sucking and gall-forming insects
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Sucking and Gall-Forming Insects. Sucking Insects. Mouthparts pierce plant tissue and draw out fluid Importance: Usually low in forests Overuse of pesticides can incite damaging infestations Some deadly exotics in U.S. Some vector plant disease - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Sucking and Gall-Forming Insects
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Sucking Insects• Mouthparts pierce plant
tissue and draw out fluid• Importance:
– Usually low in forests– Overuse of pesticides can
incite damaging infestations– Some deadly exotics in U.S.– Some vector plant disease
• Often favor young succulent growth, high in nitrogen
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Sucking insects: wide diversity
Scales
Thrips
Mealybugs
Aphids
Lacebugs
Thrips
Whiteflies
Adelgids
Spittlebugs
Tree/leaf- hoppers
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Sucking Insects: possible signs and symptoms
Honeydew
sooty mold
Ants
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Sucking Insects: possible signs and symptoms
Curled, discolored, and/or distorted foliage
Pink hibiscus mealybug
Wooly ash aphid
Thrips “stippling” on sweetgum
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Sucking Insects: possible signs and symptoms
Waxy or cottony masses or coatings
Asian wooly hackberry aphid
Flatid planthopper excretion
Woolly pine scale
Pine bark adelgid
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Sucking Insects: possible signs and symptoms
Twig and branch dieback
Kermes scale
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Asian Wooly Hackberry Aphid
Giant Bark AphidOleander Aphid
Aphids
Crapemyrtle Aphid
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Scales
Oak Lecanium Scale
Florida Wax Scale
Holly Pit Scale
Pine Needle Scale
Tuliptree scale
Scale “crawler”
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Damaging Exotic Sucking Insects in Florida
Lobate Lac Scale
Pick Hibiscus Mealybug
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Hemlock Woolly AdelgidAn exotic eliminating eastern hemlocks
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Factors that influence occurrence & impact:sucking insects
• Young succulent tissue
• Enhanced nutrient levels
• Overuse of broad-spectrum insecticides
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Management: sucking insects
• Do nothing (let natural enemies do the job)
• Inspect for evidence of ladybugs, lacewings, other natural enemies
• Hard jet of water (periodic, safe on natural enemies)
• Insecticidal Soaps (e.g., Safer’s, M-Pede,homemade)
– Disrupts cuticle, must cover pest, target scale crawlers
• Horticultural oils (e.g., SunSpray Ultra-fine oil)
– Act by suffocation, must cover pest, target scale crawlers
• Systemic Insecticides (e.g. Imidacloprid)
– as root drench, trunk injection
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Galls• Abnormal plant cell growth
stimulated by another organism– wasps, midges, aphids & mites– Bacteria, fungi, nematodes
• >2000 gall producing-insects in the United States– 60% occur on the oak family
• Primarily of aesthetic concern• Stem galls may kill shoot
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• Spherical galls on oaks in spring, summer
• Alternating wasp generations– Adults emerge from galls,
mate, female lays eggs in roots
– Female wasps emerge from roots in 2nd spring, lay egg in leaf midrib
Oak Apple Gall
Amphibolips confluenta
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Horned Oak Gall
• Caused by cynipid wasps– Callirhytis spp.
• Laurel, water, other oaks• Alternating twig and leaf gall
stages• Dense laurel oaks on poor
sites
One wasp emerges from each “horn”
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Cypress Twig Gall Midge
• Spongy galls on ends of new cypress growth
• Orange larvae inside, overwinter
• Galls drops with foliage in winter
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Management: galls
• Appreciate the beauty• Prune and destroy
galls containing active life stages
• Plant site-appropriate tree species
• Conserve natural enemies through limited pesticide use
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Thanks Again!