successful cold storage

7/28/2019 Successful Cold Storage

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Successful cold

storage

By Sylvia Gist

Crisp carrot sticks, fresh cabbage, and fried potatoes from my Montana garden in June? Yes,but only if Ive kept them in cold storage from last summers garden.

A garden is a wise investment and provides the freshest, most nutritious vegetables availableduring the summer. But I need it to supply vegetables year-round, and that can be a challengehere in northwest Montana. I lean toward self-sufficiency and eating a local, seasonal,

sustainable diet; we try to grow what we eat and eat what we grow. We preserve, dehydrate,and freeze both fruits and vegetables, making a trip to the fruit room or freezer a real delightthroughout the winter. But I also like to eat some fresh veggies and have succeeded in storingcarrots, potatoes, cabbage, and onions until just about the time the next crop is ready. Imanage to keep beets, pumpkins, squash, and apples into late winter.

Ideally, I would have a root cellar which maintained the correct temperature for the produce Iwould like to keep. Unfortunately, its not that ideal, so I have to look for other places to storethings. Fortunately, different vegetables like different temperatures, so everything doesnt

have to go in the same place. Other storage options (depending upon the item) include in theground, under a staircase, unheated rooms, outside stairwells, pits in the ground, or extrarefrigerators, to name a few.

A storage method is only the last step to having successful cold storage and fresh vegetablesin the winter. The first step begins with the seed catalog; it is extremely important to choosecultivars which store well. For example, not every type of carrot will still be edible the followingMay. Most seed catalogs are good at telling us which ones have good storage qualities. I haverelied on their recommendations and have found particular cultivars of a number of vegetables

Heirloom Australian blue squash in mid-winter


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that store very well for me.

Planting time and harvest time also affect the success of storage. Many storage vegetablesare planted later and harvested after frost. In the following discussion, I will note what works

best for me as I deal with a fairly short growing season and cool nights.

Carrots

The carrot named Bolero, a nantes-type hybrid, is a dual purpose carrot. It can be plantedearly for delicious sweet carrots, but when planted later (in June here), it will achieve a nicesize of 6 to 7 inches in length with a 1-1 inch diameter in time for fall storage. After storage,this carrot will still be crisp and sweet. Harvest as late as possible, after frost, but before theground freezes. I snap off the green tops right where they join the carrot.

I choose nice straight healthy carrots of good size for storage and bag up the forked, broken,nicked, small, or oversized ones to put in the refrigerator for immediate use in canning, juicing,or munching. Then I take five-gallon plastic buckets, clean washed sand, and a pitcher of

water to dampen it. Dont put too much water in the sand as it will pool in the bottom andmake it too soggy. I try to dampen the sand in a different container and add the sand to mystorage bucket as needed. First I put down a layer of sand and lay carrots side by side. Iprefer the carrots dont touch. Then in goes another layer of sand to cover the first layer ofcarrots. I continue pressing carrots into the sand and adding sand until I am near the top ofthe bucket, where I put on an extra thick layer of sand and lay the lid on top.

This bucket is very heavy, so I put the carrots into it at the site it will spend the winter, which,for me, is at the bottom of a stairwell leading into the basement from the garage. When theweather gets really cold, I throw some rugs and blankets over the buckets to keep them fromfreezing. For ideal storage, carrots prefer 32 to 40 F and 90 to 95% humidity. If you donthave varmints underground looking for a free meal in winter, you can store them in the groundwith a thick layer of mulch to prevent freezing.

Potatoes

Potatoes are a traditional fresh storage food, but all cultivars are not equal. The challenge is tohave an edible supply year around.

Last fall I stored Red Norland, Sangre Red,Yukon Gold, and Kennebec potatoes of all sizes.Red Norland sprouted first, followed byKennebec, Yukon Gold, and Sangre Red.Sangre Red, also called Sangre, is a round-to-oblong, white fleshed red potato with shalloweyes. It is a very good new potato as well as

being great for storage. Digging them is easy, asthey generally cluster very near the plant; it isalso a heavy producer. Even though a localnursery lists them as so-so keepers, Sangre hasbeen the last to sprout in storage, with thelargest potatoes keeping the best. I willeventually have to pull the sprouts from them

also, but I do not have ideal storage facilitiesjust a room in the basement where I keep mycanned goods, where the temperature ranges between 50 and 60 F during the year.Potatoes prefer 40 degrees. Colder temperatures will turn them sugary. Much too crisp and

Potatoes stored in a large basket on the floor of thefruit room


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THE AUTHORS E. R. Gross is an agricultural engineer in the Bureau of Plant Industry,Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. He has farmed and taught farm mechanics in

Nebraska, Colorado, and Mississippi. He was professor and head of the department of

agricultural engineering in Rutgers University from 1922 to 1946. He has written anumber of bulletins, articles, and papers on sprinkling irrigation, stationary sprayingplants for orchards, tractor farming, use of explosives in agriculture, terracing, farm

buildings, and other subjects.

H. H. Walkden is an entomologist in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. He

is a graduate of Massachusetts State College, and a veteran of the First World War. Hehas served in the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine since 1920. He has

conducted research and published papers on cutworms, hessian fly, and insects attacking

stored grain. He supervised the research on the insects attacking grain stored in farm-typebins.

The Cold Storage of Apples

by W. V. HUKILL and EDWIN SMITH THE METHODS of storing apples have

improved a great deal in recent years. The progress does not depend so much on newdiscoveries or revolutionary changes as on closer attention to practical ways of providing

the best conditions for keeping the fruit good.

For best results in storage, apples must be harvested when mature but not fully ripe and

stored under conditions that will arrest the rate of ripening and the growth of rot-producing fungi, avoid shriveling, and not result in low-temperature disorders. With a

few exceptions, these conditions embody a storage temperature of 30 F., or slightly abovethe freezing point of apples, and a relative humidity of 85 percent. A few varieties grownin certain regions are susceptible to low-temperature disorders and have to be stored at

temperatures of 36 or 38 F. This has resulted in the development and use of controlled-

atmosphere storage. McIntosh apples can be stored at 40 in a controlled atmosphere of 5percent carbon dioxide and 2 percent oxygen for longer periods than they can be stored in

air at 32'. Varieties, however, have specific atmospheric requirements as to this type of

storage.

Complex chemical changes in the tissue of apples continue during ripening until the fruitbecomes overripe and unpalatable, with subsequent collapse. The changes are retarded as

the temperature is lowered; thus the storage life of the fruit is lengthened. Research hasshown that at 30 F. about a fourth more time is needed for apples to ripen than at 32 .

Apples standing in an orchard at 70 may ripen as much in 3 days as they would during amonth's storage at 30 . When held in a cold storage room that has a temperature of 36 at

one end and 30 at the other, apples, although alike when stored, will become overripe in

the one place but remain in excellent condition in the other.
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The degree to which the requirements can be filled depends upon the management of all

the processes through which apples must go on their way from the tree to the table,

equipment that is available for each process, and the operation of equipment or theexecution of each process. Progress in cold storage of apples begins with management of

the movement of the fruit through the various processes of growing, harvesting,

packaging, storing, transporting, and distributing.

No apples should be assigned for late storage unless they are of good quality. Those to bestored should be moved to the storage promptly. The length of storage period should be

limited by the variety and quality of the fruit. Apples should be moved from storage

while they still have enough life to withstand normal handling and exposure duringtransportation to market and distribution. Good storage can be wasted on apples poorly

chosen for storage or poorly handled before and after storage, just as good apples can be

lost by poor storage. This principle is being applied more and more, and much of thecurrent progress in apple storage is due to improvement in this kind of management.

The improvement of buildings and equipment can be traced from the early fruit cellarthrough the ventilated storage cooled by night air, to refrigerated storages that have come

into common use in the past 20 years or so. Methods of applying refrigeration to appleshave likewise been changing. In recent years the cooling is mostly accomplished by

moving cooled air through the storage rooms rather than by having cooling coils spaced

about the rooms. Perhaps the most common way to cool the circulating air in modernplants is to pass it through a spray of chilled brine.

The first objective in a refrigerated storage is to cool the fruit promptly and maintain a

temperature at or near the optimum. If cooling is to be done quickly there will be a large

demand upon the refrigerating machinery at harvesttime. A large volume of air must be

circulated to distribute the refrigeration to all the stored fruit. Even after the apples arecooled, there is always some variation in temperature from time to time in a storage

room, and the fruit in some parts of the room is necessarily warmer than that in otherparts. Best storage conditions are those that will keep the variation in temperature to a

minimum.

In order to effect prompt cooling. and uniform low temperatures, three requirements must

be met. The first is ample refrigerating capacity; in the Pacific Northwest this would beabout 6 tons of refrigeration for each 1,000 field boxes of apples brought to the storage

daily. The second is ample volume of air circulation; 1,000 cubic feet of air a minute for

each ton of refrigeration is considered a minimum. The third requirement is provision for

the air to move effectively among all the packages; this depends upon the arrangement ofair ducts, freedom from obstruction to air movement through the room, and arrangement

of the stacks of boxes to permit access of air.

The first and second requirements-ample refrigeration and air circulation--can beprovided by machinery. A plant loaded beyond its capacity cannot cool the apples

promptly.


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The third requirement, good air distribution, is more than a matter of plant capacity; it

calls for careful attention to detail in design and operation. A large number of methods of

air distribution are in use. The simplest is to discharge the cold air through nozzles at onepoint in the storage room and pick up the return air nearby. This is likely to result in a

relatively wide range of temperatures in different parts of the room. Perhaps the most

elaborate method is to discharge cold air from a large number of openings in ducts spacedthrough the room, and to pick up the return in an equal number of return ducts. In that

method, the air velocities through the room may be slow. The most effective placement

of ducts for providing uniform air distribution is a single discharge duct along one wall ofthe room and a single return duct along the opposite side. For good operation, the air is

delivered to and returned from the room at the ceiling or near it.

Whatever the arrangement of the ducts, it is necessary to have a clear space at the ceiling

throughout the room. Girders that extend across the path of air flow or packages stackedtoo close to the ceiling prevent free movement of air. Failure to leave an open space

between stacks of packages results in poor circulation.

Even with plenty of refrigerating capacity and air volume, and with the best possible air

distribution, absolute uniformity of temperature cannot be had. The air leaving the roomwill be warmer than that entering. For that reason, the fruit nearest the delivery openings

is exposed to the coldest air. In the most modern plants, the variation in temperature of

the fruit at different points is held to a minimum by automatically reversing periodicallythe direction of air movement. By doing so, none of the fruit is continuously exposed to

the coldest air, and none to the warmest. When warm apples are brought into a storage

room, it is desirable that they be cooled as quickly as possible. Reversing the air direction

periodically permits using air as cold as 22 to 25 F. to get rapid cooling without danger offreezing.

For economy, several inches of insulation are used on all outside walls, the roof and the

floor. In the Pacific Northwest, as much as 24 inches of dry mill shavings are often usedfor insulating the roof of storage houses. Mineral materials are best for ground-floor

insulation; they should be protected from ground water by a waterproof membrane. Wall

and ceiling insulation is protected by a vapor-proof lining between it and the outside air.

No amount of insulation will totally prevent heat from coming through a wall or floor.Packages of fruit sitting directly on a ground floor receive heat from the ground, and they

are kept too warm.

Persistent attention to details of operation is essential even in the best apple storage. In a

well-operated plant, packages are spaced so that air may move freely among the stacksand between the fruit and the walls. A clear space is left for air to circulate over the

packages and under the ceiling at all points. Outside doors are not left open

unnecessarily. Temperatures and conditions of fruit are observed regularly.

A number of apple storages are now equipped for effective reversed-air circulation. In

constructing most of these plants, careful attention was given refrigerating capacity,

blower capacity, and all details that affect the distribution of air. Fruit temperatures in this


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type of storage both during the cooling period and after storage temperatures are reached,

have shown that it represents a distinct step toward meeting all the requirements for

highest apple quality. The modern apple storage can furnish consumers with crisp, juicyapples throughout the season with a program of management that segregates apples most

suitable for late storage from those that should be consumed early. It gives special

attention to getting storage apples into storage promptly, prevents overloading the storagefacilities, and handles the fruit in all stages in conformity with its requirements.

THE AUTHORS W. V. Hukill is an agricultural engineer in the Bureau of Plant Industry,

Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. He has been with the Department since 1924,

studying farm buildings, particularly crop storages, and engineering problems in thetransportation and storage of fruits and vegetables.

Edwin Smith is a horticulturist in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural

Engineering. He is in charge of handling, transportation, and storage investigations of

fruits and vegetables at Wenatchee, Wash., field station.

http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Part_6/Cold-Storage-of-Apples.html

TERJEMAHAN

The Cold Storage Apel

by WV HUKILL and EDWIN SMITH THE METHODS of storing apples have improved

a great deal in recent years. oleh WV HUKILL dan EDWIN SMITH ATAS METODE

apel menyimpan telah meningkat banyak dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. The progress

does not depend so much on new discoveries or revolutionary changes as on closerattention to practical ways of providing the best conditions for keeping the fruit good.

kemajuan tidak sangat tergantung pada penemuan baru atau perubahan revolusionerseperti pada perhatian lebih dekat dengan cara-cara praktis memberikan kondisi terbaik

untuk menjaga buah yang baik.

For best results in storage, apples must be harvested when mature but not fully ripe and

stored under conditions that will arrest the rate of ripening and the growth of rot-producing fungi, avoid shriveling, and not result in low-temperature disorders. Untuk

hasil terbaik dalam penyimpanan, apel harus dipanen pada saat jatuh tempo namun belum

sepenuhnya matang dan disimpan dalam kondisi yang akan menahan laju pematangan

dan pertumbuhan jamur busuk-memproduksi, menghindari menyusut, dan tidakmenyebabkan gangguan temperatur rendah. With a few exceptions, these conditions

embody a storage temperature of 30 F., or slightly above the freezing point of apples, anda relative humidity of 85 percent. Dengan beberapa pengecualian, mewujudkan kondisi

suhu penyimpanan 30 F., atau sedikit di atas titik beku apel, dan kelembaban relatif 85

persen. A few varieties grown in certain regions are susceptible to low-temperature

disorders and have to be stored at temperatures of 36 or 38 F. This has resulted in thedevelopment and use of controlled- atmosphere storage. Sebuah beberapa varietas yang
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ditanam di daerah-daerah tertentu yang rentan terhadap gangguan suhu rendah dan harus

disimpan pada suhu 36 atau 38 F. Hal ini menyebabkan dalam pengembangan dan

penggunaan penyimpanan atmosfer terkendali. McIntosh apples can be stored at 40 in acontrolled atmosphere of 5 percent carbon dioxide and 2 percent oxygen for longer

periods than they can be stored in air at 32'. McIntosh apel dapat disimpan di 40 dalam

suasana yang dikendalikan dari 5 persen karbon dioksida dan oksigen 2 persen untukwaktu lebih lama daripada mereka dapat disimpan di udara di 32 '. Varieties, however,

have specific atmospheric requirements as to this type of storage. Varietas Namun,

memiliki persyaratan atmosfer khusus untuk jenis penyimpanan.

Complex chemical changes in the tissue of apples continue during ripening until the fruitbecomes overripe and unpalatable, with subsequent collapse. perubahan kimia kompleks

dalam jaringan apel terus selama pematangan sampai menjadi buah masak dan enak,

dengan runtuhnya berikutnya. The changes are retarded as the temperature is lowered;thus the storage life of the fruit is lengthened. Perubahan yang terbelakang karena suhu

diturunkan, sehingga kehidupan penyimpanan buah ini diperpanjang. Research has

shown that at 30 F. about a fourth more time is needed for apples to ripen than at 32 .Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa pada tanggal 30 F. tentang waktu yang lebih

keempat diperlukan untuk apel matang dari pada 32. Apples standing in an orchard at 70

may ripen as much in 3 days as they would during a month's storage at 30 . Apel berdiri

di sebuah kebun pada 70 matang sebanyak mungkin dalam 3 hari karena mereka akanselama penyimpanan satu bulan di 30. When held in a cold storage room that has a

temperature of 36 at one end and 30 at the other, apples, although alike when stored, will

become overripe in the one place but remain in excellent condition in the other. Ketikadiadakan di ruang penyimpanan dingin yang memiliki suhu 36 di salah satu ujung dan 30

di, apel lain, meskipun sama ketika disimpan, akan menjadi masak di satu tempat tetapi

tetap dalam kondisi yang sangat baik yang lain.

The degree to which the requirements can be filled depends upon the management of allthe processes through which apples must go on their way from the tree to the table,

equipment that is available for each process, and the operation of equipment or the

execution of each process. Tingkat dimana persyaratan dapat diisi tergantung padapengelolaan semua proses melalui mana apel harus pergi dalam perjalanan mereka dari

pohon ke meja, peralatan yang tersedia untuk setiap proses, dan pengoperasian peralatan

atau pelaksanaan setiap proses. Progress in cold storage of apples begins withmanagement of the movement of the fruit through the various processes of growing,

harvesting, packaging, storing, transporting, and distributing. Kemajuan dalam

penyimpanan dingin apel dimulai dengan manajemen dari gerakan buah melalui berbagai

proses tumbuh, panen, pengemasan, penyimpanan, pengangkutan, dan distribusi.

No apples should be assigned for late storage unless they are of good quality. Tidak ada

apel harus diserahkan untuk penyimpanan terlambat kecuali jika mereka memiliki

kualitas yang baik. Those to be stored should be moved to the storage promptly. Mereka

yang akan disimpan harus dipindahkan ke penyimpanan segera. The length of storageperiod should be limited by the variety and quality of the fruit. Panjang waktu

penyimpanan harus dibatasi oleh varietas dan kualitas buah. Apples should be moved


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from storage while they still have enough life to withstand normal handling and exposure

during transportation to market and distribution. Apel harus dipindahkan dari

penyimpanan sementara mereka masih memiliki hidup yang cukup untuk menahanpenanganan normal dan paparan selama transportasi ke pasar dan distribusi. Good storage

can be wasted on apples poorly chosen for storage or poorly handled before and after

storage, just as good apples can be lost by poor storage. penyimpanan yang baik dapatterbuang pada apel buruk dipilih untuk penyimpanan atau buruk ditangani sebelum dan

sesudah penyimpanan, seperti apel yang baik bisa hilang oleh penyimpanan miskin. This

principle is being applied more and more, and much of the current progress in applestorage is due to improvement in this kind of management. Prinsip ini diterapkan lebih

dan lebih, dan banyak kemajuan saat ini di gudang apel adalah karena peningkatan dalam

jenis manajemen.

The improvement of buildings and equipment can be traced from the early fruit cellarthrough the ventilated storage cooled by night air, to refrigerated storages that have come

into common use in the past 20 years or so. Peningkatan bangunan dan peralatan dapat

ditelusuri dari buah ruang bawah tanah dini melalui penyimpanan ventilasi didinginkandengan udara malam, untuk penyimpanan berpendingin yang telah datang ke umum

digunakan dalam 20 tahun terakhir. Methods of applying refrigeration to apples have

likewise been changing. Metode penerapan pendinginan untuk apel juga telah telah

berubah. In recent years the cooling is mostly accomplished by moving cooled airthrough the storage rooms rather than by having cooling coils spaced about the rooms.

Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir pendinginan ini kebanyakan dilakukan dengan

memindahkan udara didinginkan melalui ruang penyimpanan daripada dengan memilikikumparan pendingin spasi tentang kamar. Perhaps the most common way to cool the

circulating air in modern plants is to pass it through a spray of chilled brine. Mungkin

cara paling umum untuk mendinginkan udara yang beredar di pabrik modern untuk lulus

melalui semprotan air garam dingin.

The first objective in a refrigerated storage is to cool the fruit promptly and maintain a

temperature at or near the optimum. Tujuan pertama dalam penyimpanan beku adalah

untuk mendinginkan buah segera dan mempertahankan suhu pada atau di dekat optimum.If cooling is to be done quickly there will be a large demand upon the refrigerating

machinery at harvesttime. Jika pendinginan yang harus dilakukan dengan cepat akan ada

permintaan yang besar pada mesin pendingin di musim panen. A large volume of airmust be circulated to distribute the refrigeration to all the stored fruit. Sebuah volume

besar udara harus diedarkan untuk mendistribusikan pendingin untuk semua buah

disimpan. Even after the apples are cooled, there is always some variation in temperature

from time to time in a storage room, and the fruit in some parts of the room is necessarilywarmer than that in other parts. Bahkan setelah apel didinginkan, selalu ada beberapa

variasi suhu dari waktu ke waktu di ruang penyimpanan, dan buah di beberapa bagian

ruangan yang selalu hangat dibandingkan di bagian lain. Best storage conditions are thosethat will keep the variation in temperature to a minimum. kondisi penyimpanan yang

terbaik adalah mereka yang akan menjaga variasi suhu ke minimum.


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In order to effect prompt cooling. Untuk efek pendinginan prompt. and uniform low

temperatures, three requirements must be met. dan suhu rendah seragam, tiga syarat harus

dipenuhi. The first is ample refrigerating capacity; in the Pacific Northwest this would beabout 6 tons of refrigeration for each 1,000 field boxes of apples brought to the storage

daily. Ini pertama cukup pendingin kapasitas; di Pacific Northwest ini akan menjadi

sekitar 6 ton setiap kotak pendingin untuk 1.000 bidang apel dibawa ke penyimpanansetiap hari. The second is ample volume of air circulation; 1,000 cubic feet of air a

minute for each ton of refrigeration is considered a minimum. Yang kedua adalah volume

cukup sirkulasi udara; 1.000 kaki kubik udara satu menit untuk setiap ton pendingindianggap minimum. The third requirement is provision for the air to move effectively

among all the packages; this depends upon the arrangement of air ducts, freedom from

obstruction to air movement through the room, and arrangement of the stacks of boxes to

permit access of air. Persyaratan ketiga adalah penyisihan udara untuk bergerak secaraefektif di antara semua paket, hal ini tergantung pada pengaturan saluran udara,

kebebasan dari halangan untuk gerakan udara melalui ruangan, dan pengaturan tumpukan

kotak untuk memungkinkan akses udara.

The first and second requirements-ample refrigeration and air circulation--can be

provided by machinery. Pendinginan persyaratan-cukup pertama dan kedua dan sirkulasi

udara - dapat disediakan oleh mesin. A plant loaded beyond its capacity cannot cool the

apples promptly. Tanaman dimuat melebihi kapasitasnya tidak dapat mendinginkan apelsegera.

The third requirement, good air distribution, is more than a matter of plant capacity; it

calls for careful attention to detail in design and operation. Persyaratan ketiga, distribusi

udara yang baik, lebih dari masalah kapasitas pabrik, melainkan panggilan untukperhatian terhadap detail dalam desain dan operasi. A large number of methods of air

distribution are in use. Sejumlah besar metode distribusi udara sedang digunakan. Thesimplest is to discharge the cold air through nozzles at one point in the storage room andpick up the return air nearby. Yang paling sederhana adalah untuk debit udara dingin

melalui nozel pada satu titik di ruang penyimpanan dan mengambil kembali udara di

dekatnya. This is likely to result in a relatively wide range of temperatures in differentparts of the room. Hal ini mungkin mengakibatkan berbagai temperatur yang relatif luas

di berbagai bagian ruangan. Perhaps the most elaborate method is to discharge cold air

from a large number of openings in ducts spaced through the room, and to pick up thereturn in an equal number of return ducts. Mungkin metode yang paling rumit adalah

debit udara dingin dari sejumlah besar bukaan pada saluran spasi melalui ruangan, dan

untuk mengambil kembali dalam jumlah yang sama dari saluran kembali. In that method,

the air velocities through the room may be slow. Dengan metode ini, kecepatan udaramelalui ruangan mungkin lambat. The most effective placement of ducts for providing

uniform air distribution is a single discharge duct along one wall of the room and a single

return duct along the opposite side. Penempatan yang paling efektif untuk menyediakansaluran distribusi udara seragam debit saluran tunggal sepanjang satu dinding ruangan

dan kembali saluran tunggal sepanjang sisi berlawanan. For good operation, the air is

delivered to and returned from the room at the ceiling or near it. Untuk operasi yang baik,udara dikirimkan ke dan kembali dari ruang di langit-langit atau di dekatnya.


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Whatever the arrangement of the ducts, it is necessary to have a clear space at the ceiling

throughout the room. Apapun susunan saluran, perlu untuk memiliki ruang yang jelas di

langit-langit di seluruh ruangan. Girders that extend across the path of air flow orpackages stacked too close to the ceiling prevent free movement of air. Balok-balok yang

membentang di seluruh jalur aliran udara atau paket ditumpuk terlalu dekat ke langit-

langit mencegah gerakan bebas dari udara. Failure to leave an open space between stacksof packages results in poor circulation. Kegagalan untuk meninggalkan sebuah ruang

terbuka antara tumpukan paket hasil dalam sirkulasi yang buruk.

Even with plenty of refrigerating capacity and air volume, and with the best possible air

distribution, absolute uniformity of temperature cannot be had. Bahkan dengan banyakkapasitas dan volume pendingin udara, dan dengan distribusi udara terbaik, keseragaman

temperatur mutlak tidak dapat memiliki. The air leaving the room will be warmer than

that entering. Udara meninggalkan ruangan akan lebih hangat dari itu masuk. For thatreason, the fruit nearest the delivery openings is exposed to the coldest air. Oleh karena

itu, buah terdekat bukaan pengiriman terkena udara dingin. In the most modern plants,

the variation in temperature of the fruit at different points is held to a minimum byautomatically reversing periodically the direction of air movement. Pada tanaman yang

paling modern, variasi suhu buah di tempat berbeda diadakan untuk minimum dengan

secara otomatis membalik berkala arah gerakan udara. By doing so, none of the fruit is

continuously exposed to the coldest air, and none to the warmest. Dengan demikian, tidakada buah secara terus-menerus terkena udara dingin, dan tidak untuk terpanas tersebut.

When warm apples are brought into a storage room, it is desirable that they be cooled as

quickly as possible. Ketika apel hangat yang dibawa ke ruang penyimpanan, makadiharapkan bahwa mereka didinginkan secepat mungkin. Reversing the air direction

periodically permits using air as cold as 22 to 25 F. to get rapid cooling without danger of

freezing. Menyetel arah udara secara berkala izin menggunakan udara sedingin 22-25 F.

untuk mendapatkan pendinginan cepat tanpa bahaya pembekuan.

For economy, several inches of insulation are used on all outside walls, the roof and the

floor. Untuk ekonomi, beberapa inci isolasi yang digunakan pada semua dinding luar,

atap dan lantai. In the Pacific Northwest, as much as 24 inches of dry mill shavings areoften used for insulating the roof of storage houses. Di Pacific Northwest, sebanyak 24

inci dari serutan pabrik kering sering digunakan untuk bahan isolasi atap rumah

penyimpanan. Mineral materials are best for ground-floor insulation; they should beprotected from ground water by a waterproof membrane. bahan mineral yang terbaik

untuk isolasi lantai dasar, mereka harus dilindungi dari air tanah oleh membran tahan air.

Wall and ceiling insulation is protected by a vapor-proof lining between it and the outside

air. Dinding dan langit-langit isolasi dilindungi oleh lapisan uap-bukti antara itu danudara di luar. No amount of insulation will totally prevent heat from coming through a

wall or floor. Tidak ada jumlah isolasi benar-benar akan mencegah panas dari datang

melalui dinding atau lantai. Packages of fruit sitting directly on a ground floor receiveheat from the ground, and they are kept too warm. Paket buah duduk langsung di lantai

dasar menerima panas dari tanah, dan mereka terus terlalu hangat.


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Persistent attention to details of operation is essential even in the best apple storage.

perhatian Persistent untuk rincian operasi sangat penting bahkan dalam penyimpanan apel

terbaik. In a well-operated plant, packages are spaced so that air may move freely amongthe stacks and between the fruit and the walls. Dalam sebuah pabrik yang dioperasikan

dengan baik, paket spasi sehingga udara dapat bergerak bebas di antara tumpukan dan

antara buah dan dinding. A clear space is left for air to circulate over the packages andunder the ceiling at all points. Sebuah ruang yang jelas yang tersisa untuk udara beredar

di paket dan di bawah langit-langit pada semua titik. Outside doors are not left open

unnecessarily. Di luar pintu dibiarkan terbuka tidak perlu. Temperatures and conditionsof fruit are observed regularly. Suhu dan kondisi buah diamati secara teratur.

A number of apple storages are now equipped for effective reversed-air circulation.

Sejumlah penyimpanan apel sekarang dilengkapi untuk sirkulasi udara terbalik efektif. In

constructing most of these plants, careful attention was given refrigerating capacity,blower capacity, and all details that affect the distribution of air. Dalam membangun

sebagian besar tanaman, perhatian diberikan pendingin kapasitas, kapasitas blower, dan

semua rincian yang mempengaruhi distribusi udara. Fruit temperatures in this type ofstorage both during the cooling period and after storage temperatures are reached, have

shown that it represents a distinct step toward meeting all the requirements for highest

apple quality. Buah suhu dalam jenis penyimpanan baik selama periode pendinginan dan

setelah mencapai suhu penyimpanan, telah menunjukkan bahwa ia merupakan langkah kearah yang berbeda memenuhi seluruh persyaratan untuk kualitas apel tertinggi. The

modern apple storage can furnish consumers with crisp, juicy apples throughout the

season with a program of management that segregates apples most suitable for latestorage from those that should be consumed early. Penyimpanan apel modern dapat

memberikan konsumen dengan renyah, apel juicy sepanjang musim dengan program

manajemen yang mensegregasikan apel paling sesuai untuk penyimpanan akhir dari

orang-orang yang harus dikonsumsi lebih awal. It gives special attention to gettingstorage apples into storage promptly, prevents overloading the storage facilities, and

handles the fruit in all stages in conformity with its requirements. Memberikan perhatian

khusus untuk mendapatkan apel penyimpanan ke penyimpanan segera, mencegahoverloading fasilitas penyimpanan, dan menangani buah di semua tahapan sesuai dengan

persyaratan perusahaan.

Yearbook of Agriculture 1943-1947 Part 6

Crisp batang wortel, kubis segar, dan kentang goreng dari kebun Montana saya di bulanJuni? Yes, but only if I've kept them in cold storage from last summer's garden. Ya, tetapi

hanya jika saya telah membuat mereka dalam penyimpanan dingin dari kebun musimpanas lalu.

A garden is a wise investment and provides the freshest, most nutritious vegetablesavailable during the summer. taman adalah sebuah investasi yang bijaksana dan

menyediakan, segar sayuran yang paling bergizi tersedia selama musim panas. But I need

it to supply vegetables year-round, and that can be a challenge here in northwestMontana. Tapi aku perlu untuk pasokan sayuran sepanjang tahun, dan yang dapat
http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Part_6/contents.htmlhttp://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Part_6/contents.html


12/23

menjadi tantangan di sini, di barat laut Montana. I lean toward self-sufficiency and eating

a local, seasonal, sustainable diet; we try to grow what we eat and eat what we grow. Aku

membungkuk ke arah swasembada dan makan, lokal musiman, diet yang berkelanjutan,kami mencoba untuk mengembangkan apa yang kita makan dan makan apa yang kita

tumbuh. We preserve, dehydrate, and freeze both fruits and vegetables, making a trip to

the fruit room or freezer a real delight throughout the winter. Kami melestarikan,dehidrasi, dan bekukan baik buah-buahan dan sayuran, membuat perjalanan ke ruang

buah atau freezer menyenangkan nyata sepanjang musim dingin. But I also like to eat

some fresh veggies and have succeeded in storing carrots, potatoes, cabbage, and onionsuntil just about the time the next crop is ready. Tapi aku juga suka makan beberapa

sayuran segar dan telah berhasil menyimpan wortel, kentang, kubis, dan bawang sampai

hanya tentang waktu panen berikutnya sudah siap. I manage to keep beets, pumpkins,

squash, and apples into late winter. Aku berhasil mempertahankan bit, labu, squash, dan

apel ke akhir musim dingin.

Ideally, I would have a root cellar which maintained the correct temperature for the

produce I would like to keep. Idealnya, saya akan memiliki ruang bawah tanah akar yangmempertahankan suhu yang benar untuk menghasilkan saya ingin terus. Unfortunately,

it's not that ideal, so I have to look for other places to store things. Sayangnya, bukan itu

yang ideal, jadi saya harus mencari tempat lain untuk hal-hal toko. Fortunately, differentvegetables like different temperatures, so everything doesn't have to go in the same place.

Untungnya, sayuran yang berbeda seperti temperatur yang berbeda, jadi semuanya tidak

harus pergi ke tempat yang sama. Other storage options (depending upon the item)include in the ground, under a staircase, unheated rooms, outside stairwells, pits in the

ground, or extra refrigerators, to name a few. Pilihan penyimpanan lain (tergantung pada

item) termasuk dalam tanah, di bawah tangga, kamar pemanas, tangga luar, lubang-

lubang di tanah, atau lemari pendingin ekstra, untuk beberapa nama.

A storage method is only the last step to having successful cold storage and fresh

vegetables in the winter. Sebuah metode penyimpanan hanya langkah terakhir untuk

memiliki cold storage sukses dan sayuran segar di musim dingin. The first step begins

Heirloom Australian blue squash in mid-winterPusaka Australia squash birupada pertengahan musim dingin


13/23

with the seed catalog; it is extremely important to choose cultivars which store well.

Langkah pertama dimulai dengan katalog benih; itu sangat penting untuk memilih

kultivar yang menyimpan dengan baik. For example, not every type of carrot will still beedible the following May. Sebagai contoh, tidak semua jenis wortel masih akan dimakan

Mei berikut. Most seed catalogs are good at telling us which ones have good storage

qualities. Kebanyakan katalog benih yang baik di memberitahu kita mana yang memilikikualitas penyimpanan yang baik. I have relied on their recommendations and have found

particular cultivars of a number of vegetables that store very well for me. Aku telah

mengandalkan rekomendasi mereka dan telah menemukan kultivar tertentu dari sejumlahtoko sayuran yang sangat baik bagi saya.

Planting time and harvest time also affect the success of storage. Waktu tanam dan waktu

panen juga mempengaruhi keberhasilan penyimpanan. Many storage vegetables are

planted later and harvested after frost. Banyak penyimpanan sayuran kemudian ditanamdan dipanen setelah embun beku. In the following discussion, I will note what works best

for me as I deal with a fairly short growing season and cool nights. Dalam diskusi

berikut, aku akan mencatat apa yang terbaik bagi saya ketika saya menghadapi musimtanam yang cukup singkat dan malam dingin.

Carrots Wortel

The carrot named Bolero, a nantes-type hybrid, is a dual purpose carrot. wortel itu

bernama Bolero, sebuah hibrida Nantes-jenis, adalah wortel tujuan ganda. It can be

planted early for delicious sweet carrots, but when planted later (in June here), it will

achieve a nice size of 6 to 7 inches in length with a 1-1 inch diameter in time for fallstorage. Hal ini dapat ditanam awal untuk wortel manis lezat, tetapi bila ditanam

kemudian (pada bulan Juni di sini), itu akan mencapai ukuran baik 6 sampai 7 inci

panjang dengan diameter 1-1 inci pada saat penyimpanan jatuh. After storage, thiscarrot will still be crisp and sweet. Setelah penyimpanan, wortel ini akan tetap renyah dan

manis. Harvest as late as possible, after frost, but before the ground freezes. Harvest

sebagai terlambat mungkin, setelah embun beku, tetapi sebelum tanah membeku. I snapoff the green tops right where they join the carrot. Aku snap off puncak hijau yang tepat

di mana mereka bergabung wortel.

I choose nice straight healthy carrots of good size for storage and bag up the forked,

broken, nicked, small, or oversized ones to put in the refrigerator for immediate use incanning, juicing, or munching. Aku memilih wortel bagus sehat lurus ukuran yang baik

untuk penyimpanan dan tas menaiki bercabang, rusak, melukai, kecil, atau yang besar

untuk dimasukkan ke dalam lemari es untuk segera digunakan dalam pengalengan, jus,atau mengunyah. Then I take five-gallon plastic buckets, clean washed sand, and a

pitcher of water to dampen it. Lalu aku mengambil ember plastik lima-galon, pasir dicuci

bersih, dan sebotol air untuk meredam itu. Don't put too much water in the sand as it will

pool in the bottom and make it too soggy. Jangan memasukkan terlalu banyak air di pasirkarena akan kolam di bagian bawah dan membuat terlalu basah. I try to dampen the sand

in a different container and add the sand to my storage bucket as needed. Aku mencoba

untuk meredam pasir dalam wadah yang berbeda dan menambahkan ember pasir untuk


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penyimpanan saya yang diperlukan. First I put down a layer of sand and lay carrots side

by side. Pertama saya meletakkan lapisan pasir dan berbaring di samping sisi wortel. I

prefer the carrots don't touch. Saya lebih suka wortel jangan sentuh. Then in goes anotherlayer of sand to cover the first layer of carrots. Kemudian pada tahun berjalan satu lapisan

pasir untuk menutupi lapisan pertama wortel. I continue pressing carrots into the sand and

adding sand until I am near the top of the bucket, where I put on an extra thick layer ofsand and lay the lid on top. Aku terus menekan wortel ke dalam pasir dan menambahkan

pasir sampai saya di dekat bagian atas ember, di mana aku memakai tambahan lapisan

tebal pasir dan meletakkan tutup di atas.

This bucket is very heavy, so I put the carrots into it at the site it will spend the winter,which, for me, is at the bottom of a stairwell leading into the basement from the garage.

ember ini sangat berat, jadi saya memasukkan wortel ke dalamnya pada situs itu akan

menghabiskan musim dingin, yang, bagi saya, adalah di bagian bawah tangga menujuruang bawah tanah dari garasi. When the weather gets really cold, I throw some rugs and

blankets over the buckets to keep them from freezing. Ketika cuaca jadi sangat dingin,

saya melemparkan beberapa karpet dan selimut di atas ember untuk menjaga mereka daripembekuan. For ideal storage, carrots prefer 32 to 40 F and 90 to 95% humidity. Untuk

penyimpanan yang ideal, wortel lebih suka 32 hingga 40 C dan kelembaban 90-95%.

If you don't have varmints underground looking for a free meal in winter, you can store

them in the ground with a thick layer of mulch to prevent freezing. Jika Anda tidakmemiliki varmints bawah tanah mencari makanan gratis di musim dingin, Anda dapat

menyimpannya dalam tanah dengan lapisan tebal mulsa untuk mencegah pembekuan.

Potatoes Kentang

Potatoes are a traditional fresh storage food, but all cultivars are not equal. Kentang

adalah makanan tradisional penyimpanan segar, tapi semua kultivar tidak sama. Thechallenge is to have an edible supply year around. Tantangannya adalah untuk memiliki

persediaan tahun dimakan sekitar.

Last fall I stored Red Norland, Sangre Red,

Yukon Gold, and Kennebec potatoes of all sizes.Musim gugur yang lalu saya disimpan Merah

daerah utara, Sangre Merah, Yukon Gold, dan

kentang Kennebec dari semua ukuran. RedNorland sprouted first, followed by Kennebec,

Yukon Gold, and Sangre Red. Red daerah utara

tumbuh pertama, diikuti oleh Kennebec, YukonGold, dan Sangre Merah. Sangre Red, also called

Sangre, is a round-to-oblong, white fleshed red

potato with shallow eyes. Sangre Merah, juga

disebut Sangre, adalah kentang, bulat-untuk-oblong merah putih fleshed dengan mata dangkal. It is a very good new potato as well as

being great for storage. Ini adalah kentang yang baru sangat baik dan juga menjadi besar

untuk penyimpanan. Digging them is easy, as they generally cluster very near the plant; it

Potatoes stored in a large basket on the floor of thefruit roomKentang disimpan dalam sebuah keranjang

besar di lantai ruang buah


15/23

is also a heavy producer. Menggali mereka adalah mudah, karena mereka umumnya

cluster sangat dekat pabrik, melainkan juga merupakan produsen berat. Even though a

local nursery lists them as so-so keepers, Sangre has been the last to sprout in storage,with the largest potatoes keeping the best. Meskipun pembibitan lokal daftar mereka

sebagai begitu-begitu penjaga, Sangre telah menjadi terakhir untuk tunas di gudang,

kentang terbesar dengan menjaga yang terbaik. I will eventually have to pull the sproutsfrom them also, but I do not have ideal storage facilitiesjust a room in the basement

where I keep my canned goods, where the temperature ranges between 50 and 60 F

during the year. Akhirnya aku harus menarik kecambah dari mereka juga, tapi saya tidakmemiliki fasilitas penyimpanan-hanya ideal sebuah kamar di ruang bawah tanah tempat

aku menyimpan barang-barang kalengan saya, dimana suhu berkisar antara 50 dan 60

F sepanjang tahun. Potatoes prefer 40 degrees. Kentang lebih 40 derajat. Colder

temperatures will turn them sugary. Dingin suhu akan mengubah mereka manis. Muchtoo crisp and juicy for hash browns in the fall, these Sangres reach the perfect condition

for frying in June and July. Terlalu garing dan juicy untuk kentang goreng di musim

gugur, Sangres ini mencapai kondisi sempurna untuk menggoreng pada bulan Juni dan

Juli.

By planting these early season potatoes the end of May, I get large potatoes by the end of

August, which I harvest in late September. Dengan musim tanam kentang ini awal akhir

Mei, saya mendapatkan kentang besar pada akhir Agustus, yang saya panen pada akhirSeptember. Planting earlier, I can have new potatoes earlier, but for storage it works

better to plant later here where frosts may kill the tops the first of June and potatoes grow

well into summer as the nights are cool and the days moderate. Penanaman sebelumnya,saya dapat memiliki kentang baru sebelumnya, tetapi untuk penyimpanan bekerja lebih

baik untuk tanaman kemudian di sini di mana cuaca penuh es bisa membunuh puncak

pertama dari bulan Juni dan kentang tumbuh dengan baik ke musim panas sebagai malam

yang dingin dan hari-hari moderat.

Cabbage Kubis

One of the greatest challenges in storing vegetables has been the cabbage. Salah satu

tantangan terbesar dalam sayuran menyimpan telah kubis. I tried a number of methods,

but nothing worked until I started to grow cabbage especially bred for storage. Aku

mencoba beberapa metode, tetapi tidak ada yang berhasil sampai aku mulai tumbuh kubisterutama dibiakkan untuk penyimpanan. So far my favorite is Storage #4 (available from

Johnny's Seeds). Sejauh ini favorit saya adalah Storage # 4 (tersedia dari Seeds Johnny's).

It will produce a large, very solid head, which is still nice and solid the following June.

Ini akan menghasilkan kepala, besar sangat padat, yang masih bagus dan kokoh Juniberikut.

While I start my early cabbages in March (eight weeks before the last expected spring

frost), I start the storage cabbages the first week in May, about 100 to 120 days before thefirst expected frost in the fall, as it will make most of its head late in summer, but grow

some and hold well into fall. Sementara aku mulai kubis awal saya di bulan Maret

(delapan minggu sebelum embun beku musim semi lalu diharapkan), aku mulai


16/23

penyimpanan kubis minggu pertama bulan Mei, sekitar 100 sampai 120 hari sebelum

embun beku diharapkan pertama di musim gugur, karena akan membuat sebagian besar

yang kepala akhir di musim panas, tetapi beberapa tumbuh terus dengan baik sampaijatuh. I dig mine before the ground freezes or before the weather stays below freezing.

Aku menggali tanah tambang sebelum membeku atau sebelum cuaca tetap di bawah titik

beku. I cut off the root, leaving 6 inches of the stalk, and trim off those loose outer leaves.Aku memotong akar, meninggalkan 6 inci tangkai, dan trim off daun-daun luar longgar. I

then wrap each very loosely in a plastic grocery bag and store them in the extra

refrigerator or upside down in the stairwell next to the buckets I store the carrots in.During the cold months, they do best in the stairwell where ventilation is better. Aku lalu

bungkus masing-masing yang sangat longgar dalam tas belanja plastik dan simpan di

dalam lemari es tambahan atau terbalik di tangga di sebelah toko aku ember wortel

masuk Selama bulan-bulan dingin, mereka melakukan yang terbaik di tangga di manaventilasi lebih baik. They prefer 32-40 degrees with 90% humidity. Mereka lebih suka

32-40 derajat dengan kelembaban 90%. As the temperature rises outside, I have to move

them to a refrigerator to last into summer. Saat suhu naik di luar, aku harus memindahkan

mereka ke lemari es untuk terakhir dalam musim panas. They can produce cabbageyfumes, which may make one reconsider keeping them in the house long term. Mereka

dapat menghasilkan uap cabbagey, yang dapat membuat satu kembali menjaga mereka dirumah jangka panjang.

Onions Bawang

Perhaps my favorite vegetable in storage is the onion. Mungkin sayur favorit saya di

penyimpanan bawang. The sweet ones have to be eaten in the summer and early fall, but

the pungent ones can last until you have the next crop. Yang manis harus dimakan padamusim panas dan awal musim gugur, tetapi yang tajam dapat bertahan sampai Anda

memiliki tanaman berikutnya. A couple of long-day hybrids, Copra and Norstar, haveworked well for me. Beberapa hibrida lama-hari, Kopra dan Norstar, telah bekerja

dengan baik bagi saya. I start the seed indoors in February, feed them fish fertilizer, andset tiny plants out in early May. Aku memulai ruangan benih pada Februari, memberi

mereka makan pupuk ikan, dan menetapkan tanaman kecil di awal Mei. Norstar matures

sooner than Copra, but both are narrow necked hard onions of medium size. Norstar jatuhtempo lebih cepat dari Kopra, namun keduanya sulit berleher sempit bawang ukuran

medium. In August, I quit watering them. Pada bulan Agustus, saya berhenti penyiraman

mereka.

When they mature, pull and dry them in the sun. Ketika mereka dewasa, menarik dan

mengeringkannya di bawah sinar matahari. If the weather isn't warm enough, it isnecessary to push the tops over and then pull them and lay them out to dry for quite a

while. Jika cuaca tidak cukup hangat, perlu untuk mendorong puncak atas dan kemudianmenarik mereka dan berbaring mereka sampai kering selama beberapa waktu. When they

have dried sufficiently, remove the dry tops (but not the skins) and put the onions in a

basket or mesh bag and set or hang in a dry, cold (32 to 35 F.) place where they getventilation. Ketika mereka telah kering cukup, hapus bagian atas kering (tapi bukan kulit)

dan menempatkan bawang dalam keranjang atau tas mesh dan mengatur atau


17/23

menggantung dalam kering, dingin (32 sampai 35 F.) tempat di mana mereka

mendapatkan ventilasi. I don't have a perfect place, but these two cultivars do well even

when ideal storage can't quite be met. Saya tidak punya tempat yang sempurna, tetapikedua kultivar baik bahkan ketika penyimpanan yang ideal tidak bisa dipenuhi.

For those who prefer non-hybrids, the yellow potato onion, a multiplier onion, is terrific.Bagi mereka yang lebih memilih non-hibrida, bawang merah kuning kentang, bawang

pengali, hebat. They are smaller (up to 1 inch), but store extremely well, being veryhard well into summer. Mereka lebih kecil (hingga 1 inci), tapi toko sangat baik,

menjadi sangat keras baik dalam musim panas. You plant this onion in early fall and

mulch for winter. Anda menanam bawang ini di awal musim gugur dan pupuk untukmusim dingin. Remove the mulch in spring to find sprouts which can soon provide green

scallions or grow (with liberal watering) into bunches of small onions which will dry

down in July. Lepaskan mulsa di musim semi untuk mencari kecambah yang segera dapatmemberikan daun bawang hijau atau tumbuh (dengan penyiraman liberal) menjadi tandan

bawang kecil yang akan kering turun pada bulan Juli. Be sure to save some to plant for

the next crop. Pastikan untuk menyimpan sebagian untuk menanam untuk tanamanberikutnya.

Squash and pumpkins Squash dan labu

An easy crop to store is squash or pumpkins. Sebuah tanaman yang mudah untuk

menyimpan adalah squash atau labu. Nearly all kinds labeled winter squash and even

mature summer squash, such as the Mid East cousa type, can keep almost six months if

they are picked at the right time and cured properly. Hampir semua jenis labu berlabelmusim dingin dan musim panas bahkan labu matang, seperti jenis cousa Timur Tengah,

dapat menyimpan hampir enam bulan jika mereka diambil pada waktu yang tepat dan

disembuhkan dengan benar. At harvest, the skin should be so hard that a fingernail won'tpuncture it. Pada panen, kulit harus begitu keras sehingga kuku itu tidak akan tusuk.

Leave the stem on and cure both squash and pumpkin in the sun at 70 to 80 F for 10 to

14 days. Tinggalkan batang dan menyembuhkan kedua squash dan labu di bawah sinarmatahari pada 70 80 F selama 10 sampai 14 hari. If properly cured and later stored at

55 to 60 F with 60 to 70% humidity, they should hold through most of the winter. Jika

benar disembuhkan dan kemudian disimpan pada 55 sampai 60 F dengan kelembaban

60-70%, mereka harus terus hampir sepanjang musim dingin. An unheated bedroomworks well for me. Sebuah kamar tidur pemanas bekerja dengan baik bagi saya. Pies

from fresh pumpkin taste delicious in March. Pai dari labu segar rasa lezat pada bulan

Maret.

Beets Bit


18/23

I hadn't even considered storing beets until a few that I had just thrown in a plastic bag in

the refrigerator were in pretty good shape a couple of months later. Aku bahkan tidak

dianggap bit menyimpan hingga beberapa yangsaya baru saja dibuang dalam kantong plastik di

dalam lemari es itu dalam kondisi yang cukup

baik beberapa bulan kemudian. Uponinvestigation, I discovered that, although the

common Detroit Dark Red that I was planting

can be stored if done properly, there are specificbeets for winter storage. Setelah penyelidikan,

saya menemukan bahwa, walaupun umum

Detroit Red Dark bahwa aku tanam dapat

disimpan jika dilakukan dengan benar, ada bitkhusus untuk penyimpanan musim dingin. I

purchased some Lutz Greenleaf seed and sowed

it in the spring along with my other spring beets. Saya membeli beberapa biji Lutz

Greenleaf dan menabur di musim semi bersama dengan bit saya yang lain musim semi. Ittook a long time to germinate and then grew slowly, but in October, I dug some softball

sized beets to store. Butuh waktu lama untuk tumbuh dan kemudian berkembang secaralambat, tetapi pada bulan Oktober, aku menggali softball berukuran beberapa bit untuk

menyimpan. Unless you are using a long season beet like Lutz, the seed should be sown

in June or July for late harvest. Kecuali Anda menggunakan bit musim panjang sepertiLutz, biji harus ditanam pada bulan Juni atau Juli untuk panen terlambat.

Beets tend to be more susceptible to frost damage (their shoulders often stick out of the

ground), so they should be harvested before a killing frost. Bit cenderung lebih rentan

terhadap kerusakan embun beku (bahu mereka sering tongkat keluar dari tanah), sehingga

mereka harus dipanen sebelum embun beku membunuh. Harvest only mature beets andcut off the tops, leaving an inch of stem. Panen hanya jatuh tempo bit dan memotong

bagian atas, meninggalkan inci batang. Do not remove any of the root tip. Jangan

menghapus salah satu ujung akar. Brush off the dirt and pack in layers in damp sawdust,sand, or moss. Sikat kotoran dan dikemas dalam lapisan dalam serbuk gergaji lembap,

pasir, atau lumut. Keep cold (near 32 F) and very moist at 90 to 85% humidity. Tetap

dingin (dekat 32 F) dan sangat basah di kelembaban 90-85%. As mentioned before,unwashed beets keep quite a while in bags in a refrigerator. Seperti yang dijelaskan

sebelumnya, bit dicuci tetap cukup lama di tas dalam lemari es. Depending upon storage

conditions, beets can last anywhere from two to five months in storage. Tergantung padakondisi penyimpanan, bit bisa bertahan dua sampai lima bulan di gudang.

Winter radishes Winter lobak

If you like radishes, you can enjoy them throughout the winter if you plant the winter

type. Jika Anda seperti lobak, Anda dapat menikmati mereka sepanjang musim dingin

jika Anda jenis tanaman musim dingin. There are a number of cultivars which lendthemselves to storage: Miyashige (fall harvest Daikon), Long Black Spanish, Misato

Rose Flesh, China Rose, Round Black Spanish, and Radish Sakwiajima Mammoth to

Cabbage after a winter in storageKubis setelahmusim dingin di penyimpanan


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name a few. Ada beberapa kultivar yang meminjamkan diri untuk penyimpanan:

Miyashige (jatuh panen Daikon), Long Black Spanyol, Misato Rose Daging, Cina Rose,

Round Black Spanyol, dan Lobak Sakwiajima Mammoth untuk beberapa nama.Generally, the planting date is July or early August, but each cultivar could be different,

so pay attention to what the seed catalog tells you and adjust for your particular growing

season. Secara umum, tanggal tanam Juli atau awal Agustus, tetapi masing-masingkultivar dapat berbeda, sehingga memperhatikan apa katalog benih memberitahu Anda

dan menyesuaikan musim tertentu yang sedang tumbuh. These radishes use more space;

they not only may grow larger roots, but their tops are more leafy. Lobak inimenggunakan lebih banyak tempat, mereka tidak hanya dapat tumbuh akar yang lebih

besar, tetapi puncak mereka lebih rimbun. Harvest in the fall and store only perfect roots.

Panen pada musim gugur dan toko yang sempurna hanya akar. Trim off the leafy tops

and treat like carrots, layered in moist sand, moss, or sawdust in your coldest abovefreezing storage place. Trim dari puncak rindang dan memperlakukan seperti wortel,

berlapis-lapis di pasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji di tempat dingin terdingin di

atas Anda penyimpanan. They should last until February if stored properly. Mereka harus

bertahan hingga Februari jika disimpan dengan benar.

Rutabagas/turnips Rutabagas / lobak

Rutabagas, known also as Swede turnips, are good candidates for storage. Rutabagas,

dikenal juga sebagai lobak Swedia, adalah kandidat yang tepat untuk penyimpanan. The

turnip, however, gets mixed reviews. lobak, bagaimanapun, mendapat tinjauan yangberagam. Johnny's Seeds doesn't recommend turnip storage, but some people have done

it. Biji Johnny tidak merekomendasikan penyimpanan lobak, tetapi beberapa orang telah

melakukannya. Plant Purple Top White Globe in July or August and harvest three-inchmaximum roots before heavy frost, cut off the tops, and treat them like carrots. Tanaman

Ungu Top Putih Globe pada bulan Juli atau Agustus dan panen akar maksimum tiga incisebelum embun beku berat, memotong puncak, dan memperlakukan mereka seperti

wortel.

Laurentian and Purple Top (rutabaga, not turnip) are two common rutabaga cultivars

recommended for winter storage. Laurentian dan Ungu Top (rutabaga, tidak lobak)

adalah dua kultivar rutabaga umum direkomendasikan untuk penyimpanan musim dingin.

Plant in mid-June to mid-July or 90 days before intended harvest. Tanaman padapertengahan Juni hingga pertengahan Juli atau 90 hari sebelum panen dimaksudkan. Wait

until there has been at least a couple of good frosts, usually October here, before digging

for storage. Tunggu sampai ada setidaknya beberapa frosts baik, biasanya Oktober sini,

sebelum menggali untuk penyimpanan. If the roots are working their way out of theground, I would hill some soil over them or mulch them when there may be a chance of

freezing so the roots don't get damaged before I harvest. Jika akar bekerja dengan caramereka keluar dari tanah, saya akan bukit tanah beberapa atas mereka atau mulsa mereka

ketika mungkin ada kesempatan untuk membeku sehingga akar tidak rusak sebelum

panen. Cut off the tops and store like carrots. Potong bagian atas dan toko seperti wortel.However, rutabagas shrivel easier than carrots, so you want to be sure to keep them

moist. Namun, rutabagas mengerut lebih mudah daripada wortel, sehingga Anda ingin


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memastikan agar tetap lembab. They can be waxed (sometimes you see them waxed in

the supermarkets) to reduce dehydration; beeswax would be best if you choose this route.

Mereka bisa wax (kadang-kadang Anda melihat mereka wax di supermarket) untukmengurangi dehidrasi; lebah akan lebih baik jika Anda memilih rute ini. Rutabagas can

be expected to last for two to four months in storage. Rutabagas dapat diperkirakan

berlangsung selama dua sampai empat bulan di gudang.

Celeriac Celeriac

Celeriac, sometimes described as turnip-rooted celery, is an excellent keeper. Celeriac,kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai lobak-seledri berakar, adalah penjaga yang sangat

baik. Monarch and Brilliant are two good cultivars available. Brilliant raja dan dua

kultivar yang baik yang tersedia. The trick with celeriac is the planting time. Trik denganCeleriac adalah waktu tanam. Start indoors (slow to germinate) in April but do not set out

in the garden until June when the temperatures are averaging above 50 F. If the weather

is too cold, the plant will think that it has passed through the first summer (in your house

or greenhouse) and is in the winter cool down; when it warms up, the plant may bolt andgo to seed. Mulai di dalam ruangan (lambat berkecambah) pada bulan April tetapi tidak

menetapkan di taman sampai Juni ketika suhu rata-rata di atas 50 C. Jika cuaca terlalu

dingin, tanaman akan berpikir bahwa ini telah melewati musim panas pertama (dalamAnda rumah atau rumah kaca) dan di musim dingin dingin; ketika menghangat, tanaman

dapat baut dan pergi ke benih.

Celeriac requires rich soil and plenty of moisture like

celery, but is actually easier to grow. Celeriacmembutuhkan tanah yang subur dan banyak air seperti

seledri, tapi sebenarnya lebih mudah untuk tumbuh.

You don't want the plant to mature too early and getwoody before you harvest. Anda tidak ingin pabrik

untuk dewasa terlalu dini dan mendapatkan kayu

sebelum panen. When you dig celeriac, break off thestocks, brush off the dirt, and remove long fine roots, if

desired. Ketika Anda menggali celeriac, istirahat dari

saham, sikat kotoran, dan menghilangkan akar baik

panjang, jika diinginkan. It will keep a while on a shelfin the cellar; for the long haul, layer in moist sand,

moss, or sawdust. Ini akan terus sementara di rak di

ruang bawah tanah, untuk jangka panjang, lapisan di

pasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji. Keep at 32 to40 F with 90 to 95 % humidity. Jauhkan pada 32

sampai 40 F dengan kelembaban 90-95%.

Parsnips Lobak

Onions hanging in ventilated baskets in fruitroomBawang tergantung di keranjang buah

ventilasi dalam kamar


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Rated as the hardiest of all root vegetables, the parsnip could be awarded best of show

when it comes to storage. Dinilai sebagai paling tabah semua sayuran akar, ubi itu bisa

diberikan "terbaik menunjukkan" ketika datang ke penyimpanan. Harris Model andrelated cultivars are popular. Harris Model dan kultivar terkait populer. Since all parsnips

are intended for storage, choose one that fits your needs (some are resistant to disease,

etc.). Karena semua lobak dimaksudkan untuk penyimpanan, pilih satu yang cocokdengan kebutuhan Anda (beberapa yang resisten terhadap penyakit, dll). Dig a deep bed

and plant fresh seeds early in the spring, March through May (depending upon your

season). Menggali tempat tidur dalam dan bibit tanaman segar di awal musim semi,Maret sampai Mei (tergantung pada musim Anda). Be patient as they may germinate

slowly (up to 28 days). Bersabar karena mungkin tumbuh perlahan (sampai dengan 28

hari). It takes a long season (100-120 days) and freezing weather to produce tasty

parsnips. Dibutuhkan musim panjang (100-120 hari) dan beku cuaca untuk menghasilkanlobak enak. Frosty weather helps starch in the root turn to sugar so they taste sweeter.

Cuaca dingin membantu pati dalam akar gilirannya menjadi gula sehingga rasanya manis.

Then you can begin harvest. Kemudian Anda bisa mulai panen.

You actually have four options. Anda benar-benar memiliki empat pilihan. You can take

advantage of all four. Anda dapat mengambil keuntungan dari semua empat. First, after a

few moderate to heavy frosts, you can dig some to eat immediately. Pertama, setelah

beberapa moderat untuk frosts berat, Anda dapat menggali beberapa makan segera.Because the roots can get very long, digging, not pulling, is recommended. Karena akar

bisa menjadi sangat lama, menggali, tidak menarik, dianjurkan. Or to keep the ground

from freezing, put down some mulch so you can dig later. Atau untuk menjaga tanah daripembekuan, meletakkan beberapa mulsa sehingga Anda dapat menggali nanti.

Even though the ground may not freeze under the mulch, you may not want to go out and

dig in mid-winter; dig and store some in the cellar. Meskipun tanah mungkin tidakmembeku di bawah mulsa, Anda mungkin tidak ingin keluar dan menggali dalampertengahan musim dingin, menggali dan menyimpan beberapa di ruang bawah tanah.

These roots should have the leaves trimmed and be stored like carrots in damp sand,

moss, or sawdust. Akar ini harus memiliki daun dipangkas dan disimpan seperti wortel dipasir lembab, lumut, atau serbuk gergaji. Ideal conditions are 32-35 degrees and 90-95%

humidity. kondisi ideal adalah 32-35 derajat dan kelembaban 90-95%.

And for the final option, when the ground thaws in the spring, go out and dig the sweetest

parsnips. Dan untuk pilihan terakhir, ketika thaws tanah di musim semi, pergi danmenggali lobak manis. They will be good until new leaves are formed; they get woody

after they begin to grow. Mereka akan baik sampai daun baru terbentuk, mereka

mendapatkan kayu setelah mereka mulai tumbuh. With parsnips, the last really could bethe best. Dengan lobak, yang terakhir benar-benar bisa menjadi yang terbaik.

Apples Apel

Apples are the only fruit I have tried to store fresh through the winter. Apel adalah buah

yang saya miliki mencoba untuk menyimpan segar melalui musim dingin. Since there are


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hundreds of cultivars, there should be quite a few that store well. Karena ada ratusan

kultivar, harus ada beberapa yang cukup baik toko. The nursery catalogs will usually

indicate that attribute. Katalog pembibitan biasanya akan menunjukkan atribut itu.Usually, the storage apple will ripen late, so that it can be picked in cool weather.

Biasanya, apel penyimpanan akan matang terlambat, sehingga bisa dipetik dalam cuaca

dingin. The apple I have had great success with is Honeycrisp. apel yang saya telahsukses besar dengan adalah Honeycrisp. It has a sweet-tart flavor and is exceptionally

crisp, features that were still noticeable after months in my extra refrigerator. Memiliki

rasa manis-asam dan sangat segar, fitur yang masih terlihat setelah berbulan-bulan dikulkas ekstra. Although a tad shriveled, they made excellent applesauce. Meskipun anak

laki-laki yang keriput, mereka membuat saus apel sangat baik.

Some helpful pointers in harvesting apples: pick mature

fruit, leave the stem on the apple, and cool fruit overnightbefore storing if the day is somewhat warm. Beberapa

pointer membantu dalam panen apel: memetik buah matang,

biarkan batang pada apel, dan buah semalam dingin sebelummenyimpannya jika hari ini agak hangat. Apples last best if

stored near 32 F at 80 to 90% humidity; the warmer the

temperatures, the faster they soften. Apel terakhir terbaik

jika disimpan dekat 32 F pada 80 hingga kelembaban 90%,sedangkan suhu yang hangat, semakin cepat mereka

melunak. They should be kept in shallow layers in baskets or

slatted crates; they also need to be checked for spoilageoccasionally. Mereka harus disimpan dalam lapisan dangkal

di keranjang atau peti slatted, mereka juga perlu diperiksa

untuk pembusukan sesekali. It is wonderful to have some

homegrown fresh fruit to go with all those winter vegetables. Alangkah baiknya untukmemiliki beberapa buah segar sendiri untuk pergi dengan semua sayuran musim dingin.

They should be stored separately, though, as apples give off ethylene gas, which ages

vegetables. Mereka harus disimpan secara terpisah, meskipun, seperti apel mengeluarkangas ethylene, yang usia sayuran.

General harvesting tips Tips panen Umum

In cold storage, we are taking advantage of the plant's natural dormant stage between

seasons. Dalam penyimpanan dingin, kita mengambil keuntungan dari panggung alam

yang tidak aktif tanaman antara musim. Success rates are also raised by following proven

guidelines. tarif Sukses juga dibangkitkan dengan mengikuti pedoman yang telahterbukti. Harvesting in dry, cool weather is helpful because cold weather encourages the

vegetables to store sugars and starches rather than water in the roots. Panen di kering,cuaca sejuk sangat membantu karena cuaca dingin mendorong sayuran untuk menyimpan

gula dan pati daripada air dalam akar. Brush off the dirt gently, but cleaning isn't

necessary. Sikat kotoran dengan hati-hati, tetapi tidak perlu pembersihan. Don't bruise theproduce. Jangan memar menghasilkan. Store only the best produce; bruised, broken, or

nicked vegetables be used soon. Simpan hanya yang terbaik menghasilkan; memar, rusak,

Bolero carrots being removed fromthe bucket of sand in June following

eight months in storageBolerowortel dipindahkan dari ember pasir

pada bulan Juni berikut delapanbulan di gudang


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atau dicuri sayuran digunakan segera. Tops should be clipped immediately; if left on,

they suck moisture from the root. Tops harus segera dipotong, jika dibiarkan, mereka

menyedot air dari akar. Many tops are good to eat; chop some and dehydrate to add tosoups later. Banyak tops baik untuk makan; memotong beberapa dan dehidrasi untuk

ditambahkan ke sup kemudian.

Folklore recommends that you pick apples and harvest root vegetables during the

decrease of the moon, in the third and fourth quarters, because bruised spots will dry, notrot, and the food will keep better. Cerita Rakyat menganjurkan agar Anda memilih apel

dan sayuran akar panen selama penurunan bulan, pada triwulan ketiga dan keempat,

karena memar bintik-bintik akan kering, tidak membusuk, dan makanan akan terus lebihbaik. If you follow the moon in planting and harvesting, you might want to keep this in

mind also. Jika Anda mengikuti bulan di tanam dan panen, Anda mungkin ingin ingatlah

ini juga.

Two books which have been helpful for me to pursue my goal of providing the kitchen

with year around vegetables from my garden are Root Cellaring by Mike and NancyBubel and Four-Season Harvest by Eliot Coleman. Dua buku yang telah membantu bagi

saya untuk mengejar tujuan saya menyediakan dapur dengan tahun sekitar sayuran darikebun saya Root Cellaring oleh Mike dan Nancy Bubel dan Four-Season Panen oleh

Eliot Coleman. The first is about the natural cold storage of fruits and vegetables, with

drawings for possible root cellars (and alternate hideaways) and details of how to storemany different varieties of garden produce. Yang pertama adalah tentang penyimpanan

dingin alami buah-buahan dan sayuran, dengan gambar untuk gudang root mungkin (dan

hideaways alternatif) dan rincian tentang bagaimana untuk menyimpan berbagai varietas

dari kebun produksi. Coleman's book is basically about ways to extend your gardeningseason, but includes a chapter on root cellars and indoor harvesting. Coleman buku pada

dasarnya adalah tentang cara-cara untuk memperpanjang musim berkebun, namun jugamemuat bab tentang gudang root dan indoor panen. Reading these books opened my eyesto the possibilities of having a larger variety of fresh vegetables from my own garden

throughout the year. Membaca buku ini membuka mata saya untuk kemungkinan yang

lebih besar memiliki berbagai sayuran segar dari kebun sendiri sepanjang tahun.

successful cold storage

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