“stuff” matter and energy. what is matter? matter is anything that has both mass and volume....
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“STUFF”
Matter and Energy
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What is Matter?
Matter is anything that has both mass and volume.
Mass is a measurement of the amount of “stuff” in an object.
Volume is a measurement of the quantity of space that an object occupies.
Note: Weight is not the same thing as mass. Weight is the force of gravity on an object.
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What is Matter Made of?
All matter is made up of atoms.An atom is the smallest unit of an element that has the properties of that element.
All of the known elements can be found on the Periodic Table.
Atoms are combined in various ways to make up all of the different kinds of matter.
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Physical Properties
A physical property of a substance is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical makeup of a substance.
Physical properties include:color odor
density viscosity
hardness malleability
melting point electrical conductivity
boiling point slipperiness
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Extensive vs. IntensiveProperties
Depend on amount of substance present mass length volume
Independent of amount of substance density boiling point melting point
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Chemical Properties
A chemical property is a characteristic of matter that describes the ability of a substance to change (or not change) composition when in contact with other substances.
Examples of chemical properties include:burns in air is toxicexplodes decomposes when heatedreacts with certain acidsreacts with certain metals
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Physical Changes
A physical change is a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.
grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling
A change of state is a physical change of a substance from one state to another.
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States of Matter
Solid – definite shape and volumeLiquid – constant volume but shapes
changes with the containerGas – takes shape of container and
fills the entire volume of the containerPlasma – ionized, highly reactive gas
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Chemical Changes
A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or chemical reaction.
The key difference between a physical and chemical change is that a chemical change always produces a new substance. In a physical change, the substance does not change into something else.
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Describing a Chemical Reaction
Indications of a Chemical Reaction
Evolution of heat, light, and/or sound
Production of a gas
Formation of a precipitate
Color change
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Signs of Chemical Reactions
There are five main signs that indicate a chemical reaction has taken place:
change in color change in odor production of newgases or vapor
input or releaseof energy
rele
ase
inpu
t
formation of precipitate
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Chemical Reactions
The starting substances turn into different substances by rearranging the atoms.
Mass is conserved in chemical reactions.
Starting substances = reactantsEnding substances = products
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Energy
• Energy is always involved when physical or chemical changes occur.
• Energy can be in various forms.• heat • light
• Energy can be absorbed or released in a change, it is not destroyed or created.(This is called the law of conservation of energy.)
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Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.(This is related to how fast the particles are moving. If two particles are identical, the one moving faster has more kinetic energy.)
The greater the kinetic energy of the particles in a sample, the hotter it feels. Example: the particles in liquid water move faster than the
particles in ice.For calculations in chemistry, the Celsius
and Kelvin temperature scales are used.
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Heat
Heat can be thought of as the energy transferred between samples of matter because of a difference in their temperatures.
• Energy transferred as heat always moves a higher temperature to a lower temperature.
Image from OpenStax College Physics
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Energy in Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction that releases energy is exothermic, and the energy of the products is less than the energy of the reactants. The products in an exothermic reaction will feel
warmer than the reactants.In an endothermic reaction, the products
have a higher energy than the reactants, and the reaction absorbs energy. The products in an endothermic reaction will
feel colder than the reactants.
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Pure Substances
A pure substance contains only one kind of particle. A pure substance has a set of definite physical and chemical properties.
Types of pure substances:An element has only one kind of atom.A compound is made by combining
atoms of 2 or more different elements. Compounds can be broken down into elements.
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Pure Substances
Element composed of identical atoms EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Pure Substances
Compound composed of 2 or more elements
in a fixed ratio
properties differ from those of individual elements
EX: table salt (NaCl)
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Mixtures
A mixture is the combination of two or more substances that remain chemically separate.
A homogeneous mixture is a combination that is uniform in composition and appearance.
A heterogeneous mixture is uneven in composition and appearance. A heterogeneous mixture can usually be visibly identified as a mixture.
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Mixtures
Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Mixtures
Heterogeneous Homogeneous
•does not blend smoothly•multiple substances can be seen
•has a uniform composition•also called a solution
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Mixtures
Solutiono homogeneouso very small particleso no Tyndall effecto particles don’t settleo EX: rubbing alcohol
o Tyndall effect = light is scattered as it passes through (appears cloudy)
Tyndall Effect
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Mixtures
Colloidheterogeneousmedium-sized particlesTyndall effectparticles don’t settleEX: milk
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Mixtures
Suspension heterogeneous large particles Tyndall effect particles settle EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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Mixtures
Examples: mayonnaise
muddy water
fog
saltwater Italian salad
dressing
colloid
suspension
colloid
solution
suspension
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
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MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition uniform?
noyes
Colloids Suspensions
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem