study on coastal protection and production functions of ... · root diameter and height • tree...
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Study on Coastal Protection and Production Functions of Mangrove Vegetation in
Thanh Phu Natural Reserve, Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Nguyen Thi Kim Cuc, Thuyloi University, Hanoi, [email protected]
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(de Groot, 1992; de Groot et al., 2002, de Groot, 2006).
Structure &
Processes
Internal External Factors
Planning &Management
EcosystemFunctions
1. Production2. Regulation3. Habitat4. Information5. Carriers
Stakeholder Involvement
Decision Making
(incl. Policy Analysis,
Scenario dev.Inst. and
governanceaspects)
Trade-offAnalysis:
-CBA, MCA-Particip.
workshops
EcosystemGoods
& Services
Ecological ValuesBased on ecological
sustainability
Socio-cultural values
Based on equity and cultural perceptions
Economic Values Based on efficiency
and cost-effectiveness
Ecosystem
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Ben Tre Province and study site Thanh Phu Natural Reserve
Thanh Phu district ~ 44,350 ha:•128,000 inhabitants•aquaculture, paddy fields, fruit •sandy belts, mudflats, swamps•strip of 0.8-5 km mangroves
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eroded areasAccreted areas
Changed in coastal line between the year 1968 and 2000
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Mangroves – Green wall
“Engineers” building and maintaining physical structure of the habitat
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Mangroves have functions protection the coastline, coastal communities of wind, storm and stunami… (Davies & Claridge 1993)
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Different effects of wave reduction in
(a) with mangrove
(b) without-mangrove areas(Source: Y. Mazda, M. Michimasa, M. Kogo, P.N.Hong, 1997)
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Tidal zone ( ARC, 2000)
Wave attenuation
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Concrete structures broken into pieces, but not mangroves
(K.K., 2008)
Tsunami of December 26, 2004, India
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Concrete sea dyke in Do Son, Hai Phong Unconcrete seadyke in Giao Thuy
Storm No 2 in 2007
Without mangroves With mangroves
Mangrove forest protect coastal
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80-90% of mangroves: plantedRhizophora apiculata
30 plots (10 m × 10 m) were set in 7-26 yearold planted R. apiculata:
• density trees and stilt roots• root diameter and height• tree diameter at a height of 1.3 m• height from stratum to height of the
first branch, first leaf, the top of tree
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• assuming a group of cylinders as representation of vegetation
• including vertical layer schematization which makes it possible to calculate multi layer structures such as mangroves
• model input: mean values of the measured parameters per transect
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Mangrove trees are divided into 03 classes Canopy Trunk Roots
Wave attenuation
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Spatial variation of significant wave height
Cal. Vegetation Water Width Wave
code condition (%) level (m) (km) attenuation (%)
A4 Non 4.1 1.5 0
A1 0.7 4.1 1.5 59.58
B3 0.7 5.06 1.5 59.04
C3 0.7 5.06 1.0 46.63
C4 0.7 5.06 0.5 19.41
A1: Planted Rhizophora apiculata; A4: No mangroves at current water levelB3, C3, C4: Planted Rhizophora apiculata at the scenario of sea level rise of 0.96 m high
Wave attenuation
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Spatial variation of significant wave height
Wave attenuation
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Asaeda and Martin, 2009
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Methodology: above ground biomass
32 trees representing all ages harvested at ground level:
• fresh weight of stems (Ws), branches (Wb), leaves(Wl), and above ground stilt roots (Wr) weremeasured in situ
• sub-samples of each organ were taken for determination of fresh weight to dry weight ratio
• dry weights were obtained after 2 days’ oven drying at 80°C
• dry/fresh-weight ratios of the samples were used to estimate the total dry weight of those plant parts(Ws + Wb + Wl + Wr = Wtop)
• allometric relations were established
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y = 0.0792x2.1641
R² = 0.87
0
20
40
60
80
- 5 10 15 20 25
W stilt roots
y = 0.0628x2.0491
R² = 0.72
0
20
40
60
80
- 5 10 15 20 25
Dry
wei
ght (
kg)
W leaves
y = 0.0532x2.3066
R² = 0.89
0
40
80
120
160
200
- 5 10 15 20 25Dry
wei
ght (
kg)
Diameter at 1.3 height (cm)
W branches
y = 0.175x2.2571
R² = 0.98
0
50
100
150
200
250
- 5 10 15 20 25
Diameter at 1.3 height (cm)
W stem
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y = 0.3823x2.2263
R² = 0.97
0
100
200
300
400
500
- 5 10 15 20 25
Dry
wei
ght (
kg)
Diameter at 1.3 height (cm)
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-
100
200
300
400
26 22 21 20 19 18 16 15 14 13 12 11 7Abo
ve g
roun
d bi
omas
s (to
n/ha
)
Stand age (years)
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Region Condition /age SpeciesABG
biomass (ton/ha)
Reference
Malaysia (Matang) >80 R. apiculata 460 Putz and Chan (1986)
Indonesia Primary forest R. apiculata 357 Komiyama et al. (1988)
Thailand Primary forest Rizhophora spp 299 Komiyama et al. (1987)
Sri Lanka Fringe Rhizophora spp. 240 Amarasinghe et al. (1992)
Malaysia (Matang) 28 years R. apiculata 212 Ong et al. (1982)
Thailand (Phuket) 15 years R. apiculata 159 Christensen (1978)
French Guiana Mature Rhizophora, Avicennia 122 Fromard et al. (1998)
Vietnam (Thanh Phu) 7-26 years R. apiculata 76-320 This study
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Forest agesAbove ground
Carbon storage (ton/ha)
Area (ha) Carbon storage (ton)
20-26 77.60 278.70 21,626.80 14-19 103.09 432.59 44,594.58 11 - 13 114.54 92.58 10,603.80
Total Above ground Carbon storage in Thanh Phu 803.87 76,825.17
Results: carbon storage Thanh Phu Natural Reserve
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Conclusions
• Mangroves: important for climate change adaptation and mitigation
• Protective potential under threat: erosion, accretion, (illegal) cutting
• Mitigation of climate change by storing carbon
• Use carbon compensation funds to develop local capacity and to
support community-based management
Mangroves could act as both climate change adaptation and mitigation measures
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