推薦してもらう。次に、産業村について、各地方省からの貸与資料より、産業村の概況、廃水処理、

バイオマス発生・処理、エネルギー活用、周辺農村の農業の状況を整理・分類する。

これを基に、関係中央政府と協議して、開発が可能で汎用性のある産業村を複数村

（10村程度）抽出する。

(2) Stage2：現状分析調査とモデル産業村の抽出この段階での主要な目的は、モデル産業村の候補地について、循環型地域総合開

発に係わる廃水、バイオマス、エネルギー、農業、地域組織の状況に関する詳細な

情報や資料の収集と事実を確認して、マスタープランを作成するモデル産業村を抽

出することである。

マスタープラン


－28－

Stage1 で抽出した産業村に限定して、1)産業村、2)廃水の発生と処理、3)バイオマスの発生と処理、4)エネルギーの利用、5)周辺農村の農業、6)地域組織などの現況や関連する計画の資料・情報の収集レビュー

地域の人民委員会への聞き取り調査などにより、1)環境保全、2)資源ごみのリサイクル、3)自然エネルギー利用、4)有機農業などに対する意向の把握

産業村の現状や地域住民の意欲などから、関係中央政府と協議して、循環型

地域総合開発が可能なモデル産業村を数村（３村程度）抽出現状における循環型地域総合開発に向けた阻害要因の分析抽出された阻害要因の解決方針の検討

(3) Stage3：マスタープラン策定

この段階の主要な作業は、循環型地域総合開発のための基本的なシナリオを明確

にすることである。この段階の調査は、以下のような内容である。循環型地域総合開発の基本シナリオの確定廃水の流量・水質調査と廃水処理の基本フレームバイオマスの発生量・収集可能量の推計と収集・運搬方法の基本フレームエネルギーの利用に関する基本フレームエネルギー変換システムの概略設計と変換時に発生する残さ量の推計その他自然エネルギーの導入フレームバイオマスの変換時に発生する残さを活用した有機農産物生産の基本フレ

ーム概略の事業費・維持管理の算出地域の住民・農家・企業を対象に聞き取り調査やアンケート調査などにより、

1)環境保全、2)資源ごみのリサイクル、3)自然エネルギー利用、4)有機農業などに対する意向の把握・分析

実現に向けた地元推進組織の育成方法の設定マスタープラン下での優先プロジェクトの検討

(4) Stage4：フィージビリティ・スタディ

現時点において、この段階の調査は以下のような内容である。廃水処理施設の概略設計収集・運搬、エネルギー変換、有機農業のモデル実験バイオマスの発生原単位、収集量、収集・運搬方法の確定変換施設の位置の確定と概略設計変換施設周辺の環境影響とその対策について方策策定その他自然エネルギー利用の概略設計概算の事業費・維持管理の算出財務的な実行可能性プロジェクト評価


－29－

IV.5.2. 技術協力プロジェクト

循環型地域総合開発の実現には、一連の社会システムの構築が必要となる。このた

めには、社会システムの制度設計、地域の中で資源循環を推進する人材育成プログラ

ムの実施が想定される。さらに、モデルプロジェクトの実施を通じ、中央・地方省行

政官と住民の意識醸成を形成し、ステークホルダーの発掘及び自己発展可能な支援プ

ログラムを実施する技術協力プロジェクトが想定される。技術移転は、調査実施中に現地のシンポジウムや研修会、及び菜の花プロジェクト

（滋賀県東近江市）をはじめとする日本における先進視察や研修を通して実行される

べきである。研修には次のものを含む:

国における持続可能な資源循環型社会形成に向けた施策のあり方地方自治における循環型地域総合開発の意義と実現化手法市民における環境保全やリサイクルの意義と行動のあり方消費者のための安全な食に関する基礎知識と地産地消農業者のための有機農業に関する基礎知識と生産技術等

Ⅴ.調査のむすびとして

－30－

V. 調査のむすびとして

V.1. 先進国の経験から

21世紀以降の人類最大の課題は持続可能な社会の構築であり、それに向けて最も基本となるものは「資源循環型社会のシステム」であるといえる。これまでわれわれが歩んできた社会は、生産と消費の技術のみを追究し、再使用、再

利用、分解という技術とシステムを無視してきたものである。これまでの大量消費、大

量廃棄という構造の上に成り立つ社会は、持続可能な社会に反するものである。結果として、西欧、アメリカ、そして日本を含む先進国では、大量消費、大量廃棄と

いう構造の上に成り立つ社会であり、今後持続できないことが明確となり、破壊された

環境の修復（例えば水質対策、農地の土壌汚染、地下水汚染など）、様々な廃棄物のリ

サクル促進のために多大なコストが発生してきている。

V.2. 日本の支援の教訓

ここ数十年における発展途上国の都市化及び経済成長は目覚ましいものがある。それ

に併せ、農村地域において、産業の発達や生活様式も多様化して、廃水の増加や、生ご

み・家畜ふん尿・農産物残さなどの廃棄系バイオマスが増加しつつある。増加する廃水

や廃棄物系バイオマスの適正処理や有効活用は、途上国にとって避けられないものであ

る。我が国の場合も、環境保全のための取り組みが各地で発生し、その延長上の取り組み

として、資源循環の取り組みがはじまり、先進的な滋賀県東近江市（愛東町）において

は、住民自らが分別・収集・運搬を行う「あいとうリサイクルシステム」や、廃食油の

BDF化や農村に豊富に存在するバイオマスを変換する「あいとうエコプラザ菜の花館」など資源循環社会の礎を築くまでに至った。ベトナムにおいても、急激な経済成長により産業構造や市民の生活様式が急変して廃

水や廃棄物が増加し、これらの適正処理が求められている。また、農村地域のエネルギ

ー確保や安全安心な農業の推進も必要となってきている。これらは、日本が経験してき

た（いる）問題と同様のものである。これは他の多くの途上国でも当てはまるものと考

える。この点において、日本の経験及びノウハウは、発展途上国における資源循環型社

会の形成のためのひとつの有用な事例を示すことが可能であると考える。


－31－

V.3. 調査のまとめ

(1) ベトナムタイビン省における産業村、周辺農村の状況タイビン省はホン川のデルタ地域で、農業の盛んな地域である。面積 153,597ha、人口 1,827,000人で、人口密度は 1,189人/km2とハノイ、ホーチミンに続く第 3番目の地域である。本省の工業生産額は 2006年度で 3,500億ドンであり、2000年度の約 3倍となり､年 18％の成長率である。産業村は 188 村あり、就業人口は約 16 万人で､生産額は2,200億ドンと総工業生産額の約 6割を占める。産業村の内訳は、織物関連 45村、籐・竹細工・管細工関連 44村、ベトナム畳 32村、食品産業関連 24村、その他 43村である。産業村における廃水処理は、砂ろ過などの簡単な処理である。特に近年 10年間は経済活動の活発化と機械化の進展により生産量が急増して、周辺環境へ悪影響を及

ぼしている。今後省政府は、先進的な技術を導入して廃水処理施設の整備を望んで

いる。農村地域における家庭ごみは、1世帯当り 2～3kg／日発生しており、各世帯で有機物は農地還元、無機物は野焼き等で処理されている。今後省政府は、分別を推進

するとともに、先進技術を導入して廃棄物の資源化を望んでいる。家畜は現在 9,312,067頭羽飼養され、ふんの発生量（尿と他の廃棄物は含まない）は豚 2,750～3,850t／年、牛・水牛 315,990～1,231,980t／年､鶏 733,539t／年である。現在の処理は資金と技術が不足しているため、野積みで堆肥化している程度で

ある。農地面積は 91,424haで総面積の 59.5％を占めている。農業生産額は 2,500 億ドン／年（100万 t／年）である。水稲が主体なため、大量のもみ殻、稲わらが発生する。これらの大半は野焼きで処理され、煙が問題となっている。もみ殻、稲わらは

家畜ふん尿とともに、有機農業の発展のための必須な有機物である。今後省政府は、

これらを利用して有機農業を展開して、タイビン省及びそれ以外の地域の消費者に

安全な農産物を提供することを望んでいる。農家数 419,000戸、農業人口は 1,530,000人で、水稲を中心とした農業が盛んな地域である。しかし、近年、米は余っている。水稲による粗生産額は年間 3,500～3,800万ドン／haで、その 30％が農家の収入である。米は政府が価格及び買い取りを補償している。他の農作物は面積当りの収入も多いがリスクも高いため、農家は

水稲以外の生産に移行しにくい。今後省政府は、有機農産物の生産推進をめざす。農村コミュニティは、人民委員会を中心に組織されており、その繋がりは強い。農産物の流通経路は①農家→市場、②農家→農協→市場、③農家→政府→市場の

3種類ある。


－32－

(2) 持続可能な循環型地域総合開発の実現性「①産業村からの廃水を適正処理する。②廃水処理に伴い発生する汚泥や産業

村・周辺農村で発生する廃棄物（バイオマス）を分別収集して、地域の産業や生活

に必要なエネルギーに変換して利用する。③資源作物栽培及びその利活用、④廃棄

物のエネルギー変換などで発生する消化液や灰・炭などを農地に還元して有機農業

を推進する。」といったような持続可能な資源循環型地域総合開発のニーズは、本調

査のケーススタディであるタイビン省の調査で明確になった。ベトナムにおける持続可能な循環型地域総合開発に向けての課題は、あいとう菜

の花プロジェクトが実施している地域マネージメント手法や、日本の持つ廃水処理、

バイオマス関連、自然エネルギー関連、環境保全型農業、農村総合開発などの環境

技術の協力支援により解決できる。また、循環型地域総合開発は、産業村の企業、周辺農村の農家、地域住民、地方

省政府、地方人民委員会などの地域の様々な関係者の協力により成立するものであ

る。さらに、中央政府も科学技術省をはじめ、農業農村開発省、資源環境省、工業

省及び関連する研究機関や大学などの分野横断的な取り組みが必要である。このた

め、持続可能な循環型地域総合開発のモデル産業村を数村設定し、モデル整備、基

礎研究、指導者の育成などを実施して先進事例をつくり、ここを拠点に人材育成や

情報発信、産官学連携、社会実験などを行い、ベトナム全土へ拡げることをめざす。

(3) 想定される我が国のプロジェクト協力モデル産業村を整備するには、今後、より詳細な現状調査をもとに「マスタープ

ラン」の策定、これを動かす人材の育成が必須である。我が国の協力を活用して実

施が想定されるプロジェクトは以下のとおりである。持続可能な循環型地域総合開発調査マスタープランの対象とするモデル産業村を数村抽出するとともに、資源循環シ

ステム構築による持続可能な農村開発のシナリオを明確にする必要がある。さらに

これを受けて、廃水処理施設整備、バイオマスの収集・運搬、エネルギー化、これ

に伴う残渣を利用した有機農業、エネルギーの利用に関する基本フレームを設定す

る開発調査が想定される。技術協力プロジェクト循環型地域総合開発の実現には一連の社会システムの構築が必要となる。このた

めには、社会システムの制度設計、地域の中で資源循環を推進する人材育成プログ

ラムの実施が想定される。さらに、モデルプロジェクトの実施を通じ、自治体と住

民の意識醸成を形成し、ステークホルダーの発掘及び自己発展可能な支援プログラ

ムを実施する技術協力プロジェクトが想定される。


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V.4. 持続可能な循環型地域総合開発マスタープラン策定調査の申請書（案）

第１案件名

持続可能な循環型地域総合開発マスタープラン策定調査第２協力概要（1）業務の目的

1）目的ベトナムの産業村とその周辺農村地域において、廃水や生活・農畜産系の廃棄物の

排出により環境悪化が著しい地域を対象にする。これらの地域の環境保全やバイオマ

ス資源の有効活用などをめざし、モデル産業村を抽出して、ここを対象に循環型地域

総合開発※のマスタープランの策定を事業の目的とする。これに併せて中央・地方行政

政府官の循環型地域総合開発に係わる能力の向上を図る。最終的には、循環型地域総合開発のモデル産業村において、モデル整備、基礎研究、

指導者の育成などを実施して先進事例をつくり、ここを拠点に人材育成や情報発信、

産官学連携、社会実験などを行い、ベトナム全土へ拡げることをめざす。 ※ 循環型地域総合開発：「①産業村からの廃水を適正処理する。②廃水処理に伴い発生する汚泥や

産業村・周辺農村で発生する廃棄物（バイオマス）を分別収集して、地域

の産業や生活に必要なエネルギーに変換して利用する。③資源作物栽培及

びその利活用、④廃棄物のエネルギー変換などで発生する消化液や灰・炭

などを農地に還元して有機農業を推進する。」といったような資源循環型

のシステム構築をめざす総合開発

2）循環型地域総合開発の意義 1．環境保全：産業村や農村集落における廃水処理や畜産ふん尿・生ごみなどの適正処理により環境が保全できる。

2．廃棄物をエネルギーへ：これまでは廃棄され環境に悪影響を与えていた廃水処理汚泥・家畜ふん尿・生ごみ・稲わら・もみ殻・野菜残さ・木くずなどのバイオマ

スをエネルギーに転換できる。

3．土づくり･有機農産物の生産：バイオマスをエネルギー変換した際に発生する発酵消化液、炭・灰などの有機物を農地還元することにより、化学肥料等に頼らない

自然生態系に即した土づくりを行うことができ、有機農産物の生産が可能になる。

4．自給エネルギーの確立：地域内で生産された自然エネルギーを地域へ提供していくことで、分散自立型の自給エネルギー農村が実現できる。

5．人材育成：レインボープランや菜の花プロジェクトのような資源循環システムに


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ついて、日本の先進的な知見と経験を学び、計画的に教育や人材交流を行い、資

源循環システム構築のマネージメント力や自然に優しい環境技術を持つ人材を育

成する。

6．雇用創出：バイオマスを回収・収集、変換などを行うための新たな環境調和型の産業が創出され、新たな雇用創出が期待される。

7．都市と農村地域の格差の解消：1～6により都市と農村地域の貧困・生活水準の格差を解消する。

3）上位目標本開発調査が活用されつつ、ベトナム農村地域における環境保全と地域資源の有効

活用を図るための総合的な計画づくりができ、農村住民の生活環境が改善される。

4）プロジェクト目標 1．循環型地域総合開発のパイロットとなるモデル産業村を数村（3村程度）抽出する。

2．モデル産業村における循環型地域総合開発マスタープランが策定される。

3．研修により中央・地方行政官等の循環型地域総合開発に係わる能力が向上する。

（2）調査期間

2009年１月～2010年 12月（約 24ヵ月）（3）総合調査費用

億円（4）協力相手先機関

1）科学技術省 2）農業農村開発省 3）資源環境省 4）工業省 5) 研究機関又は大学 6）各地方省の科学技術局中央政府は 1)～4)の 4つの省のプロジェクトチームを組織して 1)をリーダーとする。

（5）計画の対象

1）対象地域 STEP1 ベトナム全土の産業村 1,500村 STEP2 モデル産業村の候補地 10村程度


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STEP3 モデル産業村 3村程度 STEP1～3は、調査項目を参照

2）対象者関連中央省、地方省の行政官モデル産業村の住民

第３協力の必要性・位置づけ（1）現状及び問題点

ベトナムは、1986年のドイモイ政策導入以来、市場経済化の推進により経済発展が軌道に乗っている。2001～2004年の 4 年間、世界における経済不況や原油価格の激しい変動にもかかわらず、経済成長率は引き続き高いレベルを維持し、年平均 7.4％の伸びを示した。その一方で都市と農村地域との生活水準の格差が問題視されている

状況にある。このため、ベトナム政府は、農村地域の資源を活用し観光と工芸品を結

びつけた産業村の振興に力を入れている。現在、ベトナム全土には約 1,500の産業村があり、貧困対策や現金収入の増加に大きく貢献し、産業村の発展は農村地域の地域

振興に欠かせない柱となっている。しかしながら、産業村の多くが未処理の廃水や廃

棄物を抱えており、その影響で産業村はもちろん周辺の農村を含めた広い範囲で環境

が悪化してきている。さらに、周辺の農村でも、農畜産系の廃棄物の不当な放置が原

因とみられる水質汚濁や、野焼きによる煙害が発生している。（2）相手国政府国家政策上の位置づけ

1）「社会経済開発計画(2001～2010年)」においては、農村の社会経済インフラ建設に対してより多くの投資を行うこと、環境保全を考慮しながら土地、水、森林資源の

有効活用を図るための合理的な計画づくりをすることとしており、本件はこれらに貢

献するものである。 2）「農業農村開発計画（2006～2010年）」において、農村地域における生活水準と社会環境を改善すること、天然資源と生態環境を護り農村住民の生活環境を改善する

こととしており、これにも貢献できる技術支援としても位置づけられる。（3）他国機関の関連事業との整合性

農村地域を対象とした本件のような事業はない。（4）我が国援助政策との関連、JICA国別事業実施計画上の位置づけ

「対ベトナム国別援助計画（平成 16年４月）」の中で重要三分野として、1)成長促進、2)生活・社会面の改善、3)制度整備を挙げており、本件はこの「生活・社会面の改善」の農業・農村開発／地方開発、環境のセクターに位置づけられる。


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第４調査の枠組み（1）調査項目

Stage1：産業村の分類調査とモデル産業村候補地の抽出 Stage2：現状分析調査とモデル産業村の抽出 Stage3：モデル産業村でのマスタープラン策定

【Stage1：産業村の分類調査とモデル産業村候補地の抽出】（6ヵ月）モデル産業村を構築するためには、その産業村が属する地方省政府の積極的な協力

がなければ成立しない。このため、まず、各地方省政府に対して本調査の趣旨説明を

行い、モデル産業村の候補地を推薦してもらう。次に、産業村について、各省からの貸与資料より、産業村の概況、廃水処理、バイ

オマス発生・処理、エネルギー活用、周辺農村の農業の現況を整理・分類する。これ

を基に、関係中央政府と協議して、開発が可能で汎用性のある産業村を複数村（10村程度）抽出する。

【Stage2：現状分析調査とモデル産業村の抽出】（6ヵ月）この段階での主要な目的は、モデル産業村の候補地について、循環型地域総合開発

に係わる廃水、バイオマス、エネルギー、農業、地域組織の状況に関する詳細な情報

や資料の収集と事実を確認して、マスタープランを作成するモデル産業村を抽出する

ことである。 Stage1 で抽出した産業村に限定して、1)産業村、2)廃水の発生と処理、3)バイオマスの発生と処理、4)エネルギーの利用、5)周辺農村の農業、6)地域組織などの現況や関連する計画の資料・情報の収集レビュー

地域の人民委員会への聞き取り調査などにより、1)環境保全、2)資源ごみのリサイクル、3)自然エネルギー利用、4)有機農業などに対する意向の把握

産業村の現状や地域住民の意欲などから、関係中央政府と協議して、循環型

地域総合開発が可能なモデル産業村を数村（3村程度）抽出現状における循環型地域総合開発に向けた阻害要因の分析抽出された阻害要因の解決方針の検討

【Stage3：マスタープラン策定】（12ヵ月）この段階の主要な作業は、循環型地域総合開発のための基本的なシナリオを明確に

することである。この段階の調査は、以下のような内容である。循環型地域総合開発の基本シナリオの確定廃水の流量・水質調査と廃水処理の基本フレームバイオマスの発生量・収集可能量の推計と収集・運搬方法の基本フレームエネルギーの利用に関する基本フレーム

マスタープラン


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エネルギー変換システムの概略設計と変換時に発生する残さ量の推計その他自然エネルギーの導入フレームバイオマスの変換時に発生する残さを活用した有機農産物生産の基本フレ

ーム概略の事業費・維持管理の算出地域の住民・農家・企業を対象に聞き取り調査やアンケート調査などを行い、

1)環境保全、2)資源ごみのリサイクル、3)自然エネルギー利用、4)有機農業などに対する意向の把握・分析

実現に向けた地元推進組織の育成方法の設定マスタープランの実行計画、アクションプランの作成マスタープラン下での優先プロジェクトの検討

（2）アウトプット（成果）

1）産業村における関連省間の連携した汎用的な循環型地域総合開発計画が明らかになる。

2)マスタープランに沿った優先プロジェクトが選定され、それらの実施方針が明らかになる。

3)フィージビリティ・スタディの対象が明らかになる。 4)関連する中央・地方行政官等の循環型地域総合開発に係わる能力を向上させる。

（3）インプット（投入）：以下の投入による調査の実施

1）コンサルタント（分野／人数）：以下の分野でそれぞれ各 1名予定総括環境政策農村計画バイオマス計画廃水処理専門家バイオマス変換技術専門家有機農業・普及技術専門家

2）その他研修員受入れ中央関連 4省の関連機関から 2名ずつ、モデル産業村の地方省政府・人民委員会（3省程度）から各々2名ずつ、合計 14名の編成で視察を中心とした研修を実施予定。


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第５協力終了後に達成が期待される目標（1）提案計画の活用目標

本件開発調査で策定されたマスタープランに基づき、ベトナム政府関連機関が独自

の予算あるいはドナーの支援を受けながらモデル産業村の産業村・周辺農村のインフ

ラ、バイオマスの分別・収集・利用、有機農業の普及等を含む循環型地域総合開発に

資するモデル事業を実施する。この際には、JICA、さらには統合後を踏まえた拡大 JICA（円借款等を含む）の援助プログラムを形成・実施していくことを念頭におく。また、循環型地域総合開発の

実現には一連の社会システムの構築が必要となる。このためには、社会システムの制

度設計、地域の中で資源循環を推進する人材育成プログラムの実施が必要である。こ

れらについては、本件で不十分な場合は、技術協力プロジェクトの実施も必要である。

（2）活用による達成目標最終的には、モデル産業村において、モデル整備、基礎研究、指導者の育成などを

実施して先進事例をつくり、ここを拠点に人材育成や情報発信、産官学連携、社会実

験などを行い、持続可能な循環型地域総合開発をベトナム全土の産業村へ拡げること

をめざす。第６外部要因（1）協力相手国内の事情

農業農村開発、環境に政策重点が置かれること。科学技術省、農業農村開発省、資源環境省、工業省連携のプロジェクトチー

ムをつくること。科学技術省がプロジェクトリーダーとして調整機能を有す

ること。計画投資省とプロジェクトチームの連携が図れること。地方省政府と人民委員会との連携が図れること。

（2）関連プロジェクトの遅れ

特になし

study of eco-friendly recycling system for local development ......study of eco-friendly recycling...

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