Subject Index

Abdomen, magnetic resonance (MR) 80-5 Abdominal aorta, breath-hold study 87 Abdominal pain, absence of 62 Abdominal ultrasonography 272 Acetylcholine (Ach) 7-8 Acidic FGF (aFGF) 304-6 Activated proteases 34 Activation peptides 33 Acute necrotising pancreatitis 42

recommendations for treatment 46-7 Acute pancreatitis

accuracy of diagnosis 57,58 acute fluid collections 71-3 alcohol-related 101 algorithm 10 1 antibiotics 41-50,63,103 audit goals 126 bacteriological analysis 43 Bern experience 105 burden of 123-8 cellular events 6-7 classification 101 clinical awareness 58-9 clinical features 31 clinical presentation 61 clinical suspicion 63 cytokines 15-23 early assessment of disease assessment 31 effects offeeding 115-16 enteral nutrition 115-22 enzyme activation and release 33 ERCP-induced 35 experimental, intracellular calcium 7-10 gallstone-related 101 guidelines 126 incidence 41-2,57,58-9,123 incidence of diagnosis at autopsy 61 intracellular calcium 3-13 management 123-4 management costs 109-13, 125-6 management protocol 127 mediators 15-19 monocytes 19-20 mortality rate 57,58,62-3, 124 neutrophil function 20 obesity 32 outcome measures 126

Acute pancreatitis (continued) Phase II and Phase III trials 53 prediction of severity 31-9 process measures 127 radiological markers 32 severity prediction 124-5 specific treatments 125 surgical procedures 109-10 undiagnosed 62

Adenocarcinoma 243,267-459 accuracy of imaging techniques 379 early intraductal neoplastic change 270 false-negative percutaneous fine-needle

aspiration 380 imaging techniques 379 incidence 311 micro satellite instability (MSI) 270 molecular biology 267-71 morbidity and mortality rates 385 mortality rates 386, 389 multimodal therapies 417-30 oncogenes 269 prospective randomised stratified study 403 tumour suppressor genes 267-8

Adenoma 257 Adjuvant therapy 423-4,431-43

adjuvent chemotherapy 436,437 adjuvent combined therapy 439 adjuvent regional therapy 436 tumour, local recurrences and metastases

following 435 Alcohol damage 101 Alcoholic chronic pancreatitis 190 Alcoholism 167 <xl antitrypsin 54 Amikacin 44 Aminoglycosides 42 Amphiregulin 306 Amphotericin 44,47, 103 Amylase

analysis 59-60 measurements 62

Analgesic drugs 217 Angiogenesis 440 Angiography 272, 355 Anorexia, islet amyloid polypeptide (lAPP) in

247-8

Antibiotics 94 controlled clinical trials 43-4 in acute pancreatitis 41-50,63,103

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) 147 Antilymphocyte globulins (ALG) 135 Antilymphocyte induction 133 Antiproteases 34 Antithrombin III 137 APACHE II score 27,36,37,55,93, 119, 120, 125 APC gene 270 Aprotinin 125 Aureomycin 41 Autoimmune disease 146 Autopsy, information availability 60-2 Azathioprine 134

Balthazar grade 45 Basic FGF (bFGF) 304-6 Batimastat 291 Beger procedure 214-15 Bile duct obstruction 446 Bladder drainage 135 Body mass index (BMI) 32 Bowel rest, versus enteral feeding 118-20 BRCA2 gene 270 Breath-hold MRCP 77,84 Breath-hold sequences 68-9 Breath-hold study abdominal aorta 87

c-erbB-2 301-2 c-erbB-3 303 C-reactive protein (CRP) 35,54,102,125,313,

334 Ca 19.9 334 Cachexia 311-14, 446

changes in hormone levels and target -organ sensitivity 313

diagnosis 312 effect of eicosapentaenoic acid 317-18 leptinin 314 mechanisms 312 mediators 312 therapy 314

CaC03 226, 227 Calcium, intracellular. See Intracellular calcium Cancer cachexia. See Cachexia Candida 92, 94 Carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) 224 Carboxypeptidase B (CAPAP) 33-4 Carcinoma-in-situ 270 Cathepsin D 281 CEA gene 275 Ceftazidime 44 Cefuroxime 103 Celiac disease 229 Celiac ganglion block 216-17 Chemotherapy 413,418-20,421,425,426,436 Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) 227 Cholecystokinin (CCK) 247

Choledocholithiasis 84 Cholelithiasis 239

Subject Index

Chromosomal losses in pancreatic cancer 271 Chronic calcifying pancreatitis (CCP) 227 Chronic pancreatitis

aims of therapeutic intervention 200 and pancreatic cancer 380-1 cytokines 155-65 endoscopic therapy 167-79,181-7 enzyme therapy 189-98 growth factors 155-65 idiopathic 167 morphological classification 170 pain management 169-71 pain relief 169-71,213-22 pathophysiology 167 results of surgery 202-5 surgery 199-212

Chymotrypsin in diabetics 237 Ciprofioxacin 42, 103 Cisplatin 413, 436 Cisplatinum 422 Clostridium histolyticum 143 Colistin 47, 103 Colistin sulphate 44 Collagen

type I 160,281 type III 160 type IV 160, 161,281 type V 160

Collagenase 143-4 Combined adjuvant therapy 436-8 Computed tomography (CT) 27,33,57,63,71,

272,339-52,355 appearances of pancreatic cancer 341-9 spiral. See Spiral CT

Conservative treatment 217-19 Contiguous organ involvement 345-6 Contrast-enhanced computed tomography

(CE-CT) 43,65,73,74,79,80,83,87,93, 102, 105, 109, 125

CT arterial portography (CTAP) 346, 349, 355 principle of 349 specificity and false-positive findings 349-52 technique 349

CT severity index (CTSI) 125 Cyclosporine 133, 134 Cyst drainage 184-6

into stomach or duodenum 185-6 Cystic tumours 377 Cytogenetics of pancreatic cancer 271 Cytokines 28,94,160,161,334,440

cachexia-induced 312-13 in acute pancreatitis 15-23 in chronic pancreatitis 155-65 in peripheral blood 15-17 proinfiammatory 316

DCCgene 269 Dextran 137

Subject Index

Dextropropoxiphene 217,219 Diabetes mellitus 131

clinical classes 235 definition 235 exocrine dysfunction 237-8 exocrine pancreas changes 236-8 lAPP in 245-6 in pancreatic cancer 244-5 pancreatitis-induced 238-9 pathophysiological concepts 235-6 prevalence 235 type III 238-9 see also Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

(lDDM); Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Diffuse sclerosing pancreatitis 209 Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) 144 Dipyridamol 426 Distant spread 346-9 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 325, 327 Doppler ultrasonography 363 Duct. See Main pancreatic duct (MPD) Duct injection 135 Ductal dilatation 202 Duodenocystostomy 133 Duodenopancreatectomy 411 Duodenum-preserving resection of the head of

the pancreas 201-3,205 Dynamic incremental contrast-enhanced (DCT)

imaging 339, 346 Dynamic secretin MRP (DSMRP) 167

E-selectin 54 Echo time (TE) 66 Eicosapentaenoic acid 315-17,325

effect on cachexia 317-18 Endocrine tumours 253-63

clinical features 254 diagnosis 255 imaging and localisation 255-6 incidence 253 non -functioning 262 pathology 254 treatment 256

Endoscopic cystoenterostomy 176-7 Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy (EPS)

172-4,181-2,184 Endoscopic procedures 215-16 Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) 35, 63,80,84,109,125,127,167-8,173,209, 272,355,363,378-80

Endoscopic stone extraction 215 Endoscopic therapy

chronic pancreatitis 167-79,181-7 methodology 171-3

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) equipment 369-70 examination technique 370-1

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) (continued) in pancreatic cancer 372 limitations 374

Endotoxin in acute pancreatitis 18-19 Enteral feeding

rationale 117-20 versus bowel rest 118-20

Enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis 115-22 Enteric-coated pancreatin micro spheres 191,

192 Enterobacter 42, 92, 102 Enterococcus 102 Enzyme activation and release in acute

pancreatitis 33 Enzyme replacement, physiology and

pathophysiology 191-3 Enzyme therapy in chronic pancreatitis 189-98 Enzymes in pain relief 219 Epidermal growth factor (EGF) 157 Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 284,

299-300 Escherichia coli 41,42,92,102,117 Essential fatty acids (EFAs)

animal studies 327 anticancer effects 325-37 as anti tumour agents 329 clinical trials in pancreatic cancer 331-4 effect on tumour growth 325-8 effect on tumour metastasis 328-9 human studies 327-8 in vitro studies 329 metabolic pathways 326 nude mice studies 329-31

European Quality of Life in Pancreatic Cancer (EQoLiPA) study group 452

Evening primrose oil (EPO) 325,327,328 Exocrine dysfunction in diabetes mellitus 237-8 Exocrine pancreas changes in diabetes mellitus

236-8 Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 194 Extended drainage operation 204, 205 External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) 431,

432,434,436,438 Extracellular matrix (ECM) 159-60,281 Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

171-4,176,184 Extrapancreatic fluid collections 87

Faecal elastase 1 (E1) concentrations in diabetes mellitus 237

F AM regimen 436 Fast spin echo (FSE) 67,83 Fat suppression sequences 67 Fat suppression techniques 68 Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 159,304-6 Fibronectin 160 Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) 94 Fish oil supplementation 315-16 FK 506 134 Flow compensation 68

5-Fluorourcil (5-FU) 334,418,419,422,424, 426,427,432,436,438,440

Folinic acid 418,419,426,436

Gadolinium 71,87 Gallstone pancreatitis 80, 125 Gallstones 85, 10 1 Gastric acid hypersecretion 260 Gastrinoma 257-8

diagnosis 258 familial 260 imaging and localisation 258-9 metastatic 260 sporadic 259 treatment 259-60

Gastrointestinal tract ll7-18 Gemcitabine 3ll, 419, 440 Gene therapy 273,440 Giardia lamblia 192 Glasgow score 45, ll9 Glasgow system 36 Glucagonoma

diagnosis 261 treatment 261

Glucose intolerance 313 Glycoproteins 314 Gradient echo 67,83 Gram-negative bacteria 92, ll7 Gram-negative pancreatic infection 45-6 Gram-positive bacteria 102 Growth factor receptors in pancreatic cancer

299-309 Growth factors 271

in chronic pancreatitis 155-65 in pancreatic cancer 299-309 mechanism of action 156

Haemoglobinuria 334 Heparin 137 Histological diagnosis in pancreatic cancer

377-84 Human decay accelerating factor (hDAF) 148 Hydrazine sulphate 314 12(s)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (13(s)-

HETE) 328 13(s)-Hydroxyocadecadienoic acid (13(S)­

HODE) 328 Hyperacute rejection (HAR) 148 Hypergastrinaemia 258

Imaging techniques 339-57 adenocarcinoma 379

Imipenem 42, 103 Immune response markers 34-5 Immunomodulation strategies in pancreatic

cancer 276 Immunostimulation 413 Indirect trans papillary drainage 184-5

Subject Index

Indium octreotide scan 259 Infected necrosis, management costs III Infected pancreatic necrosis. See Pancreatic

necrosis Inositol1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) 9-10 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

131,141,145,146,149,235 impaired exocrine pancreatic function 236

Insulinomas 254-7 Interferon-a (lFNa) 418,419,440 Interferon-/32 (lFN/32) 158 Interferon-y (lFNy) 413,440 Interleukin-1 (IL-1) 28,158,315 Interleukin-1/3 (lL-1f3) 17, 18,93 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) 158,413,440 Interleukin-6 (IL-6) 16-18,28,35,54,93,158,

315 Interleukin-8 (IL-8) 17,18,20,35,54 Interleukins 35, 158-9 International Pancreas Transplant Registry

(lPTR) 131 Interstitial pancreatitis 71 Intracellular calcium

in acute experimental pancreatitis 7 in acute pancreatitis 3-13 in initiation of cell damage ll-12 signals in normal pancreatic acinar cells

3-5 Intraductal hypertension 200-1 Intraluminal degradation rates 190 Intraoperative bacteriology 92 Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) 404,432,

434 Intraparenchymatous hypertension 200-1 Intravenous nutrition llO Islet allotransplantation 145-6 Islet amyloid polypeptide (lAPP) 243-51

in anorexia 247-8 in diabetes 245-6 in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

(NIDDM) 243 Islet autotransplantation 146-7 Islet cell tumours 254 Islet cryopreservation 144 Islet culture medium 144 Islet encapsulation 148-9 Islet isolation 142-3 Islet Transplant Registry 144 Islet transplantation 134,141-52

function of non-beta cells following 146 future prospects 147 immunomodulation and tolerance 147 immunosuppression 146 recommended process 144-7

Islet xenotransplantation 148

Kaplan-Meier procedure 414 Kausch-Whipple resection 391,392 Klebsiella 42, 92 Krasgene 269-72,274

Subject Index

Lactate dehydrogenase 102 Laminin 160 Laparoscopic intraoperative ultrasonography

(LapUS) 359,362-7 Laparoscopic peritoneal cytology 362 Laparoscopy 359-62

loco regional disease 361-2 with LapUS, technical considerations 365-7

Laparostomy 95 Leptin in cachexia 314 Leucovorin 413 Leukotrienes 315 Lexipafant 53, 55 Linoleic acid (LA) 314,325 y-linolenic acid (GLA) 325,327-9 a-linolenic acid (LNA) 325 Lipase measurements 59-60 Lipase preparations 194-5 Lipid maldigestion 189-91 Lithium salt of GLA (LiGLA) 329-33, 334 Lithostathine 223-31

clinical relevance 227-9 expression in physiological and pathological

conditions 225-6 function 226-7 gene structure and organization 225 regulation of expression 226 structure 223-5, 228 tissue distribution 225

Lymph node areas 398, 400 Lymph node dissection, extended versus

traditional 401-3 Lymph node involvement

and prognosis 400-1 in pancreatic cancer 398-400

Lymph node metastases 398,413 Lymph node ratio 412 Lymph node resection 397-407 Lymph nodes 345,371 Lymphadenectomy 400

extended 404, 409 radical 409-16 randomised study 403-4

Lymphocyte activating factor (LAF) 158

a2-macroglobulin 102 Magnetic resonance (MR) 65-89

abdomen 80-5 angiography 85 field strength 69-70 future developments 85 image contrast 66 image quality 66 image weighting 66 in acute pancreatitis 71-80 magnet environment 69-70 motion-related artefacts 68-9 pancreas 80-5 protocol for acute pancreatitis 88 pulse sequence parameters 65-6

Magnetic resonance (MR) (continued) pulse sequences 67-8 safety 70 terminology 65-70 three-dimensional (3D) 68 two-dimensional (2D) 68 types of magnet 69-70

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) 80, 167,355

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 272, 352-5 appearances of pancreatic cancer 353-5 recent advances 355 versus angiography 355 versus CT/CTAP 355 versus ERCP 355

Main bile duct drainage 183 Main pancreatic duct (MPD) 168,171-7,213

drainage 181-3 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 146 Marimastat 291,311,440 Matrix degradation 160-2 Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs)

291,311 clinical trials 291 in treatment of cancer 290-1 pre-clinical studies 290

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 281-97 classification 282 family 283 in cancer 287 in pancreatic cancer 287-90 regulation of activation 284-6 regulation of activity 284-6 site of synthesis 284 structure 282 tissue inhibitors of. See Tissue inhibitors of

matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) transcriptional regulation 284

Matrix turnover regulation 160-2 MDM2 gene 274 Mechanism of organ failure 34 Mediators in acute pancreatitis 15-19 Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) 192 Medroxyprogesterone acetate 314 Megestrol acetate 314 MEN-I 257,260 Metalloproteinase (MT -MMP) 161 Metalloproteinases. See Matrix

metalloproteinases (MMPs) Methyltetrazolium (MTT) 329 Metronidazole 44 Microlithiasis 239 Microsatellite instability (MSI) 270 Mild acute pancreatitis 71 Mitomycin C 413,424,426 Mitoxantrone 436 Monoclonal antibodies 440 Monocyte derived human B cell growth factor

158 Monocytes in acute pancreatitis 19-20 Morphine 219

Mortality rate, acute pancreatitis 62-3 MUC4 gene 275 MUC5 gene 275 Multiplanar volume reformat (MPVR) images

347 Multiple factor scoring systems 35-7

categories and probabilities 36-7 Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

26 Multiple organ failure (MOF) 25,28, 109, 115,

ll7, ll8, 121, 124 Multiple signal averaging 68 Mycophenolate mofetil 134

Nausea 446 Necrosectomy 95, 104 Necrosis fibrosis 167 Necrosis markers 102 Necrotising pancreatitis

indication and timing for operation 103 surgical techniques 104-5

Neoadjuvant therapy 424-5,431-3 Neomycin 41 Nerve block 216 Neuroendocrine tumours 259,374 Neuroglycopenia 254-5 Neutrophil function in acute pancreatitis 20 Nitric oxide (NO) 17-18 Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

(NIDDM) 235 impaired exocrine function in 237

Norfloxacin 44,47, 103 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). See

Magnetic resonance (MR) Nutrient malabsorption 191 Nutrition costs llO

Obesity 32,239 Ofloxacin 42, 44, 103 OKT3 135

p16 gene 268,270-1 p53 gene 267-8,272 Pain assessment 208 Pain pathogenesis 200-1 Pain relief 176,200, 446

afferent nerve procedures 216 future 220-1 in chronic pancreatitis 169-71,213-22 personal experiences 219-20

Pain therapy, pancreatic enzymes for 193-4 Pancreas

endocrine tumours. See Endocrine tumours magnetic resonance (MR) 80-5

Pancreas after kidney transplant (PAK) 131 Pancreas graft 136, 13 7 survival by duct management 131 Pancreas transplant alone (PTA) 131

Pancreatic abscess 91 magnetic resonance (MR) 78

Pancreatic acinar cells 3

Subject Index

Pancreatic bicarbonate secretion 190 Pancreatic body and tail, carcinoma 381-2 Pancreatic calculi, extraction 174 Pancreatic cancer

and chronic pancreatitis 380-1 associated morbidity and mortality 381 biology 417-18 blockade of dominant gene expression

274-5 chromosomal losses in 271 control 447-8 coping with advanced cancer 447 cytogenetics of 271 diabetes mellitus in 244-5 diagnosis 272 endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) 369-76 gene therapy 273 genetically directed enzyme producing

therapy (GDEPT) 275 germline and somatic gene therapy 273 histological diagnosis 377-84 histological or cytological confirmation 382 lAPP in diabetes and anorexia 243-51 immunomodulation strategies 276 matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 287-90 molecular basis 267-80 operative and non-operative procedures 412 palliative treatment 418-23 psychosocial impact of 446-8 quality oflife assessment 445-59,448-56 recurrence patterns after pancreatectomy 418 replacement or augmentation of tumour

suppressor gene function 273-4 resection 381 staging 359-68, 373 staging protocol 378 symptoms 446 see also adenocarcinoma; Lymph node;

Lymphadenectomy; pancreatic resection Pancreatic digestive enzymes 92 Pancreatic endocrine tumours 374 Pancreatic enzymes for pain therapy 193-4 Pancreatic fibrogenesis 156 Pancreatic fibrosis 155 Pancreatic infection

clinical features 93 definition 91 incidence 92 pathophysiology 92-3

Pancreatic mass, differential diagnosis 377-8 Pancreatic necrosis 42,43,91-100,102-3

conventional treatment 95, 96 diagnosis 93 lavage treatment 95, 96-8 magnetic resonance (MR) 78-80 mortality 95 non-surgical supportive treatment 94 open abdominal management 95, 96

Subject Index

Pancreatic necrosis (continued) surgical procedures 97 surgical treatment 95-8

Pancreatic pseudocyst 91 Pancreatic resection 214-15, 385-96

beyond conventional surgery 392 collective specialist experience 388-90 complications 390-2 individual-specialist experience 388 morbidity and mortality in specialist units

390 postoperative deaths in general surgical units

385-8 survival rates 391-3

Pancreatic stenting 174-6 Pancreatic stone extraction 184 Pancreatic stone protein (PSP) 223 Pancreatic thread protein (PTP) 223 Pancreatic tumours

diagnosis 372 staging 372-4

Pancreaticoduodenectomy 214 Pancreaticojejunostomy 202-4,214 Pancreatitis

acute. See Acute pancreatitis chronic. See Chronic pancreatitis discharge 58 necrotising. See Necrotising pancreatitis

Pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP) 223-31 expression in physiological and pathological

conditions 225-6 function 226-7 gene structure and organization 225 PAPI clinical relevance 227-9 PAPI expression 226 PAPI gene promoter 227-8 PAP 1 serum analysis 228 PAPI serum monitoring 229 PAPI synthesis 229 PAPI tissue distribution 225 regulation of expression 226 structure 223-5

Pancreatitis-induced diabetes 238 Pancreatoduodenectomy 257 Paracetamol 217, 219 Parenchymal fibrosis 155 Parenchymatous hypertension 200-1 Parenteral feeding, costs 120 Penicillin 41 Pentoxifylline (PTX) 94-5 Periampullary cancer, staging 359-68 Periampullary tumours 262 Perineural infiltration 201 Peripancreatic changes 342 Peritoneal aspiration 57,63 Peritoneal progression 426 Permanent magnets 69 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 316 Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 20 Phospholipase C (PLC) 157 Plasmacytoma growth factor (PCT-GF) 158

Plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAl) 161 Plasminogen activators (PA) 161 Platelet activating factor (PAF) 17,20,21,51-6,

159 clinical studies of antagonist therapy 53-5 in experimental pancreatitis 51-3

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 157,284 Polymorphonuclear elastase (PMNE) 54 Polymorphonuclear granulocyte elastase 102 Polymorphonuclear neutrophil elastase (PNME)

35 Polymyxin B 41 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 314-17

biological activity 315 epidemiology 315 in cancer 316-17

Polyvalent clostridial toxoid 41 Porcine pancreatin micropellets 194 Predisone 134 Prednisolone 217 Prophospholipase (PROP) 34 Prophylactic strategies 46 Prostanoids 315 Protein kinase 316 Protein kinase C 316 Proton density weighted (PDW) images 67 Proximal choledochotomy 203, 204 Pseudocysts

acute 73-8 magnetic resonance (MR) 73

Pseudomonas 42, 92 Psychosocial impact of pancreatic cancer 446-8 Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy

(PPPD) 202,205,214,403

QLQ-C30 core cancer module 451-2 Quality of life

assessment in pancreatic cancer 445-59 in acute pancreatitis 110 in pancreatic cancer, interventions to improve

456-7 Quality oflife adjusted life years (QALY) 110 Quality of Life Questionnaire 451-6

differences between patients and professionals 452-4

generation of issues 452 pancreatic cancer module 454-6

Radiochemotherapy 422-6 Radiological markers in acute pancreatitis 32 Radiotherapy 418,422,423,425,426,432,434 Ranson system 36 RAS genes 276 Repetition time (TR) 66 Respiratory compensation 68 Respiratory gating 68 Reticuloendothelial system (RES) 19 Retroperitoneal recurrence 409 Retroperitoneum 418

Sclerosing ductal pancreatitis 202 Screening tests 63 E-selectin 54 Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) 44-6 Sepsis 115, 117, 118, 121 Severe acute necrotising pancreatitis (SAP)

25-30 animal experiments 26 clinical data 26 operative interventions 28 phases 25

Severe acute pancreatitis, sphincterotomy 83 Signal to noise ratio (SNR) 66,67,69 Sim ultaneous kidney graft (SPK) 131, 134 SMAD4 gene 268,274 Small duct disease 202, 209 Small intestinal fat digestion 189 Somatostatinoma 261-2 Spatial resolution 67 Sphincterotomy 63, 109, 125

severe acute pancreatitis 83 Spin echo sequences 67 Spiral CT 340-1

improvements in detection 341 technique 341 theoretical advantages 341

Staging classification 342, 345 Staphylococcus aureus 102 Sterile necrosis, management costs III Streptococcus 92 Streptococcus faecalis 102 Streptozotocin 422 Superconducting electromagnets 69-70 Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) 371 Surgical drainage procedures 213-14 Surgical treatment

acute pancreatitis 109-10 chronic pancreatitis 199-212 necrotising pancreatitis 104-5 pancreatic necrosis 95-8 transplantation of pancreas 132-3

Systemic inflammation 92 Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

(SIRS) 25,34,35, 115, 117-19, 121

Tl relaxation 66 T2 relaxation 66 Temporal resolution 67 Tetrahydrocannabinol 314 Thapsigargin 8 Therapeutic Interventional Scoring System

(TISS) 111 Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) 25-30 Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy 216,217,219,

220

Subject Index

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) 328 Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases

(TIMPs) 156, 160, 162,285,286,288,289 Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) 118 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) 94, 116-17,

118-20 TP53 gene 272 TP A response element (TRE) 284 Transforming growth factor-a (TGFa) 299-300 Transforming growth factor-J3 (TGFJ3) 161,

303-4 Transforming growth factor-J3 (TGFJ3)

inhibitory element (TIE) 161 Transforming growth factor-J3 (TGFJ3) receptors

303-4 Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFJ3) 156-7 Transplantation of insulin-secreting tissue 141 Transplantation of pancreas 131-9

effects on secondary complications of DM 134-5

immunosuppression strategies 133-4 indications 132 metabolical results 134-5 personal experience 135-7 surgical techniques 132-3

Trypsin (TAP) 33-4 Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) 18,28,34,93,

315 Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 34 Tumour necrosis factor-a (TNFa) 15-16,20,

34 Turbo spin echo (TSE) 67

Ulcer-associated cell lineage (UACL) 270 Ultrasonography 340

Vascular spread 345 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) 260 VIPoma 260-1

presentation 261 treatment 261

Vomiting 446 von Recklinghausen's disease 262

WDHA syndrome 261 Weight loss 446 Whipple's procedure 255,397,398,403,425

Xenotransplantation 148

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 257

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