study on education and educational schemes for …educating the minorities. during the last many...

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Available online through - http://ijifr.com/searchjournal.aspx Published Online On: December 17, 2015

Copyright©IJIFR 2015

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697

Volume 3 Issue 4 December 2015 Research Paper

Abstract

The connection of Muslims with Andaman and the presence of all minorities’ population at present are highlighted. The history of foundation of formal educational institution and the present enrolment strength in government and Muslim minority schools are traced out. Efforts were made to highlight the socio-economic and educational status of Muslim minority in the country in general and in Andaman Islands in particular. The Prime Minister’s 15 point programme and the year wise beneficiaries of Muslim minority are analysed and tried to suggest remedies for the improvement of

Muslim minority status through education.

1. Introduction

Education is the single most important instrument for social and economic transformation. A well

educated population, adequately equipped with knowledge and skill is not only essential to support

economic growth, but also a precondition for growth to be inclusive since it is the educated and

skilled person who can stand to benefit most from the employment opportunities which growth will

provide. For the present study problem, that is the educational status of Muslim minority in

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, only the Andaman Islands are selected as a study area and the study

excluded the Nicobar Islands.

Study On Education And Educational

Schemes For Muslim Minority In

Andaman And Nicobar Islands Paper ID IJIFR/ V3/ E4/ 017 Page No. 1243-1255 Subject Area

Political

Science

Keywords Muslim Minority, Andaman, Ummat Public School, Matric Scholarship

1st M. Selvam

Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science,

Jawaharlal Nehru Rajkeeya Mahavidyalaya , Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

2nd

M. Sambasivam

Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics ,

Jawaharlal Nehru Rajkeeya Mahavidyalaya, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands

1244

ISSN: 2347-1697 International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -4, December 2015 Continuous 28th Edition, Page No.:1243-1255

M. Selvam , M. Sam basivam :: Study On Education And Educational Schem es For Muslim Minority In Andam an And Nicobar Islands

2. Objective Of The Study

The complex pattern of society heterogeneous population along with Muslin minority spread over

hug area of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is requires investigation exclusively the educational status

of Muslim minority and their background. The study is concentrated with the following aspects.

I. To know the connections of Muslim with Andaman Islands.

II. To examine different educational schemes for Muslim minority and to find out the present

educational status of Muslim minority in Andaman

III. To propose suggestions to improve the educational status of Muslin minority in Andaman.

3. Methodology

Both Primary and Secondary data were utilised for the presentation of the paper. The Secondary data

were collected from the available literatures like books, journals, newspapers and Gazettes etc. The

collected data were systematically analyzed and presented in a descriptive manner.

I. Constitution Of India And The Muslim Minority

The founding fathers of the Republic were mindful of the particular problems of the different

segments of Indian society and included Article 30 of the Constitution to help the minorities to catch

up with the national standards. The social, economic and educational issues concern with Indian‟s

Muslim minority community is a theme for investigation in all corners of the nation. Several steps

were initiated but the status of Muslim minority in India is still under the state of dissatisfaction [12].

The fact of educational and economic backwardness of the Muslims has been conclusively

established in several reports and surveys.

II. Penal Settlement And Presence Of Muslims In Andaman

The British established a colony of free settlers in Andaman Islands but the first settlement was not

survived for long period due to sickness and rising of death rates among the settlers and the panel

settlement was abandoned in 1796. Muslims link with Andaman started from the First War of

Independence 1857. Their settlement history in Andaman associated with the Penal settlement [4].

The First War of Independence 1857 necessitated to re-establish the settlement in Andaman. The

revolutionaries who participated in the anti-British activities were sent to Andaman Islands and a

penal colony was re-started at Port Blair in 1858. Many Muslim freedom fighters were also deported

to Andaman Islands [8]. The Moplah rebellion prisoners who were sentenced to transportation for

life were immediately transferred to Andaman [3]. They were used as labouring convicts of the

settlement. Later, the prisoners were induced to bring their families and settle down in Andaman on

self-supporting tickets. They settled in different parts South Andaman and they named their settled

village like Mannarghat, Wimbarly Gunj, Calicut, Malappuram, Wandoor, Tirur and Manjeri. They

were allowed to practice and follow their own religion and culture. They were permitted to build

Masques and start madarasas [7].

III. Education Of Muslim Minority- National Scenario

India is a multi-religious society and the religious minority communities constitute 20% of the

population. Among the minorities, the Muslim minority constituting 15% of the entire population of

the country and spread all over the country is educationally not good in condition.

Backwardness is circular in nature. If a community is educationally backward, it also becomes

economically backward and the economic backwardness leads to social backwardness which in turn

reinforces educational backwardness. So this circular motion goes on throwing the Muslin

community in pitiless poverty. Muslim backwardness in education keeps them away from

1245




0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Po

pu

lati

on

Year

Muslims

Christians

Sikhs

Buddhists

Janins

knowledge economy and further pushes them in the hell of poverty. The first National policy on

education was presented by the Kothari commission in 1966. After twenty years, late Rajiv Gandhi

promulgated the National Policy on education in 1986, which contained one full chapter on

educating the minorities. During the last many years, the country and the world have witnessed

revolutionary change both in content and methodology of education, and this call for a new National

Policy on Education

IV. Population Of Andaman Islands

The most noticeable feature of the population of Andaman Islands is cosmopolitan composition. The

total population of these Islands is falls under three major categories. The first category is the

descendants of pre-1942, popularly known as ̀ local born‟. They are the descendants of convicts

brought to these Islands by the British from various provinces of India. The second category is

people who were brought under government of India‟s rehabilitation schemes and are widely known

as „settlers‟ brought from East Bengal. The third category is the mainlanders [5]. The Muslim

minority of these Islands falls under all the categories.

V. Population Of Minorities In Andaman And Nicobar Islands

The religious personality of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is very complex since it is a mini India.

People of different states are migrated and settled in this territory besides the aborigines of this

place. Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains, etc., are the major religions of these

Islands.

Table- 1: Population of Religious Minorities in A&N Islands

Sl. No Total

Population

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Minorities 63548 115133 188741 280661 356152 393421

1. Muslims 7398 11655 16188 21354 29265 32413

2. Christians 17973 30342 48274 67211 77178 80984

3. Sikhs 241 865 991 1350 1587 1286

4. Buddhists 1707 103 127 322 421 338

5. Jains 3 14 11 17 23 12831 Source: (1) Andaman and Nicobar Administration website.

(2) Basic Statics-1/2011, Directorate of Economics & Statistics, A&N Administration.

Figure 1: Population of Religious Minorities in A&N Islands

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The total population including all the religion in the year 1961 was 63548 and the latest censes 2011

the Islands all religious population is 393421. Row 1 reflects the Muslim minority population of

Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In the year 1961 the Muslim minority population was 7398 and

constituted 11.64 percentages of total population 63548 and as per the latest Censes, the Muslims

minority population is 32413 and constitutes 8.23 percentage of the total population 393421. Three

percent Muslims minority population is decreased at present, in comparison with the percentage

level of Muslims minority 1961.

5. Analytical Findings

5.1 Foundation Of Formal Schools In Andaman And Nicobar Islands

The officials of the administration of penal settlement faced many problems to communicate with

the Indian convicts to make them work as labourers in the penal settlement. The administration

assigned the task of teaching English to a British soldier and the soldier taught English to the Indian

convicts. The experiment was found successful. The formal Educational facilities were started in the

Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the year 1880-81 and a regular primary school

was started. In the beginning of the twentieth century six more primary schools in around Port Blair

were opened and soon after one were upgraded to English medium High school. By 1948-49 the

number of schools increased up to 20 and the enrolment increased up to 1620. At present there are

405 schools in Andaman and Nicobar Islands spread over 36 Islands in which 212 are primary, 67

are middle, 46 are secondary, and the remaining 53 are senior secondary schools [10]. In Andaman

and Nicobar Islands, a multilingual educational system is existed.

Table – 2: School Students Enrolment for the Year 2012-2013(A&N Administration)

(Enrolment by Social)

Sl. No. Category Pre-Primary I-V VI-VIII IX-XII Total

1 General 7570 25209 15651 18941 67371

2 OBC 1047 4406 3063 4455 12971

3 Muslims 820 2785 1520 1708 6833

Source: 1. DISE

Figure 2: School Students Enrolment for the Year 2012-2013(A&N Administration)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Pre-Primary I-V VI-VIII IX-XII

7570

25209

15651 18941 820

2785

1520

1708

1047

4406

3063

4455

Muslims OBC General

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Table-3 Students Enrolment for the Year 2013-2014(A&N Administration Schools)

Enrolment by Social


1 General 8391 23841 14755 18235 65222

2 OBC 1681 4806 3579 4997 15063

3 Muslims 997 2725 1611 1850 7183

Source: 1. DISE

Figure 3: School Students Enrolment for the Year 2012-2013(A&N Administration)

From the tables 02, 03 & Fig. 02, 03 it is observed that a special methodology is required to stop un-

enrolment of Muslim children [9]. There is a need to concentrate about the welfare schemes and

facilities for Muslin minority of these Islands to uplift the educational status and to stop the Un-

enrolment and drop out.

Consideration is needed to Improvement of physical facilities.

Consideration is needed for Kind services to the disable and Muslim students in all the

educational Institution.

Consideration is needed to create new awards by the administration for meritorious Muslim

students.

5.2 Muslim Minority Educational Instructions In Andaman Ummat Public School (Senior

Secondary) `̀ Minority Educational Institution” means a college or institution (other than a University)

established or maintained by a person or group of persons from amongst minorities [11]. The

National Commission for Minority Educational Institution considered the documentary evidence

produced before the commission and declared the Ummat Public School (Senior Secondary) is a

Minority Educational Institution managed by Island Islamic Foundation, Port Blair [2].

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Pre-Primary I-V VI-VIII IX-XII

8391

23841

14755 18235 1681

4806

3579

4997

997

2725

1611

1850

General OBC Muslims

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The school caters to the educational needs of all the communities in the Islands. Apart from the

moral education it also imparts Religious instructions (deeniyath) to Muslim students [13].

Considering the school̀ s excellent academic record, the A&N Administration allotted 10,000 sq.mts

of land in Austinabad, Port Blair. The school enrolment of different years is an evidence for its

important role for the development and upliftment of Muslim minority in these Islands.

Table- 04 Students Enrolment for the Year 2012-2013 (Ummat Public Sr. Sec. Schools)

Sl. No Category Pre-Primary I-V VI-VIII IX-XII Total

1 Muslim 54 236 115 105 510

2 Other Minorities 00 6 5 5 16

3 Non Minorities 15 64 24 75 178

Source: Details of Students Annual Report, Ummat Public Sr. Sec. School (2012-2013)

Table highlights the total strength and the enrolment of different communities during the year 2012-

2013. The recorded high level enrolment registration of Muslin minority community, in comparison

with other minority and non-minority community shows the importance of opening more new

minority educational institutions. The total percentage level of Muslims, other minorities and non-

minority is 72, 2.27 and 25.28 percentages respectively.

Table- 5: Students Enrolment for the Year 2013-2014 (Ummat Public Sr. Sec. Schools)


1 Muslim 59 212 149 135 555

2 Other Minorities 1 6 16 15 38

3 Non Minorities 8 68 47 110 233

Source: Details of Students Annual Report, Ummat Public Sr. Sec. School (2013-2014)

The figure of the table indicates that a healthy numbers of enrolments are registered during the year

2013-2014. The percentage of the Muslin students is 67.19, other minorities is 4.60 and non-

minorities is 28.20.All the figures of the data from 2009-2012 point outs the enthusiastic nature of

Muslim students to take admission in Muslim educational institution and they preferred less to take

admission in other educational institutions.

5.3 Schemes For Educational Development Of Muslim Minority

Initiatives for educational development for minorities were started in India, in late 1970s, which

geared up after the National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986 and its Programme of Action (POA),

1992 [6]. Both the National Policy of Education and Programme of Action emphasized the need of

special efforts, “to bring the educationally backward minorities (which include Muslims) on par with

the rest of the society and to make them participate fully in the national development activities” [1].

Many long term and short term programmes were started to improve the educational status of

minorities including Muslim minority and one among many is Prime Minister‟s 15 Point Programme

for the Welfare of the Minorities.

5.3.1 ‘Pre-Matric School Scholarship’ Scheme For Students Belonging To Minority

Communities In June 2006, the Prime Minister‟s 15 point programme was announced for the welfare of minorities.

The name of the scheme is‟ Pre-Matric scholarship‟ for the students belonging to the minority

communities. The students studies in domestic educational institution, either government or private

1249




from class I to class X are eligible to avail the benefit of the scheme with the condition that, the

annual income of the parent/ guardian from all sources do not exceed Rs. 1 Lakh. The intension of

the scheme is to encourage the parents from minority communities to send their children to the

school and minimise their financial burden. Main objective of the scheme is to empower through

education and uplift the socio-economic conditions of the minority communities. In Andaman and

Nicobar Islands the scheme `Pre-Matric School Scholarship‟ for students belonging to the minority

communities is implemented by the Administration through Social Welfare Board.

Table - 6: Rate of Scholarship

S. No Item Hostellers Day Scholars

1 Admission fee from Class VI to

X Rs. 500/- per annum subject to

actual Rs. 500/- per annum subject to

actual

2 Tuition fee from Class VI to X RS. 350/- per month subject to

actual RS. 350/- per month subject to

actual

3

Maintenance allowance payable for a period not exceeding 10 months in an academic year

Class I to V Nil Rs. 100/- per month

Class VI to X 600/- per month subject to actual Rs. 100/- per month

Source: Directorate of Social Welfare Board, Port Blair.

The students belong from Muslim minority, studying from class I to V are entitle to get

approximately an amount of Rs. 1000 per annum. Hostellers and day scholars who are studying class

from VI to X are eligible to claim approximately a sum of Rs. 10000/- and Rs 5000/- respectively

from the scheme. Only the students who fulfil the entire needy requirement are taken for the grand of

financial benefits.

Table – 7: Year wise Target& Achievement of Pre-Matric Scholarship for Minority Students of Andaman and

Nicobar Islands

Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist Parsi Total

Amount

in Rs. Cr

Year T A T A T A 0.04 A T A T A 0.04

2008-2009 45 60 120 160 4 0 0.03 0 1 0 173 220 0.01

2009-2010 225 17 600 79 20 0 0.03 0 7 0 865 96 0.01

2010-2011 300 * 800 * 27 * 0.04 * 9 * 1154 * 0.03

2011-2012 510 72 1359 165 46 0 0.01 0 15 0 1961 237 0.08

2012-2013 600 160 1600 111 35 3 0.03 0 18 0 2289 274 0.05

2013-2014 600 168 1600 68 55 0 * 0 18 0 2309 236 0.13

2014-2015 453 487 1196 353 25 5 0.04 0 13 0 1694 845 0.04

T= Target A= Achieved * Pending of Renewal and Release of fund

The table no-07 indicates that, in the years 2008-2009 and 2014-2015 only the achievement rate

crossed the targeted rate that is 15 more Muslim minority students of these Islands benefited in the

year 2008-2009 and 34 students additionally benefited from the scheme and crossed the targeted rate

in the year 2014-2015. All other years the achievement rate is lower than the targeted rate due to

non-submission of filled in forms in proper form and in time, lake of awareness and lake of proper

advertisement.

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Fig. 04 Year wise Target& Achievement of Pre-Matric Scholarship for Minority Students of Andaman and

Nicobar Islands

5.3.2 ‘Post-Matric Scholarship’ Scheme For Students Belonging To The Minority

Communities Another scheme of Prime minister‟s 15 Point Programme is `Post- Matric Scholarship‟ for the

students belongs to Minority Communities. The scheme provides financial assistance to the

meritorious students but not more than two students are eligible to avail the benefit of the scheme.

The scheme provides better opportunities for higher education increase their rate of attainment in

higher education and enhance their employability. The scheme awarded to the students of minority

communities studies in India in a government or private higher secondary school/ college and

university. The scheme also cover technical and vocational courses in Industrial Training Institutes/

Industrial Training Centres affiliated with the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) of

classes XI and XII level. The students who secured 50 percent or more marks or equivalent grade in

the previous final examination and the annual income of whose parents/ guardian from all sources

does not exceed Rs. 2.00 lakhs.

Table – 8: Rate of Scholarship

Sr. Item Hosteller Day scholar

1 Admission and tuition fee for

classes XI and XII.

Actual subject to a maximum

ceiling of Rs.7,000 p.a.

Actual subject to a

maximum ceiling of Rs.

7,000 p.a.

2

Admission and course/ tuition

fee for technical vocational

course of XI and XII level.

Actual subject to a maximum

ceiling of Rs.10,000 p.a.

Actual subject to a

maximum ceiling of Rs.

10,000 p.a.

3 Admission and tuition fee for Actual subject to a maximum Actual subject to a

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

T A T A T A T A T A

Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist Parsi

2014-2015

2013-2014

2012-2013

2011-2012

2010-2011

2009-2010

2008-2009

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under-graduate, post-graduate. ceiling of Rs.3,000 p.a. maximum ceiling of

Rs.3,000 p.a.

4

Maintenance allowance for 10

months only in an academic year

(Includes expenses for study

material, etc.).

Rs.380 p.a.

Rs.230 p.a.

(i)Classes XI and XII including

technical and vocational courses

of this level.

(ii)Courses other than technical

and professional courses at

under-graduate and post-

graduate level.

Rs.570 p.a. Rs.300 p.a.

(iii)M. Phil and Ph.D. (For those

researchers who are not awarded

any fellowship by university or

any other authority).

Rs.1200 p.a. Rs.550 p.a.


The students belongs from Muslim minority, studies in classes XI and XII, technical and vocational

course of XI and XII level, M. Phil and PhD are entitle to get approximately a amount of Rs.22,000

per annum. Hostellers include students who are not staying in hostel of the school/ institute

concerned but are staying as paying guest or in rented accommodation are entitle to draw a amount

of Rs.22,150 p.a. and other day-scholar are eligible to get a amount of Rs.21,080 p.a. but their

eligibility only found eligible who fulfil all require criteria‟s.

Table - 9: Year wise Target& Achievement of Post-Matric Scholarship for Minority Students of Andaman and

Nicobar Islands

Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist Parsi Total Amount

in Rs. Cr

Year T A T A T A 0.04 A T A T A 0.02

2008-2009 19 30 50 19 2 0 0.03

0 1 0 73 49 0.01

2009-2010 45 15 120 9 9 0 0.03

0 1 0 181 24 0.01

2010-2011 60 6 160 3 11 0 0.04

0 2 0 242 9 0.00

2011-2012 79 4 210 5 11 0 0.01

0 2 0 311 9 0.01**

2012-2013 130 9 347 12 12 0 0.03

0 4 0 501 21 0.01

2013-2014 130 2 347 3 12 0 *

0 4 0 501 5 *

2014-2015 76 * 199 * 4 * 0.04

* 2 * 282 * 0.02

T= Target A= Achievement *Pending of Renewal and Release of fund

** including reimbursement of 2011-12

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

T A T A T A T A T A


2008-2009

2009-2010

2010-2011

2011-2012

2012-2013

2013-2014

2014-2015

Figure 5: Year wise Target& Achievement of Post-Matric Scholarship for Minority Students of Andaman and

Nicobar Islands

Table-09 and Fig. 5 indicates that in all the years from 2008-2009 to 2014-2015, the achievement

rate is very lower than the targeted rate due to non-submission of filled in forms in proper form and

in time, lake of awareness and lake of proper advertisement and considerable economic standards of

the community.

5.3.3 Merit cum Means Based Scholarship’ Scheme For Students Belonging To The Minority

Communities The scheme is to the poor and meritorious students belonging to all minority students to enable them

to continue graduate level or post-graduate level of professional and technical courses. These

scholarships are available for studies in India only and those students are eligible whose parent‟s

annual income not exceeds Rs. 2.50 lakhs from all sources. Table- 10 : Rate of Scholarship

Sl. No Type of Financial

Assistance Rate for Holster Rate for Day Scholar

1 Maintence Allowance (For 10 months only)

Rs. 10,000/- per annum (Rs. 1000 p.m)

Rs. 5,000/- per annum (Rs. 500 p.m)

2 Course Fee Rs. 20,000/- per annum or

actual whichever is less

Rs. 20,000/- per annual or actual whichever is less

Total Rs. 30,000/- Rs. 30,000/-


30% scholarship will be reserved for girls of each minority community in a state which is

transferable to male student of that community in case of non-availability of female candidate in

that community in the concerned state. If the target for distribution of scholarship to a particular

minority community in a state/UT is not fulfilled, it will be distributed among the same minority

community of other States/UTs strictly in accordance with the merit.

1253




Table - 11: Year wise Target& Achievement of `Merit Cum Mean Based Scholarship’ for Minority

Students of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist Parsi Total

Amount

in Rs.

Cr

Year T A T A T A T A T A T A 0.04

2008-2009 3 3 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 5 0.03

2009-2010 3 5 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 8 0.03

2010-2011 3 9 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 0.04

2011-2012 3 6 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 7 0.01

2012-2013 9 4 24 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 7 0.03

2013-2014 9 6 24 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 9 *

2014-2015 9 24 0 0 0 33 0.04

T= Target A= Achievement *Pending of Renewal and Release of fund

Fig. 06 Year wise Target& Achievement of `Merit Cum Mean Based Scholarship’ for Minority Students of

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

From Table-10 & Fig. 06 it is observed that the scholarship scheme is attracted the targeted students.

The numbers of achievement beneficiaries are higher than the targeted beneficiaries.

6. Suggestions

Finally, all the data and information indicates that the socio-educational status of Muslim minority of

Andaman and Nicobar Islands are in need of more development and betterment of their life the

following suggestions may help if the concern officials and fellowmen think seriously about the

suggestions.

0

5

10

15

20

25

T A T A T A T A T A


2008-2009

2009-2010

2010-2011

2011-2012

2012-2013

2013-2014

2014-2015

1254




• Increase awareness among Muslims about the important of education, various employment

opportunities and self employment schemes.

• To increase the share of Muslim work participation in government job, have some

concession policy and programmes.

• More governmental incentives and scholarships are also essential for the poor and deprived

Muslims.

• Develop some system to provide reservation in higher education and elite institution in

mainland India.

• Justice able action to modernisation of Madarsa

• Special consideration is requiring for the girl‟s students of Muslim minority to wear their

traditional clothing in educational institutions.

• Opening of more Muslim minority schools.

• Opening of separate college for women.

• Opening of civil service coaching centre for Muslim minority.

• Require fastness to constitute UT (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) Minority Commission

which is under the consideration of Government of India to avoid hardship to get registration

of Minority Educational Institution under Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India.

7. Conclusion

The emergence of some Muslim minority educational institutions in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

like Ummat Public School and Muslim Educational Society(MES) etc., have tremendously

improved the prospects of the community in the sphere of both streams of education. The education

and literacy status of Muslim minority across the Islands is good. They extents love and affection to

other communities. They also do maintain healthy economic condition. However, it is not fair to rule

out their aspirations. They fail to reach, up to the status of desirable range. Andaman and Nicobar

Islands is garden of the flowers of peace and harmony. It is require to concentrate to maintain peace

and harmony and it is the need of the hour to move on and do something for Muslim minority to

improve their all-round development through education before they come out and walk on the road

and demand because precaution is better than cure.

8. References [1] [GOI, (1992). p. 9

[2] Government of India, National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions, F.NO.61 OF 2010-

51594, New Delhi.

[3] Hemlata Pandey, General Knowledge- Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Pgaley Tours and Travels,

Nagpur, p.37.

[4] [Iran Ali Khan & S.N.H. Rizvi, (2014). The Locals of Port Blair, R. P. Publishing Corporation , Delhi,

p.21.

[5] Lalita Nair. (2013). Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Historical and Linguistic influence on School

Education, Journal of Education ISSN 2320-9305, Vol. 1., Issue. July, p.115.

[6] Manju Narula. (2014), Educational Development of Muslim Minority: Special Reference to Muslim

Concentrated States of India, Journal of Education and Research, Vol.4, No.1 p.95.

[7] P. K. Zubair Ahmed, the Moplah Rebellion and Andaman, Vehileferry.blogspot.in/2012/09/the

moplah-rebellion-and-andaman_2.html, visited on 22.10.2015

[8] R. C. Majumdar, Penal Settlement in Andaman, Gazetteers Unit, Ministry of Education and Social

Welfare, New Delhi. 1975, P-119

[9] S. N. Dwivedi & Pradeep Chaturvedi. (1998). Islands Development Technology Option, Sreedeep

Publications, p.189.

[10] Statistical report of 2011, A&N Islands.

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[11] The National commission for Minority Educational Instructions Act 2004, Section 2 (g).

[12] www.frontlin.in/static/html/fl2324/stories/20061215004700400.htm

[13] [www.islamicvoice.com/December2007/Education&Business/

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