322 D. Marine Meteorology O LR(1979)26(6)

during the Precambrian. School of Natural Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA 01002, U.S.A. (drh)

79:2485 Tarkov, A. P., 1978. On the possible density inversion

in the upper mantle of the Earth. PhAw. Earth planet. Interiors. 17(4): 290-294.

Seismic velocity models, probable thermodynamic properties, and temperature profiles indicate density inversions in the upper mantle are more pronounced beneath ocean basins than continents and are probably correlated with low-velocity zones. Numerical calculations do not confirm whether density inversions exist beneath continental shield areas. Geophysical Branch of Geology Department, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394 693, U.S.S.R. (drh)

21. Miscel laneous

compared with their modern oceanic counterparts in order to test the hypothesis that significant metallogenesis occurs in oceanic fracture/ones. I.ittle support is fuund for this hypothesis in the Troodos Massif. Grant Institute of Geology, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, Scotland. (rio)

79:2489 Tributsch, Helmut, 1978. Do aerosol anomalies pre-

cede earthquakes? Nature. Lond., 276(5688): 606-608.

Instrument research is ineffective for short-term earthquake prediction, but as has been shown in China, less sophisticated approaches can prove effective. Remarkable animal behavior before earthquakes probably results from an increase in atmospheric ion concentration which is known to produce physiological disturbances. Fritz Haber lnstitut der Max Planck Gesellschaft, I Berlin 33, F.R.G. (djh)

79:2486 Abe, Kuniaki, 1978. Determination of the fault model

consistent with the tsunami generation of the 1964 Niigata earthquake. Mar. Geod.. 1(4): 313-330.

Tide gauge records and inundation height measurements from the Niigata earthquake tsunami are used to develop a fault model consistent with the generation of this tsunami. The event appears to involve a large dislocation with small fault plane dimensions. General Education, Nippon Dental University, Niigata, Niigata-shi, Japan. (rio)

79:2487 Garcia, M. O., 1978. Criteria for the identification of

ancient volcanic arcs. Earth-Sci. Rev., 14(2): 147-165.

To recognize ancient volcanic arc complexes, the characteristic features of Recent volcanic arcs and the effect of metamorphism must be evaluated. Available field, geochemical, and geophysical data indicate that the presence of a paired metamorphic belt, pyroclastic volcanic rocks interbedded with graywackes and mudstones, and certain trace element and rare-earth element analyses are collectively needed to distinguish ancient volcanic arc deposits from other volcanic- sedimentary deposits. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, U.S.A. (drh)

79:2488 Robertson, A. H. F., 1978. Metallogenesis along a

fossil oceanic fracture zone: Arakapas fault belt. Troodos Massif, Cyprus. Earth planet. Sci. Letts, 41(3): 317-329.

The mineralogy, chemistry, and depositional setting of materials filling a fossil oceanic fracture zone are

D. Marine Meteorology

I. Apparatusand methods

79:2490 Viezee, W., P. A. Davis and D. E. Wolf, 1978. Tech-

nique to use satellite microwave spectrometer data in moisture budget studies of cyclones. Mon. Weath. Rev., 106(11): 1627-1633.

Spectral microwave and infrared data from Nimbus 5 and 6 satellites are used to study moisture budgets of ocean storms. The technique, most reliable over oceans, is being extended to land areas and future data from Nimbus G and TIROS-N will enable evaluation of total moisture storage rate, net moisture transport, and precipitation rate. SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A. (web)

2. Air-sea interface and interactions

79:2491 Broecker, H.-C., Jorg Petermann and Wolfgang

Siems, 1978. The influence of wind on COs- exchange in a wind-wave tunnel, including the effects of monolayers. J. mar. Res., 36(4): 595-610.

Cos desorption rates from gas-enriched water were quantified in wind-wave tunnel experiments. Mass transfer coefficients, wind profiles, and CO2 profiles were determined for wind velocities of 2 to 16 m/s. The coefficients had a distinctly linear dependence on wind velocity. Effects of introducing a monolayer of

OLR(1979)26(6) D. Marine Meteorology 323

oleyl alcohol were investigated. U niversit/it Hamburg, Institut fiir Anorganische und Angewandte Chemic, Abteilung Angewandte Chemie, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 2000 Hamburg 13, F.R.G. (rio)

79:2492 Chao, S. P. and E. Y. Hsu, 1978. Wave-induced veloc-

ities and turbulent Reynolds stresses above an air- water interface. Dynam. A tmos. Oceans, 2(5): 471-493.

Experimentally-determined magnitude and phase distributions of wave-induced velocities and turbulent Reynolds stresses across a turbulent boundary layer above a small-amplitude progressive water wave are reported. Bechtel Incorporated, San Francisco, CA 94119, U.S.A. (izs)

79:2493 Golodko, L. A. and V. M. Radikevich, 1978. Calcula-

tion of stratification parameters in the planetary boundary layer model over the ocean. (In Rus- sian. Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1978(9): 53-59.

79:2494 Greenhut, G. K., 1978. Correlations between rainfall

and sea surface temperature during GATE. J. phys. Oceanogr., 8(6): 1135-1138.

Rainfall-sea surface temperature correlations of data taken in the B-scale region of the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean during GATE apparently showed that increased surface temperature caused rainfall one day later, while rainfall caused lowered sea surface temperatures one day later. Causal mechanisms are discussed. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, U.S.A. (web)

79:2495 Otsuka, Kazuyuki, 1977. Variability of oceanographic

conditions by the passages of typhoon in the Znnan region, south of Japan. (In Japanese; English abstract.) Umi to Sora, 53(1): 23-32.

Thirty-two typhoons between 1960 and 1972 were studied by analyzing daily mean sea level and coastal water temperatures in the Zunan region, south of Japan. An "effective index" was assigned to the storms, based on central pressure near 30*N, closest approach to the Boso Peninsula, and duration. Peak daily mean sea level occurred from one to three days after passage of storms to the east. Mass transport of the Kuroshio was decreased. Sea surface temperatures were hardly affected. Tokyo University of Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan. (web)

79:2496 Pokudov, V. V. and V. I. Karachev, 1978. The evalu-

ation of heat loss from the ocean surface in areas of cyclone passage. (In Russian.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1978(8): 57-61.

Mean diurnal heat losses of the surface of the

D.S.R.(B) 26/6--C

northeast Pacific in areas of cyclone passage during winter are studied. The problem of these losses in cold and warm sectors of cyclones is considered separately. Mean total heat loss in cold sectors of cyclones is 4.1- 4.6 fold more than that of warm sectors.

79:2497 Sarachik, E. S., 1978. Tropical sea surface tempera-

ture: an interactive one-dimensional atmosphere- ocean model. Dynam. Atmos. Oceans. 2(5): 455-469.

Gross properties of the tropical radiative-convective equilibrium are calculated, and the model, which includes cloud cover effects, predicts sea surface temperature, sensible and latent heat fluxes, tropopause height, evaporation rate, and atmospheric mixed layer parameters solely in terms of the solar constant. The model could be applied in ocean anomaly and impact studies. Center for Earth and Planetary Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. (izs)

79:2498 Taylor, P. A. and P, R. Gent, 1978. A numerical inves-

tigation of variations in the drag coefficient for air flow above water waves. Q. JI R. met. Soc.. 104(442): 979-988.

A numerical model, described in an earlier paper, is used to predict drag coefficients for air flow over rough water. Analysis of coefficient variation with wave slope and wave phase speed-friction velocity relations are given with discussion of application to ocean studies of drag coefficient. Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. (web)

4. Climate and cl imatology

79:2499 ingrain, M. J., D. J. Underhill and T. M. L. Wigley,

1978. Historical climatology. Nature, Lond., 276(5686): 329-334.

Between the eleventh and seventeenth centuries, non- instrumental climatological data was recorded in inscriptions, annals, chronicles, governmental records, and estate, maritime, commercial, personal, scientific, and quasi-scientific writings. Study of this material should, if undertaken with the most cautious restraints, be valuable. Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K. (web)

79:2.ql0 Miles, M. K., 1978. Predicting temperature trend in

the Northern Hemisphere to the year 2000. Nature, Lond., 276(5686): 356-359.

Various methods and theories of long-range

324 D. Marine Meteorology OLR(1979)26(6)

temperature prediction are evaluated with the conclusion that at the present, no reliable technique is available to predict even the sign of future temperature change, much less its rate or amount. (web)

79:2501 Paltridge, G. W., 1978. The steady-state format of

global climate. Q. Jl R. met. Soc., 104(442): 927-945.

The extremum constraint of maximum entropy production, or maximum convective heat transport, is used as the basis of a purely thermodynamic model of mean annual global climate. Calculations of various large-scale meteorological and oceanographic parameters seem to agree with observations and support the basic concept of the model. The partition of atmospheric and oceanic energy flow is a result of the necessity to equalize local dissipations in the two media. CS1RO, Division of Atmospheric Physics, M ordialloc, Victoria 3195, Australia. (rlo)

79:2502 Siscoe, G. L., 1978. Solar-terrestrial influences on

weather and climate. Nature, Lond., 276(5686): 348-352.

After many previous attempts, three new studies actually appear to establish a relation between solar activity and terrestrial weather: climate and Maunder Minimum variations, regional drought and the 22- year solar magnetic.cycle, and winter circulation and passages of the solar wind sector boundaries. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, U.S.A. (web)

extrapolation. Mon. Weath. Rev., 106(11): 1619-1621.

Radar tracking of tropical cyclone Tracy on 22-24 December 1974 from Darwin (Australia) indicates that linear extropolation of least-squares data from the previous 5 hours of observations gave the best predictions of future positions of the storm, with forecasting errors ranging from 5 kms for I-hour predictions to 45 kms for 12-hour predictions. Both shorter and longer observing time before the forecast gave greater errors. National Meteorological Analysis Centre, Melbourne, Australia. (web)

79:2505 Hobbs, P. V., 1978. Organization and structure of

clouds and precipitation on the mesoscale and microscale in cyclonic storms. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 16(4): 741-755.

Mesoscale cloud processes are described, bridging the gap between synoptic meteorology and cloud physics.

3 4 2 Heavy precipitation occurs in large (10 -10 k m ) rainbands of five types, some with cores and seed crystal generating cells which move through the storm. Other rainbands, forming in lower levels, are affected by small hills; mountain barriers deflect the southerly moisture source flow. High concentrations of ice particles (I-100/L) occur in all cases. Figures include satellite photos of cyclonic storm cloud patterns. Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A. (web)

5. Clouds and fog

79:2503 Gurka, J. J., 1978. The role of inward mixing in the

dissipation of fog and stratus. Mon. Weath. Rev., 106(I !): 1633-1635.

Satellite imagery is used to demonstrate the effect of differential solar heating at fog boundaries to create a "sea breeze" situation with rising air around the fog being replaced by the sinking and mixing of warm dry air into the fog, and its consequent inward dissipation from the outer edges. Figures include fog satellite images. National Environmental Satellite Service, NOAA, Washington, DC 20233, U.S.A. (web)

9. Storms

79:2504 Annette, Paul, 1978. Optimum prediction of the move-

ment of tropical cyclone Tracy (1974) by linear

10. Winds

79:2506 Willebrand, Jurgen, 1978. Temporal and spatial .scales

of the wind field over the North Pacific and North Atlantic. J. phys. Oceanogr., 8(6): 1080-1094.

Synoptic sea level pressure data over the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans during 1973-1976 is used to calculate wind stress and curl. Spectral analysis on a time scale of one day to a few months showed domination by eastward-moving cyclones in the short ( < 10 days) periods; periods beyond 10 days show no preferred direction or frequency. When the surface-geostrophic relationship is known, single- station observations can be used to infer horizontal scales and propagation characteristics. Includes appendix: approximate relation between spectra of wind stress and surface wind. Institut fiir Meereskunde, Universit./it Kiel, 2300 Kid, F.R.G. (web)

OLR(1979)26(6) D. Marine Meteorology 325

II . Atmospheric dust, nuclei, aerosols, pollu- tants, etc.

79:2507 Kelleher, T. J. and W. A. Fader, 1978. Phytotoxic

concentrations of ozone on Nantucket Island: long range transport from the middle Atlantic states over the open ocean confirmed by bioassay with ozone-sensitive tobacco plants. Environ. Pollut., 17(3): 187-194.

Ozone-sensitive BeI-W3 tobacco plants on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, along with calibrated Mast oxidant meters, showed that ozone pollution occurred only with west-southwest winds from the New York- Washington, D.C. area. Since the location of Nantucket prevents ozone arriving from any other source, this study confirms long-distance movement of ozone. Use of biological indicators in this context has not been previously reported. Department of Microbiology, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, U.S.A. (web)

79:2508 Zhulanov, iu. V., B. F. Sadovskii, O. N. Nikitin and

1. V. Petrianov, 1978. Investigation of sea sub- micron aerosols. (In Russian.) Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 242(4): 800-803.

12. Circulation

79:2509 Cadet, Daniel and Paul Olory-Togbe, 1978. Low-

level air flow circulation over the Arabian Sea during the summer monsoon as deduced from satellite-tracked superpressure balloons. II. Anal- ysis of the flow field. Q. JIR. met. Soc., 104(442): 971-977.

Part I of this paper described the 1975 Indian Ocean superpressure balloon experiment; in this second part, the trajectories are analyzed and correlated with ship and satellite data to determine the Indian Ocean monsoon flow. Four distinct phases were found, and these are different from previous local interpretations. Laboratoire de M~tc~orologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France. (web)

79:2510 Lau, Ngar-Cheung, 1978. On the three-dimensional

structure of the observed transient eddy statistics of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime circula- tion. J. atmos. Sci., 35(10): 1900-1923. Depart- ment of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A.

79:251 I Romanova, N. A., 1978. On the spatial structure of

pressure and wind fields over the ocean surface in

tropical latitudes of the east Atlantic. (In Rus- sian.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1978(9): 106- I 12.

From data of meteorological observations performed by Polygon-70, TROPEX-72 and TROPEX-74 expeditions, the spatial variability of pressure and wind fields in tropical and equatorial latitudes of the east Atlantic is investigated.

79:2512 Shashel, A. P., 1978. On the circulation pattern over

the Bay of Bengal in the winter-spring period of 1976. (In Russian.) Meteorolog(va Gidrol.. 1978(9): 60-66.

Winter north-east monsoon characteristics are examined. Influx of water vapor into the lower troposphere depends upon transport from the Asian continent and moisture evaporation from the ocean. Appearance of a weak south-west air mass transport in April characterizes the period of transition to the summer south-west monsoon.

15. Forecasting

79:2513 Ryasin, V. A. and V. A. Salnik, 1978. On the maxi-

mum attainable forecast accuracy using the class of models of the atmosphere-ocean system. (Ih Russian.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1978(9): 43-52.

17. Miscel laneous

79:2514 Mason, B. J., 1978. The ~'orld Climate Programme.

Nature, Lond., 276(5686): 327-328.

The World Meteorological Organization and the International Council of Scientific Unions are planning a World Climate Programme during 1980 to 2000 preceded by a World Climate Conference in Geneva in February 1979. The objectives will be to study climate variability, causes and mechanisms, man-made changes, prediction and planning to reduce adverse impact. The main elements will be data and applications, impacts on human activities, and research on climatic change. Meteorological Office, Bracknell, U.K. (web)

79:2515 Takahashi, Tsutomu, 1978. Electrical properties of

oceanic tropical clouds at Ponape, Micronesia. Mon. Weath. Rev., 106(1 l): 1598-1612.

A study during October 1976 and October 1977 of raindrop electrical charge found high liquid water content to be the probable cause of weak thunderstorm electrical activity, similar to that of Hawaii. Figures include cloud photos. Cloud Physics Observatory, Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720, U.S.A. (web)