SUBSTITUTIONWriters frequently substitutes a short phrase for a longer one that has preceded it. For example:

+ He shouldnt have cheated in his exam but he did so because he was desperate to get into university.+ "Which ice-cream would you like?" "I would like the pink one"

This works in a similar way to pronouns, which replace the noun.for example:+ 'I dropped the ice-cream because it was dirty'

Replacing the noun for a pronoun "I dropped the green ice-cream. It was the only one I had'.

Ellipsis:It happens when, after a more specific mention, words are omitted when the phrase needs to be repeated. For example:

A simple conversational example:(A) Where are you going? (B) To town.

The full form of B's reply would be: "I am going to town".

A simple written example: The younger child was very outgoing, the older much more reserved.

The omitted words from the second clause are "child" and "was".