succession 11/3. succession succession- the increase in complexity of the structure and species...
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Succession
11/3
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Succession
Succession- the increase in complexity of the structure and species composition of a community over time.
When you have a blank ecosystem what species come colonize first, second, third and finally balance out the system.
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Succession
• Succession happens in steps called seral stages.
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Primary Succession
Primary Succession- colonization of newly created land.
Examples:• volcanic eruptions• sand dunes• uncovered glacial deposits
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Primary Succession
1st things to colonize an area are called pioneer species.
1. ColonizationNo soil at the beginning of primary succession. Colonizers: Lichen, mosses (r-selected)- Drought resistant and help break down rock to
create soil.- When they die they create organic material.
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2. Establishment As the soil builds water can be held better and
shallow roots can establish. As these plants die, organic material is added
Establishing species: grasses, small plants, small invertebrates that break down plant matter.
Primary Succession
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3. Competition Weathering and rock breakdown create enough
soil for K-selected species. K- selected species start to push out r-selected
colonizers. Competition species: shrubs, shade-intolerant
plants, pine trees.
Primary Succession
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4. Stabilization• Soil in now fully established and nutrient rich.
This allows for deep roots and water retention. • Fewer new species are coming in.• Slower growing, less productive, longer life
cyclesStabilization species: (K-selected) shade tolerant
trees, oak, spruce, Douglas fir, maple
Primary Succession
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Climax Community –Maximum possible development a community can reach.
• Stable, self perpetuating.• Equilibrium, organisms die at the same rate
they grow. Biomass is stable. • Biodiversity is high, K- selected species with
specific niches are present.
Primary Succession
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Secondary Succession
Secondary succession- colonization of already established land.
• Occurs on already established soil. • Seeds can lay dormant • Shortened/ Faster seral stages
Examples:• Fire• Flood• Human activity (clear cutting) (agriculture)• Natural disaster
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Disturbance
• Disturbance can send the community back to a previous stage
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Changes that occur during succession
• Size of organisms increases• Food webs become more complex• Soil depth increases• Biodiversity increases• NPP and GPP rise and then fall• Production/Respiration ratio falls
Why do these changes occur???