Style Approach to Leadership

Comparison of Two Presidential ApproachesCaroline O’Leary, Michael Leidig, Cate Kelly, Woosung Hwang and Kathleen

DelPrete

Overview Style approach description The results of research studies How the approach works Analysis of President’s Kennedy & Reagan Cultural perspective

Style Approach: Description

The Style approach emphasizes the behavior of the leader

The approach focuses on what the leaders do and how they act in situations

Studies / Research about the approach Ohio State University (Stogdill, 1948, 1963)

University of Michigan (Cartwright & Zander, 1960; Katz & Kahn, 1951; Likert, 1961, 1967)

Blake and Mouton (Blake & McCanse, 1991; Blake & Mouton, 1964, 1978, 1985)

Breakdown of the Style Approach Task behavior - The leader is concerned about

production, goal attainment

Relationship behavior - The leader is concerned that the group members are being comfortable with themselves and working with others

“Purpose of the approach is to explain how the leaders combine these two kinds of behaviors to influence subordinates in their efforts reach a goal.”

Style Approach: StudiesOhio State University

Results

Initiating Structure: (task behaviors) organizing work, giving structure to the work context, defining role responsibilities, scheduling work activities.

Consideration: (relationship behaviors) building camaraderie, respect, trust, and liking between leaders and followers.

Product Orientation: (task behaviors) focus on technical and production aspects, workers viewed as the means to getting work accomplished.

Employee Orientation: (relationship behaviors) strong human relations emphasis, value individuality, interested in subordinates as human beings, pay attention to personal needs.

University of Michigan Results

Rela

tion

ship

Task

Major Styles of Leadership Grid Authority-Compliance (9,1) Country Club Management (1,9) Impoverished Management (1,1) Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5) Team Management (9,9) Paternalism/Maternalism (1, 9; 9,1) Opportunism

Paternalism / Maternalism

Opportunism

Style Approach: Kennedy Opportunistic:

Team Management Style

Foreign Policy: Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Alliance for Progress Vietnam Communism

Kennedy: Cuban Missile Crisis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OOGA-xrL

yg

Style Approach: Kennedy Domestic Policy:

“New Frontier” Civil Rights Space Program

Reagan: Shared Vision http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pbp0hur9RU

Style Approach: Regan Opportunistic:

The Great Communicator Team Management Style

Communism vs. The American Dream Authority-Compliance Management

The “Teflon President” Impoverished Management Iran-Contra

Cultural Perspectives How societal/cultural settings influence:

Leadership perception Processes of followers Ways perceived leadership effectiveness can be

achieved Two cultural dimensions:

Collectivism/individualism Masculinity/femininity

Two types of leadership perception modes: Recognition-based Inference-based processes

Cultural settings insights

Crisis Management & Style The Cuban missile crisis :

Anatomy of a Controversy

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan : Superpower crisis & the second cold war

Kennedy & Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis Reaction of Kennedy's leadership to crisis Russian: Before & After Stalin Era Relationship between The United States

and Latin America South Korean: Cuban Missile Crisis & North

Korean Missile Crisis Communism vs. Capitalism

Reagan & the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan The Soviet War in Afghanistan

Reaction of Reagan's leadership of The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: Russian: USSR should admit we are loser of

Cold war?

South Korean: South Korea and the US are strong allies?

Style Conclusion Similarities between two administrations