study on the correlations between the flight height and

Sport Science Review, vol. XIX, No. 3-4, August 2010

117

Study on the Correlations between the Flight Height and the Two-Legged and One-Legged

Take-Off Power in the “Division A” Female Volleyball Players

Gloria RAŢĂ • Florin GRAPĂ • Bogdan C. RAŢĂLăcrămioara MANOLE • Dana CIOCAN

The current paper presents the results of a study which aims to emphasize the correlations established between the take-off

assessment indices. The assessment was performed with the “15 jumps test” based on the “modified Miron Georgescu method”. The study group included 10 female athletes, senior volleyball players and members of the volleyball training team. The results were processed, analyzed and graphically represented. The conclusions pointed out the fact that the take-off height using both legs has an average value of 35 cm and extreme values of 38 and 32 cm, the left leg take-off has an average value of 19 cm and extreme values of 22 and 14 cm, and the right leg take-off has an average value of 18 cm and 21 and 15 cm as extreme values.

Positive linear correlations were established between the values of the average flight height and average power-to-weight ratio, of maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio, and maximum possible power-to-weight ratio, and they ranged between 0.723 and 0.966. The values of the linear correlation for the take-off test using the left leg were closer to 1 and they ranged between 0.966 and 0.844, in comparison with the ones using the right leg, which ranged between 0.825 and 0.723.

Keywords: Miron Georgescu method, flight height, take-off power

Introduction

The take-off height in the volleyball game is a factor which influences the efficiency of the volleyball techniques. The game of volleyball is a spectacular one,

DOI:10.2478/v10237-011-0021-z

Correlation between Fleight Height and Take-off Power in Volleyball

118

being characterized by sudden, fast and powerful movements. Rapid alternating phases and the explosive movements can be achieved through solid training and during a fairly long period of time. The effectiveness of the blocking and attacking phases depends on the manifestation of the power and the take-off height values. Tudor Sbenghe (Sbenghe, 1999, p. 227) considers that “one leg jump height is less than the two leg jump height”, which clearly influences the results. Possibility of testing using the “modified Miron Georgescu” method led us to carry out this study on a female volleyball players group. The testing equipment for applying the assessment method introduced by Miron Georgescu in 1953 (design especially for volleyball) was used and improved by a group of specialists (I. Stupineanu, O. Ciubotaru and P. de Hillerin). The guidelines for interpretation and calculation are the result of Pierre de Hillerin’s work who brought a change in the performance of the test, introducing in 1997 the 15 jumps version in the calculation of average power-to-weight ratio, and introducing some numerical values for assessing the stability of flight times (CVE) and the ground contact times (CVS) as well as the terms like maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr) and maximum possible power-to-weight ratio (PMp). The changes which were introduced by Pierre de Hillerin had in view the specifications reported by Nicu Al. in 1993, “that the test is actually a series of “ball-like” jumps, tied together, and in which the elastic component is very important”, and the statements of Vasilescu and Margineanu (1979, p.80): “ that muscle is similar to a 2-stroke engine ... and the energy is divided throughout the whole “motor cycle” that includes the contractile and the relaxation phase”. In the 15 jumps trial, the tested person begins the movement from a standing position by performing a flexion of the lower limbs, followed immediately by a vertical take-off and a landing, followed by 14 take-offs, under condition that the jumps to be performed “like a ball”, trying to achieve a maximum time of flight and a minimum time in touching the ground, for each jump.

As far as the take-off height is concerned, several studies were carried out for comparing the results of the vertical jump height in athletes and non-athletes, girls and boys, as well as studies which present the results after improving the training methodology of the take-off height.

In order to carry out this research, we take into account the following objectives: information on the lower limbs take-off height in the female volleyball players of the “Ştiinţa Bacău” University Sports Club and whether there are differences between the left leg take-off and the right leg take-off, knowing that most female volleyball players use the two-legged take offs.


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Hypothesis

This study has started from the hypothesis that in the professional female volleyball players the value of the linear correlations established between the average flight height, the average power-to-weight ratio, the accomplished maximum height, the accomplished maximum power and the maximum possible power is higher for the two-legged take-off compared to the one-legged one, and from the fact that the assessment indices present linear positive correlations.

Procedures and Research Methods

The subjects of the research were 10 female volleyball players from the National A Division, aged between 20 and 33 years. These athletes have a training experience of 8-16 years, a great competition experience, at national and international levels, and they compete for the first three positions in the National Championship.

Research methods. The study implied the performance of the assessment tests and the recording of the data regarding the age and the anthropometrical development (weight, height). The vertical take-off height and the power were recorded by means of a platform according to the modified “Miron Georgescu method”. Following the test, which consists of 15 successive jumps on two legs, 15 successive jumps on the left leg, and 15 successive jumps on the right leg, we calculated the average flight height, the average power-to-weight ration, the maximum height accomplished, the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr) and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio. The data analysis methods were as follows: the arithmetical means, the standard deviation, the maximum and the minimum values. According to the testing methodology, the “aberrant” data following the 15 take-offs recordings are eliminated through a statistical method called the “Romanovski method” (Constantinescu, 1980, p.33), which was applied successively three times on the data that was not eliminated at the previous view, thus keeping only 10 pairs of values (time in the air and ground contact time) for computing the indices. Within this paper, we do not analyze the evolution of all the indices, but only of 5 of them. The testing recordings were made on the 15th of January 2010.

Results of the Research – Processing, Analysis, Interpretation and Graphical Representation

The final data recorded by the primary data acquisition and processing software during the control tests were processed using the Microsoft Office Excel 2003. The data interpretation was based on the analysis of the arithmetical


120

mean obtained for the athlete group sample, between the maximum and minimum values, and the Spearman linear correlation coefficient. The Spearman linear correlation coefficient was calculated using the SPSS software (Statistical Package for Social Sciences).

Results of the research – processing, analysis, interpretation and graphical representation of the results for the two-legged take-off in senior female volleyball players. The results were processed and presented in Table 1 and represented in figure 1, 2 and 3.

Table 1. Results for the “15 vertical take-offs” test, for two legs.

Note. Arithmetical mean (M), Standard deviation (S), Maximum value (Vmax), Minimum value (Vmin), Age (A), Height (H), Weight (W), Average power-to-weight ratio (PU), Average flight height (H_flight), Maximum height (HMax), , Maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr) , Maximum possible power-to-weight ratio (PMp).

N.S. A(years) H (m) W (kg) (PU)

W/kg body(H_

flight) m

(HMax)m

(PMr)W/

kg.body

(PMp)W/

kg.body

T.M. 33 1.82 67 4.61 0.33 0.39 5.00 5.06

C.A. 26 1.82 66 4.46 0.32 0.35 4.58 4.81

I.R. 20 1.87 74 4.56 0.34 0.39 4.88 5.03

L.T. 23 1.84 76 4.64 0.35 0.39 4.93 5.09

H.M. 31 1.90 76 4.87 0.35 0.42 5.39 5.42

R.V. 25 1.84 76 4.83 0.35 0.39 5.01 5.18

A.G. 23 1.86 74 4.70 0.35 0.39 4.87 5.06

N.A. 22 1.78 63 4.93 0.38 0.43 5.20 5.35

T.Z. 24 1.80 73 5.08 0.38 0.43 5.53 5.54

H.C. 28 1.87 70 5.04 0.38 0.42 5.26 5.38

M 25.50 1.84 71.50 4.77 0.35 0.40 5.07 5.19

S 4.09 0.04 4.72 0.21 0.02 0.02 0.28 0.22

V max 33 1.9 76 5.08 0.38 0.43 5.53 5.54

V min 20 1.78 63 4.46 0.32 0.35 4.58 4.81


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The obtained results emphasize the following aspects:

▪ for the age (A) the average value is of 25.50 years, with extreme values of 20 and 33 years, and a standard deviation of 4.09, which shows a lack of homogeneity.

▪ for the weight (W) the average value is of 71.50 kg, with extreme values of 76 and 63 kg, and a standard deviation of 4.72.

▪ the height (H) has extreme values of 1.90 m and 1.78 m, and an average value of 1.80 m, with a standard deviation of 0.04. Individual values and the group values as well comply with the specific requirements for the high performance volleyball.

▪ for the flight height (H_flight), expressed in centimeters, the average value is of 35 cm, and is situated between the minimum value of 32 cm and the maximum value of 38 cm. There are no big differences between the maximum and the minimum values.

▪ for the average power-to-weight ratio (PU), the average group value is of 4.77 W/kg. body, with extreme values of 5.08 and 4.46 W/kg. body; The difference between the maximum and the minimum values and the average value is of 0.66 W/kg. body, which is a small value. We can observe that the take-off

Figure 1. Age, height and weight indice Figure 2. Take-off height indices

Figure 3. Power indices

0

50

100

150

200

V I G

Media V. max. V. min

0

10

20

30

40

50

H zbor Hmax

Media V. max. V. min.

0123456

PU PMr PMp

Media V. max. V. min.


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power does not respect the age hierarchy.▪ for the average maximum flight height (H_max) performed by the ten

athletes there are values between 43 cm and 35 cm, with an average value of 40 cm. We emphasize the fact that both the average value and the maximum and minimum values of the maximum flight height are higher than the ones measuring the flight height.

▪ for the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr) the values range between 5.53 and 4.58 W/kg. body, with an average value of 5.07 W/kg. body.

▪ for the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio (PMp) we recorded values between 5.54 and 4.81 W/kg. body, with an average value of 5.19 W/kg. body. It is noticed that for each subject there is the possibility of improving the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio. Therefore we can state that there is a chance for each subject of this research to obtain a better individual average take-off height.

Results of the research – processing, analysis, interpretation and graphical representation of the vertical take-offs using the right leg.The obtained results are found in Table 2 and Chart 4, and they emphasize the following aspects:


▪ for the average power-to-weight ratio (PU), we recorded an average group value of 2.69 W/kg. body, as well as values between 2.98 and 2.21 W/kg. body; The difference between the maximum and the minimum values and the average value is of 0.77 W/kg. body, which is a small value. The take-off power does not respect the age hierarchy.

▪ for the maximum height (H_max), performed by the 10 athletes, we observed values between 25 cm and 18 cm, with an average value of 21 cm. The take-off height and the maximum take-off height are in a direct ratio to the average power-to-weight ratio, the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio.

▪ for the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr) we recorded values between 3.23 and 2.49 W/kg. body, with an average value of 2.91 W/kg. body.

▪ for the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio (PMp) there were recorded values between 3.38 and 2.54 W/kg. body, with an average value of 2.98 W/kg. body. We can observe that for each of the subjects there is the


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possibility of improving the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio, therefore there is a chance for each subject to perform a better take-off height.

Table 2. Results for the right leg take-off and power indices

N.S. (PU)W/kg body

(H_flight) m

(HMax)m

(PMr)W/kg.body

(PMp)W/kg.body

T.M. 2.71 0.18 0.20 2.89 2.91

L.T. 2.71 0.20 0.23 2.95 3.04

N.A. 2.68 0.19 0.21 2.86 2.92

H.M. 2.41 0.15 0.18 2.64 2.68

T.Z. 2.98 0.21 0.25 3.22 3.38

H.C. 2.73 0.18 0.20 3.02 3.03

R.V. 2.69 0.18 0.21 2.93 3.02

C.A. 2.85 0.20 0.21 2.91 3.01

A.G. 2.93 0.20 0.24 3.23 3.27

I.R. 2.21 0.15 0.19 2.49 2.54

M 2.69 0.18 0.21 2.91 2.98

S 0.23 0.02 0.02 0.23 0.25

V max 2.98 0.21 0.25 3.23 3.38

V min 2.21 0.15 0.18 2.49 2.54


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Figure 4. Results for the female volleyball players using the right leg

Results of the research - analysis, interpretation and graphical representation of the vertical take-offs using the left leg. The obtained results are found in Table 3 and Chart 5, and they emphasize the following aspects:


▪ for the average power-to-weight ratio (PU), we recorded an average group value of 2.73 W/kg. body, but also values between 3.10 and 2.09 W/kg. body; The difference between the maximum and the minimum values and the average value is of 1.01 W/kg. body, which is a small value. The take-off power does not respect the age hierarchy.

▪ for the maximum height (H_max), performed by the 10 athletes, we observed values between 24 cm and 17 cm, with an average value of 21 cm. The take-off height and the maximum take-off height are in a direct ratio to the average power-to-weight ratio, the accomplished maximum power-to-weight ratio and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio.

▪ for the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr) we recorded values between 3.22 and 2.31 W/kg. body, with an average value of 2.92 W/kg. body.

▪ for the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio (PMp) we recorded values between 3.32 and 2.42 W/kg. body, with an average value of 3.01 W/kg. body. We can observe that for each of the subjects there is a possibility for improving the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio, therefore there is a chance for each subject to perform a better take-off height.

05

10152025

PU H_flight Hmax PMr PMp

Mean V. max. V. min.


125

Table 3. Results for the left leg take-off and power indices

N.S. (PU)W/kg body

(H_flight) m

(HMax)m

(PMr)W/kg.body

(PMp)W/kg.body

T.M. 2.57 0.17 0.19 2.78 2.8

L.T. 2.87 0.21 0.24 3.15 3.2

N.A. 2.96 0.21 0.23 3.09 3.21

H.M.. 2.79 0.19 0.22 3.17 3.18

T.Z. 2.85 0.20 0.23 3.08 3.18

H.C. 3.1 0.22 0.23 3.22 3.32

R.V 2.8 0.19 0.21 2.9 3.09

C.A. 2.33 0.16 0.17 2.48 2.53

A.G. 2.9 0.20 0.22 3.03 3.12

I.R. 2.09 0.14 0.17 2.31 2.42

M 2.73 0.19 0.21 2.92 3.01

S 0.31 0.03 0.03 0.31 0.31

V max 3.1 0.22 0.24 3.22 3.32

V min 2.09 0.14 0.17 2.31 2.42


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Figure 5. Results for the female volleyball players using the left leg

Correlations established between the assessments indices of the two-legged, left leg and right leg take-offs. The correlative statistical analysis which is based on the “Spearman linear correlation coefficient” [http://statisticasociala.tripod.com/cor_nepar.htm] can have values between -1 and +1. The negative values, close to -1, indicate a reverse correlation. The very small values of ro, close to zero, do not suggest a significant association, whereas the values close to +1 show a significant association.

From Table 4, positive linear correlations are observed between the average flight height and the average power-to-weight ratio (PU), between the average flight height and the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr), and between the average flight height and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio (PMp) obtained after the two-legged, the left leg and the right leg take-offs, with values that range between 0.723 and 0.966. The same significant linear correlations are observed between the values of the maximum height and of the average power-to-weight ratio (PU), and between the values of the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr) and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio (PMp) obtained after the two-legged, the left leg and the right leg take-offs. These correlations are stable and positive, with values between 0.744 and 0.920.

0

5

10

15

20

25

PU H flight Hmax PMr PMp

Mean V. max. V. min.


127

Tabl

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Cor

rela

tions

bet

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n th

e ta

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ff te

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. **.

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0.0

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vel (

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.

Volle

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. flig

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Max

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No

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Cor

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(2-ta

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Two-

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take

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test

Aver

age

pow

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atio

(P

U)

100.

944

0.00

00.

905

0.00

0

Max

imum

acc

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ished

pow

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atio

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Mr)

100.

735*

0.01

50.

879*

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001

Max

imum

pos

sible

pow

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atio

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Mp)

100.

836*

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0.88

2**

0.00

1

Left

leg

take

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test

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U)

100.

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0.82

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(P

Mr)

100.

844*

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0.84

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Max

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pos

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pow

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Mp)

100.

957*

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0.92

0**

0.00

0

Righ

t leg

ta

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st

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100.

825*

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0.74

4*0.

014

Max

imum

acc

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pow

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(P

Mr)

100.

723*

0.01

80.

782*

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Max

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1


128

Correlation values close to 1 are obtained at the left leg take-off test (0.966 and 0.844), and the lowest values are reported at the right leg take-off test (0.825 and 0.723).

Higher correlative values are obtained between the average flight height and average power-to-weight ratio on two legs (0.944), between the average flight height and the average power-to-weight ratio when jumping from the left leg (0.966), between the average flight height and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio when jumping from the left leg (0.957).

Conclusions

The analysis of the results pointed out several interesting aspects.

During the 15 two-legged vertical take-offs we observed that:

▪ the take-off height (H_flight) has an average value of 35 cm and extreme values of 32 cm and 38 cm, whereas for the maximum flight height (HMax) the average is 40 cm and extreme values of 43 cm and 35 cm; these values can be improved;

▪ for the average power-to-weight ratio (PU), we recorded an average group value of 4.77 W/kg. body, but also values between 5.08 and 4.46 W/kg. body;

▪ for the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio (PMr), we found an average value of 5.07 W/kg. body and extreme values of 5.53 and 4.58 W/kg. body, whereas for the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio (PMp), we found an average value of 5.19 W/kg. body and extreme values of 5.54 and 4.81 W/kg. body.

During the 15 right leg vertical take-offs we observed that:

▪ the take-off height has an average value of 18 cm, and is situated between the minimum value of 15 cm and the maximum value of 21 cm, whereas for the maximum height has an average value of 21 cm and extreme values of 25 cm and 18 cm.

▪ the average power-to-weight ratio has an average group value of 2.69 W/kg. body and extreme values of 2.98 and 2.21 W/kg. body, for the accomplished maximum power-to-weight ratio the extreme values are of 3.23 and 2.49 W/kg. body, with an average value of 2.91 W/kg. body, whereas for the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio the extreme values are of 3.38 and 2.54 W/kg. body, with an average of 2.98 W/kg. body.


129

During the 15 left leg vertical take-offs we observed that:

▪ the take-off height has an average value of 19 cm and is situated between the minimum value of 14 cm and the maximum value of 22 cm, whereas for the maximum height the extreme values are of 21 cm and 18 cm and the average value is 17 cm;

▪ the average power-to-weight ratio has an average group value of 2.73 W/kg. body and extreme values of 3.10 and 2.09 W/kg. body, for the accomplished maximum power-to-weight ratio the extreme values are between 3.22 and 2.31 W/kg. body, with an average value of 2.92 W/kg. body, whereas for the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio the extreme values are between 3.01 and 2.54 W/kg. body, with an average of 3.32 W/kg. body.

▪ the take-off height and the maximum take-off height are directly proportional to the average power-to-weight ratio, the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio, and there is a possibility for improving the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio.

The take-off height and the maximum take-off height are in a direct ratio to the average power-to-weight ratio, the accomplished maximum power-to-weight ratio and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio.

The two-legged take-off height is higher than the one-legged take-off height, a fact which validates the hypothesis.

The values of the take-off height and that of the power-to-weight ratio do not depend on the age of the players.

There are positive and stable correlations between the average flight height and the average power-to-weight ratio, between the average flight height and the maximum accomplished power-to-weight ratio, and between the average flight height and the maximum possible power-to-weight ratio recorded during the two-legged, left leg and right leg take-offs, with values between 0.723 and 0.966.

The correlative values close to 1 are obtained during the left leg take-off test (0.966 and 0.844), and the lowest values were found during the right leg take-off test (0.825 and 0.723).


130

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http://statisticasociala.tripod.com/cor_nepar.htm

Gloria RAŢĂ, Ph.D., is professor and Head of Chair at the Bacau University, (Romania) and is specialized in Athletics. Member of the European College of Sport Science, Bacau Human Performance Research Center, Council of Sport Science, Romanian Algesiology Association (AAR) and the Romanian Agency for Higher Education Quality Assurance, she has published over 10 books and 88 articles in her field of expertise. E-mail address: [email protected]

Florin GRAPĂ, Ph.D., is professor at the Department of Sports Games at the College for Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, Vasile Alecsandri University in Bacau (Romania) and coaches the Romanian National Voleyball Lot. He has received the Exellency Award for his efforts to develop and promote sport at a national and international level and is a member of the Romanian Sport Scince Council and the Romanian Algesiology Association (AAR). Throughout his career, he has published 6 books and has written 29 articles.

Bogdan C. RAŢĂ, Ph.D., is lecturer at the Vasile Alecsandri University in Bacau (Romania) and teaches PE Management, Athletics, Practice in winter sports and Practice in tourism and sports orientation. He is a member in the Romanian Council


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for Sport Sciences, Romanian Algesiology Association and the European Science College. Between 1998 and 2008, he has published 54 articles in sports journals and national and international conference volumes; furthermore he has co-authored four books and collaborated at two practice notebooks for his students.

Lăcrămioara MANOLE, Ph.D., is Kinesiologyst at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Bacau (Romania). She has specialized in psycho-neuromotric handicap recovery and is a member of the Romanian Sport Science Council and Romanian Algesiology Association (AAR). Since 2006, she is a volunteer kinesiologyst for the Special Olympics Fundation and head professor at the Individual Sports Department. With over 12 years of experience, her professional activity is consisted in 26 published articles and more than 10 years of student Ph.D. coordination as well as a regional coordinator for the ERASMUS Lifelong Learning Porgramme.

Dana Maria CIOCAN, Ph.D., is professor and holds classes on Volley I and II and Basket I and II at the Vasile Alecsandri University in Bacau (Romania). She took her MA in posttraumatic sequelae and has received the Ph.D. in volley in 2009; until now, she has published one book, ten articles for international conferences and has been a member in three national research projects. She is a member of the Romanian Sport Science Council and the Romanian Algesiology Association (AAR).

study on the correlations between the flight height and

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