subsurface urbanism

SUBSURFACEURBANISM

FALL 2009

Northeastern University School of Architecture

ARCH G691 Graduate Degree Project Studio

FALL 2009

Northeastern University School of ArchitectureARCH G691 Graduate Degree Project Studio

JOHN CARLI

PHILIP CHANEY

IRENE CHENG

LINDSEY DUBOSAR

ALBEN LAJKA

DANIEL OTTOCHIAN

SUBSURFACEURBANISM

I. INTRODUCTION

Perspectives

Urban Strata Section

Case Studies

Reasons We Go Under

II. PROGRAM

Layout

Program Connectivity

II. CIRCULATION

Connection Methods

Sprawl Layout

Organized Layout

III. ORIENTATION

Surface Signage

Underground Signage

Mapping Strategies

Site Strategies

Positional Strategies

Table of Contents

2

3

5

11

17

18

23

27

28

31

33

37

39

47

101

103

105

107

109

111

113

VI. SURFACE BROACHING

Surface Hole

Head House

Surface Peel

Double Loaded

Surface Void

Interlocking

Distortion

IV. SYSTEMS

Beneath The Surface

Layering

Deep Water

Structure

Electric

Cable

Water

Steam

Gas

Transportation

Sewage

Natural Lighting

Artificial Lighting

V. CODES

Subsurface Space Diagram

Compartmentation

Emergency Power

Elevators & Lobbies

Occupant Load

Means of Egress

Emergency Controls

59

61

62

63

65

67

69

71

73

75

77

79

81

85

87

89

91

93

95

97

Introductionintr

oduction

2

SUIntroduction

PerspectivesAs a city responds to its environment, it grows either outward, upward or both. This book focuses on

underground construction as a response to urban development. The expanded field of architecture now

holds a new direction: down. Here we seek to review the steps needed in order to approach success when

building below the surface. The relationship between a building and its surrounding environment usually

defines the project’s aesthetic and form, however, it is up to the architect to define the diastem between the

final strata of the earth below and the urban infill of the sky above. Designing for such an alliance requires

a greater understanding of the many aspects of subsurface urbanism.

OVERVIEW

What is subsurface urbanism? It’s primary focus is

on the extension of cities beneath the ground plane

as defined by their geography, topography, as well

as economic, political, and social catalysts that

influence planning to extend deeper. The effects

on, and caused by, the built environment above the

surface define the city as a whole as it extends itself

downward, responding to density, the existing

infrastructure, climate and urban culture. Typically

subsurface urbanism is a reaction to great densities

aboveground, which then require a vast transport

network underground. The integration of the

disciplines of land use and transportation planning

to explore a wide range of aspects of the built and

social environments of urbanized municipalities are

then expanded beyond what is typical to create a

“second city” below the surface. What you will come

to realize is that defining subsurface urbanism is

like defining the undefinable. The topic is in a

constant state of evolution, including many different

aspects of architecture and city planning. As the

underground city begins to absorb the qualities of

the original city above, there is an ever-growing

need to explore this site type and provide architects

and urban planners with the steps necessary in

order to promote continuous success. Through

in-depth research and careful analysis, one will be

able to comprehend the many aspects of subsurface

urbanism. The evolution of the dense fabric that is

the underground city is dependent on this

knowledge and how it may be appropriately applied

in order to ensure the success of the city overall.

UNDERVIEW

Everyday, millions of people walk along the city

streets, but few come to realize that the very

things that keep the city alive are active just

below them. Beneath the buildings and streets of

the twenty-first century city lie vast networks of

infrastructure and utilities that allow for the

continuous operation of the city above. The

bigger the metropolis, the more vast these

networks become, so big that they even begin to

include people. Corridors and tunnels burrow

through the earth, linking destinations on the

congested surface. Either by foot or public

transit, millions of people use these hidden

networks to efficiently get from place to place.

By better understanding the things we don’t see

or recognize too obviously, we as architects will

be able to design and plan for a more comfortable

experience beneath the surface.

intro

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SUIntroduction

Urban Strata Section

introduction

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program

Program

Layout


17

18

16

pro

gra

m

pro

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m

SUProgramLayout

The typical layout of subsurface urbanism consists

of: retail, transportation, public space and parking.

Public spaces are used to connect retail,

transportation and parking. These public spaces

allow for multi-function use.

The layout to the left shows a typical program

configuration within the subsurface realm. The

largest components are usually retail and

transportation.

Parking is a vital component, as it allows for patrons

utilizing services within the underground city to

store their vehicles.

The sectional perspective to the right is showing

connections between the program components of

transportation and underground public space.

In addition to metro/train service, transportation

access includes bus and taxi service.

Underground public space typically includes

services such as ticket booths, turnstyles,

information kiosks, restrooms, food courts, and

recreational spaces. It also serves as a connection

hub between the street level and transportation

components.

PUBLIC SPACE

RETAIL

TRANSPORTATION

PARKING

17

SUProgram


18

TRANSPORTATION

PUBLIC SPACE

pro

gra

m

pro

gra

m

SUProgramProgram Connectivity

19

TRANSPORTATION

RETAIL

PARKING

PUBLIC SPACE

The diagram on the left shows how parking is easily

accesed through street level, allowing for circulation

between the public space and retail components.

The diagram to the right shows how a retail anchor

store allows the connection from the street level to

the underground city.

20

RETAIL

TRANSPORTATION

PUBLIC SPACE

pro

gra

m

circulation

circulation

Circulation

circulation

Connection Methods

Sprawl Layout

Organized Layout

23

27

28

22

circulation

Escalators

circulation

SUCirculation

Connection Methods

23

Stairs

circulation

24

circulation

SUCirculation

Connection Methods

Elevators

circulation

25

RampsConveyors

circulation

26

27

Program

Sprawled Circulation

circulation

SUCirculation

Layouts

28

Organized

Circulation

Program

circulation

circulation

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orientation

34

Door Signage

Wall Signage

Overhead Signage

Ground Signage Stand Signage

Typical signage underground can generally be found on all faces of the space: the walls, ground,

and ceiling, with the addition of stand signage that can be placed temporariliy. These signs are

typically used in order to navigate individuals within the space, leading them to not only pro

grams and services, but emergency egress and branding as well.

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Metro Mall Underground Shop

Osaka Station Mall

Ploshchad Vosstaniya Mall, Russia

orientation

Material ChangeA change in material versus a constant use of one material may also orient individuals within a site. These changes can relate an even higher level of information by showing shifts in program or resemble the changes in the city above. A common example of this may be the use of tile in subway stations at the present.

50

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syste

ms

Systems

syste

ms

Beneath The Surface

Layering

Deep Water

Structure

Electric

Cable

Water

Steam

Gas

Transportation

Sewage

Natural Lighting

Artificial Lighting

59

61

62

63

65

67

69

71

73

75

77

79

81

58

TYPICAL BEARING PILES

TRANSMIT THEIR LOAD DIRECTLY DOWN THROUGH THEIR BASE INTO LOWER STRATUM. USED

WHEN SOLID BEARING MATERIAL IS REACHABLE BENEATH SOIL. THIS MAY BE AS DEEP AS 200 FEET.

12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL

OIL IMPREGNATED PAPER

COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

59




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

60

SUSystems

Beneath The Surface

The space beneath the city-dweller’s feet is almost always taken for granted. The volume of space underneath

the city is filled with many systems that are essential to human occupation. The utilities and various networks that

are hidden beneath the surface are the life-lines that keep the city operating and allow for such high populations

to coexist.

syste

ms

61

SUSystemsLayering

DEEP WATER

SEWAGE

TRANSPORTATION

GAS

STEAM

WATER

CABLE

ELECTRIC

DIASTEM

200-800 FEET

0-50 FEET

STRUCTURE

LIGHTING

ABANDONED

50-200 FEET

syste

ms

62

SUSystemsDeep Water

Deep Water Systems transport fresh water from distant reservoirs to the central city.

The water is usually displaced as a result of the massive tunnel’s established angle so

that gravity is the driving force. These tunnels can be hundreds of miles long and have a

diameter as wide as the surrounding natural materials may permit. This modern form of

the aqueduct may be located as far down in the earth as 800 feet. Sometimes, in order

to speed water flow, the tunnel’s diameter shrinks as it approaches its final destination

in the urban setting.

FLOATING

FOUNDATION

SLURRY WALL

WITH TIEBACK

STEEL ENCASED

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

CONCRETE

SOLID

CONCRETE

WOOD WITH

CONCRETE CAP

FLOATING FOUNDATIONSUsed when soil conditions are unstable and

when the area of the site is great enough to

carry the distributed load.

TYPICAL FRICTION PILESStability is created by the pressure or friction developed between the surface of the pile and the

soil which it is forced into. The concrete cap atop the piles acts as a footing. Used when soil

conditions are unstable.

TYPICAL BEARING PILESTransmit their load directly down through their base into lower stratum. Used

when solid bearing material is reachable beneath soil. This may be as deep as

200 feet.

TYPICAL PIERSTransmit most of their load through their base into solid bearing material. A column

of any shape is removed from earth and infilled with concrete. If a pier does not

reach solid bearing material, it is belled out to increase load distribution.

SLURRY WALL WITH TIEBACKHolds back surrounding earth to maintain

pressure and enclose the site. Used in areas

with a high water table.

“H”

PILE

REINFORCED PIER

WITH LINING

PIER

WITH LINING

PIER

WITH BELL

PILE REINFORCED

WITH STEEL BEAM

PIPE

PILE

syste

ms

63

SUSystemsStructure

FLOATING

FOUNDATION

SLURRY WALL

WITH TIEBACK

STEEL ENCASED

CONCRETE

REINFORCED

CONCRETE

SOLID

CONCRETE

WOOD WITH

CONCRETE CAP

FLOATING FOUNDATIONSUsed when soil conditions are unstable and

when the area of the site is great enough to

carry the distributed load.

TYPICAL FRICTION PILESStability is created by the pressure or friction developed between the surface of the pile and the

soil which it is forced into. The concrete cap atop the piles acts as a footing. Used when soil

conditions are unstable.

TYPICAL BEARING PILESTransmit their load directly down through their base into lower stratum. Used

when solid bearing material is reachable beneath soil. This may be as deep as

200 feet.

TYPICAL PIERSTransmit most of their load through their base into solid bearing material. A column

of any shape is removed from earth and infilled with concrete. If a pier does not

reach solid bearing material, it is belled out to increase load distribution.

SLURRY WALL WITH TIEBACKHolds back surrounding earth to maintain

pressure and enclose the site. Used in areas

with a high water table.

“H”

PILE

REINFORCED PIER

WITH LINING

PIER

WITH LINING

PIER

WITH BELL

PILE REINFORCED

WITH STEEL BEAM

PIPE

PILE

syste

ms

64




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

65

2

34

5




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

66

SUSystems

Electric

1

1. Electricity is typically produced at a power plant and transfered through thick cables enclosed in pressurized pipes within concrete ducts to

transformer stations around the city. From here it is carried through smaller cables all around the city.

2. Primary ducts separate at manholes where they are easily accessed.

3. Secondary ducts bring power to transformer vaults.

4. Transformer vaults reduce voltage to the necessary amount used for each building.

5. Power is directed from manhole to light posts and other forms of powered utilities.




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

67

2

4

5

3




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

68

SUSystems

Cable

1. A main cable contains as much as 6000 wires, allowing for 3000 simoultaneous conversations to occur in the area this cable is servicing.

These wires are wrapped together in aluminum and coated in neoprene.

2. Main cables separate at manholes where they are easily accessed.

3. Secondary cables bring telephone operations to buildings.

4. Tertiary cables permit signals to reach city utilities.

5. Traffic lights, crosswalk signs, phone booths, emergency phones and alarms use these cables to function properly and regularly.

1




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

5

syste

ms

69

3

4

6




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

70

SUSystems

Water

1

1. Water taken from the deep water system is stored in local reservoirs or tanks then brought into areas through regular pressure main pipes

which rely on gravity to permit flow.

2. High pressure main pipes allow for excess water to be pumped at any point in the case of an emergency.

3. Valves control pressure and allow water to escape for use.

4. Manholes connect main pipes to submain pipes and permit easy access.

5. Submain pipes bring water to branch lines.

6. Branch lines carry water to buildings, fire hydrants, and fountains.

2




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

71

2

3

4

5




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

72

SUSystems

Steam

1. Steam produced by electric power plants is brought into the area through main pipes encased in thick concrete as to not destroy other

utilities.

2. Steam is collected and distributed in manholes.

3. A small pipe drains collected condersation into sewage system.

4. Secondary pipes bring steam into buildings where it is used for heating or sometimes run under sidewalks to melt snow and collected ice.

5. Valves control pressure and the release of steam.

1




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

73

2

3

4




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

74

SUSystems

Gas

1. Gas travels through steel or thick plastic pipes from pockets of natural gas, hundreds of feet below the surface.

2. Valves control gas flow or completely shut the pipe down in the case of an emergency.

3. Branch pipes carry gas into buildings where it is used for temperature control, hot water, and cooking.

4. Branch valves control or prevent gas flow into invidual buildings.

1




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

5

6

syste

ms

75




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

76

SUSystems

Transportation

1. The subway head-house signifies the station location and is the main entrance into the system.

2. The station mezzanine is where passengers purchase tickets and enter through turnstyles toward the train.

3. The station platform allows the train to stop for loading and unloading its passengers.

4. Subway trains transfer people all around a city. Usually, the bigger the city or the more populated it is, the bigger the transportation system.

5. Ventilation shafts circulate air in and out of the subway station with massive high-powered fans.

6. Emergency exit stairs allow passengers to escape in the case of an emergency.

43

2

1




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

77

5

3

4

2




12” STEEL PIPE

PRESSURIZED OIL


COPPER/ALUMINUM

syste

ms

78

SUSystems

Sewage

1. Main sewer tunnels remove dirty water and waste from the urban area.

2. Manholes permit workers to easily access the sewage system.

3. Sometimes clay pipes are used to transfer waste because of their resistance to their chemical properties.

4. Waste that buildings produce flow through branch pipes into the main arteries of the sewer.

5. Catch basins collect rain water natural waste, and sometimes even polluted materials.

1

syste

ms

79

1

2

3

4 5 6

7

8 9

10

11 13

12

1. Exterior Light Well: Allows for light to penetrate beyond the surface and reach multiple levels below grade. Typically between two spaces

of underground space or between structural edge and faced retaining wall.

2. Mirrors: Light is manipulated and directed into spaces below the surface by setting the mirrors at optimal angles to reduce the need for

artificial lighting.

syste

ms

80

SUSystems

Natural Lighting

3. Light Shelf: Usually white or reflective, light shelves “bounce” light into spaces while also acting as a rain shield.

4. Glass Block Skylight: Their cut and form refract and collect light, causing them to glow. They are also strong enough to have pedestrians walk on

top of them at surface level.

5. Raised Surface Skylight: The subsurface structure’s roof is raised at areas most effective to introduce natural light.

6. Sloped Skylight: Most typical form of skylight. Permits light infiltration and denies rain collection.

7. Surface Level: Raising the level immediately below grade to breach the surface permits light to pierce underground.

8. Interior Windows: Indirect light can reach deeper spaces in any direction.

9. Atrium: The most effective way of bringing light underground while providing a comfortable public space.

10. Floor Break: Allows light to continuously beam to lower levels.

11. Reflective Floor: Light is able to extend deeper within a space, allowing for indirect light in adjacent spaces.

12. Reflective Ceiling: Works with other reflective surfaces to extend the depth of light penetration.

13. Reflective Wall: Intensifies natual light as well as artificial light.

! " #

$ %&

!

"

#

$

&

%

syste

ms

81

! " #

$ %&

!

"

#

$

&

%

syste

ms

82

SUSystems

Artificial Lighting

1. Overhead Flouresant Lighting

2. Light Polls

3. Pendant Lighting

4. Recessed Lighting

5. Track Lighting

6. Wall Sconces

code

Code

code

84

Subsurface Space Diagram

Compartmentation

Emergency Power

Elevators & Lobbies

Occupant Load

Means of Egress

Emergency Controls

85

87

89

91

93

95

97

code

SUCodeSubsurface Space Diagram

EXIT PASSAGEWAY

COMMON SPACE

UNDEVELOPED

SPACE

EXISTING BUILDING

FOOTPRINT

SUBSURFACE ROADWAY PARKING

PA

RK

ING

PA

RK

ING

PARKING

SUBSURFACE

RETAIL

UNEXCAVATED

ROADWAY

85

code

ROADWAY PARKING

PARKING

PARKING

PARKINGROADWAY

ROADWAY PARKING

PARKING

PARKING

PARKINGROADWAY

ROADWAY PARKING

PARKING

PARKING

PARKINGROADWAY

EXISTING BUILDING FOOTPRINT

In many cases of subsurface urbanism,

existing buildings on the surface are

translated below grade to produce

additional square footage for the owner.

In this case the existing building facade

is brought below grade to create the

space shown to the left.

UNDEVELOPED SPACE

Undeveloped Space has been mined

but has not been altered for the use

of advanced industrial capacity,

technological sophistication, or

economic productivity.

DEVELOPED SPACE

Developed Space is the area of a

subterranean space that has been

altered for the use of advanced

industrial capacity, technological

sophistication, or economic

productivity.

86

code

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

UN

IT 2

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

-30’

-20’

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

LEVEL -1

-10’

-60’

-50’

-40’

-30’

LEVEL -6

LEVEL -5

LEVEL -4

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

-20’

LEVEL -1

-10’

BUILDING

SERVICES

BUILDING

SERVICES

SUCodeCompartmentation

Compartmentation is required when an underground building has

exceeded 30 feet below the level of exit discharge. Compartmentation

requires that each unit is separated by smoke barriers and is

serviced independently from one another. As the depth increases to

60 feet or more, the depth shall be divided into two separate, equal

compartments or units. As shown in the above diagram.

87

code

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

UN

IT 2

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

-30’

-20’

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

LEVEL -1

-10’

-60’

-50’

-40’

-30’

LEVEL -6

LEVEL -5

LEVEL -4

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

-20’

LEVEL -1

-10’

BUILDING

SERVICES

BUILDING

SERVICES

88

code

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

UN

IT 2

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

-30’

-20’

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

LEVEL -1

-10’

-60’

-50’

-40’

-30’

LEVEL -6

LEVEL -5

LEVEL -4

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

-20’

LEVEL -1

-10’

BUILDING

SERVICES

BUILDING

SERVICES

STAND BY

GENERATOR

STAND BY

GENERATOR

SUCodeEmergency Power

Emergency Power Generation is required for each seperate

compartment. The following loads require emergency power,

Emergency Voice/ alarm communication systems, Fire alarm

systems, Automatic fire detection systems, Elevator car lighting

systems, Means of egress and exit sign illumination.

89

code

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

UN

IT 2

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

-30’

-20’

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

LEVEL -1

-10’

-60’

-50’

-40’

-30’

LEVEL -6

LEVEL -5

LEVEL -4

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

-20’

LEVEL -1

-10’

BUILDING

SERVICES

BUILDING

SERVICES

STAND BY

GENERATOR

STAND BY

GENERATOR

90

code

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

UN

IT 2

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

-30’

-20’

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

LEVEL -1

-10’

-60’

-50’

-40’

-30’

LEVEL -6

LEVEL -5

LEVEL -4

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

-20’

LEVEL -1

-10’

LOBBIES

ELEVATOR ELEVATOR

SUCodeElevator and Lobbies

Where elevators are provided, each compartment shall have direct

access to an elevator. Where an elevator serves more than one

compartment, an elevator lobby shall be provided and shall be

separated from each compartment by a smoke barrier.

91

code

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

UN

IT 2

UN

IT 1

SU

BS

UR

FA

CE

-30’

-20’

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

LEVEL -1

-10’

-60’

-50’

-40’

-30’

LEVEL -6

LEVEL -5

LEVEL -4

LEVEL -3

LEVEL -2

-20’

LEVEL -1

-10’

LOBBIES

ELEVATOR ELEVATOR

92

code

PUBLIC SPACE

20

0 S

F

15

SF

5 S

F

PARKINGASSEMBLY

PARKIN

G G

ARAGE

STO

R

AG

E, S

TOC

K

, SHIP

GRADE FLO

OR A

REAS

AREAS O

N FLO

ORS

KITC

HEN/ C

OM

MERCIA

L

CONCENTR

ATED

STA

NDIN

G S

PACE

UNCONCENTR

ATED

RETAIL

20

0 S

F

7 S

F

5 S

F

60

SF

15

SF

30

SF

30

0 S

F

20

0 S

F

PARKINGMERCANTILEKITCHENASSEMBLY

UNCONCENTR

ATED

PARKIN

G G

ARAGE

STA

NDIN

G S

PACE

SUCodeOccupant Load

93

code

PUBLIC SPACE

20

0 S

F

15

SF

5 S

F

PARKINGASSEMBLY

PARKIN

G G

ARAGE

STO

R

AG

E, S

TOC

K

, SHIP

GRADE FLO

OR A

REAS

AREAS O

N FLO

ORS

KITC

HEN/ C

OM

MERCIA

L

CONCENTR

ATED

STA

NDIN

G S

PACE

UNCONCENTR

ATED

RETAIL

20

0 S

F

7 S

F

5 S

F

60

SF

15

SF

30

SF

30

0 S

F

20

0 S

F

PARKINGMERCANTILEKITCHENASSEMBLY

UNCONCENTR

ATED

PARKIN

G G

ARAGE

STA

NDIN

G S

PACE

94

code

SUCodeMeans of Egress

OCCUPANT LOAD OF 500 TO 1000

SEPARATION OF EXITS NO MORE THAN 300’


OCCUPANT LOAD OF 1000+

95

code

OCCUPANT LOAD OF 500 TO 1000



OCCUPANT LOAD OF 1000+

96

code

NAVIGATE

SIGN

BRAND

MARK

N

o

t

e

SUCodeEmergency Controls

97

code

NAVIGATE

SIGN

BRAND

MARK

N

o

t

e

Illuminated Exit Signs

Automatic SprinklersIndoor Fire Suppression

Systems

Illuminated Exit Path

98

Surface Broaching

Surface Hole

Head House

Surface Peel

Double Loaded

Surface Void

Interlocking

Distortion

101

103

105

107

109

111

113

100

Name: Paris Metro Stop

Architect: H. Guimard

Location: Paris, FR

Status: Completed

Name: New York Metro stops

Lafayette Avenue

Twentythird Street

Architect: -

Location: New York, New York

Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

102101

SUSurfaceSurface Hole

su

rface

surfa

ce

Entrance Indication

Surface Hole

Subsurface Level

The easiest way of breaching the sur-

face datum is by simply removing a section

of the existing surface plane. This allows for

little urban intervention and that is architec-

turally required is some indication that there

is an access way down to the subsurface.

This is typically done with guardrails around

the hole and some sort of signage. The pho-

tos to the right depict three common ways of

creating an unconditioned hole.

This type of entrance is typically used

for subways that do not require any type of

air conditioning. Stairs lead down from the

surface directly to platforms with gates as

the only means of security. Conditioned

spaces do not use these entrances since

there is an insufficient amount of street front-

age for retail or commercial use.

These types of entrances remain unas-

sociated with the street facade and reside in

parks and the edge of sidewalks. The intent

is a direct connection with the surface that

retains the distinction of surfaces.

Name: Paris Metro Stop

Architect: H. Guimard

Location: Paris, FR

Status: Completed

Name: New York Metro stops

Lafayette Avenue

Twentythird Street

Architect: -

Location: New York, New York

Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

102101

SUSurfaceSurface Hole

su

rface

surfa

ce

Entrance Indication

Surface Hole

Subsurface Level

Head House

Subsurface Level

Name: Boston T Stations

Copley Square, Boylston Street

Park Street, Boston Common

Park Street, Tremont Street

Architect: -

Location: Boston, MA

Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

104103

SUSurfaceHead Houses

su

rface

surfa

ce

The Head House is as typical as the

Surface Hole. This however attemtps to cre-

ate more of a presence and integration with

the urban plane.

The Head Hose can be either closed

and conditioned or open and undcondi-

tioned. Examples of both are to the right.

This allows for a higher degree of security

and a more comfortable underground

connection.

Similar to the Surface Hole these are

typically, as you can see, not associated with

the street pattern, either on the edge of the

sidewalk or in park areas.

The benefit of the Head House style

connections that there is more oppurtunity

for identity and branding of what exists

below. What makes this different from an

uncondition hole is that a Head House has

the ability to establish a facade on the exist-

ing urban surface. This creates a better

sense of connection of the Subsurface and

Surface.

Head House

Subsurface Level

Name: Boston T Stations

Copley Square, Boylston Street

Park Street, Boston Common

Park Street, Tremont Street

Architect: -


Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

104103

SUSurfaceHead Houses

su

rface

surfa

ce

Altered Surface

Exposed Facade

Subsurface Level

-

SUSurfaceSurface Peel

Name: Dewey Square

Architect: Machado Silvetti


Status: Completed

Name: Subway Entrance

Architect:Norman Foster

Location: Bilbao, Spain

Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

106105su

rface

surfa

ce

This integration is a hybrid of the

Surface Hole and Head House. This simulta-

neously creates a facade on the surface but

also minimizes the impact of the intervention

on the surface plane.

The scale and directionality of this inter-

vention creates different effects on the city.

At the scale of a public park an etire edge

from one perspective could exist as a

facade, but from the opposite perspective it

stil retains the image of part of the existing

surface datum. it is the directionality that is

important when integrating this into the

urban fabric, which direction wants figure

and which direction wants ground?

The examples shown are what predomi-

nantly exist now which only interact on the

perceptional level of the peel. They seem as

though they creep out of the Subsurface as

some still separate from the Surface.

Altered Surface

Exposed Facade

Subsurface Level

-

SUSurfaceSurface Peel

Name: Dewey Square

Architect: Machado Silvetti


Status: Completed

Name: Subway Entrance

Architect:Norman Foster

Location: Bilbao, Spain

Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

106105su

rface

surfa

ce

Surface Facade

Subsurface Facade

Subsurface Level

SUSurfaceDouble Loaded

Name: Newbury Street Shops

Life is Good

Kashmir

Shu Uemura

Architect: -


Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

108107su

rface

surfa

ce

This method establishes a void space to

try and connect the Surface and Subsurface.

The Subsurface exposes itself to the surface

which allows for the circulation measures to

connect it. This creates another surface level

of street facade, in its traditional sense, with

an unlimited back of house. The presence

within these spaces, since they are slightly

removed from the Surface, is more privatized

and smaller scale but still part of the

Surface.

The direct relationship between the

Surface and Subsurface creates a continuity

between the two. It makes unclear where the

surface datum is so as to make the

Subsurface easier to occupy and access.

The depth of these spaces needs to

associate itself with the scale of a human

using one flight of stairs or a length of ramp.

Any deeper it loses its association with the

surface. Typically it is seen in older dense

cities that used it as a strategy for gaining

street frontage for retail districts.

Surface Facade

Subsurface Facade

Subsurface Level

SUSurfaceDouble Loaded

Name: Newbury Street Shops

Life is Good

Kashmir

Shu Uemura

Architect: -


Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

108107su

rface

surfa

ce

Supersurface

Void Space

Horizontal Facades

Subsurface Level

Name: Filenes, Formerly

Architect: Daniel H. Burnham & Co


Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

SUSurfaceSurface Void

110109su

rface

surfa

ce

A void space in this instance is used

again to intervene with the Surface. The void

is created to exploit the defined surface

datum.

The Surface datum here is given depth,

the depth is the distance between the

Subsurface and the resulted Supersurface

condition. This establishes two different

spaces connected through the surface zone.

On the micro scale the idea of the facade is

inverted and two distinct facades are cre-

ated. The cieling above the surface acts as a

facade to the Supersurface whereas the

Surface itself is the facade for the

Subsurface.

This scenario denies the Surface of its

traditional condition as a base for the urban

realm. It serves only as part of a vertical

urban condition that requires a Subsurface

and Supersurface interaction. The impact of

this on the fabric of an existing city would be

that of pblic open space. High desnity with

almost no percentage of built land.

The void space’s shape is directly

effected by the shape of the Supersurface,

the Subsurface still has freedom to shape

itself in the poche of the earth.

Supersurface

Void Space

Horizontal Facades

Subsurface Level

Name: Filenes, Formerly

Architect: Daniel H. Burnham & Co


Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

SUSurfaceSurface Void

110109su

rface

surfa

ce

Street Facade

Void Space

Subsurface Facade

Subsurface Level

Name: Stonybrook T Station

Architect: -

Location: Jamaica Plain, MA

Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

112111

SUSurfaceInterlocking

su

rface

surfa

ce

This intervention exploits a void space

again, which, in conjunction with a defined

architectural object, create a connection

between the Subsurface and Surface

spaces. The object can exist in many differ-

ent forms, a building, circulation piece, or

simply a sculptural gesture. The scale of the

void needs to be large enough to occupy and

require a perceptual connection with the sur-

face plane.

The object with the void has a clearly

defined base within the Subsurface space,

however, since the surface datum is so

strongly defined by the context, there also

exists a pseudo base at the surface level.

This pseudo base is where the connections

over the void occur. The multiple readins of

base also give rise to multiple readings of

facade as well. Facades in this instance can

exist solely for the Subsurface space, solely

for the Surface, or both simultaneously.

Depending on how you use the facade the

connection of the Surface to the Subsurface

can be either a complex interacting whole, or

two separate entities defined by the surface

datum.

Street Facade

Void Space

Subsurface Facade

Subsurface Level

Name: Stonybrook T Station

Architect: -

Location: Jamaica Plain, MA

Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

112111

SUSurfaceInterlocking

su

rface

surfa

ce

Supersurface Level

Surface Level

Subsurface Level

SUDistortion

Name: La Place des Arts

Architect: David, Barott and Boulv

Location: Montreal, Canada

Status: Completed

Name: Boston City Hall

Architect: Kallmann Mckinnell and White


Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

114113su

rface

surfa

ce

SUSurface

The scenario here deconstructs the per-

ception of where the Surface actually exists.

It incorporates several different planes that

act as surface datums. These surfaces can

exists above or below the existing contextual

datum which, when grouped together, unde-

fines where the original surface exists. The

subtlety of the undulation of the planes is key

here, if it is too rough the ground plane

becomes more perceptable, too soft and the

internal occupiable space diminishes due to

daylight restrictions. Each undulated surface

is a source of natural daylight inside.

The issue regarding facade dimishes

with the defined surface datum. The number

of individual facacdes is a direct result of the

number of newly established surfaces. The

treatment of these whether it is ambigous or

articulate doesnt have much impact to thier

realted to the whole. The number of parts

has to be large enough to create an ambig-

ous texture to deconstruct the perception of

the ground plane.

This strategy helps reduce the amount

of unoccupiable surface created by most tra-

ditional buildings. It also helps mitigate the

issue of going underground by distorting the

perception of what is ground and what is not.

Supersurface Level

Surface Level

Subsurface Level

SUDistortion

Name: La Place des Arts

Architect: David, Barott and Boulv

Location: Montreal, Canada

Status: Completed

Name: Boston City Hall

Architect: Kallmann Mckinnell and White


Status: Completed

Selected Precedent

114113su

rface

surfa

ce

SUSurface

SUBSURFACE URBANISM

ARCH G691 GRADUATE DEGREE

PROJECT STUDIO

FALL 2009

This publication has been prepared as

part of a five week graduate thesis studio

assignment in the Northeastern University

School of Architecture for the Fall 2009

Architecture G691 course. Other publications

in this series include urban retail, office, and

parking garage typologies, all produced

by graduate students in the Northeastern

University architecture program.

subsurface urbanism

Documents