subject index - springer978-3-642-02332-3/1.pdfsubject index a accommodation space, 20, 229–232,...
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Subject Index
AAccommodation space, 20, 229–232, 245–246,
248, 320Acoustic logs, 366–367Acquisition fold, 381Acritarchs, 216–218Aeolian, 20, 27, 28, 32, 34–35, 46, 53–54, 58–59, 73,
82, 105, 110, 132, 176, 179–181, 196, 202, 207,209, 476
Air-gun, 375, 378–380, 382Algae, 4–8, 24, 53, 60, 66, 72, 99, 101, 116, 118, 142, 144–145,
147–153, 156–158, 160, 165–167, 169–177, 179,182–183, 187–188, 190, 198, 205, 216–218, 339–340,343, 462–464, 479, 481
Alkanes, 346–347Alluvial fans, 54–57, 311, 476Amorpheous silica, 237Amplitude map, 401, 403–404, 423–424, 432Amplitude versus offset (AVO), 237, 398, 401, 403, 413,
418–419, 421–424, 438–439Amplitudes, 189, 239, 324, 377, 381, 387–388, 395–399, 401,
403–404, 418, 421, 423–425, 427–429, 431–433,438–440, 442, 489
Anhydrite, 15, 179, 181, 194, 206–207, 210, 262, 322, 455Ankerite, 141–142, 186, 210, 216Anthracite, 13Antidunes, 47–48API gravity, 347Appraisal well, 21, 448Aquifers, 119–120, 255, 261, 266–269, 274, 276, 427, 440,
443, 450–451, 479Aquitards, 266–267, 276Aragonite, 18, 21, 91, 106, 117, 132, 135, 141–142, 145, 147,
149, 151, 154, 156–157, 160–161, 165–168, 170–171,173, 176–177, 181, 184–187, 189–191, 193–199, 206,211–212, 216, 227, 232, 334, 336, 481, 483
Arctic, 206, 485–486, 491, 495–496Arenite, 113–114, 123, 134Arkose, 113–114, 132, 245Aromatic, 346–348, 459Arrenius, 12, 125, 343Asphalt, 8, 18, 126, 128, 131, 346–348, 351, 354, 453–454,
459–460Athabasca, 454, 460–461
Atlantic, 9, 16, 60, 63, 82, 108, 110, 170, 173, 176–177, 182,203, 209, 211, 242–243, 246, 261, 302, 469–470, 479,485–488, 491, 495–497
Attenuation, 367, 381, 384, 388, 394Authigenic, 54, 60, 92–93, 96–97, 104–107, 117–121, 124,
126–130, 132–133, 137, 194, 212, 233, 270, 274,332–334, 348, 358, 412
Autocorrelation, 387–388AVO, see Amplitude versus offset (AVO)
BBackstripping, 245, 282Bahamas, 21, 72, 77, 147, 166–167, 170, 172, 176–179, 186,
190, 194–196Bandpass filter, 388Bandwidth, 378, 394Barchans, 58Barents Sea, 13, 106, 173, 467–470, 485–486, 489–497Barrier island, 15, 17, 20, 54, 72–76Basement, 14, 16–17, 56, 83, 90, 132, 137, 244–245, 248,
253, 255–256, 272–273, 275, 286, 299, 305, 309,321, 335, 356
Basin analysis, 115, 235–250Basin modelling, 1–2, 25, 250, 256, 278, 281, 317, 329,
344–345, 403Beach rock, 186Bedforms, 37–38, 46–48, 58, 70, 79, 177Bernoulli, 38Binning, 383Biodegradation, 18, 128, 261, 348, 351, 454Biosparite, 191Biostratigraphy, 22, 213, 215, 220–221, 224–225, 242Biozones, 214, 220–222, 224Bitumen, 2, 10, 126, 128, 131, 171, 459–462Bjørnøya, 486, 489–492, 494–496Blue-green algae, 6, 53, 144, 170, 188Borehole break-out, 287–288Bouma sequence, 41–42Braided stream, 20, 61Break-up, 302, 305, 314, 467, 474, 479, 485, 487, 489, 495–496Brent, 120, 122–124, 133, 136, 138, 427–428, 471, 477–478,
480, 482–483Brent delta, 477–478, 480, 482–483Brightspot, 398, 403Brittle deformation, 126, 301
501K. Bjørlykke (ed.), Petroleum Geoscience: From Sedimentary Environments to Rock Physics,DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-12968-1, c© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
502 Subject Index
Bryozoa, 72, 144, 160–161, 166, 173–174, 179, 197–198,217, 479
Burial diagenesis, 130, 134, 137, 188–189, 210, 330, 332
CCalcareous algae, 118, 147–149, 152, 156, 165, 179,
182, 187, 198Calcisphere, 150–151Calcite, 21, 24, 51, 89, 91–93, 95, 106, 117–118, 123, 130–132,
135, 141–142, 149–151, 154–155, 160–161, 163–166,168, 170–171, 173, 177, 179, 181–191, 193–199,210–211, 216, 227, 263, 270, 275, 332, 334–336,408, 481
Caledonian, 302, 462, 467, 471–474, 485, 489–490, 497Caledonides, 473Caliche, 55, 100, 209, 477Caliper log, 362, 368Capillary
entry pressure, 121, 137, 351–355, 357, 359, 446forces, 10–12, 56–57, 88, 105, 184–185, 267, 351–352, 355,
357, 359, 445–448, 453–454, 456, 481resistance, 13, 350–351, 357, 359, 446, 448, 452
Cap rock, 1, 6, 13, 15–16, 18, 21, 137, 181, 207, 246, 302, 305,351, 354–359, 412, 417–418, 431, 443, 447–448,456, 483
Carbonateclassification, 189–190compaction, 329, 334–336compensation depth, 107, 109, 154, 182, 249environments, 169, 171–172, 179, 184, 190minerals, 24, 60, 90, 92, 141–142, 173, 181, 196, 261, 264,
336, 366, 448platform, 21, 169, 172, 176, 179–181, 184, 188, 195,
474, 492reservoirs, 1, 3, 19–21, 113, 196–199, 296, 336, 427, 448,
456–457skeleton, 141, 143, 154, 173, 197turbidites, 181
Carbon compensation depth (CCD), 107, 109, 154, 182Carbon dioxide (CO2), 4–7, 10, 24, 90–91, 93, 99, 105–107,
109, 117–118, 128, 130, 138, 141–143, 145, 148, 173,177, 179, 181–183, 189, 205, 227, 260, 263, 275,339–341, 346, 348, 427, 441–442, 446, 453, 455,460–462, 464–465, 479
Carboniferous, 60, 151–153, 156, 160–162, 164, 170–171, 217,241–243, 350, 400, 468, 470–472, 474–476, 480, 486,489, 492–493, 497
Carboxyl acid, 341CDP, see common depth point (CDP)Cellolose, 5, 10, 341Cementation, 16, 21, 115–116, 121–123, 125–128, 131–138,
157, 168–169, 171, 184–188, 196–199, 235, 256, 268,275–277, 281–282, 285, 290–291, 293–294, 296–297,333–336, 352, 354, 406, 409–412, 417, 421, 430,479, 488
Cenozoic, 11, 144, 152, 154, 158, 164, 199, 217, 219, 224, 230,344, 467, 479–480, 483, 485–486, 488–490, 492,495–497
Central GRABEN, 150, 262, 311, 313, 335, 471–472, 474–476,480, 483
Chalk, 13, 16, 19, 51, 149–151, 182, 198–199, 204, 290, 297,301, 335, 369, 427, 436–437, 468, 471, 479–481
Chamosite, 97, 117, 195–196, 210, 477Channel flow, 37Chemical compaction, 121, 125–126, 134–135, 188, 191, 237,
256, 264, 275–277, 281–286, 291, 293–297, 329–331,334–336, 411–413, 420, 481
Chert, 51, 113, 155, 194, 204–205, 216, 369, 492Cherzy equation, 37, 56Chlorite coating, 117, 126–127, 134, 137Chlorozoan association, 172–173Chronostratigraphy, 213, 222, 225
minerals, 31, 34–35, 42–43, 51, 68, 88–90, 95–101,103–108, 113–114, 121, 123, 138, 175–176, 189, 193,195, 201–202, 205, 236, 259, 261–262, 270, 293–296,329–330, 332–335, 340, 342, 363, 365–368, 408, 412,415, 446–447, 454–456, 464, 481
sediments, 21, 39, 44, 49, 61, 72, 74, 84, 226, 248, 290Closure, 13–14, 302, 318, 358, 481, 483Coal, 2, 5–6, 10, 13, 23, 28, 47, 54–55, 58, 60, 70, 76, 90, 216,
219, 224, 231, 326, 341, 343, 363, 366, 370–371, 453,464, 468, 471, 474–475, 477, 480, 488, 497
Coal bed methane (CBM), 464Coarsening-upwards, 20, 68, 70, 74, 354, 358, 370, 452Coccolithophore, 143–144, 147, 149–152, 164, 181–182, 188,
198, 216, 218Coccoliths, 149–150, 152, 166, 182, 227, 290Coccosphere, 149–150Coherent noise, 387–388Collapse breccia, 194Common depth point, 381, 390Common midpoint (CMP), 381, 383, 387–391Compaction, 10, 15–16, 20, 39–40, 44, 50–51, 65, 68, 74, 76,
80, 114–115, 121–123, 125–127, 130, 132–136, 184,188–189, 191–192, 194, 196–199, 201, 210–211, 235,237, 240, 245, 255–256, 261, 264, 268–270, 272–278,281–286, 288, 290–297, 304, 306–307, 314–315,329–336, 356, 396, 403, 404, 411–413, 420, 429,436–437, 440–441, 450–452, 480–481
Compactional trends, 403–404, 411–413Compaction driven flow, 189, 255–256, 268, 270, 272–273,
276, 278Compression, 50, 80, 248, 266, 281, 283–286, 288–292, 296,
299, 315, 317, 322, 375, 405, 425, 488, 490, 496Compressional wave, 375Concretions, 51, 117, 197, 204, 211–212Conductivity, 120, 246, 253–254, 256, 266, 271, 361, 363,
365, 368Continental rifting, 245–246Contraction, 51, 243, 244, 266, 284, 289, 300, 304, 306–307,
315, 317–318, 320, 322–324, 472, 478Convections, 108, 131, 138, 253, 256, 265, 270–272, 276, 299Convolute lamination, 49–51Coral, 21, 52–53, 79, 144, 148–149, 151–152, 156–160, 165,
167, 172–175, 177–179, 187, 197Core description, 369, 371Cores, 19, 29, 44, 117, 120, 122, 128, 137, 215, 220, 227, 229,
262, 324–325, 330, 340, 355, 368, 456, 461Cretaceous, 9, 11, 13, 21, 60, 77, 92, 94, 106, 109, 118, 133,
150–152, 154, 156, 162, 169, 224, 228, 242, 246, 248,250, 261, 276–277, 302, 304–305, 307, 331–332, 358,
Subject Index 503
371, 454, 460, 464, 467–468, 469, 470–473, 476,478–493, 495–497
Crinoids, 144, 161–164, 187Crude, 2, 272, 346–347, 354, 461Cuttings, 1, 3, 22, 29, 137, 215, 221, 227, 294, 361Cyanobacteria, 6, 144–148, 151–152, 165, 167, 170, 179,
194, 208
DDarcy, 19, 37, 255–256, 265–268, 270–271, 274, 276–277, 352,
448, 481Darcy flow, 267–268Dead sea, 16, 160, 168, 182, 209Debris flow, 40, 42–43, 45, 55, 80, 82, 181, 198, 202, 369, 478Deconvolution, 387–388, 394Dedolomitisation, 195Deformation mechanisms, 301, 302, 322Delamination model, 302, 308Delta
front, 54, 63–69, 202, 238, 352, 372, 399, 482lobe, 65–66, 81, 238, 400
Deltaic, 6, 28, 53, 66, 78, 115, 121, 219–220, 250, 269, 372,478, 495
Density logs, 367Depth migration, 392, 440Desert, 43, 54, 56–59, 82, 99, 101–102, 104–106, 116, 119,
132, 179, 202, 208–210, 242, 379Devonian, 59, 61, 106, 151–152, 156, 162, 164, 172, 174,
217, 223, 302, 350, 462, 464, 471–474, 477, 481,489–493, 497
Diagenesis, 1, 9–10, 13, 19–21, 25, 27, 31, 54, 87, 93, 98,114–116, 118, 129–131, 133–134, 136–137, 141–142,150, 156, 183–184, 188–190, 197–198, 201, 210, 226,228, 246, 266, 269–270, 296, 329–330, 332, 340,358–359, 377, 412, 416, 421, 425, 443, 447, 479, 481
Diagenetic processes, 1, 19, 31, 35, 87, 90, 113, 115, 118, 126,131, 133–135, 138, 168, 184, 266, 281
Diagenetic trends, 405, 408, 416Diatoms, 5–6, 59–60, 101–102, 106, 117–118, 168, 179, 181,
203–205, 211, 216–219, 263, 296, 333, 462Differential subsidence, 307, 477, 486Diffraction, 96, 240, 383, 391–392Dipmeter logs, 20, 362, 367–368Dish structures, 49–50Distribution coefficients, 88, 91Dip-moveout (DMO), 387–388, 390Dolomite, 89–90, 141–142, 147, 171, 179, 181–182, 185, 189,
192–199, 208–210, 216, 261, 283, 491, 495Dolomitisation, 157, 192–195, 199, 216Domes, 3, 14–16, 23, 48, 208, 239, 246, 254–255, 264,
271–272, 488Downward extrapolation, 392Draupne, 340, 471, 478, 480, 482–483, 488Dunes, 20, 34, 38, 43, 46–48, 58–59, 62, 72–73, 177–178, 209Dunham’s classification, 190–192Dunlin, 477, 482
EEast Shetland Basin, 305, 470, 472–474, 482East Shetland Platform, 470, 472, 474, 479Echinoderms, 52, 142, 161–164, 166, 173, 176, 179, 185–186
Echinoids, 144, 161–166Effective stress, 20, 44, 68, 98, 115, 121–122, 125–126,
135–138, 184, 189, 199, 237, 264–265, 272, 274–276,281–286, 289–297, 329–330, 334–336, 355, 416, 430,451–452, 457, 481
Ekofisk, 16, 19, 150, 182, 246, 290, 297, 335, 436, 448, 450,452, 468, 478, 480–482
Ekofisk field, 19, 150, 290, 335, 448, 450, 452, 468, 481Ekofisk Field, Ekofisk, see EkofiskElectrical logs, 364Electromagnetic, 2, 331, 440Enhanced recovery, 1, 453, 457Ephemeral, 55, 60, 205, 208Erosion, 4, 21, 27, 34, 36–39, 42, 45–50, 53, 55–63, 65, 67–68,
70–73, 75, 78–80, 87, 95, 98, 104–107, 110–111, 113,120, 129, 132, 151, 164–165, 169–170, 175, 177–178,201–202, 210, 212, 219, 230–231, 233, 238–241, 243,255–256, 262, 270, 281, 284–285, 297, 299, 313–314,322, 341, 351, 368, 396, 399, 471, 475, 478–479,481–482, 492, 495–497
Evaporate, 8, 56, 208, 348Evaporite basins, 59–60, 108–109, 171, 181, 205–209, 246,
476–477Evaporites, 45, 55, 59–60, 90–93, 108–109, 145, 168, 171, 181,
194–195, 197, 201–212, 216, 228, 245–246, 254,260–262, 264, 273, 278, 283, 322–324, 363, 365, 471,476, 477, 490–492, 497
Exhumation, 21, 479Experimental compaction, 121–122, 135, 291–292, 294–295,
330, 331Exploration, 1–3, 9, 17, 19, 21, 23–25, 28–29, 68, 115,
136–137, 215, 219, 250, 259, 263, 267–268, 284, 287,296, 299, 304–305, 308, 320–321, 343–344, 359, 361,372, 375–401, 403–425, 436, 440, 445, 448, 467–470,480–482, 488–489, 496–497
Extension, 21, 126, 198, 261, 268, 284–285, 288, 300, 302,304–309, 311–312, 315–316, 320, 322, 334, 352,470–471, 476, 482, 485–486, 489, 495–496
Extensional basin, 302–315, 317, 321, 491
FFaecal pellets, 77, 167, 169, 178Far stack, 419, 421Fault, 3, 6, 11, 14, 16–17, 19–20, 23, 51, 55–56, 68–69, 84,
101, 104, 120, 137, 198, 209, 240, 246, 248, 250, 255,259, 268, 274–276, 285, 293, 300, 302–303, 305–309,311–318, 320–326, 336, 345, 352–356, 358–359, 369,386, 391, 395, 397–398, 401, 428, 439, 451, 456–457,470, 472–474, 477–480, 482–484, 486–493
Fault architecture, 324–326Feathering, 383Fining-upwards, 20, 62, 77, 82, 352, 354, 359, 365, 370,
452–453F-K filter, 388–389Flaser bedding, 47, 77Flocculation, 39, 59, 70, 98, 202, 294Fluid
communication, 325, 457factor, 419–422inclusions, 127–130
504 Subject Index
pressure, 259, 263, 265, 268, 274, 281–284, 286, 290,349–351, 354–356, 438, 452
Fluid (hydrodynamic) potential, 183, 263, 265–268, 283Flute cast, 42, 49–50Fluvial deposits, 55, 60, 62Fluvial flow, 41–42, 67Folk’s classification, 190–191Foraminifera, 7, 18, 95, 106, 118, 144, 151–154, 173, 179–182,
186, 197, 216–219, 227, 479Foramol association, 173Fore-arc basin, 83–84, 249–250Formation factor, 259, 363Formation water, 259–262, 264, 271, 282, 362–363, 365–367,
416, 460Fractured reservoirs, 21, 118, 137, 198, 205, 447, 456–457Fractured rocks, 355, 446, 449Fracture pressure, 274–277, 282, 286–287, 333, 350, 354–359,
438, 483, 488Fresnel zone, 392–394Froude number, 37–38, 47–48
GGamma logs, 3, 361, 365, 370Gas
hydrates, 23, 459–465injection, 453, 455, 481
Gassmann model, 429Geochemistry, 2, 24, 43, 60, 87–111, 141, 339–348, 408Geomechanic, 281–297, 436–438, 440Geomechanical effects, 436–438Geometric spreading, 380–381Geophone, 2–3, 377–380, 382–384, 386Geophysical monitoring, 403–425Geostatic pressure, 356, 457Geothermal gradients, 12, 84, 121–123, 130–131, 133,
136, 203, 237, 243–246, 249–250, 253–257, 270–271,294, 299, 320, 334, 341–342, 344–346, 367–368, 465,478, 482
Gibbsite, 103–106, 121, 262Glacial, 9, 55, 58–60, 92, 104, 108, 110, 177, 183–184, 202,
228–230, 256, 284, 293–294, 331, 465, 468, 480, 483,485, 488, 496
Glitne field, 404, 410, 423–424Goliath field, 497Grain flow, 40, 43Grain size, 27–35, 38–40, 44–48, 56, 59, 61, 63, 73, 95,
101, 113, 121–122, 135–136, 164, 166, 170, 190–191,201–202, 228, 278, 291, 294–297, 329–330,369–370
Grapestone, 178Gravity flow, 39, 198, 312Green river formation, 60Green river shale, 4, 462–463Greywacke, 114, 131, 191Groningen field, 467Ground water, 100Growth faults, 14, 16–17, 51, 68–69, 120, 278, 322–323,
353, 355Gullfaks field, 137, 427–428, 438Gypsum, 14–15, 147, 179, 181, 194–195, 206–210, 216, 259,
262, 322, 348, 455
HHalite, 14, 179, 194, 206, 208–209, 254, 262, 322, 471Halokinesis, 313, 323, 471Haltenbanken, 13, 95, 127–129, 274, 331, 359, 371, 469,
488–489Hardground, 187, 198, 233Heat flow, 84, 138, 243, 245, 249, 253–256, 273, 303, 307,
341, 368Heat transport, 253–257, 273Heavy oil, 3, 17, 23, 25, 128, 131, 248, 347–348, 427, 447,
453–454, 459–465Heidrun, 443, 488Hercynian, 472, 475Hertz-mindlin model, 429–431Hjulstrøm’s curve, 39Horda platform, 305, 470, 472–474, 477Horizontal wells, 368, 461Humic kerogen, 340–341Hummocky, 48, 73, 79, 232Hummocky stratification, 48, 73Hydraulic radius, 37, 55–56Hydrocarbon traps, 13–17, 188, 299–326Hydrogen index, 345, 366Hydrophone, 377–380, 382–384Hydrosatic pressure, 62, 182, 189, 265, 274, 276, 282–283,
294, 356, 449, 488
IIce, 9, 49, 51, 58, 92, 98, 202, 206, 241, 243–244, 277, 335,
349, 400, 464–465, 480, 488Illitisation, 126, 129, 137, 411–412Image logs, 2, 362, 368–369Imaging, 287–288, 322–324, 376, 382–384, 386, 392, 400, 485Impedance, 236–239, 377, 381, 396, 403, 405, 410–411,
415–418, 420, 431, 439, 457Incidence angle, 380Instantaneous phase, 396–397Intergranular volume (IGV), 121, 123, 132Interval velocity, 396Intraclasts, 168–169, 190–191Inversion, 109, 126, 265, 272, 313, 320–322, 326, 381, 403,
416, 423–424, 443, 471, 479, 488–489Invertebrates, 152–168Ionic potential, 88–90Island arcs, 82–85, 110, 249–250, 303Isostasy, 243, 282, 307Isotopes, 88, 91–95, 110, 166, 226–228, 261, 263–264, 273,
343, 346, 348
JJurassic, 12–13, 21, 46, 59–60, 94, 118, 122–124, 127–129,
133, 150, 152, 156, 162, 171, 174, 176, 182, 197, 209,217, 224, 228, 245–246, 248, 250, 256, 261, 302, 304,331, 339, 348, 359, 365, 429, 468–472, 476–478, 480,482–486, 488–491, 493, 495, 497
KKattegat, 472, 476, 479Kerogen, 5, 10, 12–13, 245, 263–264, 277, 333, 339–347,
349–350, 366, 367, 463–464
Subject Index 505
Kimmeridge Clay/shale, 11–13, 116, 130, 214, 339–340, 358,478, 481–483
LLacustrine, 55, 59–60, 182, 219, 245–246, 311Lacustrine deposits, 59–60Lakes, 8–9, 39, 55–56, 59–61, 65, 77, 87, 90–91, 105, 109, 116,
120, 128, 170, 182–183, 193, 202, 205, 208–209, 227,246, 311, 384, 462–463
Land seismic, 375, 378, 382, 386, 427Lava, 59, 110–111, 209, 484–485, 487, 489Leak-off test (LOT), 287, 296, 354Lignin, 7, 341Lime mud, 144, 149, 151–152, 166–168, 178–179, 181, 187,
190, 192, 479Liquefaction, 39, 43–44, 49–50, 68, 80Liquefied flow, 43–44Listric faults, 17, 51, 84, 246, 305, 308, 311, 313, 483Lithoclasts, 169, 186Lithosphere, 82, 229–230, 299–308, 321–322, 470, 485Lithospheric thinning, 302, 470Lithostratigraphy, 213–214, 225Load cast, 49–50Lofoten, 483–487, 490–491Love waves, 375–376
MMagmatism, 311, 485, 495–496Mandal Formation, 480, 483Marine seismic, 2, 378–379, 381–384, 387, 435Mass flow, 39, 42–43, 114, 313–314Maturation, 6, 13–14, 25, 246, 248–250, 263, 302, 311, 317,
319–320, 340–344, 346, 349–350, 367Mechanical compaction, 20, 114–115, 121–123, 127, 132–133,
135–136, 184, 188–189, 197–198, 273, 275–277,281–284, 286, 291–293, 295–297, 329–330, 335,411–413, 452, 481
Mesozoic, 60, 63, 108, 110, 117, 142, 154, 158, 164, 179,181–182, 204, 219, 224, 243, 246, 261, 325, 468, 480,486, 489–490, 492, 494–496
Meteoric water, 17–18, 92, 98, 115, 117–121, 123,130, 132–134, 177, 183–184, 187, 250, 253, 255,259, 261–264, 267–270, 273, 276, 284, 336, 363,450–452
Meteoric water flow, 118, 134, 184, 262, 264, 268–269, 273,276–277, 283, 336, 451
Micrite, 165–168, 190–191, 212Micritic envelope, 167–168Micritisation, 165–167, 169, 179Microfossils, 1, 22, 215–220, 222, 227, 242Micropalaeontology, 1, 215Microquartz, 123–124Mid-north sea high, 482Midpoint gather, 381Migration, 2–3, 6, 10–11, 14, 16, 21, 25, 45, 47, 75–77, 131,
195, 240, 245, 264, 302, 320, 322–324, 344–345,349–359, 387–388, 391–393, 397, 440, 459, 462, 467,488–489
Missisppi, 277, 372Møre, 483–489Mouldic porosity, 18, 21, 160, 170, 197, 199, 456
Mud flow, 34, 40, 42–43, 55Multiples, 237, 380, 384, 387–389, 391, 395
NNaphtenes, 342Near stack, 419, 421Nereites facies, 53Net/gross (N/G), 20, 137, 449Neutron logs, 361, 364, 366NMO, 388–391Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs, 339, 366, 368Non-coherent noise, 387–388Non-skeletal carbonate grains, 152, 168North Sea, 10–13, 16, 23, 51, 58, 74, 76, 95, 120–124, 128–130,
132–133, 150–151, 173, 182, 198, 204, 207–208, 214,219, 224, 235, 242, 245–246, 254, 256, 261–262, 270,272–273, 276, 278, 283, 286, 290, 297, 302, 304–305,307–308, 312–314, 331–332, 335, 339–341, 344, 348,358–359, 365, 369, 372, 410–413, 417, 427–428, 431,434–437, 440, 453, 460, 465, 467–483, 487–489, 497
Norwegian-Danish Basin, 471–472Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), 467, 497Norwegian Sea, 43, 51, 469–470, 497Nyquist frequency, 387
OOcean bottom seismic (OBS), 383–385, 387Ocean water circulation, 4, 92, 106, 108–109, 143, 182,
202–203, 227, 229–230, 263, 265Oil
emplacement, 127–128, 131reserves, 4, 23–24, 196, 454, 462saturation, 119, 128, 351–353, 357–358, 362, 364, 446,
448–450, 453–455, 457seeps, 2, 8, 17, 205, 348, 375, 459shale, 3–4, 23, 25, 340, 348, 350, 352, 459–465window, 10, 12–13
Oil-wet, 12, 128, 198, 340, 351, 412, 446–447, 454, 461Ooids, 21, 144, 170–171, 177, 185, 190–192, 197–198Oomoulds, 171, 197Opal (A and CT), 5, 117–118, 123, 135, 137, 155, 203–205,
237, 262–264, 296, 333Organic geochemistry, 2Organic silica, 124, 135, 203Ormen Lange Field, 322, 469, 489Oslo graben, 472, 476Oslo Rift, 472, 476Ostracods, 166, 168, 173, 179, 216–218Overpressure, 20, 44, 50, 68, 98, 121–122, 135–136, 197, 237,
239, 265–267, 269, 273–278, 282–283, 286–287, 290,296, 334–335, 342, 349–350, 353–355, 358–359,411–412, 449, 481, 488
Oxygen index, 345
PPackstone, 191–192Palaeomagnetism, 228Palaeozoic, 7, 63, 82, 106, 132, 144, 151–152, 154, 156, 161,
163–164, 182, 194, 204–205, 217, 224, 228, 243, 297,471–474, 476, 480, 484–486, 489–494
Paraffin, 343, 346–348, 459
506 Subject Index
Parasequences, 229, 231–233Passive margins, 16, 54, 246–247, 302, 317, 335, 341, 489Patch, 48, 79, 188, 197, 207, 383, 415–416Pelagic carbonate, 133, 181–182Pellets, 8, 38–39, 77, 82, 169, 178, 181, 190–191, 340Peloids, 167, 169, 190–191Permeability, 1–3, 10, 12–13, 16–21, 25, 29, 44, 55, 57, 68, 98,
105–106, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 128–129,132, 134, 137, 150, 154, 156, 171, 182, 184, 188,191–193, 195, 197–199, 201, 208, 226, 259, 262,265–271, 273–278, 281, 283–284, 287–288, 294, 296,331, 348–355, 357–359, 362–363, 365–366, 369–370,412, 415–416, 448–452, 454–457, 461–462, 464,481–482, 488
Permian, 16, 58–59, 132, 151–153, 155–157, 160–162,164, 171, 174, 198–199, 207–208, 241–243, 262, 272,400, 468, 470, 472, 474–477, 480–481, 486, 491–493,495, 497
Persian gulf, 168, 172, 179–181, 207–208, 248Petroleum
composition, 346–347generation, 11–12, 256, 278, 341–345, 350, 357migration, 10, 351, 353, 357, 467seepage, 359
PH, 7, 88, 90–91, 99, 104–105, 107, 119, 128, 130, 142–143,168, 173, 179, 181–182, 189, 205, 210, 261–263, 359
Phosphorite, 187, 211–212Photosyntesis, 4–8, 12, 24, 91, 93, 106, 143, 145, 148, 177,
181, 183, 205, 227, 263, 340Phreatic zone, 183Phytoplankton, 4–5, 7–8, 203, 340–341Piezomtric, 265, 276, 283P-impedance, 377Pisolites, 170Planar faults, 309, 321Plants, 4, 6–7, 12, 24, 27, 56, 61, 66, 73, 76, 82, 93, 99, 106,
116, 118, 141, 144–149, 167, 176, 181–182, 211, 217,222, 227, 243, 339, 341, 343, 387, 401, 464
Plastic deformation, 288, 301–302Plate tectonics, 228, 241–243, 250, 286, 299–300, 399, 457,
461, 470Point bar, 20, 61–62, 77Pore water, 262–263, 265, 268, 278Porewater composition, 261, 264Porewater flow, 40, 131, 255–256, 261–264, 266, 268,
270–273, 275Porosity
/depth, 126, 133, 135, 188, 272–273, 277, 330, 336/depth trend, 135, 330, 411–412loss, 121, 125, 135–136, 138, 272–273, 281, 329, 335
Post-mortem destruction, 164–165Potentiometric, 119, 265–268, 271, 275, 283, 352Potentiometric gradients, 265–267, 352P-p stack, 384–385Pre-stack depth migration (PSDM), 392Pre-stack time migration (PSTM), 393Production monitoring, 457Progradation, 20, 54–56, 61, 65, 68–72, 81–82, 181, 225,
229–232, 238–239, 246–247, 311, 399, 477, 479–480,482, 495
PSDM, see Pre-stack depth migration (PSDM)
P-s stack, 384–385PSTM, see Pre-stack time migration (PSTM)Pull-apart basins, 248–249, 317, 489Pure shear, 302, 304, 306–308, 314P-wave, 235, 367, 375–378, 380, 383–384, 409, 415, 427,
429–430, 438Pyrolysis, 4, 339, 342, 345, 462–463
QQuartz cement, 16, 115–116, 120–128, 130–138, 254, 256, 268,
275–277, 293–294, 296, 333–334, 354, 367, 407–408,412, 416, 422, 459, 479, 483, 488–489
Quartz overgrowth, 120, 125–127, 131–132, 406, 408
RRadiactive logs, 2, 22, 364–365Radiolaria, 7, 102, 118, 181, 203–205, 211, 216–219, 222, 333Radiometric dating, 213, 222, 225–227Raw seismic, 387–388Rayleigh, 270–271, 375–376, 378Rayleigh convection, 270–271Raynold’s number, 36Receiver array, 384Red algae, 72, 142, 144, 147–149, 151–152, 166, 173, 175, 188Redox boundary, 7–9, 96, 116–117, 195, 210–211, 260,
262, 273Reefs, 6, 14, 16–18, 21, 53, 74, 79, 147, 149, 151–152,
156–158, 160, 163, 172–181, 187–188, 192–194, 197,235, 456
Reflected angle, 377Reflected wave, 383Reflection, 179, 181, 204, 236–240, 307, 313, 322, 324,
375–377, 381, 387, 389–392, 394, 396–397, 403–404,421, 431, 483
Reflection coefficient, 237, 377, 387, 431Reflectivity, 12–13, 343, 380–381, 413, 418–419, 431Refracted angle, 377Refracted wave, 377Refraction, 31, 78, 236, 375, 377, 468Regression, 54, 65, 71, 168, 208, 212, 229–230, 241–242,
399–400, 419, 495Relative permeability, 266, 350–352, 358, 449–451, 454Reservoir
modelling, 458quality, 21, 25, 114–115, 117–118, 121, 123, 128–129,
131–138, 141, 156, 160–161, 164, 170–171, 191, 196,249, 253–254, 256, 281, 381, 404, 449
rocks, 1, 6, 10, 12–16, 18–22, 25, 27, 29, 95, 114, 118, 121,123, 129, 131–133, 137, 181–183, 187–188, 191–192,195–199, 201, 205, 249–250, 256, 293, 313, 319–320,323, 349–350, 352–353, 359, 361–362, 366–367,436–438, 443, 445–446, 449–450, 454–457, 459–460,462, 464, 473, 477–478, 480–483, 488–489
Resistivity logs, 362–364, 366, 370, 446Rift, 16, 59, 104, 113, 132, 205, 209, 212, 242–243, 245–247,
256, 303–308, 310–312, 317, 467, 469–470, 472,474, 476–478, 482–483, 485–487, 489, 491–492,495, 497
Rifting, 11, 59–60, 63, 84, 153, 209, 242–243, 245–247, 302,311, 471, 474, 476, 478–480, 482, 484, 486–489, 495
Rift stages, 303–308, 317, 478
Subject Index 507
Ringkøbing-Fyn High, 472, 476Rock-Eval, 345–346Rock physics models, 400, 403–408, 411, 413, 416–417,
422, 429Rotliegend, 59, 132, 468, 474, 476
SSabkha, 147, 179–181, 207–209, 476–477Salt
deposits, 15–16, 179, 194, 207, 246, 262, 322, 477, 482diapers, 272domes, 3, 14–16, 180, 208, 239, 246, 255, 264,
271–272, 285Sampling, 28, 35, 383, 387, 401Sandstone
fluvial, 20, 49, 132–133, 352, 354, 358, 367, 382, 475marine, 20, 127, 132, 232, 354, 358, 452, 477, 495reservoir, 11, 20, 25, 113–138, 196, 256, 270, 293, 296,
358, 405, 412, 416–417, 437, 447–448, 451, 455–456,459, 468, 478, 480, 488
Sapropelic kerogen, 340Saturation effects, 438Seal, 3, 11, 16–17, 188, 267, 274–278, 311–312, 314, 318,
322–323, 352–355, 357–358, 386, 441, 453, 481–482,496–497
Sea urchins, 160–161, 163, 167Secondary porosity, 18, 121, 149, 156–157, 161, 187, 191, 195,
197–198, 270, 359, 456, 481Sedimentary environments, 25, 27–85, 91, 210, 320, 367, 372,
396, 457Sedimentary facies, 1–2, 25, 52–54, 85, 87, 118, 138, 224–225,
239–240, 266, 362, 365Sedimentary structures, 25, 27–28, 38, 44–45, 48, 50, 54, 56,
61, 73, 79, 144, 213, 267, 353, 362, 369, 371Sediment
texture, 29–31transport, 27–85, 87, 113, 115, 178, 305–306, 311–314
Seepage, 2, 8, 45, 348, 3953D seismic, 2, 23, 43, 353, 358, 382–383, 386–387, 394, 398,
400–401, 418, 423, 428, 438, 445, 4484C seismic, 380, 383, 386–3874D seismic, 2, 21, 23, 25, 115, 237, 386–387, 401, 427–443,
445, 457Seismic acquisition, 378–384, 386–387, 442Seismic attributes, 281, 386, 395–398, 401, 409Seismic exploration, 375–401, 409, 411Seismic facies analysis, 395–397Seismic fluid sensitivity, 413–417Seismic interpretation, 240, 324, 329, 382, 395–400, 403–405,
418, 424–425, 431Seismic lithofacies, 409–410, 423–424Seismic monitoring, 386–387, 427, 429, 436, 441Seismic processing, 383–384, 387–392, 418Seismic pulses, 375Seismic pumping, 275–276, 284Seismic reservoir, 403–404, 418–424Seismic resolution, 392–395, 400, 457Seismic signal processing, 377Seismic signatures, 238, 240, 398, 411–412, 417, 419, 423Seismic source, 375, 377–378, 384Seismic stratigraphy, 235–250, 398, 400
Seismic trace, 237, 380–381, 384, 387, 396, 431, 434Seismic waves, 235, 239–240, 375, 378, 380–381, 383,
393, 397Semblance, 391Sequence stratigraphy, 1–2, 19, 115, 117, 135, 229–233,
235–250, 269, 371Sequence types, 233Shadow zone, 378Shale
gas, 23, 25, 334, 350, 364, 459–465matrix, 349, 354, 412, 469
Shear wave, 235, 367, 380, 386, 406, 418Shelf, 21, 52, 54, 57, 64, 66, 69, 71–73, 76–81, 150, 172,
178–179, 181, 202, 209, 212, 218–220, 222, 231–233,238–239, 241, 246–247, 250, 261, 269–270, 303–304,313, 317, 371, 397–399, 405, 467–497
Shore face, 231Shot-point gather, 381Siderite, 51, 97, 117, 141–142, 195–196, 211, 233, 262,
282, 477Silica deposits, 201–212S-impedance, 377, 396Simple shear, 302, 304–305, 307–309Skagerrak, 468, 471–472, 476Skagerrak Graben, 472, 476Sleipner Field, 441, 453, 479Slumping, 49–51, 69, 79–80, 481Smectite, 22, 34–35, 42–43, 51, 57, 63, 96–97, 101–106, 117,
119, 123, 127–129, 132–133, 136–137, 201–204, 254,259, 262–263, 278, 282, 292–297, 329–333, 366,411–414, 455–456, 462, 481, 483
Snell’s law, 236, 377Snells refraction, 236Snorre Field, 482–483S/N ratio, 391Sonic (acoustic) logs, 366–367Sorgenfrei-tornquist zone, 472, 476, 479Source rock, 1, 3–6, 8–15, 25, 27, 59–60, 76, 79, 87, 92, 104,
106, 113–114, 116, 118, 130–131, 146, 149, 151, 181,188, 201, 205, 215, 219, 226, 245–246, 248, 254, 256,263, 277, 305, 309–312, 317, 320, 333, 339–351, 353,355, 357–359, 365, 460, 462, 464, 467, 471, 474,477–478, 480–483, 488–489, 495, 497
Sparite, 190–191Spekk formation, 331, 488Spiculite, 155, 471Spill point, 13–14, 358, 450, 481SP logs, 364–366, 372Sponges, 117–118, 123–124, 135, 143, 154–156, 164–165, 167,
174–175, 187, 198, 203–204, 296, 333Stacking, 231, 313, 369, 387–391, 396Statfjord field, 122, 482Static correction, 384, 387, 394Steam injection, 386, 427, 454, 459Stokes law, 29, 31Stratigraphic trap, 6, 13–15, 17, 21, 76, 302, 306, 311–314,
317–318, 322–324, 482Streamer, 378, 382–385, 435Stress-strain, 289–291, 293Strike-slip, 16, 248–249, 284, 299, 300, 315–317, 472, 474,
476, 489, 495–496
508 Subject Index
Stromatolite, 144–146, 152, 169, 179, 194, 219Stromatoporoids, 149, 156–157, 174Structural trap, 2, 6, 13–14, 16–17, 246, 249, 305, 308, 311,
318, 481, 488Stylolites, 21, 125–126, 134, 189, 195, 198–199, 334–336,
352, 456Submarine canyons, 54, 79–82, 247Submarine fans, 54, 80–82, 219, 232, 314, 397, 404, 424, 479Subsidence
basin, 135, 138, 246, 277, 283, 306–307, 354, 367, 478tectonic, 59, 65, 241, 244–245, 311, 399, 479
Svalbard, 155, 467, 469, 471, 489–490, 492–493, 495–496Swath, 383S-wave, 235, 296, 375–378, 380, 383, 409, 415, 430System tract, 229–233
TTampen spur, 470–474, 482Tarbert formation, 482–483Tar sand, 3, 23, 25, 248, 348, 453–454, 459–465Tertiary, 4, 47, 60, 95, 105, 118, 133, 150, 154, 162, 174, 176,
180, 205, 208–209, 212, 217, 219, 222, 227, 230, 235,241, 243, 250, 276–277, 411–413, 441, 460, 463–464,471, 479–483, 489, 496–497
Thermal alteration, 339, 343Thermal convection, 131, 253, 265, 270–272, 276Thixotropic, 42–43, 98Thrust systems, 318Tidal, 5, 20, 28, 35, 38, 42, 47, 52, 59–60, 64, 67–68, 70, 72,
75–80, 85, 108, 146, 151–152, 168, 170, 177–181, 186,208, 218, 433, 457, 460
Tidal bundles, 77–78Tidal channels, 20, 70, 75, 77–78, 168, 179Tilje formation, 127, 488Time-lapse seismic, 386, 429, 433, 435–437, 439–443Time migration, 392–393Time slice, 43, 240, 395–396Time-stratigraphy, 222–224Time-temperature index (TTI), 343–344Trace fossils, 45, 51–53, 76–77, 176Trace muting, 387–388Transgression, 20–21, 54–55, 65, 67, 70–71, 74, 76, 94, 106,
172, 174, 181, 203, 212, 229–233, 238–239, 241–242,244, 246–247, 306, 314, 399–400, 474, 477–478
Transmission loss, 380–381Trap, 6, 10–11, 13, 17, 21, 25, 76, 144–145, 170, 175, 177, 210,
215, 274, 309–315, 317, 320, 323–324, 331, 345, 351,353, 355, 357–358, 446, 481–482, 488
Travertine, 183Triassic, 11, 16, 129, 150, 152, 156–157, 160, 162, 174, 217,
219, 223, 228, 242–243, 246, 302, 304, 470–473,476–478, 480, 482, 484–486, 489, 491–495, 497
Troll field, 23, 440, 443, 482–483True amplitude recovery, 387–388Tufa deposits, 183Turbidites, 17, 20–21, 34, 41–42, 45, 65, 79, 81–84, 114,
132–133, 177, 181, 198, 247–249, 270, 352, 358, 452,478, 483
Turbidity currents, 39–42, 60, 68, 79–80, 202, 314Two-way travel time, 389, 392
UUplift, 2, 20–21, 62, 114, 126, 133, 196, 198, 202–203, 209,
230, 239, 241, 243, 245, 248, 250, 255, 262, 266, 268,270, 273–274, 277, 281, 283–285, 294, 297, 303, 307,313, 319–322, 329, 334, 347–352, 354–355, 399–400,457–462, 464, 467, 472–473, 475, 477–483, 487–488,492, 495–497
Upwelling, 4, 7, 21, 79, 109, 172–174, 177, 203–205,211–212, 339
Utsira high, 471–472, 479
VVadose, 183–185, 205Vadose zone, 183–185, 209Variscan, 472, 475–476Velocity analysis, 387, 390–391Velocity spectrum, 391Vertical seismic profiles (VSP), 240, 384–386, 400, 434Vesteralen, 483–485, 487, 497Vestland group, 480Vibrator, 375, 378–380Viking graben, 302, 304–305, 308, 311, 313, 470–474,
476–479, 482Void ratio, 18, 264, 334, 342, 349Volcanism, volcanic, 35, 60, 72, 82–84, 102, 104–107,
110–111, 114, 119, 123, 131, 176, 201–205, 209,213, 228–229, 243, 245, 248–250, 296, 303, 331,341, 411–412, 440, 467, 471, 474, 479, 482, 487,490, 492, 496
Vøring, 468, 471, 483–489
WWacke, 114, 131, 191–192Water drive, 250, 451–452Water injection, 259, 264, 268, 387, 442, 450, 452–454,
464, 481Water-wet, 11, 128, 131, 351–352, 446–448,
454–456Waveform, 387, 395Wavefront, 377, 381, 383Wavelength, 46, 48, 61, 79, 96, 148, 177, 237, 239–240, 324,
381, 393–394, 396, 400, 489Wavelet, 381, 388, 394Weathering, 8, 24, 27, 34, 43, 45, 54, 56, 62, 67–90, 93, 95–96,
98–107, 109–111, 113–116, 118–119, 124, 137, 141,143, 169, 172, 176, 182–183, 195–197, 201–203,209–210, 212, 219, 263–264, 387
Well logs, 2–3, 116, 136–137, 214, 225, 259, 269, 271, 297,329, 361–372, 400–401, 403–406, 409–410, 412–413,416, 420–422, 424–425, 431
Wetting angle, 351, 355, 445–449, 454Wildcat well, 21Wilson cycle, 302–303Wyllis equation, 235–236
ZZechstein, 16, 198, 207, 246, 261, 273, 476, 480Zero-offset, 384, 388, 419Zooplankton, 4, 7–8, 143, 203, 340–341