Studying for the IB Bio Midterm 2016

ANSWER KEY

1. Which of the following organelles is the site of cell respiration?a. Golgi apparatus b. Chloroplast c. Mitochondriac. Mitochondria d. Endoplasmic reticulume. Ribosomes

2. All of the following elements are found in a molecule of DNA EXCEPTa. carbon b. phosphorus c. nitrogen d. oxygene.e. sulfursulfur

3. A paleontologist comes across a preserved fossil of organic matter made up of cells that have ribosomes, a nucleus, an endoplasmic reticulum, a cell membrane and the remains of a cell wall, a Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts. This organic matter could have belonged to which of the following organisms?

a. a fungusb. a virusc. a bacteriumd. an animal• a planta plant

4. The molecule that enters the Krebs cycle during the process of cell respiration is which of the following?

a. oxaloacetateb. carbon dioxidec. acetyl-CoAacetyl-CoAd. citratee. RuBP

5. Which of the following macromolecules are polymers of glucose and act as storage polysaccharides in plants and animals?

a. Chitin and celluloseb. Starch and glycogenStarch and glycogenc. Cellulose and glycerold. Chitin and glucosee. Cellulose and starch

6. When water moves from liquid form to gas form, which of the following types of bonds is broken?

a. Covalent bondsb. Polar covalent bondsc. Ionic bondsd. Hydrogen bondsd. Hydrogen bondse. Van der Waals forces

7. In photosynthesis, which of the following processes is the most direct result of the input of light energy from the sun?

a. The reduction of NADPb. The creation of a proton gradient across the cristae.c. The reduction of ADPd. The functioning of ATP synthasee. The excitation of electrons in photoystems I and IIThe excitation of electrons in photoystems I and II

8. The primary structure of proteins is made up of amino acids that are joined by which of the following types of bonds?

a. Ionicb. PeptidePeptidec. Doubled. Hydrogene. Disulfide

9. In order to synthesize one molecule of glucose in photosynthesis, how many molecules of CO2 must enter the Calvin cycle?

a. OneB. Twoc. Threed. Foure. SixSix

10. Which of the following is a catabolic (breakdown) process that occurs in the absence of oxygen and results in a partial degradation of sugar molecules?

a. Aerobic respirationb. Oxidative phophorylationc. FermentationFermentationd. The Calvin cyclee. Noncyclic photophosphorylation

11. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by doing which of the following?a. Increasing the number of substrate molecules available for reactingb. Lowering the activation energy of the reactionLowering the activation energy of the reactionc. Changing the direction of the reactiond. Decreasing the G of the reactantse. Decreasing the G of the products

12. In oxidative phosphorylation, the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is which of the following?a. NAD+b. NADPHc. Waterd. OxygenOxygene. Carbon Dioxide13. Which of the following can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

I. RibosomesII. Nuclear EnvelopeIII. Plasma MembraneIV. Cell wallV. Endoplasmic reticulum

a. All of the aboveb. I, III, Vc. I, III, IV. I, III, IVd. I, II, III, IVe. II, III, IV

14. In proteins, disulfide bridges contribute to which of the following levels of structure?a. Primaryb. Secondaryc. TertiaryTertiaryd. Quartenarye. Induced fit

15. In summer, the leaves of plants absorb which of the following colors least effectively?a. Redb. Bluec. Violetd. GreenGreen• Yellow

16. Which of the following types of cells of the body would probably contain the most mitochondria?

a. Liver cellsb. Muscle cellsMuscle cellsc. Neuronsd. Adipose (fat) tissuee. Epidermal cells

17. Under a microscope, a biologist sees a cell engulfing food particles from the surrounding medium. The cell extends pseudopodia around the food, completely enclosing it and packaging it into a large sac. Which type of endocytosis is this?a. Pinocytosisb. Receptor-mediated endocytosisc. Phagocytosisc. Phagocytosisd. Exocytosise. Cotransport

18. Which of the following is not a correctly paired functional group?a. Hydroxyl – OH-b. Amine -NH2c. Phosphate – PO4-d. Carbonyl- COOHCarbonyl- COOHe. Sulfhydryl- SH

20. Glycolysis results in the net production of how many molecules of ATP?a. Oneb. TwoTwoc. Fourd. Thirty twoe.Thirty six

21. Carbon dioxide is produced during which stage of cell respiration?a. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycleb. Stage 2 (oxidation of pyruvic acid) and the Krebs CycleStage 2 (oxidation of pyruvic acid) and the Krebs Cyclec. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosisd. The Calvin cyclee. Oxidative phosphorylation

Questions 22-24: Use the following list of choices (once, more than once or not at all)

a. cholesterolb. glycoprotein (oligosaccharide)c. phospholipids bilayerd. extracellular matrixe. integral (intrinsic) protein

22. The membrane component that plays the most critical role in cell-to-cell signaling and recognition BB

23. A steroid; it reduces the fluidity of membranes at moderate temperature AA24. Used for transport through the membrane during facilitated diffusion of ions or

large macromolecules EE

Questions 25-27, refer to the diagram below of a cross section of a plant leaf.

25. The most photosynthesis in the plant leaf occurs in these cells. B- palisades layerB- palisades layer

26. Represents the vascular tissue of the plant leaf. E- xylem and phloemE- xylem and phloem

27. Represents the site of the most of the transpiration in a plant leaf. D- stomatesD- stomates

A

C

D

B

E

28. The tendency of water molecules to stick together is known asa. adhesionb. cohesionb. cohesionc. surface tensiond. hydratione. vaporization

29. Which of the following structures in plants is analogous to the cleavage furrow that appears during mitosis in animal cells?a. mitotic spindleb. kinetochorec. cell platec. cell plated. chromatidse. centrosome

30.

31. Fermentation, unlike oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration) can occur in the absence of which of the following?a. waterb. carbon dioxidec. NADHd. ATPe. Oxygene. Oxygen

32. All of the following contribute to the fluidity of the cell membrane at normal, moderate temperature EXCEPTa. phospholipids lateral movementb. the presence of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the membrane phospholipidsc. the movement of certain membrane-embedded proteinsd. the presence of cholesterol moleculesd. the presence of cholesterol moleculese. the ability of phospholipids to occasionally flip-flop

33.

34. All of the following are true of both the process of chemiosmosis in plant cells during photosynthesis and cell respiration in animal cells EXCEPTa. they both take place across a membraneb. both processes include electron transport chainsc. in both processes, the source of energy that initiates the electron transport chain is c. in both processes, the source of energy that initiates the electron transport chain is NADHNADHd. in both processes, an H+ gradient is set up across the membranee. in both processes, an H+ gradient drives the synthesis of ATP

35. The bonding of two glucose molecules to form maltose requiresa. the release of a water moleculea. the release of a water moleculeb. the addition of a water moleculec. the release of a carbon dioxide moleculed. the release of diatomic oxygene. an input of ADP

36. Which of the following organelles is especially large and predominant in cells whose main function is to secrete, modify and package certain cell products?a. Endoplasmic reticulumb. Golgi apparatusb. Golgi apparatusc. Nucleusd. Ribosomese. Vacuole

37. How is the energy of ATP used in photosynthesis?a. It is used to drive the electron transport chain in the light reactions.b. Its energy is used to split water in the thylakoids and release H+ to create the gradient used to drive oxidative phosphorylation.c. ATP drives the reactions that occur in the Calvin cyclec. ATP drives the reactions that occur in the Calvin cycle.d. One of the phosphate groups is transferred to NADH to produce NADPH during the light reactions.e. The energy from it is used to create NADH from NAD+.

38. The first stable sugar, a three carbon molecule, produced by the Calvin cycle isa. acetyl-CoAb. glucosec. PGAL (G3P)c. PGAL (G3P)d. rubiscoe. RuBP

39. Plant cells, animal cells and bacteria all have which of the following in common?I. A large, central vacuoleII. Ribosomes that can float free in the cytoplasmIII. A membrane-bound nucleus

a. I and IIb. I onlyc. II onlyc. II onlyd. II and III onlye. III only

40. Proteins are capable of carrying out all of the following functions in animals EXCEPT

a. coordinating the body’s activities through chemical messagesb. aiding in the transport of substances through the circulationc. protecting the body from diseased. aiding in muscle movemente. storing energy for later use by the bodye. storing energy for later use by the body

Questions 41-43 – Use the list below (once, more than once or not at all)a. Cotransportb. Active transportc. Facilitated diffusiond. Pinocytosise. Receptor mediated endocytosis

• The sodium-potassium pump is an example of this type of transport. BB• A non-specific form of endocytosis involving cellular drinking. DD43. A form of passive transport that enables ionic molecules to cross the cell

membrane. CC44. ATP drives a pump that concentrates a specific substance on one side of the membrane; this gradient drives the movement of another substance across the membrane. AA

45. Which of the following is an example of simple diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer of a membrane?

a. The movement of H+ into the thylakoid space during photosynthesisb. The uptake of neurotransmitters by the postsynaptic membrane during the transmission

of a nerve impulsec. The movement of oxygen in the alveoli across the epithelia membrane and into the c. The movement of oxygen in the alveoli across the epithelia membrane and into the

bloodstreambloodstreamd. The exchange of sodium and potassium across a cell membrane through the Na+/K+

pumpe. The movement of glucose across the body cell membranes and the cells of the liver,

which stores it as glycogen

46. The stomata-the openings on the underside surface of a plant leaf through which carbon dioxide is taken up and oxygen is expelled- are opened up as a result ofa. movement of mesophylls away from the stomatal openingb increased turgidity in the guard cellsb increased turgidity in the guard cellsc. decreased turgidity in the guard cellsd. growth of the guard cells toward the mesophylle. elongation of the guard cells toward the mesophyll

47.

48. The lysosome has a high content ofa. hydrolytic enzymesa. hydrolytic enzymesb. cytochromesc. DNAd. chlorophylle. ribosomes

49. Which of the following would not increase the rate of transpiration in an angiosperm (flowering plant)?a. morning sunshineb. an increase in temperature from 20C to 30Cc. an increase in relative humidityc. an increase in relative humidityd. an increase in the water content of the soile. an increase in air velocity

50. A fundamental difference between plants and animals concerns the ability toa. break down carbohydrates b fix CO2 into sugarb fix CO2 into sugarc. adapt to appropriate environmentsd. carry on respiratione. resist diseases

51. The nucleolus is believed to function mainly in the a. provision of energy to the cellb. synthesis of ribosomes using rRNA and proteinsb. synthesis of ribosomes using rRNA and proteinsc. synthesis of DNAd. secretion of enzymese.manufacture of lipids

52. Which of the following is true about an enzyme?a. An enzyme is stable at high temperatures.b. An enzyme is a vitamin.c. An enzyme increases the activation energy of substrate and hence accelerates reactions.d. An enzyme catalyzes a reaction that is theoretically impossible otherwisee. An enzyme combines chemically with a substrate to form a temporary enzyme-e. An enzyme combines chemically with a substrate to form a temporary enzyme-substrate complexsubstrate complex

53. By using the isotope O18 as a tracer element in studying photosynthesis. It has been possible to show that the O2 released in the process comes froma. O16

b. Sugarc. Carbon dioxide onlyd. Water onlyd. Water onlye. Carbon dioxide and water

54. Aerobic respiration and alcoholic fermentation are alike in all of the following ways EXCEPT:a. both release energy from glucose b. Acetaldehyde is converted into ethyl alcohol.b. Acetaldehyde is converted into ethyl alcohol.c. ADP is changed to ATP.d. CO2 is a producte. NAD is reduced

Questions 55-57 – Use the list below (once, more than once or not at alla. Hydrolysisb. Phosphorylation

c. Glycolysis d. Dehydration synthesis

e. Decarboxylation

55. Reaction that converts ADP to ATP. BB56. Reaction that converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol. AA57. Reaction that converts glucose to pyruvic acid. CC

58. Plant cells differ from animal cells in all of the following ways EXCEPTa. presence of cell wallsb. presence of chloroplastsc. lack of centriolesd. lack of mitochondriad. lack of mitochondriae. none of the above

59. Which is produced in glycolysis?a. NADHNADHb. FADH2c. carbon dioxidee. ethanolf. H2O

60. In changes from warm to cold environments, ectotherms willa. shiver to generate heatb. actively cool the body by internal mechanismsc. maintain a constant body temperatured. Use hair or fur for extra insulatione. decrease respiratory ratee. decrease respiratory rate

61. Facilitated diffusion:a. only transports solutes into the cellb. transports solutes passively down its concentration gradientb. transports solutes passively down its concentration gradientc. requires ATP as its energy sourced. is the cells’ only mechanism of movemente. is demonstrated by the sodium-potassium pump

62. CO2+H2O+light energy C6H12O6+O2+H2O summarizes which process in plants?a. oxidative phosphorylationb. fermentationc. photosynthesisc. photosynthesisd. citric acid (Krebs cycle)e. digestion

63. What is chitin?a. a contractile protein responsible for the movement of muscles, cilia, and flagellab. one of the ten essential amino acidsc. a polysaccharide used by arthropods to form exoskeletonsc. a polysaccharide used by arthropods to form exoskeletonsd. a precursor of steroid hormonese. the major component of plant cell walls that human cannot digest

64.

Choice D is also correct

65. A common feature of starch and glycogen is that molecules of botha. form microfibrils that give support to connective tissue fibersb. contain repeated monomers of glucose and galactosec. are important structural components of plant cell wallsd. are polymers of glucosed. are polymers of glucosee. are water-soluble disaccharides

66. Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs citric acid cycle and the Calvin (light independent) cycle?

a. They both result in a net production of ATP and NADHb. They both require a net input of ATPc. They both result in a release of oxygend. They both take place within the cytoplasmic matrixe. They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organellee. They both are carried out by enzymes located within an organelle’’s matrix.s matrix.

67. The function of water in photosynthesis is toa. combine with carbon dioxideb. absorb light energyc. supply electrons in the light-dependent reactionsc. supply electrons in the light-dependent reactionsd. transport H+ ions in the light-independent (dark) reactionse. provide oxygen for the light-independent (dark) reactions

68. When hydrogen ions are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the space between the inner and outer membranes, the result is

a. damage to the mitochondrionb. the reduction of NADc. the restoration of Na-K balance across the membraned. the creation of a proton gradientd. the creation of a proton gradiente. the lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix

Questions 69-71- Use choices from the list below, once, more than once or not at all.

a. Centrioleb. Lysosomec. Nucleolusd. Peroxisomee. Ribosome

69. Contains catalase for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. DD

70. Assembles ribosomal precursors. CC

71. Contains hydrolytic enzymes associated with intracellular digestion of macromolecules. BB

For questions 72-76, use the choices from the list below, once, more than once, or not at all.

a. Chemiosmosisb. Electron Transport Chainc. The Krebs Cycled. Glycolysise. Fermentation

72. The process by which glucose is split into pyruvate. DD

• The process by which a hydrogen gradient is used to create ATP. AA

• A process that regenerates NAD+ and can produce lactic acid as a product. EE

• A series of membrane embedded electron carriers that ultimately create the hydrogen ion gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP. BB

76. The process by which the carbon compounds are recycled as CO2 is produced. CC

77. Which of the following statements best supports the idea that certain cell organelles are evolutionarily derived from symbiotic prokaryotes living in host cells?

a. The process of cell respiration in certain prokaryotes is similar to that occurring in mitochondria and chloroplasts.b. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have linear DNA and tertiary proteins that are very similar to those in prokaryotes.c. Mitochondria and prokaryotes have similar cell wall structure.d. Like prokaryotes, mitochondria have a double membrane.e. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar DNA and ribosomes to e. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar DNA and ribosomes to prokaryotes.prokaryotes.

78. All of the following are results of hydrogen bonding EXCEPTa. the high specific heat of waterb. the ability of some insects to walk on waterc. the polarity of the water moleculec. the polarity of the water moleculed. the fact that solid water is less dense than liquid watere. the relatively high boiling point of water.

79. All of the following cell organelles are surrounded by phospholipid bilayer membranes EXCEPTa. chloroplastsb. nucleic. ribosomesc. ribosomesd. mitochondriae. lysosomes

For Questions 80-82, use the choices listed below, once, more than once, or not at all.

a. Allosteric proteinb. Feedback inhibitionc. Competitive inhibitord. Noncompetitive inhibitore. Cofactor

80. A molecule that looks similar to the normal substrate and competes for the active site of the enzyme to stop the reaction.

81. A molecule that binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site, causing the enzyme to change shape and be unable to bind to the substrate.

82. The process by which a metabolic pathway is shut off by the product it produces.

83. All of the following are types of wastes secreted by animals EXCEPTa. Ammoniab. Ureac.. Uric acidd. Carbon dioxidee. Nitratee. Nitrate

84. Consumption of CO2 can be used as a measure of photosynthetic rate because carbon dioxide is

a. Consumed during the light reactions

b. Consumed during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesisb. Consumed during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

c. Used to trap photons, the form of energy in sunlight.

d. Necessary for the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

e. Produced when fermentation takes place.

85. Which substances are components of the plasma membrane of a cell?

a.a. GlycoproteinsGlycoproteins b. Nucleic acids c. Ribozymes d. Phytochromes

e. Sodium ions

86. Which of the following can be viewed with a light microscope?a. Ribosome'sb. Golgi apparatusc. Nucleusc. Nucleusd. Lipidse. Proteins

87. In photosynthesis, most ATP is produced as a result of which of the following processes?a. The Krebs citric acid cycleb. Carbon fixationc. The dark reactionsd. The Calvin cycle e. Photolysis and the chemiosmosis of H+ ions through the thylakoidse. Photolysis and the chemiosmosis of H+ ions through the thylakoids.

88. The movement of H+ ions down their concentrations gradient along the inner mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase during chemiosmosis of cellular respiration is an example of what type of movement across the membrane?

a. Active transportb. Facilitated diffusionb. Facilitated diffusionc. Cotransportd. Simple diffusione. The work of an antiport

89. In which part of the kidney will glomeruli be found?a. Proximal convoluted tubuleb. cortexc. medullad. pelvis

90. In the kidney the ureter is connected directly to the:a. urethrab. cortexc. medullad. Pelvis

91. The reason why some desert mammas have very long loops of Henle is becausea. It allows them to conserve waterb. It reduces the loss of nutrientsc. They can stay in their burrows during the heat of the dayd. They increase the amount of urea lost

92. Which of the following ions initiate an action potential? a. potassium

b. calcium c. sodiumd. Phosphate

93. Which of the following structures secretes glucagon? a. Pancreas

b. hypothalamusc. Pineal glandd. Thyroid gland

For questions 94-97, refer to the following:A. Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)B. The cytosolC. Thylakoid membranesD. RibosomesE. Nucleus

94. Where DNA is replicated prior to cell division. EE95. Where chlorophyll and carotenoids are located. CC96. The location of glycolysis. BB97. Where the enzyme catalase is first manufactured. DD

98. How are steroid hormones able to cross cell membranes and enter cells?

a. Steroids and cell membranes both contain receptor proteins.

b. Steroids are polar, and the cell membrane is polar on the inside of the lipid bilayer.

c. Steroids are non-polar lipids, so they enter the cell via the c. Steroids are non-polar lipids, so they enter the cell via the phospholipid portion of the membrane by diffusion.phospholipid portion of the membrane by diffusion.

d. Steroids can diffusion through open channel proteins in the membrane.

e. Steroids move the cell membranes the same way water moves.

99. All of the following are functions of microtubules of the cell EXCEPTa. Components of cilia, used for locomotionb. Components of flagellum, used for locomotionc. Involvement in the movement of chromosomes during cell division.d. Components of the cytoskeleton to function in cell support.e. Part of the nuclear membrane.

100. Which of the following is the site of macromolecule hydrolysis in the cell?a. Mitochondria b. Centrosome c. Lysosomed. Golgi apparatus e. Ribosome

101. One way to best measure the metabolic rate of a cell would be to measure the rate at which

a. Carbon dioxide is consumed by the cellb. Oxygen is consumed by the cellb. Oxygen is consumed by the cellc. Water is consumed by the celld. Oxygen is produced by the celle. Glucose is produced by the cell

102. In certain plant cells, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the followinga. Ribosomes and mitochondriab. Ribosomes and chloroplasts.c. Mitochondria and chloroplastsc. Mitochondria and chloroplastsd. Mitochondria and the cytoplasme. Chloroplasts and the cytoplasm

103. The plasma membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold bya. Decreasing the number of cholesterol molecules presentb. Closing protein channelsc. Decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins presentd. Replacing saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acidsReplacing saturated fatty acids with unsaturated fatty acids.e. Using fatty acids with longer tails104. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis all involve

a. the intake of large food moleculesb. invagination of the plasma membraneinvagination of the plasma membranec. the export of macromoleculesd. the presence of receptor proteinse. the intake of fluids of the cell.

105. Which of the following is the driving force for facilitated diffusion?a. Concentration gradientConcentration gradientb. ATP hydrolysisc. ADP hydrolysisd.. Phosphorylatione. GTPGDP exchange

106. The two sides of a membrane can be split apart from each other by an experimental technique known as freeze-fracturing. When one side of a free-fractured membrane is examined under the electron microscope, the exposed interior of the membrane bilayer appears to be covered with bumps. These bumps are most likelya. Integral membrane proteinsa. Integral membrane proteinsb. Ice crystalsc. Glycolipidsd. Organellese. vesicles

107. The component of a signal transduction pathway after the signal itself, is a(n) a. Responder

b. Receptorb. Receptorc. Transducerd. Effector e. Cyclic Amp

108. Building blocks of proteinsa. A and Cb. B and Hb. B and Hc. B, F and Id. C and De. B, E, F and I

109. One of the monomers ofcarbohydratesa. A b. B c. Cd. Dd. D e. E

F.

B.

G. H. I.

C.

D. E.

A.

110. The building blocks of nucleic acids known as nucleotides

a. C and Ea. C and Eb. A and Gc. C and Dd. F and Ie. B and E

111. All of the following are true about the molecules seen below EXCEPT,

a. They are made of repeating units of amino acids

b. They have achieved the level of protein structure represented by the quaternary level.

c. They have different structures but similar functions.c. They have different structures but similar functions.

d. Peptide bonds were used to create their basic primary structure.

e. Their structures are held together by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, van der Waal forces and hydrophobic interactions.

112. Besides supplying the cell with ATP and NADH, the Krebs citric acid cyclea. breaks down glucoseb. produces ATP from NAD+c. uses oxygen in its cyclic reactionsd. converts lactic acid to pyruvic acide. makes carbon dioxide and FADHe. makes carbon dioxide and FADH22

113. Cyanide blocks the respiratory electron transport chain. As a result.a. the Krebs cycle speeds up.b. electrons and hydrogens cannot flow from NADH to oxygen.electrons and hydrogens cannot flow from NADH to oxygen.c. three ATPs are produced for every pair of electrons.d. production of water increases.e. glycolysis is inhibited.

114. Which one of the following is NOT associated with cold-blooded animals?a. Body temperature close to environmental temperature.b. Low metabolic rate at 10C.c. Insulating hair or feathers.c. Insulating hair or feathers.d. Metabolic rate that varies with environmental temperature.e. Sluggish behavior in cold temperatures

115. During cyclic photophosphorylationa. Electron flow causes H+ ions to be transported into the thylakoida. Electron flow causes H+ ions to be transported into the thylakoidb. NADPH is produced.c. Water is split.d. Both photosystems I and II are involved.e. Oxygen is generated.

116. The dark reactions of photosynthesis take place withina. Membranes surrounding the chloroplastb. Thylakoids of the chloroplastsc. Cytoplasm outside the chloroplastd. Stroma of the chloroplast.d. Stroma of the chloroplast.e. Vacuole

117. All of the following take place in BOTH photosynthesis and respiration EXCEPT

a. Electron flowb. Splitting of waterb. Splitting of waterc. Synthesis of ATPd. Transfer of electrons to carrier moleculese. Establishment of an H+ ion gradient

The old saying "one rotten apple spoils the whole barrel" is due to chemical signaling in plants via A)an increased uptake of carbon dioxide during respiration in target cells.B)an uptake of ethylene gas moving from a ripened apple to other apples around it.C)an increase of NO gas causing cells to accelerate growth.D)An uptake of plant hormones like auxins which stimulate ripening exposed to sunlight.

118.

119. A plant cell placed in a hypotonic environment willa. Lose water and become flaccidb. Actively transport salts out of the cellc. Take up water and burstd. Take up water and become turgidd. Take up water and become turgide. Become impermeable to prevent water loss.

120. All of the following are functions of the mammalian kidney EXCEPTa. Removal of excess sodium loss from the blood.b. Reabsorption of salts and sugar from blood filtrate.c. Filtration of the bloodd. Concentration of urinee. Production of adrenalinee. Production of adrenaline

121. A response to changes in the length of the light is known asa.a. PhotopheriodismPhotopheriodismb. Phototropismc. Photosynthesisd. Photoaxise. Photolysis

122. The oxygen in our atmosphere is a product ofa. the splitting of carbon dioxide during photosynthesisb. cyclic photophosphorylationc. noncyclic photophosphorylationc. noncyclic photophosphorylationd. both cyclic and noncylic photophosphorylatione. the Calvin cycle

123. According to the current model of the sodium-potassium pumpa. Na+ ions are pumped out of the cell and K+ ions are pumped in.b. hydrolysis of ATP is required.c. phosphorylation of the protein moleculed. all of the above.d. all of the above.

124. A beet core is placed in a beaker filled with distilled water. If the pressure potential of the beet core is = -2 and the solute potential = -4. Using the formula you learned in your lab on diffusion and osmosis and your knowledge of biology to determine the water potential of both the distilled water and the beet core.a. Water potential in the beaker = 0; water potential in the beet core =0b. Water potential in the beaker = 0; water potential in the beet core =-0.2b. Water potential in the beaker = 0; water potential in the beet core =-0.2c. Water potential in the beaker = 0; water potential in the beet core = +0.2d. Water potential in the beaker cannot be calculated; water potential in the beet core = 0.2e. Water potential cannot be calculated; water potential in the beet core = -0.2

125. Given the same example of the beet core in the distilled water as stated above, what would happen to the beet core cells after 24 hours?

a. The beet core will lose water to the surrounding environment.b. The cells in the beet core are likely to undergo plasmolysisc. The beet core will likely gain so much water that its cells will rupture.d. The beet core cells would become turgid.d. The beet core cells would become turgid.e. The beet core cells will crenate and lyse.

                                                               

126. Why don’t red blood cells pop in your bloodstreama. The blood provides an isotonic environment to your cells.a. The blood provides an isotonic environment to your cells.b. The blood provides a hypotonic environment to your cells.c. The blood provides a hypertonic environment to your cells.d. Red blood cells are impermeable to water.e. Red blood cells have a wall that prevents them from popping.

127. . Which bag would you predict to show the least change in mass at the end of the experiment?

1 2 3 4 5a. The bag in beaker 1

b. The bag in beaker 2

c.c. The bag in beaker 3The bag in beaker 3

d. The bag in beaker 4

e. The bag in beaker 5

128. Which beaker(s) contain(s) a solution that is hypertonic to the bag?

                                                            

a. Beaker 3

b. Beakers 2 and 4

c.c. Beakers 1, 2 and 5Beakers 1, 2 and 5

d. Beaker 4

e. Beakers 3 and 4

1 2 53 4

129. Using the same diagram shown above, arrange the beakers in order of the mass of the bags inside them after the experiment has run for 30 minutes. List the bag that loses the most mass first.

a. 1,2, 3, 4, and 5 e. 2, 1, 5, 3 and 4e. 2, 1, 5, 3 and 4

b. 1, 5, 2, 3, and 4

c. 4, 3, 2, 5 and 1

d. 3, 2, 1, 4 and 5

130. During what time interval is the enzyme working at its maximum velocity?

                                         

a.a. 0-30 seconds0-30 seconds

b. 60-120 seconds

c. 120-180 seconds

d. Over the entire time course

131. In order to keep the rate constant over the entire time course, which of the following should be done?

                                         

a. Add more enzyme

b. Gradually increase the temperature after 60 seconds.

c.c. Add more substrateAdd more substrate

d. Add sulfuric acid after 60 seconds.

132 What is the role of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the enzyme titration experiment?

a. It is the substrate on which catalase acts. b. It binds with the remaining hydrogen peroxide during the titration. c. It accelerates the reactions between enzyme and substrate. d. It blocks the active site of the enzyme. e. It denatures the enzyme by altering the active sitee. It denatures the enzyme by altering the active site.

                                         

133. A student was performing a titration for this laboratory, and accidentally exceeded the endpoint. What would be the best step to obtain good data for this point?a. Estimate the amount of KMnO4 that was in excess and substrate this from the result.

b. Repeat the experiment using the reserved remaining sample.b. Repeat the experiment using the reserved remaining sample. c. Obtain data for this point from another group. d. Prepare a graph of the data without this point, and then read the estimated

value from the graph.

134. The cell theory states that:a. living organisms are composed of cellsb. cells come from pre existing cellsc. cells are the smallest unit of lifed. all of the above

135. the hormone that controls water uptake in the collecting duct is released from thea. hypothalamusb. pituitary glandc. pancreasd. kidney

136. Glucose is transferred from the filtrate in the proximal tubule to the plasma bya. active transport and diffusionb. active transport and osmosisc. osmosis and diffusiond. diffusion only

                  

137. Based on your results from the chromatography lab, select the true statement

a. The Rf for carotene can be determined by dividing the distance the yellow-orange pigment (carotene) migrated by the distance the solvent front migrated.b. The Rf value of chlorophyll b will be higher than the Rf value for chlorophyll a.

c. The molecules of xanthophyll are not easily dissolved in this solvent, and thus are probably larger in mass than the chlorophyll b molecules.d. If this same chromatogram were set up and run for twice as long, the Rf values would be twice as great for each pigment.

138. If a different solvent were used for the chlorophyll chromatography as performed in lab, what results would you expect?a. The distances traveled by each pigment will be different, but the Rf a. The distances traveled by each pigment will be different, but the Rf values will stay the samevalues will stay the same..b. The relative position of the bands will be different.c. The results will be the same if the time is held constant.d. The Rf values of some pigments might exceed 1.0.

139. What is the Rf value for carotene calculated from the chromatogram below?

                              

a. 1.09

b. 0.17

c.c. 0.960.96

d. 0.33

e. 0.50

140. Which graph would be the most likely result of performing the photosynthesis experiment using fresh chloroplasts placed in light and DPIP?

                                                                                       

a. A b. B c. C d. Dd. D e. E147. What is the best explanation for graph B?

                                                                                        a. The DPIP was too pale at the beginning of the experiment.

b. The chloroplast solution was too concentrated.

c. The experimenter used chloroplasts that were damaged and could not c. The experimenter used chloroplasts that were damaged and could not respond to light.respond to light.

d. The blank was not properly used to calibrate the spectrophotometer.

142. What is the role of DPIP in the photosynthesis experimenta. It mimics the action of chlorophyll b by absorbing light energy.b. It serves as an electron donor and blocks the formation of NADPH.c.c. It is an electron acceptor and is reduced by electrons from chlorophyll.It is an electron acceptor and is reduced by electrons from chlorophyll.d. It is bleached in the presence of light and can be used to measure light levels.e. It acts in the same way water does in non-cyclic photophosphorylation.

143. Some students were not able to get many data points in the photosynthesis experiment because the solution went from blue to colorless in only 5 minutes for the unboiled chloroplasts exposed to light. What modification to the experiment do you think would be most likely to provide better results?a. Increase the number of chloroplasts used from 3 to 5. b. Increase the volume of DPIP since the initial concentration may be too b. Increase the volume of DPIP since the initial concentration may be too dilute.dilute.

c. Modify the blank (cuvette used to calibrate the spectrophotometer) so that the initial transmittance is higher.

d. Use fresher spinach to prepare the chloroplast suspension. e. Change the wavelength at which readings are taken.

144. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data?

                                                               

a. The rate of respiration is higher in nongerminating seeds than in germinating seeds

b. Nongerminating peas are not alive, and show no difference in rate of respiration at different temperatures.

c. The rate of respiration in the germinating seeds would have been higher if the experiment were conducted in sunlight.

d. The rate of respiration increases as the temperature increases in both germinating d. The rate of respiration increases as the temperature increases in both germinating and nongerminating seeds.and nongerminating seeds.

e. The amount of oxygen consumed could be increased if pea seeds were substituted for corn seeds.

145. What is the role of KOH in the respiration lab?

a. It serves as an electron donor to promote cellular respiration.

b. As KOH breaks down, the oxygen needed for cellular respiration is released.

c. It serves as a temporary energy source for the respiring organism.

d. It binds with carbon dioxide to form a solid, preventing CO2 d. It binds with carbon dioxide to form a solid, preventing CO2 production from affecting gas volumeproduction from affecting gas volume..

e. Its attraction for water will cause water to enter the respirometer.

146. Which line indicates a guard cell?

                                 

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4d. 4 e. 5

147. What tissue is indicated by label line 1?

                                 

a. Phloem

b.b. EpidermisEpidermis

c. Xylem

d. Mesophyll

e. Endodermis

148. All of the following enhance water transport in terrestrial plants EXCEPT: a. Hydrogen bonds linking water molecules b. Capillary action due to adhesion of water molecules to the walls of xylem c. Evaporation of water from the leaves. d. K+ being transported out of the guard cellsd. K+ being transported out of the guard cells

149. Under conditions of bright light, in which part of a transpiring plant would water potential be lowest?a. Xylem vessels in the leaves.

b. Xylem vessels in the roots. c. Root hairs d. Spongy mesophyll of the leavesd. Spongy mesophyll of the leaves e. Xylem vessels in the stems.

150. What type of environment would result in the greatest rate of transpiration. a. Cloudy, humid conditions. b. Warm, humid conditions. c. Warm, light, breezy conditions.c. Warm, light, breezy conditions.

d. Cool, humid conditions

151. Which of the following organisms would show the greatest fluctuation in body temperature hour by hour?

a. Dolphin

b. Mouse

c. Rattlesnakec. Rattlesnake

d. Bat

e. Human

152. What is the relationship between metabolic rate and body temperature in Daphnia?

a. As the body temperature increases, the metabolic rate decreases.

b. An increase of 10C results in a doubling of metabolic rate.b. An increase of 10C results in a doubling of metabolic rate.

c. Heart rate increases as body temperature decreases.

d. Cellular enzymes are less active at 35C than at 20C, resulting in decreased metabolic rate.

153. A student wanted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on plant growth, so she took two similar plants and set them on a window sill for a two-week observation period. She watered each plant the same amount, but she gave one a small dose of fertilizer with each watering. She collected data by counting the total number of new leaves on each plant and also measured the height of each plant in centimeters.Which of the following is a significant flaw in this experimental set-up?

a. There is no independent variable.b. There is no control group.c.c. There is no repetition in replicating the experimentThere is no repetition in replicating the experiment.d. Measurable results cannot be expected.e. It will take too many days for data collection.

154. Which of the following hypotheses is best stated?a.a. If pillbugs are allowed free movement, then more will be found in a moist If pillbugs are allowed free movement, then more will be found in a moist

environment than in a dry environment.environment than in a dry environment.

b. If pillbugs like a moist environment, then they will move to the wet side of a choice chamber.

c. If an experiment with pillbugs is run for 10 minutes, then more pillbugs will be found in the most favorable environment.

d. Pillbugs are found in moist habitats, so I predict that more will be found where it is wet.

Questions 155-157

a. Insulin

b. Acetylcholine

c. Glucagon

d. Epinephrine (adrenaline)

e. Dopamine

155. A signal that induces an increase in heart rate, dilation of the bronchioles and breakdown of glycogen into glucose for increased muscle activity. DD

156. A neurotransmitter in the brain that is associated with feelings of enjoyment; lacking in patients with Parkinson's disease. EE

157. A hormone made in the pancreas that puts sugar from cells into the blood. CC

158. What happens to the color of DPIP when photosynthesis occurs? Why?

A. It gets darker colored because it is reduced.B. It gets lighter colored because it is reduced.C. It gets darker colored because it is oxidized.D. It gets lighter colored because it is oxidized.E. It gets darker colored because it gains electrons.F. More than one of the above is a correct explanation.

159. During the lab, what was the measurement that you read off the Spec 20?A. The rate of photosynthesis of the sampleB. The % absorbance of the sampleC. The % transmittance of the sampleD. More than one of the above

160. When the % transmittance increases during the photosynthesis lab,A. photosynthesis has occurred so the DPIP gets lighter.B. photosynthesis has occurred so the chloroplasts get darker.C. photosynthesis has occurred so the chloroplasts get lighter from absorbing

light energy.D. photosynthesis has occurred so the DPIP gets darker.

161. What data set would be sufficient to calculate photosynthetic rate?

A. The average % T for two trials of cold, warm and hot cuvettes at 10 minutes.

B. % T at 5 minutes for cold, warm and hot cuvettes.C. % T at 0 and 15 minutes for cold, warm and hot cuvettes.D. Amount of DPIP added to each cuvette.

162. The reason the % transmittance increases during the photosynthesis lab is that A. the cyclic light reactions have caused the DPIP

to get lighter.B. the noncyclic light reactions have reduced the

DPIP.C. the Calvin cycle has occurred so more CO2 is

made.D. more oxygen has been released to perform

oxidative phosphorylation.

163. Which tube showed the greatest initial rate of photosynthesis? Explain.

0 3 6 159 12Time (min)

% T

rans

mitt

ance

30

40

50

60

70Green

Red

Blue

GREEN RED BLUE

The slope of the blue line is highest from 0-3 minutes.

47-32/3-0 = 15/3 = 5% per minute for blue

59-49/3-0 = 10/3 = 3.3% per minute for red

63-62/3-0 = 1/3 = 0.3% per minute for green

164. Why did each of the lines level off between 12-15 minutes? Explain.

0 3 6 159 12Time (min)

% T

rans

mitt

ance

30

40

50

60

70Green

Red

Blue

Photosynthesis is affected by limiting factors such as the maximum absorption of different wavelengths of light. (There are just so many electrons that can get excited in the photosystems)

165.

166.

168.

167.

169.

170.

171.

172

173.

Choice D is also correct

174

175

177

176

178

183.

184.