sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis tbilisis saxelmwifo ...iliauni.edu.ge/uploads/other/1/1437.pdf ·...

1

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti

samagistro da sadoqtoro programebis fakulteti

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli informirebuli sazogadoebis

CamoyalibebaSi

(zrdasrulTa treningebis potencialis gazrda maswavlebelTa

profesiuli mxardaWeris saqmeSi)

sadisertacio naSromi

ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad

doqtoranti - nino SarvaSiZe

samecniero xelmZRvaneli – profesori Sorena saZagliSvili, filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori

Tbilisi

2012 weli

2

sarCevi:

I Tavi: Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 4

II Tavi: disertaciis zogadi daxasiaTeba da mniSvneloba gv. 14

2.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan da zrdasrulTa treningTan

dakavSirebuli cnebebi da aqtivobebi ----------------------------- gv. 17

2.2. kvlevis mizani, hipoTeza, problemis gadawyvetis gzebi da

limitaciebi ----------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 22

2.3. kvlevis beneficiarebi, aqtualoba da siaxle --------------- gv. 28

III Tavi: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebi

(literaturis mimoxilva da diskusia)

3.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria ------------------------------------ gv. 31

3.2. zrdasrulTa ganaTleba saqarTveloSi ---------------------------- gv. 46

3.3. saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da saerTaSoriso konferenciebi

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis rolis, instituciuri mowyobis, misi

sakanonmdeblo da finansuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb --------- gv. 60

IV Tavi: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialur-pedagogiuri

rolis Sefaseba Sromis bazris axali moTxovnebis

sapasuxod (statistikis mimoxilva da diskusia)

4.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli Sromis bazris axali

moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaSi -------------------------------------------- gv. 93

4.2. maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli

dafinansebis programa - saqarTveloSi 2010-2014 w.w.

maswavlebelTa sertificirebisTvis 2009 wlis mosamzadebili

treningebis Sefaseba ---------------------------------------------------------- gv. 108

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4.3. zrdasrulTa saswavlo procesebSi zrdasrulTa swavlebis

principebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli midgomis

upiratesoba ----------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 136

V Tavi: kvlevis meTodologia

5.1. kvlevis etapebi ------------------------------------------------------------------ gv. 143

5.2. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobisa da

informirebis donis kvleva 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa

sertificirebis wina periodSi ----------------------------------------- gv. 147

5.3. zrdasrulTa treningis potencialis zrdisa da zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebis gamoyenebis mizan-Sedegobrivi kavSiris

kvleva maswavlebelTa treningebis magaliTze -------------- gv. 153

VI Tavi: kvlevis ZiriTadi daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 162

VII Tavi: naSromis reziume inglisur enaze (Thesis Summary in

English Language) --------------------------------------------------------- gv. 173

bibliografia --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 182

danarTebi --------------------------------------------------------------------------- gv. 190

4

I Tavi: Sesavali

„codna aris socialuri cvlilebebis Zrava“ – niko steri, 1986

braziliaSi belemis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis UNESCO-s konferenciam,

CONFINTEA VI-m zrdasulTa ganaTlebas mcodne (informirebuli)

sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) da codnis ekonomikis (Knowledge Economy)

CamoyalibebaSi prioritetuli mniSvneloba mianiWa da mosTxova monawile

qveynebis mTavrobebs, Seasrulon konferenciis, CONFINTEA VI-is

rezolucia (brazilia, 2009 wlis maisi), romelic ZiriTadad zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis rolis udides mniSvnelobas eZRvneba globalur gamowvevebის

pirispir brZolaSi. “droa, vimoqmedoT am mimarTulebiT, radgan

umoqmedoba Zviri gvijdeba,” – weria konferenciis daskvniT rezoluciaSi1,

romlis ratificireba 156-ma qveyanam moaxdina, maT Soris saqarTvelomac.

saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi informaciisa da codnis rolis gazrdam da

codnis ekonomikis (Knowledge Economy) Camoyalibebam, dRis wesrigSi daayena

rogorc axalgazrda Taobis, aseve zrdasrul adamianTa kompetenciebis

swrafi zrdis, e.w. mcodne, informirebuli sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society)

swrafi Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. informirebuli sazogadoebis

Camoyalibebis erT-erTi saukeTeso gza zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaa (Adult

Education/ Learning), zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis erT-erTi saxeoba, zrdasrulTa

treningi (Adult Training) ki codnis ekonomikis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa2.

UNESCO-s konferenciis generalurma prezidentma devidson hepnerma

Tavis sityvaSi konferenciis monawileebs ase mimarTa: „mogiwodebT

UNESCO–s saxeliT yvela doneze SemogvierTdeT, rogorc partniorebi da

UNESCO–s resursebis gamoyenebiT yvela Tqveni Zalisxmeva mimarToT iseTi

1 CONFINTEA VI, Sixth International Conference on Adult Education, Final Report:

www.unesco.org/.../confintea/pdf/.../confinteavi_final_report_engl_online 2 Towards Knowledge Society. 2005. UNESCO Publishing ISBN 92-9-204000-X

5

sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisken, sadac ara marto arc erTi bavSvi, aramed

arc erTi zrdasruli adamiani ar CamorCeba“3.

ganviTarebis gardamaval etapze myofi qveynebisTvis, maT Soris

saqarTvelosTvis, erT-erTi mTavari problema informirebuli

sazogadoebis naklebobaa, rac reformebis ganxorcielebis warmatebis

xelisSemSlel pirobas warmoadgens. amis erT-erTi magaliTia skolis

asakovani maswavleblebi, romelTac informirebuloba akliaT maTTvis

mniSvnelovan sferoSi. maT umetesobas ar uswavlia ganaTlebisa da

ganviTarebis dasavluri Teoriebi, roca pedagogis kvalifikacias iZendnen

umaRles saswavleblებSi, xolo reformamdel ganaTlebis sistemaSi am

deficitis gaTvaliswineba ar momxdara. bunebrivia, am carieli sivrcis

Sevsebis gareSe reformebi ganaTlebis sistemaSi warmatebuli ver iqneba

da am mimarTulebiT efeqturi RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba Zalian

mniSvnelovania.

codnis ekonomika informirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis miznebis

misaRwevad ganixilavs zrdasrulTa rogorc formalur, aseve

araformalur ganaTlebas. formaluri ganaTleba informirebulobis

pirdapirprოporciuli yovelTvis ar aris. informirebuli sazogadoebis

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi aranaklebi, Tu ufro meti ara, berketebi aqvs

araformalur ganaTlebas4. saWiroa yvela am berketis gamoyeneba da

rogorc formaluri, ise araformaluri ganaTlebis sistemis drouli da

swori Camoyalibeba, raTa reformebze gaRebuli Tanxebi ekonomiurad da

efeqturad ganawildes da gamarTlebuli iyos am mimarTulebiT gaweuli

yvela xarji. dRes bevrs saubroben ganaTlebis reformaSi arsebuli

finansuri resursebis araefeqtur gankargvaze. ase rom ar moxdes, pirvel

rigSi, saWiroa ganaTlebis politikis mesveurTa drouli da swori

informireba, Tu rogor unda Seuwyon xeli codnis ekonomikisTvis saWiro

3 CONFINTEA VI, Sixth International Conference on Adult Education, Final Report.

4 UNESCO PROAP, Publisher: UNESCO PROAP. Publication 2001-03-14 Bangkok Location. “Non-formal adult

education facilitators: handbook. Module 1: Community Mobilization.

6

unarebis ganviTarebas da informirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis

saqmes5. am mizniT, mocemuli kvlevis avtori maT sTavazobs problemis

gadaWris erT konkretul gegmas maswavlebelTa treningebis magaliTze,

ramac, SesaZloa mcire, magram mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos skolis

maswavlebelTa informirebul sazogadoebad Caმoyalibebis saqmeSi.

dRes qarTuli sazogadoeba axali gamowvevebis winaSe dgas. mTeli

rigi reformebis gatarebis Semdeg socialuri foni gansxvavdeba asakobriv

kategoriebSi. umuSevrobis saSiSroebis winaSe dadga zrdasruli

mosaxleobis didi nawili (asakobrivi kategoria 45-65 w.). dRevandeli

mTavroba cdilobs, axali iniciativebiT gamovides6 da asakovani

specialistebis dasaqmebis mimarTulebiT da am gziT miaRwios socialur

efeqts. qveynis gardamaval periodSi bevri ganaTlebuli da Sromismoyvare

adamiani darCa umuSevari da skolis maswavlebelTa mTeli armia dResac

dgas am saSiSroebis winaSe. saxelmwifo valdebulia pirdapiri Tu iribi

gzebiT izrunos am asakobrivi segmentis warmomadgeneli adamianebis

Sromis bazarTan dakavSirebaze. dRis wesrigSi dadga zrdasrulTa

gadamzadebis programebis SemuSavebis sakiTxebi, ixarjeba sakmaod didi

Tanxebi am mimarTulebiT. ganaTlebis saministroSi Camoyalibda garkveuli

meTodologia, Tu rogor daexmaros asakovan adamianebs maTi Sromis

bazarTan morgebis saqmeSi. amis magaliTia maswavleblTa profesiuli

ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa7, rac (nawilobriv)

maswavlebeTa gadamzadebisTvis saWiro treningebis organizebas

gulisxmobs. aris Tu ara es meTodologia efeqturi da/an ra SemTxvevaSia

efeqturi, es kvlevis sagania.

5 a. daviTuliani, l. CikvaiZe, T. dadiani, S. ZoweniZe “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTareba saqarTvelos winsvlis sawindaria”. momzadda da gamoica OSCE-ODIHR-is finansuri mxardaWeriT. Tbilisi 2005w. 6 საქართველოს მთავრობის სტრატეგიული ,,ათპუნქტიანი გეგმა' მოდერნიზაციისა და დასაქმებისათვის (2011-

2015) - http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=234&info_id=33014 7 maswavlebelis profesiuli ganviTarebis finansuri mxardaWeris saxelmwifo programa -

http://www.tpdc.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=41&Itemid=109

http://www.government.gov.ge/files/234_33014_795823_PM-10P-Plan-short-final.pdf

http://www.government.gov.ge/files/234_33014_795823_PM-10P-Plan-short-final.pdf

http://www.government.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=234&info_id=33014


7

mocemuli kvlevis mizani iyo, saqarTveloSi maswavlebelTa

sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis (2010-2014) mosamzadebeli treningebis

magaliTze daedgina, rodis aris maswavlebelTa (zrdasrulTa) treningis

Sedegebi ufro efeqturi da rogor SeiZleba maTi potencialis gazrda

maswavlebelTa profesiuli mxardaWeris saqmeSi. kvlevis Sedegebma

TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi zrdasrulTa swavlebis

principebze agebuli midgomebi zrdasrulTa swavlebisas bevrad efeqturs

xdis miRweul Sedegebs.

postsabWoTa sivrceSi zrdasrulTa ganaTleba SedarebiT axali

samecniero mimarTulebaa8. misi principebis damkvidreba da ganviTareba

dRevandel saqarTveloSi mocemul kvlevaSi aqtualur problemad aris

miCneuli. mocemuli problemis samecniero analizma aCvena, rom

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli sabWoTa da gardaqmnis

periodis istoriul-pedagogiuri naSromebi, mimdinare movlenebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, ver iwinaswarmetyvelebdnen iseT radikalur socialur

da ekonomikur cvlilebebs da maT Tanmxleb kataklizmebs, rasac adgili

hqonda saqarTveloSi 1991-2003 w.w. isini umTavresad wina aTwleulebSi

Seqmnil stereotipebze iyvnen orientirebulni. im dros zrdasrulTa

ganaTleba saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad profesiuli kvalifikaciis amaRlebas

gulisxmobda9. pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi potenciis ganviTarebas da

regionalur Taviseburebebebs yuradReba naklebad, an srulebiT ar

eqceoda.

msoflio gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom teqnologiuri revoluciebiT

gamowveul naxtomebs mosaxleoba xSirad da ufro warmatebulad

zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis meSveobiT akeTebs10. adamiani

gamudmebiT unda cdilobdes sakuTari Tavis srulyofas, raTa ar moeqces

8 И.Ф. Колесникова, А.Е. Марон, Е.П. Тонконогая и др. «Основы Андрагогики». Издательский Центр

«Академия» 2003 г. ISBN 5-7695-0978-3 9 k. ramiSvili. “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebais pedagogika, kvlevis obieqti”. Jurnali “skola da cxovreba” # 6. 1990 w. gv. 178 10T. grZeliZe. “ganaTlebis reforma saqarTveloSi, ras warmoadgens da rogori unda iyos

sinamdvileSi”. gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1998 w. gv. 36. (Sifri 2 K 83-318, mecnierebaTa akademiis bibliTeka).

8

socialur izolaciaSi. amaSi mas xeli saxelmwifomac unda Seuwyos. am

mxriv Cveni qveyana CamorCeba msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebsac da

zogierT yofil socialistur qveyanasac.

kvlevis aqtualoba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom dRes qveyanaSi

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema Tavidan yalibdeba da moTxovnileba

masze mosaxleobaSi isev iCens Tavs. marTalia, mimdinareobs reformebi

ganaTlebis sistemaSi, magram es procesebi garkveul problemebs awydeba.

mimdinare etapze sirTuleebs ganicdis arsebuli saganmanaTleblo sivrce.

ukve ramdenime welia, msoflioSi tardeba kvleva wignierebis donis

Sesaxeb, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sadac sagangebo mdgomareobaa am mxriv.

2006-2007 wlebSi organizaciebma PIRLS-ma da PISAM–m saqarTveloSi

Caatares kvleva 9-10 da 14-15 wlis bavSvebSi wignierebis donis Sesaxeb.

kvleva tardeboda weriTi metyvelebis gamoyenebisa da wakiTxulis

gaazrebis meTodiT. kvlevis SedegebiT qarTveli moswavleebi wignierebis

doniT bolo oTxeulSi arian (sul 45 qveyana monawileobda)11, rac imis

niSania, rom skolis maswavleblebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saWiroeben

gadamzadebas. am problemebis arsebobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi

dakavSirebulia kulturul-saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobisa da

Rirebulebebis globalur cvlilebasTan. xdeba Semobruneba principulad

axali socialur-kulturuli tipis sazogadoebisken, romelic xdeba ra

codnis ekonomikis nawili, dafuZnebulia garkveuli codnis sistemaze. am

codnis mobilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes saSualebad ganaTlebis

sxva sferoebTan erTad, Cvens qveyanaSic zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda

iqnes miCneuli.

mocemuli kvleva msoflioSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis

swored am axal pirobebs iTvaliswinebs, ganixilavs zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebas istoriul WrilSi, ikvlevs maswavlebelTa sertificirebasTan

dakavSirebul arsebul gamocdilebas da bolos, ikvlevs zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis SedarebiT viwro sferos, maswavlebelTa, rogorc 11

PIRLS 2006 Technical Report, Edited by Michael O. Martin, Ina V.S. Mullis, and Ann M. Kennedy (2007), Chestnut Hill,

MA: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College.

9

zrdasrulTa trenings, rogorc informirebuli sazogadoebis

Camoyalibebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes rgols dRevandel saqarTveloSi.

msoflio sazogadoebisTvis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis rolis axleburad

gaazrebisTvis mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca 1997 wels iuneskos

organizebiT qalaq hamburgSi gamarTuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi

miZRvnili me-5 msoflio konferencia CONFINTEA V. am konferenciaze

saerTaSoriso forumze dakaraSi (senegali, 2000), germaniis saxalxo

universitetebis asociaciis saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis institutis

(IZZ DVV) egidiT organizebul saerTaSoriso konferenciebze,

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba miCneul iqna XXI saukunis ganviTarebis sakvanZo

faqtorad12. am da sxva konferenciebis monawileTa saerTo daskvna

mdgomareobda imaSi, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTleba warmoadgens bevri

problemis mogvarebis, kerZod, axali teqnologiebis danergviT mudmivad

cvalebad pirobebTan mosaxleobis Segueba-adapataciis, umuSevrad

darCenili da socialur izolaciaSi moqceuli adamianebisTvis

TviTgadarCenisa da TviTrealizaciis, Tanamedrove samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da demokratiis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis

saSualebas. me-20 saukunis poloneli ganmanaTlebelis, solarJis

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis “umniSvnelovanesi funqcia

aris da yovelTvis iqneba, aswavlos adamians, icxovros aqtiuri

cxovrebiT, raTa ipovos sakuTari biliki cxovrebis gzaze, raTa SeZlos

sakuTari Tavis sazogadoebasTan integrireba, TviTon aimaRlos

TviTSegneba, radgan TiToeuli adamiani kacobriobis istoriis

umniSvnelovanesi nawilia”13.

2009 wels CONFINTEA VI konferenciaze braziliaSi, sadac saqarTvelom

pirvelad miiRo monawileoba, zrdasrulTa ganTlebas codnis

ekonomikisTvis saWiro informirebuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi

aqtiuri rolis Sesrulebis aucilebloba xazgasmiT gamoikveTa.

12

CONFINTEA V materials: www.unesco.org/education/uie/confintea/ 13

norber f.b. gregeri da eva prJibilska “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba poloneTSi” ??????????

10

konferenciisTvis mzadebis procesSi saqarTveloSi Seiqmna zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis problematikisadmi miZRvnili interseqtolaruli dialogi.

masSi monawileobdnen rogorc samTavrobo, ise arasamTavrobo seqtorebis

wamomadgeneli dainteresebuli pirebi (maT Soris mocemuli naSromis

avtoric) da misi mizani iyo qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb angariSis momzadeba.14

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan

harmonizaciis erovnuli programis ganxorcielebis ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros individualur mimdinare samoqmedo gegmaSi weria:

“evrokavSiris qveynebis bolo aTwleulis aqtivoba ganaTlebis sferoSi

mimarTulia saerTo saganmanaTleblo sivrcis Seqmnisaken. am mizniT

saWiroa struqturuli, Sinaarsobrivi da sakanonmdeblo gardaqmnebi”15.

Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebis CamonaTvalSi sxva sakiTxebTan erTad

CamoTvlilia Semdegic, rom (1) unda dainergos dasavleT evropaSi bolo

dros metad popularuli strategia “swavla sicocxlis manZilze”

(msoflio praqtikaSi “swavla sicocxlis manZilze” da “zrdasrulTa

ganaTleba” sinonimebad gamoiyeneba), rac pirovnebas saSualebas aZlevs

konkurentunariani gaxdes axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebaSi, gaiadvilos

socialuri urTierTobebi, Seiqmnas Tanaswori SesaZleblobebi da

gaiumjobesos cxovrebis xarisxi; da (2) saqarTvelo aqtiurad unda

CaerTos saerTaSoriso programaSi “ganaTleba yvelasaTvis”, rac

saSualebas miscems mas SeinarCunos is miRwevebi, romelic aqamde hqonda

da saswrafod daZlios is uaryofiTi tendenciebi, romelmac bolo dros

iCina Tavi.

saqarTveloSi maswavlebelTa 2010-2014 w.w. sasertifikacio

gamocdebisTvis saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli maswavleblTa

profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa evrokavSiris

kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis erovnuli programis ganxorcielebis

14

AEAG Georgia and dvv international , “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba saqarTveloSi da CONFINTEA VI” -

ISBN 978-9941-0-1419-2 15

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros individualuri samoqmedo gegma: www.mes.gov.ge

11

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros individualuri

mimdinare samoqmedo gegmis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi Semavali aqtivobaa.

postsabWoTa qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, xSirad mxolod

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriul safuZvlebs ganixilaven maSin, roca

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis dawesebulebis realuri arseboba

mniSvnelovanwilad im adamianebis cocxal, praqtikul saqmianobas

warmoadgens, romlebic sxvadasxva tipis kursebis, saswavlo programebisa

da seminarebis organizebas axdenen16. saqarTvelos xelisufleba xSirad

mxars uWers kerZo iniciativebs qveyanaSi, cdilobs SezRudos

saxelmwifos Careva iq, sadac kerZo seqtori ufro kompetenturi da sando

SeiZleba iyos. igive moxda ganaTlebis da zrdasrulTa treningis

sferoSic. kerZo trening-provaideri organizaciebi aqtiurad CaerTvnen

maswavlebelTa ganaTlebis procesebSi mimdinare sasertifikacio

gamocdebisTvis mosamzadeblad17. magram provaideri organizaciebis

trenerebs ar moeTxovebaT specialuri unarebi, rasac zrdasrulTa

swavlebis procesebi moiTxoven.

saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT mxolod erTaderTi organizacia arsebobs,

romelic zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialist-praqtikoss amzadebs. es

aris konsultaciisa da treningis centri CTC. arsebobs kidev erTjeradi

treningebi trenerTaTvis konkretuli mimarTulebiT, romelsac

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis programebis farglebSi atareben dasavluri

qveynebidan mowveuli eqspertebis meSveobiT.

CTC warmoadgens pirvel qarTul organizacias zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis sferoSi, romelmac 2004 wels miiRo saerTaSoriso xarisxis

marTvis sertifikati ISO- 9001-2000. aq atareben kursebs, sadac aswavlian

16

Рамишвили К. К. «Вопросы обучения взрослых в народных университетах» Тбилиси. Издательство Тбилис.

Госуниверситета. 1986 – 211 с. 17

Aleksandra Duda, Terence Clifford-Amos. Study on Teacher Education for Primary and Secondary Education in six

Eastern Partnership Countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. Final Report.

Agreement nr EAC-2011-0301 (Negotiated procedure EAC/28/2011). European Commission, Directorate-General for

Education and Culture. September 2011

12

„zrdasrulTa saswavlo programebis SemuSavebas da zrdasrulTa

saswavlo procesis warmarTvis unar-Cvevebs“.

CTC–is vebgverdze Tqven waikiTxavT: „nebismieri trening programis

warmateba didad aris damokidebuli trenerze: swored mas SeuZlia

programa srul katastrofad an gasaocar saswavlo gamocdilebad aqcios.

Tavis mxriv, treneris muSaobis xarisxs gansazRvravs misi unari, sworad

SearCios zrdasrulTaTvis codnis efeqturad gadacemis meTodebi,

zogadad Seqmnas swavlisTvis xelisSemwyobi garemo. amdenad kursis

mizania, daexmaros trenerebs TavianTi programebis ufro efeqtur

dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaSi18“. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es

kursebi Tavisi Rirebulebis gamo arc ise advili xelmisawvdomia

bevrisTvis.

saTanado dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi, qveynis universitetebs sakuTari

inteleqtualuri resursebis gamoyenebiT SeuZliaT moamzadon iseTi

specialistebi, romlebic zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialur-pedagogiuri

principebis amuSavebas moaxdenen. ilias saxelmwifo universitetTan

arsebuli maswavlebelTa profesiuli mxardaWeris centri19 aqtiurad Caeba

saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis

vauCeruli dafinansebis programaSi da muSaobs maswavlebelTa

sagnobrivi da profesiuli unarebis swavlebis mimarTulebiT. garda amisa,

universitetSi funqcionirebs codnis ekonomikis kvleviTi instituti,

romelic aseve muSaobs zrdasrulTa treningis kvlevis mimarTulebiT.

naSromis struqtura

naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlisa da Svidi ZiriTadi Tavisgan, romlebSic

literaturisa da statistikis mimoxilvis da kvlevis meTodologiis

aRweris Semdeg gamokveTilia kvlevis saerTo daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi.

naSroms Tan axlavs reziume inglisur enaze da gamoyenebuli

literaturis sia (bibliografia). SesavalSi xdeba kvlevis prezentacia da

18

http://www.ctc.org.ge/?lang=geo&page=118 19

http://www.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=588

http://www.ctc.org.ge/?lang=geo&page=118

http://www.iliauni.edu.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=588

13

warmodgenilia Tezisi. saubaria imaze, Tu raSi mdgomareobs problema da

ratom aris saWiro misi gadawyveta. naSromis momdevno TavSi

ganmartebulia ZiriTadi terminebi, Camoyalibebulia kvlevis hipoTeza da

problemis gadawyvetis gzebi; dasabuTebulia sakvlevi problemis

aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da sagani; daxasiaTebulia kvlevis mecnieruli

siaxle, naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. kvlevis

wyaroebze dayrdnobiT (mecnierebaTa akademiis biblioTekis20,

sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis biblioTekis, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo arqivis fondis21, ilias saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis

biblioTekis da profesorebis kerZo biblioTekebis, UNESCO-CONFINTEA-s

1997-2009 wlebis konferenciebis, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros

vebgverdze da internetSi mopovebuli sxva masalebi) disertaciis

momdevno TavebSi ganxilulia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria, misi

ganviTarebis etapebi, Taviseburebebi da funqciebi. Tema ganixilavs da

asabuTebs zrdasrulTa saswavlo procesebSi zrdasrulTa swavlebis

principebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli midgomis upiratesobas am

mimarTulebiT gaweuli dafinansebebis efeqturad gamoyenebis saqmeSi da

zogadad zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis programebis dagegmvis saqmeSi. kvlevis

meTodologiis nawilSi detalurad aris aRwerili kvlevis mizniT

Catarebuli eqsperimentebisa da maTi analizis Sedegebi. naSromi mTavrdeba

kvlevis ZiriTadi daskvnebiTa da rekomendaciebiT, romlebic gamiznulia

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mesveurebze maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio

gamocdebTan mimarTebaSi da zogadad.

20

Sifris nomrebi: K 25-26-27 da AK 65-75 21

fondis nomrebi: 14-22

14

II Tavi: disertaciis zogadi daxasiaTeba da mniSvneloba

abstraqti: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sinaarsi, marTva da saswavlo procesebi da aseve,

zrdasrulebisTvis axali unar-Cvevebis miRebis xelmisawvdomoba moiTxovs kvlevasa da

gaumjobesebas. mocemuli kvlevis avtori eyrdnoba zrdasrulTagan, kerZod, skolis

maswavleblebisgan miRebuli monacemebis analizs. kvlevis avtorma sayuradRebod miiCnia

Seeswavla maswavlebelTa aRqma, aris Tu ara Tanxvedra mimdinare sasertifikacio

gamocdebisTvis organizebuli treningebsa (saqarTvelo, 2010-2014) maswavlebelTa swavlis

motivaciasTan da maTi kmayofilebis an ukmayofilebis doneebs Soris; da moaxdens Tu

ara zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesabamis principebze agebuli treningebi zegavlenas

treningebis Sedegebze. kvleva Catarda im mizniT, rom gamoevlina zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri maswavlebelTa damokidebulebasTan

sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis organizebuli mosamzadebeli treningebisadmi; moexdina

maswavlebelTa pedegogiuri rwmenebisa da praqtikis transformirebisa da

urTierTzemoqmedebis xarisxis Semowmeba; da aseve, Seeswavla zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

roli informirebuli sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.

mocemuli kvleva bevrad adre daiwyo, vidre kvlevis sagani

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros samoqmedo gegmaSi

da braziliaSi CONFINTEA VI –ze warsadgen erovnul angariSSi aisaxeboda

– saqarTveloSi zrdasrulTa swavlebisa da ganaTlebis ganviTarebis da

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. igi agebuli iyo praqtikul saqmianobaze da mxolod

Semdeg miiRo publikaciebisa da Teoriuli naSromis saxe da amdenad,

Tavisi wvlilic Seitana aRniSnuli angariSis calkeuli Tavebis

momzadebaSi. disertaciaSi Camoyalibebulia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

pedagogikis safuZvlebi da winaswar gaweuli praqtikuli saqmianobis

Sedegad formirebuli axali socialur-pedagogiuri principebi; mocemulia

statistika da infromacia maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb. aqve gansazRvrulia

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis, rogorc pedagogikis axali mecnieruli

15

mimarTulebis damkvidrebis pirobebi, rac Semdgom zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis sistemisa da masSi Semavali calkeuli rgolis safuZveli

unda gaxdes. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis koncefcias, meTodikas,

fsiqologiur sakiTxebs, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemisadmi zogadi da

konkretuli midgomebis dialeqtikas da masTan dakavSirebul finansur

aspeqtebs mocemuli Tema, nawilobriv, istoriul WrilSi ganixilavs da

adgens maTi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs. zemoT CamoTvlili aspeqtebi sxva

mkvlevarebis kvlevis sagnadac SeiZleba iqces. mocemul kvlevaSi

gamokveTilia zrdasrulTa treningebisa da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

principebze agebuli modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis upiratesoba

zrdasrulTa swavlebis procesebSi.

maSin, roca TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi gamudmebiT viTardeba

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba [treningebi sxvadasxva

unarebSi, distanciuri ganaTleba, axali sabazo ganaTleba, swavlis

gagrZeleba, swavla sicocxlis manZilze, zrdasrulTa araformaluri

ganaTleba, saqarTveloSi metwilad saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier

xorcieldeba msgavsi programebi. am moZrobas usistemo xasiaTi aqvs da

mxolod ramdenime miznobrivi jgufisken aris mimarTuli. zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis kursebis is mcire raodenoba ki, rac adgilobrivi

iuridiuli, an kerZo pirebis mier Seiqmna, ZviradRirebulia da regionebSi

socialur izoliaciaSi moqceul mosaxleobas maTze xeli ar miuwvdeba22.

reformebi ar SeiZleba Semoifarglebodes mxolod struqturebis

ganaxlebiT da axali teqnologiebis SemotaniT. saWiroa Zvel sistemaSi

miRebuli ganaTlebis mqone pirebis axal sabazro ekonomikasTan, codnis

ekonomikasTan adaptaciis specialuri saganmanaTleblo programebis

amuSaveba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania amis gakeTeba regionebSi (reforma

qvemodan), sadac mosaxleoba socialur izolaciaSia moqceuli. saWiroa

ganaTlebis axali mimarTulebis gamovlineba da qveynis uzarmazari

22

“saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi” – monacemTa baza. moamzada da gamosca organizaciam IZZ-DVV, 2004 wels. ISBN

99928- 995- 4- 9

16

saganmanaTleblo da inteleqtualuri potencialis gamoyeneba am

mimarTulebiT, raTa axal Sromis bazarze profesionaluri da amave dros

saTemo mobilizacia moxdes23.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanmxlebi socialur-pedagogiuri principebi

bevri sxva qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaSi calke Teoriad yalibdeba da im

umaRlesi saswavleblebis programebis sagnad iqceva (mag. CrdiloeT

amerikisa da evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris baltiispireTis qveynebSi da

ruseTis federaciaSi), romlebic zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebs,

trenerebs amzadeben. am qveynebSi mTavar gamowvevad rCeba zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebaSi monawileobis gazrdis aucilebloba. realoba gviCvenebs, rom

zrdasrulTa swavleba xorcieldeba ufro formaluri saswavlo garemos

miRma, rogorc araformaluri, ise informaluri swavlebis gziT.

23

daviT gziriSvili “saqarTveloSi saTemo organizaciebis situaciuri analizi” – siRaribis daZlevis da ekonomikuri zrdis ganxorcielebis angariSi. moamzada da gamosca. 2003 w. ixileT veb-gverdi: www.un.org/reports

http://www.un.org/reports

17

2.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan da zrdasrulTa treningTan

dakavSirebuli cnebebi da aqtivobebi

1997 hamburgSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso

CONFINTEA V-is mier miRebul deklaraciaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTleba

Semdegnairad aris ganmartebuli: is “warmoadgens formaluri an

araformaluri ganaTlebis im sferoebs, sadac adamianebi, romlebsac

sazogadoeba miiCnevs zrdasrulad, ganaviTareben Tavis unarebs,

imdidreben codnas, imaRleben TavianT teqnikur Tu profesiul

kvalifikacias an mimarTaven maT axali mimarTulebiT, raTa moaxdinon

maTi Tanxvedra sakuTar da sazogadoebis (bazris) moTxovnebTan24”.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnilma momdevno saerTaSoriso

konferenciam CONFINTEA VI –ma belemSi (brazilia) zrdasulTa ganaTlebas

mcodne (informirebuli) sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) da codnis

ekonomikis (Knowledge Economy) CamoyalibebaSi prioritetuli mniSvneloba

mianiWa da mosTxova monawile qveynebis mTavrobebs, maT Soris

saqarTvelos, Seasrulon konferenciis rezolucia, romelic ZiriTadad

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis rolis gazrdas eZRvneba globaluri

gamowvevebis pirobebSi.

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba aris „ganaTlebis nebismieri procesi, romelic

Seqmnilia im adamianebisTvis, visac asakidan gamomdinare aqvs muSaobis,

xmis micemis, qorwinebisa da jarSi samsaxuris ufleba“ (zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis nacionaluri institutis angariSi. inglisi, 1970 weli).

formaluri ganaTleba gulisxmobs (zrdasrulTa SemTxvevaSi)

profesiul skolebsa da universitetebSi akreditebuli saganmanaTleblo

programis aTvisebis Sedegad miRebul ganaTlebas da iTvaliswinebs

saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentis

(diplomis) miRebas.

24

Hamburg Declaration in 1997, CONFINTEA V

18

araformaluri ganaTleba gulisxmobs swavlebis kursis damTavrebis

sertificirebul, aradiplomirebul Sefasebas da niSnavs organizebul,

struqturirebul da mizanmimarTul saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebs, anu

swavlis process, romelic xorcieldeba formaluri ganaTlebis (saskolo

da sauniversiteto ganaTleba) miRma (magaliTad, treningebze).

informaluri ganaTleba gulisxmobs mizanmimarTul, magram naklebad

organizebul da struqturirebul swavlis process, romlis Sefasebis

mizniT ar gaicema diploma an sertifikati (an gaicema simboluri xasiaTis

matarebeli diplomi da sertifikati). aseTi procesi SeiZleba

mimdinareobdes ojaxSi, samuSao adgilas, an yofiT garemoSi.

zrdasrulTa treningi garkveuli codnis, unarebisa da kompetenciebis

SeZenas emasaxureba. mas gaaCnia konkretuli miznebi, gaaumjobesos

adamianTa jgufis niWiereba, gonebrivi Tu fizikuri unarebi da moqmedeba

maTTvis sasargeblo mimarTulebiT.

yvela zemoaRniSnuli saswavlo procesi unda moicavdes swavlis

garkveul strategias, romelic zrdasrulebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli,

xolo TviTon process, romelic zrdasrul msmenelebs swavlis am

strategiebTan akavSirebs, samecniero wreebSi andragogikas uwodeben25.

termini andragogika germanelma pedagogikis istorikosma a. kapma Tavis

naSromebSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1833 wels, termin

“pedagogikis” analogad Semoitana. berZnuli warmoSobis sityvebis

“andros” – mamakaci da “agogein” – tareba, SerwymiT. sityvasityviT Tu

gadavTargmniT, andragogika niSnavs “zrdasruli adamianis mcodneobas,”

magram vinaidan termini andragogika gaCnda pedagogiuri moRvaweobis

sinamdvileSi, saubaria zrdasruli adamianis mcodneobaze ganaTlebis

WrilSi26. terminebis “pedagogika” da “andragogika” naTesaoba da

urTierTkavSiri mravali welia, profesiuli kamaTis sagania da radgan

azrobrivi memkvidreoba pedagogikisgan miiRo da adamianis ganaTlebas

25

Кузьмина Н.В. «Предмет акмеологии». СП акмеологическая академия.1995.-24с. 26

И.Ф. Колесникова, А.Е. Марон, Е.П. Тонконогая и др. «Основы Андрагогики». Издательский Центр

«Академия» 2003 г. ISBN 5-7695-0978-3

19

exeba, mecnierebis umetesoba dRemde mas aRiqvams, rogorc pedagogikis erT-

erT mimarTulebas. sxvebi mas miiCneven socialuri praqtikis sferod,

saswavlo disciplinad, erTi nawili mecnieruli codnis celke sferodac

miiCnevs27. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, andragogika, rogorc zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis Semswavleli pedagogiuri mecniereba, didi xania, qarTveli

mkvlevarebis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, radgan is uSualo kavSirSia

adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

adamianuri kapitalis cneba ganixileba, rogorc investiciebis

erToblioba adamianSi, romelic mis Sromis unars aZlierebs. esaa

ganaTleba da profesiuli Cvevebi. ganaTlebuli da informirebuli

adamiani daculi adamiania da warmoadgens mcodne (informirebuli)

sazogadoebis safuZvels.

mcodne (informirebuli) sazogadoeba (Knowledge Society) is sazogadoebaa,

sadac informaciis Seqmna, gamoyeneba, gavrceleba, integracia da

manipulacia mniSvnelovan ekonomikur, politikur da kultural aqtivobas

warmoadgens ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. niko steri wignSi „The Knowledge

Society“ ambobs, rom informirebul sazogadoebaSi saqmianobis umetesi

nawili moicavs mecnierul da teqnologiur codnaze damyarebul samuSaos

da rom mecnieruli codna aris socialuri cvlilebebis mamoZravebeli.28

1966 wels Tavis wignSi „Effective Executive” menejmentis cnobilma

amerikelma mkvlevarma piter dakerma pirvelad warudgina msoflio

sazogadoebas termini codnis ekonomika (gv. 2). man aRwera gansxvaveba

fizikurad momuSavesa da gonebrivad momuSaves Soris: fizikurad momuSave

Tavisi xelebiT muSaobs da awarmoebs produqcias an muSaobs momsaxurebis

sferoSi, xolo gonebrivad momuSave TaviT muSaobs da ideebs, codnasa da

informacias qmnis29.

27

Knowles, Malcolm S. The Modern Practice of Adult Education; Andragogy versus Pedagogy. The Association

Press, 291 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10007, 1970 28

Gernot Bohme and Nivo Stehr „The Knowledge Society“. D. Reidel publishing Company, ISBN 90-277-2305/

ISBN 90-277-2306-0. Introduction, 1986 29

Peter F. Drucker – The Effective Executive. Collins (2005) - Paperback - ISBN 0060833459

20

akademikos a. bodalevis (ruseTi) azriT, zrdasrulTa asakobrivi

gradacia ramdenime stadias moicavs: 1) adreuli zrdasrulobis asaki (18-30

w.), rodesac adamiani ecnoba da asrulebs Tavis iuridiul da socialur

movaleobebs; 2) saSualo zrdasrulobis asaki (30-45 w.), rodesac adamiani

srulyofs da asrulebs Tavis profesiul da socialur movaleobebs; 3)

gviani zrdasrulobis asaki (45-55 w.), rodesac adamiani maRalkvalificiuri

xdeba Tavisi profesiuli da socialuri funqciis SesrulebaSi; 4) wina

sapensio asaki (55-65 w.), es periodi xSirad motivaciis cvlilebebiT

aRiniSneba; 5) sapensio asaki (60-65 wlis da zeviT)30.

saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da ganviTarebis saministros statistikis

departamentis monacemebiT, mosaxleobis asakobrivi gradacia Semdeg

stadiebs moicavs: (1) 0-14 wlis, (2) 15-24 wlis, (3) 25-64 wlis da (4) 65 da

zeviT. aRniSnul departamentSi am asakobrivi gradaciis safuZvelze xdeba

monacemTa gadanawileba31. mocemuli kvlevisTvis Catarebulma

gamokiTxvebma ki aCvena, rom zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis

saswavlo procesebze daswrebis msurvelTa qveda zRvari metwilad 25

welia, xolo zeda zRvari - 65 wlis asaksac cdeba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT,

rom dRes saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis riskis winaSe mdgomi adamianebis

maCveneblebi 45-65 wlis asakobriv segmentSi bevrad maRalia. yovelive

zemoaRniSnuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom moTxovna zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaze

saSualod 25-65 wlis adamianebze modis da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

ZiriTadi strategiebi swored maTze unda iyos gaTvlili.

zrdasruli adamianebi gamoirCevian imiT, rom maT SeuZliaT aiRon

pasuxismgebloba TavianT profesiul ganviTarebaze; SeuZliaT cvalebad

pirobebeTan adaptireba; aqvT motivacia da gaaCniaT garkveuli

gamocdileba, anu Sesabamisi codnis baza; SeuZliaT kritikis miReba; aqvT

SedarebiT maRali profesiuli, moraluri da eTikuri standartebi; aqvT

30

Бодалев А.А. «Актуальные проблемы изучения взрослых. Мир психологии». Научно-методический

журнал.№2(18). МПСИ. М-В.1999.с6-11. 31

ekonomikis ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis 2003 w. angariSi

21

survili, gaiumjobeson socialuri pirobebi; kargad acnobiereben im

politikur, socialur da kulturul pirobebs, romlebSic uwevT muSaoba.

efeqtiani swavlebisa da swavlis dros zemoT miTiTebuli asakis

zrdasruli msmenelebi koncentrirebulni arian, aqvT mzaoba da swavlis

survili, iswrafvian TviTrealizaciisken, anu motivirebulni arian.

swavleba mimdinareobs sworad da Seesabameba maT gamocdilebas, codnasa

da aRqmis unars da bolos, zrdasruli msmenelebi aqtiurad arian

CarTulni erTobliv muSaobaSi.

efeqtiani swavlebisa da swavlis garantias zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

principebze agebuli saswavlo procesi iZleva.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebi exmareba praqtikas, romelic exeba

dagegmvas, praqtikaSi gatarebasa da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis aqtivobebis

Sefasebas32. swavlis procesis Semsubuqebis mizniT zrdasrulTa

ganmanaTleblebs unda esmodeT zrdasrulTa swavlebis procesi.

zrdasrulTa treningebis organizebis procesebSi zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebi saxelmZRvaneloa gadawyvetilebis miRebisTvis. aseT

gadawyvetilebebze ki damokidebulia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sedegebis

efeqturoba, rac, Tavis mxriv, informirebuli sazogadoebis

Camoyalibebis garantiaa. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis konkretuli principebis

CamonaTvali mocemuli kvlevis momdevno TavebSia momixiluli (ixileT

qveTavi 3.3.), xolo maTi gamoyenebis aucileblobis sakiTxi warmoadgens

sadisertacio naSromSi warmodgenili problemis gadawyvetis gzebsa da

kvlevis meTodologiaSi mowodebul mTavar cvladebs Soris korelaciis

koeficientis dadgenis sagans (saSualebas).

32

Teaching and Learning - Towards the Learning Society - White paper on education and learning, COM(95)

590, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995

22

2.2. kvlevis mizani, hipoTeza, problemis gadawyvetis gzebi da limitaciebi

zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis msoflioSi erT-erT

gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens zrdasrulTa treningi. mocemuli Temis

kvlevis mTavari mizania, maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis

(2010-2014 w.w. saqarTvelo) mosamzadebeli treningebis magaliTze

daadginos, aris Tu ara zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli

modulirebuli swavlebis Sedegebi ufro efeqturi. zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebi, rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, aris is, risi

gaTvalsiwinebiTac unda moxdes zrdasrulTa swavlebis procesebis

dagegmva, praqtikaSi gatareba da am mimarTulebiT Catarebuli aqtivobebis

Sefaseba.

kvlevis mizniT saWiro gaxda, gamovleniliyo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

principebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri imasTan, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvT

maswavleblebs sasertifikacio gamocdebisaTvis organizebuli

treningebis mimarT da Semdeg ori gansxvavebuli tipis treningis

Sedegebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba. am gziT kvlevis avtorma scada moexdina

maswavlebelTa pedegogiuri da praqtikis transformirebisa da

urTierTzemoqmedebis xarisxis Semowmeba da maswavlebelTa treningis

potencialis gazrdis gzebis gamokveTa maTi profesiuli mxardaWeris

saqmeSi.

kvlevis mizania aseve, daasabuTos, rom qveyanaSi reformebis

warmatebuli ganxorcielebis, Zveli da axali memkvidreobis

urTierTdakavSirebis, umuSevarTa socialuri izolaciidan Tavis daRwevis

mniSvnelovan saSualebas zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTleba

warmoadgens. am mizniT kvlevis avtorma Seiswavla zrdasrulTa

araformalur ganaTlebaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobis mimarTeba mcodne

(informirebuli) sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) Camoyalibebis procesebTan.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sinaarsi, marTva da saswavlo procesebi da

aseve, zrdasrulebisTvis axali unar-Cvevebis miRebis xelmisawvdomoba

23

moiTxovs kvlevasa da gaumjobesebas. mocemuli kvlevis avtori eyrdnoba

zrdasrulTagan, kerZod, skolis maswavleblebisgan miRebuli monacemebis

analizs. problema isaa, rom skolis maswavleblebis damokidebulebam

sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da am gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebeli

treningebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis mimarT skeptikuri xasiaTi

miiRo. maT gauCndaT gamocdebis warumateblad Cabarebis da Sesabamisad

umuSevrad darCenis SiSi. yovelive amis mizezi is aris, rom isini ar arian

sakmarisad informirebulebi am gamocdebis miznebis Sesaxeb da arc sxva

qveynebSi analogiuri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, aRniSnuli

treningebi, bevri mizezis gamo, skolis maswavleblebi didi nawilisTvis

mSral saswavlo procesad aRiqmeba. ukve Catarebuli gamocdebis SedegebiT

Tu vimsjelebT, maT skepticizmsa da SiSs garkveuli safuZveli gaaCnia da

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis farglebSi bevrad metis gakeTeba

SeiZleba efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT.

mocemuli kvlevis hipoTeza aseTia: maswavlebelTa (zrdasrulTa)

treningebis dros zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze da sazogadoebis

informirebulobis ideaze agebuli modulirebuli swavlebis midgoma

bevrad efeqtur Sedegebs iZleva, vidre mSrali, gamocdebze

orientirebuli swavlebis midgoma, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

damtebiT, kvelva askvnis, rom treningisadmi da sasertifikacio

gamocdebisadmi (2010-2014, saqarTvelo) dadebiTi damokidebulebisa da

molodinebis mqone maswavlebelTa ricxvis zrda zrdsrulTa ganaTlebis

principebis gaTvalsiwinebiT modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis Sedegad

moxdeba, rac gamokiTxvis SedegebiT SegviZlia SevamowmoT.

amasTan, kvlevis avtori asabuTebs Semdegs: im faqtorebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tanamedrove etapze mimdinareobs saxelmwifo

sistemis radikaluri cvlileba da rom Cndeba moTxovna ganaTlebaze

qveynis zrdasrul mosaxleobas Soris, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas SeuZlia

socialuri reabilitaciis funqcia Seasrulos. informirebuloba miscems

24

pirovnebas saSualebas, gaiadvilos socialuri urTierTobebi, Seiqmnas

Tanaswori SesaZleblobebi da gaiumjobesos cxovrebis xarisxi.

zrdassrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs SeuZlia miawodos

mosaxleobas saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis mravalferovani speqtri im

TvalsazrisiT, rom uzrunvelyofs maT konkurentunarianobasa da

profesionalur mobilurobas Sromis bazarze, rasac Tavis mxriv SeuZlia,

xeli Seuwyos adgilobrivi resursebis amoqmedebas, Tu iqneba

dakmayofilebuli Semdegi saorganizacio da pedagogiuri winapirobebi:

dasabuTebuli iqneba zrdasrulTa saganmanaTleblo sistemis yvela

damaxasiaTebeli niSnis optimaluri Tanxvedra, rac gansazRvravs

sistemis moqnilobasa da mravalfunqcionirebas.

gamokvleuli da Seswavlili iqneba Sromis bazarze arsebuli

problemebi da dasaqmebiT uzrunvelyofis socialur-saganmanaTleblo

pirobebi, raTa TiToeul adamians mieces socialur izolaciaSi

moxvedris Tavidan acilebis SesaZlebloba

moxdeba kvalifikaciis xarisxis gazrdis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis

socialur-pedagogiuri daxasiaTeba damqiravebelebis da Sromis bazris

moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

SesaZlebeli iqneba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis pedagogiuri

miznebis, meTodebis, Sinaarsis kompleqsuri saswavlo-meToduri

uzrunvelyofa zrdasrulTa kategoriisa da adgilobrivi pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

damuSavebuli iqneba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis miznobrivi programebi

saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

problemis gadawyvetis mizniT, kvlevis avtori gvTavazobs, rom

zrdasrulTa (am SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelTa) treningebi agebuli unda

iyos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis im principebze, romelic moemsaxureba maT

TviTaqtualizacias, adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad,

(1) treningebi ar unda tardebodes uSualod mxolod sasertifikacio

25

gamocdebis win da ar unda iyos orientriebuli mxolod am gamocdebis

Sedegebze; (2) treningis provaiderebi (organizaciebi/pirebi) unda iyvnen

licenzirebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi; (3) zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis moZraobaSi ganaTlebis saministrosTan erTad aqtiurad unda

iyven CarTuli municipalitetebi da adgilobrivi mTavrobebi, radgan maT

resursebi meti aqvT imisaTvis, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi

gaxadon yvelasTvis.

kvlevis ZiriTadi amocanebi:

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis pedagogikis (andragogikis) safuZvlebis

mokvleva, misi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebisa da axali tendenciebis

gamovlena.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis

gaziarebiT msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis Teoriuli memkvidreobisa da

Tanamedrove saqarTvelosTvis misi daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT

axali socialur-pedagogiuri principebis formireba.

saqarTvelos pedagogiur wreebSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis strategiis

efeqturi realizaciis pirobebis gamovlena da zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis kulturis amaRleba saqarTveloSi.

zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis, rogorc pedagogikis axali

mecnieruli mimarTulebis kvleva da damkvidreba adgilobrivi

ganaTlebis sistemaSi.

zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis modulirebuli swavlebis

funqciis, amocanebisa da adgilis gansazRvra saqarTvelos ganaTlebis

saministros mier individualur samoqmedo gegmaSi miTiTebuli

strategiebis danergvis saqmeSi.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis meTodebis realizaciaSi pedagogiuri wreebis

CarTvisa da maTi erToblivi saqmianobis optimizaciisaTvis samecniero-

praqtikuli rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.

26

kvlevis meTodologiur safuZvels konkretul kvlevasTan erTad

warmoadgens filosofosebis, pedagogebis, sociologebisa da

fsiqologebis konceptualuri debulebebi, adamianis dasaqmebis arsi da

misi SemoqmedebiTi aqtiuroba.

kvlevis meTodebad gamoyenebul iqna raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi

kvlevis Semdegi saxeebi: pirispir interviuebi da maTi analizi da

likertis Skala. garda amisa, literaturis mimoxilvis mizniT, moxda

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaze saqarTveloSi arsebuli kvlevis wyaroebis

moZieba da Seswavla; am mimarTulebiT saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis

gaziareba (vizitebi: germaniisa da daniis zrdasrulTa ganaTelbis

centrebSi 2003 w., kerZo mowveva: krakovis mesame Taobis universitetis

kvleviT laboratoriaSi poloneTSi 2005 w. da amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebis qalaq san-diegos universitetis biblioTekaSi 2008 w.);

saerTaSoriso da adgilobriv konferenciebsa da seminarebSi monawileoba

(germanuli organizacia effe-s mier ganaTlebaSi Tavisuflebis

sakiTaxebisadmi miZRvnil konferencia bovenauSi,Ggermania, 2003 w.;

organizacia iiz-dvv-s mier zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kvireulebis CarCoSi

Catarebuli konferenciebi TbilisSi, 2003-2005 w.w. AEAE da dvv international,

mier organizebuli saerTaSoriso konferencia “axalgazrdebisa da

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba da swavleba sicocxlis manZilze” erevanSi,

somxeTi, 2010 w.; konsultaciebis gaweva saqarTvelos angariSis

mosamzadebel etapze saerTaSoriso konferenciisTvis CONFINTEA VI

belemSi, brazilia, 2009w.)

27

kvlevis limitaciebi. xelisuflebis mxridan am sakiTxebis ignorireba

warmoadgens im risks, romlis winaSec SeiZleba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

idea dadges; garda amisa, arsebobs riski e.w. “cxovrebisuli krizisebisa”,

romelmac SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos zrdasruli adamianebis garkveul

kategorias, monawileoba miiRos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi; da bolos,

uxarisxo swavlebam da kursebis araorganizebulobam SesaZloa guli

aucruos zrdasrul adamians araformaluri ganaTlebis perspeqtivaze.

mocemul kvlevaSi Camoyalibebuli daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis

gaTvaliswineba xels Seuwyobs aRniSnuli riskebis Tavidan aridebas da

gauiolebs Sesabamis struqturebsa da organizaciebs zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis saqmis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas.

28

2.3. kvlevis beneficiarebi, aqtualoba da siaxle

mocemuli kvlevis beneficiarebi arian skolis maswavleblebi, asakovani

adamianebi, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis praqtikosebi da am mimarTulebiT

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organizaciebi, xolo mocemuli kvlevis uSualo

beneficiarebs maswavlebelTa sasertifikato gamocdebSi monawile skolis

maswavleblebi warmoadgenen.

aziisa da evropis qveynebis umetes nawilSi zrdasrulTa (formaluri

Tu araformaluri) ganaTlebis samizne jgufebad miCneulni arian axali

unarebis SeZenis msurveli asakovani adamianebi, socialurad daucveli

jgufebi da aseve zrdasrulebi, romlebic sistemuri cvlilebebis gamo

umuSevrobis sasiSroebis winaSe arian. am samizne jgufSi Sedian agreTve

isini, romlebsac pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg uCndebaT TviTrealizaciis

survili romelime sxva mimarTulebiT, garda Tavisi ZiriTadi profesiisa.

moqniloba aris mTavari saorganizacio principi im qveynebisTvis, sadac

praqtikaSia individebze gaTvlili kursebi, swavlis damoukidebeli

SesaZleblobebi, simetriuli pedagogika, moxerxebuli adgilmdebareoba,

swavlis SesaZleblobebis dagegmva da swavlebis saTanado dafinanseba33.

kvlevis aqtualoba da mecnieruli siaxle is aris, rom disertaciaSi

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba pirveladaa ganxiluli, rogorc pedagogiuri,

socialuri da ekonomikuri saqmianobis integraciis procesi; gamoyofili

da daxasiaTebulia inovaciuri tendenciebi am sferoSi; da dasabuTebulia

regionaluri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli swavlebis

midgomaze dayrdnobili zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis upiratesoba, rogorc

zogadad, aseve kerZod, 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio

gamocdebisTvis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis farglebSi

organizebuli maswavlebelTa treningebis dros, romelic qveynis

istoriaSi pirvelad tardeba da amdenad, am mimarTulebiT kvleva metad

aqtualuria.

33

Helen Keogh – “Summary Report Adult Learning and Education (ALE) in the UNESCO Region of Europe, North

Amerika and Israel”- Adult Education In Georgia and CONFINTEA VI, ISBN 978-9941-0-1419-2

29

mocemuli naSromis Teoriuli mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

masSi sistematizebulia pedagogiuri da sociologiuri kvlevis monacemebi

saqarTvelos dRevandel socialur-ekonomikuri winapirobebisa da

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros axali poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT;

Camoyalibebulia saqarTveloSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis

koncefcia da Sedgenilia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi modulirebuli

swavlebis efeqturi meTodika. gamovlenilia qveyanaSi mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebisa da zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis socialur-

pedagogiuri principebis urTierTkavSiri. yovelive es ki xels Seuwyobs

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis saqmis ganviTarebas da ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros samoqmedo gegmis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas am

mimarTulebiT.

kvlevis praqtikuli Rirebuleba ki is aris, rom mis safuZvelze

SemuSavebulia rekomendaciebi, romelic eyrdnoba kvlevis Sedegebs da

romelic xels Seuwyobs maswavlebelTa treningebis efeqturad

warmarTvas, am mimarTulebiT gaRebuli dafinansebebis efeqturad

gankargvas da zrdasrulTa, kerZod ki skolis maswavlebelTa treningebis

efeqturobis gazrdas.

30

II Tavis daskvna

winamdebare naSromis mizanSewoniloba ganpirobebulia masSi

ganxiluli kvlevis obieqtis, sagnis, miznebisa da amocanebis,

debulebebisa da aprobaciis SedegebiT, agreTve siaxliT qveyanaSi

maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da maTi treningebis

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis saxiT. mniSvneloba da aqtualoba ki

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom axali pedagogiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri

integraciis pirobebSi Tavs iCens mosaxleobis daintereseba zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis mimarT, rac eTanxmeba ganaTlebis saministros samoqmedo

gegmaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT gansazRvrul sasurvel

struqturul da Sinaarsobriv cvlilebebs da zogadad evrokavSirTan

daaxloebis mizniT ganxorcielebul saxlmwifo reformebs.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli swavlis modulirebul

midgomaze damyarebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTleba is axali mimarTulebaa,

romelic dRes saqarTvelos sWirdeba im inovaciuri Tu socialuri

barierebis gadasalaxavad, razedac bevradaa damokidebuli mimdinare

reformebis efeqturad ganxorcieleba.

naSromis pirvel TavSi kvlevis miznebis, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

mimarTulebiT arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis sakiTxebisa da kvlevis

mosalodneli Sedegebis ganxilvisas SemoTavazebulia zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis praqtikuli realizaciis gzebi, romelic agebulia im

empiriul gamocdilebasa da konkretul eqsperimentebze, razec momdevno

TavebSi iqneba saubari.

31

III Tavi: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis zogadTeoriuli

safuZvlebi

(literaturis mimoxilva da diskusia)

3.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria jer kidev antikur xanaSi iRebs

saTaves Zvel saberZneTsa (platonis ideebi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb - 427-347 w.w.

Cvens eramde) da romSi (kvintilianes ideebi uwyveti ganaTlebisa da

TviTganaTlebis Sesaxeb 42- 118 w.w. Cvens eramde). platonis pedagogis,

sokrates (470-399 w.w. Cvens eramde) SexedulebiT, „codna saTnoebis

safuZvelia. igi exmareba adamians, rogorc pirad, aseve sazogadoebriv

saqmianobaSi. adamianis erT-erTi Rirsebaa sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari,

romelic SesaZlebelia farTo ganaTlebis safuZvelze, gaunaTlebeli

adamiani xSirad borotia34.“ udavoa, rom sokrates zrdasruli adamianebi

hyavda mxedvelobaSi, farTo ganaTlebaze rom saubrobs da mdgomareobis

gamosworebisken mouwodebs ganaTlebis gziT.

mark tulius ciceroni (106-43 w.w. Cvens eramde) cnobili oratori,

filosofosi da pedagogi Tavis filosofiur traqtatSi “oratoris

Sesaxeb” ambobs: „aRzrdis idealia srulyofili oratori, sityvis

xelovani da sazogado moRvawe. erT-erTi gza am srulyofisken aris

sistematuri da uwyveti ganaTleba da TviTganaTleba35“.

Cveni welTaRricxvis me-5 saukuneSi platonis mimdevrebma

(neoplatonelebma) aRzrdasa da swavlebas axali orientacia misces: ara

garesamyaros Secnoba, aramed Secnoba sakuTari sulisa, radgan

WeSmariteba swored masSia Camaluli . . . garesamyaros Secnoba mxolod

gzaa RmerTis Secnobisken, amitom saero mecnerebebis Seswavla ara

34n. vasaZe, v. gagua, i. bibileiSvili, g. sixaruliZe, T. mgalobliSvili, a. CxikvaZe. pedagogikis istoria – saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saminstros mier damtkicebuli saxelmZRvanelo, 2000w. gv. 31 35 iqve, gv. 41

32

TviTmizania, aramed WeSmariti realurobis Secnobis saSualeba“36, – aseTi

iyo basil kesarielis (Cveni welTaRricxvis 335-395 w.w.) mosazreba.

rodesac saubaria aseT Rirebulebebze, ar SeiZleba ar gulisxmobdnen

zrdasruli adamianebs.

bizantiis qristianuli imperiis saboloo damkvidrebis Semdeg

ganaTleba eklesiis prerogativa gaxda da ZiriTadad adamianis

qristianul-zneobriv formirebas emsaxureboda. dasawyisSi bizantiis

pedagogiuri azri emTxveoda antikuri samyaros pedagogiur azrs,

SemdgomSi igi Seerwya aRmosavleTis marTlmadidebluri eklesiis

pedagogiur ideebs da es ormagi xasiaTi bolomde SeinarCuna.

mogvianebiT, me-16, me-17 s.s. romaul-kaTolikuri religiis mimdevrebi

yvelafers akeTebdnen, raTa amoeZirkvaT Semoqmedi, TviTganviTarebad

adamianis ideali. individualobasa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobaze saubaric

ki akrZaluli iyo. Tumca dasaqmebis problemis gadasawyvetad eklesia

zrdasrulebs, mozardebis gverdiT aswavlida xatweras, himnografias,

RvTismetyvelebas da wera-kiTxvas saRvTo wignebis gadasawerad. yvelaferi

es ki mxolod eklesiisTvis msaxurebis mizniT keTdeboda.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas, rogorc ganaTlebis calke sferos, e.w.

saxalxo universitetebis, anu araformaluri ganaTlebis sistemis saxiT,

safuZveli skandinaviis qveynebSi daedo me-18 saukuneSi. daniaSi – 1783-1872

wlebSi moRvaweobda moZRvari nikolai grundtviki37, romlis

moZRvrebebzec aigo evropis qveynebis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema.

evropaSi am mimarTulebis istoriis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saintereso

magaliTs poloneTis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis

istoria iZleva.

36

n. vasaZe, v. gagua, i. bibileiSvili, g. sixaruliZe, T. mgalobliSvili, a. CxikvaZe. pedagogikis istoria – saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saminstros mier damtkicebuli saxelmZRvanelo, 2000w. gv. 50-51 37

AOF Denmark (Adult Education Center in Copenhagen, NGO) Annual Report, 2003

33

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba poloneTSi38, istoria

poloneTSi, krakovis iagilonenis universitetSi ukve 1776-1780 wlebSi

gamoiyo biujeti, raTa xelosnebisTvis popularuli mecnierebebi

eswavlebinaT. im ganaTlebis koncefcia, romelic poloneTis zrdasrul

mosaxleobas exeba, saTaves iRebs jer kidev “saxalxo ganaTlebis

komisiis” reformebidan, romlis iniciatorebic iyvnen poloneli

moZRvrebi da yofili iezuitebi. pirveli nabijebi ukve 1776 wels gadaidga

krakovis universitetSi, rodesac adgilobriv xelosnebs SesTavazes

gaevloT garkveuli xangrZlivobis kursebi da daswrebodnen seminarebs

popularul mecnerebebSi. 1780 wels ki meqanikis fakultetis profesuram

dafinanseba moipova da am mimarTulebiT sakuTari programis

dasafinanseblad specialuri biujeti Seadgina. ori wlis Semdeg Seiqmna

praqtikuli meqanikis fakultetis profesorTa sabWo, romlis wevrebic

zemoaRniSnuli programis farglebSi amecadinebdnen zrdasrul msmenelebs

universitetis gareT. mecadineobebi ZiriTadad tardeboda Semdegi

mimarTulebebiT: saxlebis (kotejebis) mSenebloba; qaRaldis gadamuSaveba;

naxerxis produqciebis warmoeba; saxelosnoebis marTva; gamocdilebis,

codnis da unarebis ganaxleba da gamoyeneba; modelebis gamoyeneba; xatva

da sxva. maT Soris, holandiisa da safrangeTis gamocdilebis gamoyeneba.

mecadineobebi kviraobiT tardeboda. msmenelTa Soris iyvnen krakoveli

xelosnebi da, ameve dros, universitetis da saSualo skolebis

studentebic. 1883 wels zemoaRniSnul iniciativas calke ganyofilebis

Seqmna moyva da universitetis debulebaSi Sevida, rogorc swavlebis

axali sfero.

krakovis universitetis msgavsad, popularul mecnierebebSi leqciebis

Catareba zrdasrulTaTvis daiwyes varSavisa da vilnis universitetebSic.

vilnis universitetma bevrad ufro gafarToebuli programa SesTavaza

38

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34

mosaxleobas. es iyo or-semestriani leqciebis cikli, romelSic Sedioda

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, medicina, maTematika, filologia,

xelovneba da istoria. amasTan erTad, universiteti leqciebis teqstebs

popularuli mecnierebebis sakiTxebze vilnis yoveldRiur gazeTSi

aqveynebda.

saxalxo ganaTlebis komitetis Tavdapirveli da mTavari mizani iyo

mosaxleobaSi ganaTlebis donis amaRleba. igi muSaobda mosaxleobaSi

codnis gavrcelebis mimarTulebiT da umaRlesi ganaTlebis

institutebisgan moiTxovda uzrunveleyo mosaxleoba codnis miRebis

SesaZleblobebiT. mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi komitetma kidev ufro

gaafarTova Tavisi programa da daaxloebiT 2 50039 saxalxo skola

daaarsa sxvadasxva Temis eklesiis mrevlisTvis. religiur aRzrda-

ganaTlebasTan erTad maTi mizani iyo mosaxleobisTvis eswavlebinaT

unarebi, romlebic cxovrebSi gamoadgebodaT. dafinansebis simcirem

seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna zemoxsenebuli skolebis arsebobas. dabali

fenebisTvis saxalxo skolebis SesanarCuneblad komiteti dotaciebis

mopovebas SeZlebuli moqalaqeebisgan cdilobda.

pirveli, e.w. saxalxo ganaTlebis saxli, sadac wera-kiTxvas

aswavlidnen soflis zrdasrul mosaxleobas, qalaq merecSi daarsda misi

uwmindesoba pavel ksaveri brJostovskis mier. es qalaqi dRevandeli

litvis teritoriaze mdebareobs. Tavisi programis gansaxorcieleblad

brJostovski finansur daxmarebas adgilobrivi fermerebisgan iRebda.

akrefili fuliT igi skolebs aSenebda, sadac bavSvebTan erTad

zrdasrulebsac unda eswavlaT sxvadasxva sagani. brJostovski im sagnebs

arCevda, romelic soflis macxovreblisTvis iqneboda saintereso. kerZod,

xelovnebas, eTikas da morals, higienas da soflis meurneobis garkveul

dargebs, amave dros, istorias da geografias. sakuTar saswavlo

programis swavlebasTan erTad brJostinski cdilobda am saqmeSi CaerTo

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Norbert F.B., Ewa Przylska. Adult Education in Poland – Copyright: 2001 IIZ-DVV (qarTulad Targmna: ilias saxelmwifo universitetis doqtorantma nino SarvaSiZem).

35

mecnierebi da sxva profesionalebi, gamoeqveynebina werilobiTi masalebi

da saxelmZRvaneloebi.

brJostovskis es Zalisxmeva iqca zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis

modelad qveyanaSi. man qvecnobierad gaukvala gza andragogikis

ganviTarebas40.

1867 wels “saxalxo ganaTlebis sazogadoeba” lvovSic Seiqmna. am

iniciativis CarCos farglebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda

mSromelebisa da fermerebisTvis ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobis

gaumjobesebas.

1886 wels zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mesveurTa ramdenime jgufma

ploneTSi gaaerTiana sakuTari Zalebi, raTa Seeqmna sazogadoeba saxelad

“mfrinavi universiteti”. universitets “mfrinavi” im faqtis gamo daerqva,

rom mecadineobisTvis Sexvedris adgili gamudmebiT icvleboda, raTa

msmenelebi daculi yofiliyvnen devnisagan. msmenelTa umetesoba qalebi

iyvnen, Tumca leqciebs universitetis da saSualo skolis studentebic

eswrebodnen. iatakqveSa moRvaweobis warmarTvisTvis qalebma SeimuSaves

organizaciis sakuTari sistema, romelic arsebul politikur da

socialur pirobebs miesadageboda. sqemis ZirSi maT e.w. damoukidebeli

saswavlo jgufebi ganalages. TiToeuli jgufi ramdenime msmenelisgan

Sedgeboda. „isini ver axerxebdnen kviraSi erTze meti mecadineobis

Catarebas erTsa da imave adgilas da gamudmebiT eZebdnen axal-axal

adgilebs samecadinod, raTa gza-kvali aeriaT policiisTvis”, – gviambobs

mari sklodovska-kiuri, nobelis premiis orgzis laureati fizikasa da

qimiaSi, romelic “mfrinavi universitetis” erT-erTi msmeneli iyo.

1898 wels didi poloneli poetis, adam mickeviCis 100 wlisTavis

aRsaniSnavad, patrioti studentebis jgufma daaarsa misi saxelobis

saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba krakovsa da lvovSi, riTic maT

surdaT pativi miegoT poetis xsovnisTvis. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts,

rom im droisTvis avstriis mmarTvelobis qveS myof galiciaSi

40

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36

legalurad SeiZleboda am mimarTulebiT moRvaweoba, zemoaRniSnul

sazogadoebas ukve SeuzRudavad SeeZlo farTod gaeSala Tavisi

saqmianoba. wliuri programis farglebSi maT mSromelebisa da

fermerebisTvis daaxloebiT 700-mde RonisZiebis Catareba hqondaT

gansazRvruli. amasTan erTad, isini aqveynebdnen naSromebs zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis Teoriaze, romlis avtorebic iyvnen im periodis cnobili

ganmanaTleblebi: elena radinska, ludvik krJvicki da ospia dajzinska-

golinska. maTi naSromebi dRemde aqtualuria. sazogadoebam gamosca

pirveli saganmanaTleblo Jurnali “codna yvelasaTvis”, romlis pirveli

egzemplari 1899 wels lvovSi gamoCnda. aseve gamoica pirveli

saxelmZRvanelo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis muSakTaTvis, saxelwodebiT

“saganmanaTleblo muSaoba – amocanebi, meTodebi da organizacia”.

saxalxo universitetebis miznebi, rogorc amas maTi damfuZneblebi

xedavdnen, kargad aris Camoyalibebuli Helena radinskas sityvebSi:

“gamovaRviZoT milionobiT adamiani, davanaxoT maT dRis sinaTle,

gavaTavisufloT isini fanatizmis sibnelisgan da gavuZRveT maT momavlis

mziani gzisken mimaval bilikebze”.

1902 wels saxalxo universitetis sazogadoebis filialebi 15

sxvadasxva adgilze moqmedebda. sazogadoebam daiwyo saxalxo

universitetebis soflebSi gaxsna. man aseve daaarsa sakonsultacio

centrebi maTTvis, vinc TviTganaTlebas eswrafoda. gaxsnes saleqcio

darbazebi, daiwyes garkveuli TvalsaCineobis popularizeba da xels

uwyobdnen fizikur momzadebas. 1926 wels zemoxsenebulma sazogadoebam

Tavisi Zalebi gaaerTiana mSromelTa universitetebis sazogadoebasTan.

msgavsi saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli varSavis saxalxo universiteti,

romelic 1906 wels daarsda. universitetSi muSaobda sxvadasxva

ganyofilebebi pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebis mixedviT: marTvis

ganyofileba; pedagogikis ganyofileba; saswavlo masalebis da leqciebis

momzadebis ganyofileba; kulturuli programebis momzadebis ganyofileba;

finasuri da adminstraciis ganyofileba. am universitetis saswavlo

37

programaSi Semdegi sagnebi Sedioda: polonuri ena da literatura,

maTematika, komerciuli buRalteria, poloneTis istoria, msoflios

istoria, socialuri mecnerebebi, socialuri ekonomika, politikuri

mecniereba, sabunebismeytvelo mecniereba, yoveldRiuri qimia; adamianis

agebuleba da fiziologia, higiena da pirveladi daxmareba; qalis higiena,

meqanika (Zravebi, metalze muSaoba, eleqtrooba), xatva, xazva, xelovneba.

amis garda universiteti sTavazobda msmenelebs kurss zogadi ganaTlebis

misaRebad folklorsa da axal teqnologiebSi. 1907 wlisTvis varSavis

saxalxo universitetis msmenelTa ricxvi 2000 udrida.

1924 wels krakovTan axlos mdebare soflis axalgazrdebis iniciativiT

gaixsna adgilobrivi soflis saxalxo universiteti. igi warmoadgenda

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis tipiur sasoflo centrs, romelic poloneTSi

or msoflio oms Soris periodSi iyo gavrcelebuli. centris

xelmZRvaneli ignaci solarJi SemdgomSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis erT-

erTi cnobili Teoretikosi gaxda (solarJi daibada 1891 wels, xolo 1940

wels ukvalod daikarga. varaudoben, rom gestapoSi wamebiT gardaicvala).

ignaci solarJis mTavari mizani iyo soflis mosaxleobis

inteleqtualuri da kulturuli donis amaRleba. igi saxalxo ganaTlebis

axali koncefciis WeSmariti avtori iyo. Tavis analitikur naSromebSi

termins zrdasruli adamianis “TviTrealizacia” igi ganmartavda, rogorc

adamianis harmoniul urTierTobas bunebasTan, sazogadoebasTan, istoriasa

da kulturasTan. igi iyo pirveli Teoretikosi poloneTis zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis sferoSi, romelic aRwers pirovnebis kreatiulobas, rogorc

zrdasrulobaSi, TviTrealizaciis procesSi miRweul Sedegs.

andragogikaSi Teoriuli muSaobis Catarebis Sedegad, igi analizs ukeTebs

ganaTlebis gareSe darCenili soflis mosaxleobis fatalizms da

miuTiTebs, rom uvicobisa da Zaladobis gavlena adamianze im pirobebs

qmnis, romelic SemdgomSi marTavs mTel mis cxovrebas. skandinavieli

Teoretikosebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze, gansakuTrebiT ki daniaSi

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis damfuZneblis, nikolai grundtvigis (me-18 s.)

38

aRwerebis gaTvaliswinebiT, man Camoayaliba konkretuli ideebi saxalxo

univeristetebis miznebis Sesaxeb. solarJi sakuTar wignSi “saxalxo

universiteti soflis mosaxleobisTvis (1937 w.), romelSic gamokveTilia

mis mier Camoyalibebuli koncefciebi, wers: “imisaTvis, rom mosaxleobis

didi nawili ar darCes inertul masad, romelic “zemodan” Tavze

moxveuli mimarTulebiT miedineba, rac maT xdis uunaros, imis nacvlad,

rom sakuTar Segnebasa da mizanmimarTulobaze dayrdnobiT sakuTari

cxovreba Tavadve moiwyon. universitetebma unda aiZulon maT, rom ar

iyvnen saTamaSo kubikebi, aramed gaxdnen individebi, romelTa gonebac

gansxvavebulad azrovnebs, ician, ra undaT da SeuZliaT Tavad aanTon

cxovrebis is naperwkali, romelic gaunaTebs gzas sakuTari Zalebis

mosaZieblad.” solarJis swavlebis mTavari mizania - “. . . daexmaros

moazrovne adamians ipovos sakuTari mizani, sakuTari varskvlavi, sakuTari

biliki cxovrebaSi, raTa is cxovrebisuli filosofia, romelic man

amoirCia, ara marto mis gonebaSi povebdes asaxvas, aramed mis codnaSi, mis

unarebSi, mis gagebaSi da bolos, gamjdari hqondes sisxlSi, raTa

grZnobdes sakuTari SesaZleblobis yvela niuanss, rac saSualebas miscems

aRmoaCinos da gamoiyenos yvela is kreatiuli SesaZlebloba, rac masSi

arsebobs”.

sazogadoebasTan da TemTan mimarTebaSi, rasac solarJi araorazrovnad

usvams xazs, ganaTleba unda emsaxurebodes xalxis unarebis ganviTarebas,

raTa isini gaxdnen mcodne, SemoqmedebiTi, mgrZnobiare da aqtiuri

individebi. misi koncefciis mixedviT, admianisTvis axali kulturuli

Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSi monawileoba iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc

ubralod kulturaSi monawileobis miReba. TiToeuli adamiani garkveuli,

aqtiuri an pasiuri, kulturuli gamocdilebis matarebelia, rac mas

aZlevs saSualebas CaTvalos Tavi Rirsad, iyos kulturis nawili, rac

mis Sromas Rirsebas matebs da, rac mas socialurad Tavisufals xdis.

sakuTar statiaSi “ra qmnis saxalxo universitets WeSmarit saxalxo

universitetad” solarJi wers: “Cven arc politika gvainteresebs da arc

39

ekonomikuri wyoba, aramed gvainteresebs masebis gambedaoba da

SesaZlebloba sakuTari kulturis mSeneblobaSi aqtiuri monawileobis

misaRebad”. mogvianebiT igi aseve wers: ”mTel mosaxleobas unda hqondes

SesaZlebloba iswavlos yvelaze mniSnelovani humanuri da kulturuli

idealebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba”

meore msoflio omis Semdeg (1945-1989) poloneTSi garkveuli zomebi iqna

miRebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis tradiciebis aRsadgenad. 1945-1948

wlebSi spontanurad iCines Tavi iniciativebma zrdasrulTa araformaluri

ganaTlebis kerebis Sesaqmnelad. am moZraobaSi aqtiurad Caebnen isini,

vinc omis gamo, iZulebuli iyo swavla Seewyvita.

aRsdga mSromelTa universitetebi da saxalxo universitetebi. 1945

wels Seiqmna “saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba”. am universitetebs

ganaTlebis saministro afinansebda. 1945 wlidan 1948 wlamde saxalxo

universitetebis raodenoba 15-dan 63-mde gaizarda. sazogadoeba aseve

qmnida saRamos skolebs zrdasrulTaTvis. 1948 wels arsebobda 60 e.w.

soflis umaRlesi skola zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebisTvis, 104

sakvirao skola, 63 saxalxo universiteti da 19 socialur muSakTa skola,

romlebsac sxvadasxva sponsori afinansebda.

demokratiul principebsa da xalxur tradiciebze daarsebulma

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kerebma mxolod 1950 wlamde gaagrZeles

arseboba poloneTSi. samwuxarod, bevri tradiciuli skolis likvidacia

moxda. eklesiebic iZulebuli gaxades, SeewyvitaT Tavisi aqtiuroba am

mimarTulebiT. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi an daixura, an

saxelmwifos kontrolis qveS moeqca. socialisturi sistemis damkvidrebis

Semdeg tradiciuli skolebi axal daarsebul “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

polonur asociacias” gadaeca. am periodSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

sistema poloneTSi, faqtiurad, gadaiqca sawarmoebis muSebis,

kolmeurneebis da armiis muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis sistemad.

yovelive amis mizezi poloneTze imdroindeli socialisturi ruseTis, anu

sabWoTa kavSiris zegavlenaSi mdgomareobda.

40

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria ruseTsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi

TviTon ruseTSi, rogorc amis Sesaxeb SesavalSi aRvniSneT,

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Temaze pirveli naSromebi XIX saukunis bolos

gamoqveynda (a. abramovi, d. alCevskaia, p. kazancevi, v. Cernouski da sxv.)41.

am periodSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis problemebi pirvelad gaxda

mecnieruli ganxilvis sagani. daiwyes msjeloba mis istoriul formebze,

sxvadasxva tipis saswavlo dawesebulebis Taviseburebebsa da finansur

aspeqtebze. oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg Tavi iCina zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebisadmi Teoriul-meTodologiurma midgomam (n. krupskaia, a.

lunaCarski, n. grigorievi).

sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi saxelmwifo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

sistema sakmaod kargad iyo ganviTarebuli, Tumca ZiriTadad saxelmwifo

SekveTaze iyo agebuli da ifargleboda specialistebisTvis

kvalifikaciis amaRlebis da gadamzadebis kursebiT. didi popularobiT

sargeblobda politikuri ganaTlebis kursebi partiuli muSakebisTvis da

e.w. sazogadoeba “codna”, romelic metwilad codnis popularizacis

emsaxureboda. arseboda da axlac arsebobs profesiul-teqnikuri

ganaTlebis sistema, romelic TandaTan saxes icvlis da xvews teqnikur

profesiebSi momzadebis da gadamzadebis programebs. zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis sistemis maSindel miznobriv jgufebSi ar Sedioda

pensionerTa, dausaqmebeli adamianebis da saTemo mosaxleobis kategoriebi.

60-80-ian w.w. gamoqveynda kvlevebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriul da

praqtikul aspeqtebze (b. ananievi, c. verSlovski, a. gornostaevi da sxv.).

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema

TiTqmis daiSala. mxolod 90-iani wlebis bolos gaCnda zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis axali mimarTulebebis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli wreebi da

41

Рамишвили К. К. «Вопросы обучения взрослых в народных университетах» Тбилиси. Издательство Тбилис.

Госуниверситета. 1986 – 211 с.

41

mecnierebi xelaxla Seudgnen kvlevas am mimarTulebiT (a. bodalevi, v.

podobedi, a. Jilina, a. maroni, n. kuzmina, n. litvinova).42

gardaqmnis periodis ruseTis pedagogiur mecnierebaSi, im Tanamedrove

mecnierebis Teoriul da meTodologiur SromebSi, rogorebic arian p.

atutovi, s. batiSevi, a. beliavski, v. bespalko, b. gerSunski, o. federova, k.

kazimovis i. xotuncevi da sxvani, ZiriTadad yuradReba gamaxvilebulia

isev zogadi da profesiuli pedagogikis mimarTulebebze43, profesiul

momzadebasa da gadamzadebaze.

1989 wels, sanqt-peterburgSi saqmianoba wamoiwyo “zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis akademiam”, romelic im periodSi ganaTlebis sistemis

specializebuli programuli uzrunvelyofiT iyo dakavebuli da

inglisuri enis Seswavlis e.w. multi-media paketebs amuSavebda axla ki

ZiriTadad sainformacio teqnologiebis da menejmentis swavlebiT aris

dakavebuli44.

1996 wels sanqt-peterburgis gercenis saxelobis saxelmwifo

pedagogiur institutSi sabWoTa periodSi Seqmnili prof-teqnikuri

ganaTlebis pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis kaTedris bazaze Seiqmna

akmeologiis kaTedra45, romlis wesdebis preambulaSi akdemikoss nina

kuzminas mohyavs qarTveli filosofosis merab mamardaSvilis mier

postsabWoTa sivrceSi gavrcelebuli termini „akme“, rac Zvel berZnulad

niSnavs “mwvervals”, “simwifes” “ganviTarebis saukeTeso periods” da

“adamianis survils, iswrafodes mwvervalisken”, rac emTxveva mocemuli

kvlevis aqtualobis erT-erT maxasiaTebels, adamiani unda gamudmebiT

cdilobdes sakuTari Tavis srulyofas, raTa ar iqnes socialurad

izolirebuli. Znelia mwvervalze saubari, rodesac siRaribis zRvarze

xar, magram rogorc erTma brZenma kacma Tqva, “erTaderTi, rasac veravin

42

Научный редактор проф. Литвинова Н.П.. «Общественные организации в системе образования взрослых»ю

«Высшая народная школа: вчера, сегодня, завтра.» Том 1.-СПб,ИОВ РАО,1999-с.200. 43

Хатунцев Ю.Л., Кожина О.А. Развитие творческих способностей учащихся в образовательной области

“технология”.:М.:ИОСО.РАО.МИПКРО.1999г. 44

Международная Академия Образования Взрослых. Санкт-Петербург: http://www.maov.org. 45

Кузьмина Н.В. «Предмет акмеологии». СП акмеологическая академия.1995.-24с

42

waarTmevs adamians, es aris iniciativa da survili, iswrafodes

mwvervalisken”. yvela adamians aqvs Tavisi dasalaSqri mwvervali, ris

miRwevaSic didi roli eniWeba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas. swored

zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis sistema aregulirebs im adamianTa

TviTrCenisa da TviTrealizaciis sakiTxebs, romlebic ekonomikuri

reformebis kataklizmebis Sedegad socialur izolaciaSi eqcevian.

sanqt-peterburgis gercenis saxelobis pedagogiuri institutis

akmeologiis kaTedris (pirobiTad mas kvleviTi laboratoriac SegviZlia

vuwodoT) Seqmnis istoria Zalze mimaniSnebelia mocemuli kvlevis arsis

gasaSifrad: 1988 wels prof-teqnikuri ganaTlebis pedagogikisa da

fsiqologiis kaTedram (romelsac mogvianebiT akmeologiis kaTedra ewoda)

Tavisi arseboba ganagrZo amave institutis e.w. industrialur-pedagogiur

fakultetze. am periodisTvis kaTedris TanamSromlebi aqtiurad

ikvlevdnen SromiTi swavlebis pedagogebis profesiul-pedagogiuri

saqmianobis subieqtad gardaqmnis problemas. kvlevis Sedegad

moxdaAaRniSnuli fakultetis kursdamTavrebulTa profesiuli momzadebis

humanizacia da humanitarizacia; gamomdinare iqidan, rom gaizarda axali

teqnologiebis danergvasTan dakavSirebuli samewarmeo saqmianobis Tu

gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis areali, SemuSavda fakultetis axali samuSao

gegma, romelic eyrdnoboda axali teqnologiebis SeswavlaSi da

profesiul-pedagogiur saqmianobaSi pirovnebis TviT-realizaciis ideebs46,

romelsac gaaCnda kulturologiuri mimarTuleba. es mdgomareobda

SemdegSi: gaCnda survili, ganaxlebuliyo fsigologiur-pedagogiuri da

zogad-teqnologiuri disciplinebis Sinaarsi am fakultetze da

momxdariyo ganaTlebis sistemis specialistebis swavleba individze

orientirebuli teqnologiebis gamoyonebiT. gamomdinare aqedan

fakultetis dRis wesrigSi dadga Tanamedrove donis specialistis,

teqnologiisa da samewarmeo saqmianobis maswavleblis momzadeba.

46

Хатунцев Ю.Л.,Кожина О.А. «Развитие творческих способностей учащихся в образовательной области

«технология».М.:ИОСО.РАО.МИПКРО.1999.

43

1996 wlidan moyolebuli ruseTis gercenis saxelobis saxelmwifo

pedagogiuri universitetis akmeologiis kaTedris yuradRebis centrSi

dgas umaRlesi profesionaluri pedagogiuri ganaTlebis pirobebSi

specialistis mravalsafexuriani momzadebis mecnierul-meToduri

uzrunvelyofa. kaTedra muSaobs kvlevaze: “ganaTlebis sferoSi

specialistis momzadebis akmeologiuri uzrunvelyofa (specialobiT

03.06.00 – teqnologia da samewarmeo saqmianoba47).”

samwuxarod, postsabWoTa sivrceSi, maT Soris ruseTSi, xSirad mxolod

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriul safuZvlebs ganixilaven maSin, roca

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxis ganviTarebul Tu ganviTarebad qveynebSi

praqtikulad aviTareben zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis alternatiul saxeobebs

da zrdasrulTa saTemo doneze ganaTlebis mizniT qmnian farTo

saganmanaTleblo qsels. ruseTSi qveynis masStabiT aqa-iq ukve gamoCnda

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi48, Tumca erTian sistemaze saubari jer

naadrevia.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis ganviTareba dasavlur samyaroSi

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema Tanamedrove gagebiT yvelaze

ganviTarebulia amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da evropis iseT qveynebSi,

rogoricaa didi britaneTi, dania, SvedeTi, fineTi, avstria, germania,

poloneTi da sxv.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi saerTaSoriso konferenciebis istoria

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodidan iwyeba, Tumca maT winamorbedad

miCneulia albert mensbrijis mier 1929 wels organizebuli zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis msoflio asociaciis (World Associatio for Adult Education)

saerTaSoriso konferencia kembrijSi49. UNESCO-s zrdasrulTa

47

Кафедра акмеологии образована в РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена: http://akmeo.rus.net 48

Additional Country papers, Finland: http://koktozero.karelia.ru/fep/komplekt/pr6/shtml 49

The International Quarterly of Adult Education: Volumes 1-2, 1932. Library at San Diego University, Ca, USA

http://akmeo.rus.net/

http://koktozero.karelia.ru/fep/komplekt/pr6/shtml

http://books.google.com/books?id=HmoeAQAAMAAJ&q=inauthor:%22World+Association+for+Adult+Education%22&dq=inauthor:%22World+Association+for+Adult+Education%22&hl=en&ei=08FTTq2JGIfvsgaI1YzrDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw

44

ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnili erTerTi pirveli konferenciebi (helsingioris

1949w., monrealis 1960 w., tokios 1972 w.,) metwilad zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis profesiul-mecnieruli Zalebis demonstrirebas

warmoadgendnen50. am konferenciaTa mesveurni zradsrulTa ganTlebas

garkveul krizisul fenomenTa gadasawyvetad arsebul gamoyenebiT da

praqtikaze mibmul saganmanaTleblo aqtivobad miiCnevden da ar

ganixilavdnen mas calke mecnierebad. 21-saukunis zRurblze moTxovnebi

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarT gaizarda codnis ekonomikisa da

informirebuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi da es sfero TandaTan

intensiuri kvlevis sagani gaxda.

sazogadoebisTvis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis rolis axleburad

gaazrebisTvis mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca 1997 wels iuneskos

organizebiT, qalaq hamburgSi gamarTuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi

miZRvnili msoflio konferencia CONFINTEA V. am konferenciaze

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba ganviTarebis sakvanZo faqtorad gamocxadda;

miRebuli iqna deklaracia da damtkicebuli iqna momavlis dRis wesrigi;

Seqmnes koncefciis CarCo, romelic iTvaliswinebs yoveli moqalaqisTvis

SesaZleblobis micemas, Camoyalibdes sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul da

pasuxismgeblobiT gamsWvalul sazogadoebis aqtiur wevrad. 2000 wels

CONFINTEA V-is ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, 21-e saukunis mijnaze mdgari evropis

winaSe arsebuli gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaziarebuli iqna

evrokomisiis mier gamoqveynebul memorandumSi „swavla mTeli sicocxlis

manZilze“51. am memorandumSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis koncefciis

realizebisTvis eqvsi mTavari principi dasaxelda:

(1) axali sabazo ganaTlebisa da unar-Cvevebis yvelasaTvis micema;

(2) adamianur resursebSi investiciebis gazrda;

(3) swavlebis inovaciuri meTodikis damkvidreba;

50

Joachim H. Knoll, “Th History of the UNESCO International Conferences on Adult Education – from Helsingor

(1949) to Hamburg (1997): International Education Policy through People and Programmes”, 2009, dvv International

ISBN 978-9941-0-1419-2 51

Bund-Lander Commission for Educational Planning and Research Promotion Secretariat “Strategy for Lifelong

Learning”. Bonn. ISSBN 3-034850-57-X

45

(4) codnisa da unarebis axleburi Sefasebebis sistemis danergva;

(5) swavlebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb konsultaciebis miRebis

sistemis gafarToeba;

(6) ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebis TiToeulis sacxovrebel adgilTan

daaxloeba.

iuneskos ganaTlebis institutis organizebiT, 2003 wels bankokSi

Catarda momdevno saerTaSoriso konferencia (Midterm Review Meeting),

romlis mizani 1997 wlis konferenciis Semdgomi Sualeduri Sedegebis

gaanalizeba iyo52. konferenciis saboloo dokumentSi aRiniSna, rom

CONFINTEA V-is moTxovnebs, rogorc nacionaluri mTavrobebis, aseve

saerTaSoriso programebis doneze, arasaTanado yuradReba eqceva da sami

axali moTxovna wamoayena:

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas ganviTarebis

yvela programaSi, radgan globalizaciis problemebis daZleva

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisa da swavlebis gareSe warmoudgenelia;

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda iqces erovnuli saganmanaTleblo

politikis Semadgenel nawilad da ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc investicia

momavalSi da ara, rogorc socialuri xarji;

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda gaxdes prioritetuli, rogorc saTemo

doneze, aseve mosaxleobis socialurad daucvel jgufebTan muSaobisas.

2009 wels CONFINTEA VI konferenciam, braziliaSi, romelSic

saqarTvelomac miiRo monawileoba, zrdasrulTa ganTlebis mesveurebs

axali moTxovnebi wamouyena, rac momdevno TavebSi vrclad iqneba

ganxluli.

52

UNESKO Institute for Education –“Recommitting to Adult Education”. Synthesis Report of the CONFINTEA V

Midterm Review Meeting, Sptember 2003. Bangkok, Thailand

46

3.2. zrdasrulTa ganaTleba saqarTveloSi

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas, garkveuli formiT, jer kidev Zvel

saqarTveloSi eweodnen. magaliTad, cnobili ritorikis skola kolxeTSi

qristianobis damkvidrebamde. petre iberis siriuli skola adre

qristianul xanaSi da sxv. Mme-4 saukunis berZeni filosofosis

Temistiosis (317-188 ww.) erT-erT werilSi weria, rom fazisis (dRevandeli

foTis) maxloblad ritorikis skola arsebobda, sadac Temistiosis mamas

da TviT masac “ritorikuli ganaTleba” miuRiaT. aRniSnuli

saswavleblidan imdenad ganaTlebuli da ganswavluli pirebi

gamodiodnen, rom Turme ritorikaSi daxelovnebul berZnebs ejibrebodnen

da jobnidnen kidec. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra

saxis programebiT mimdinareobda swavla an vin aswavlida kolxeTis

“rotorikul” saswavlebelSi.

imdroindeli msoflmxedvelobis Semcvelma cnobebma fragmentulad

moaRwia Cvenamde da mTlianobaSi maTi moZRvrebebis gaazrebis saSualebas

ar iZleva, magram TavisTavad oratoroba, aSkaraa, garkveul unarebis

codnas moiTxovda. cnobili romaeli oratorisa da politikuri moRvawis,

ciceronis SexedulebiT, oratori upirvelesad dauflebuli unda

yofiliyo filosofiur mecnierebebs. aRniSnul sakiTxze ciceronis

Sexeduleba gaiziara da Semdgom ganaviTara pirveli saukunis cnobilma

filosofosma kvintilianem, romelmac ritorikuli xelovnebis sakiTxebs

12 wignisagan Semdgari traqtati uZRvna. kvintilianes traqtati farTo

sarekomendacio literaturas warmoadgens (mxatvruls, filosofiurs da

iuridiuls), romelsac unda eyrdnobodes oratoris saerToO ganaTleba.

ritorikul skolamde, kvintilianes mixedviT, aRsazrdeli jer

gramatikul skolaSi unda swavlobdes, xolo ritorikul skolaSi

swavlebis vada gansazRvruli ara aris. es imazea damokidebuli, Tu

saamisod ramdenad momzadebuli iqneba moswavle. am SemTxvevisaTvis

moswavlis asaki ki araa aRebuli kriteriumad, aramed swavlaSi warmateba.

47

romis imperiaSi Cv.w.aR-mde II-I da Cv.w.aR-iT I-II saukuneebSi arsebuli

ritorikuli skolebis saswavlo programebi ZiriTadad ciceronisa da

kvintilianes moTxovnebis Sesabamisad xorcieldeboda. iswavleboda

berZnuli da romauli literatura, maTematikis elementebi, astronomia,

musika, samarTlis safuZvlebi da filosofiis vrceli kursi. Temistiosis

werilSi dacul cnobas Tu yuradRebiT CavukvirdebiT, gasagebi unda iyos,

rom kolxeTis ritorikuli skola Tavisi SinaarsiT da mizandasaxulobiT

bevrad ar gansxvavdeboda ZvelberZnuli da romauli ritorikuli

skolebisagan, sadac msgavsi programebiT xorcieldeboda swavleba.

Temistiosis gancxadebdan garkveviT Cans, rom aqac swavlebis ZiriTadi

mizani “ritorikul xelovnebaSi gawvrTna” yofila53. es ukanaskneli ki

codnis imave minimumis dauflebas moiTxovda, rac ciceronisa da

kvintilianes SexedulebebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. iseve rogorc romaul

ritorikul saswavlebelSi, kolxeTis ritorikul skolaSic saswavlo

programa literaturis, astronomiis, SesaZloa, musikis da maTematikis

elementebis ZiriTadad ki filosofiisa da samarTlis safuZvlebis

cikls Seicavda. swored aseTi ganaTleba iyo saWiro, rom orators

“elinTa dReobebze” gamoCenis ufleba miepovebina.

ritorikuli mecniereba imJamindel saqarTveloSi, ise, rogorc berZnul

da romaul samyaroSi, wminda praqtikuli miznebiTac iyo mowodebuli. aq

mxolod “elinTa dReobebze” oratoruli xelovnebiT Tavis gamoCena ar

igulisxmeboda. amis damadasturebeli sabuTebi bizantiel mwerlebTanac

gvxvdeba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia agaTia sqolaqtikosis (536-582 ww.)

saistorio TxzulebaSi daculi cnoba bizantieli sardlebis mier gubaz

mefis veraguli mkvlelobis gamo kolxeTSi mowveul saxalxo krebaze

qarTveli oratorebis gamosvlis Taobaze. aRniSnul krebaze ori

politikuri orientacia (iranuli da bizantiuri) daupirispirda

erTmaneTs. agaTia sqolaqtikosi dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems sxvadasxva

53

s. gamsaxurdia. “swavla-ganaTleba Zvel saqarTveloSi” gamomcemloba “ganaTleba” 1984 w. M- 608 (08) - 84

48

orientaciis mqone qarTveli warCinebulebis _ aietisa da fartazis

sityvebs, romlebic Rrma politikuri alRoTi, logikuri daskvnebiT da

sityvakazmuladaa warmoTqmuli. saqme ise warimarTa, rom qveynis

politikuri bedi (saxeldobr, is, Tu ra gzas dasdgomodnen kolxebi da

ra orientacia aerCiaT) gamosul oratorTa sityvebis damarwmunebel Zalas

unda gadaewyvita.

ritorikul saswavlebelSi berZnuli enis mcodne axalgazrda unda

misuliyo, sadac am codnas Semdgom gaaRrmavebda da ganamtkicebda.

berZnul enas, iseve, rogorc sxva garkveul disciplinebs, warCinebulTa

Svilebi specialuri, gramatikuli swavlebiT Tu aiTvisebdnen. TviT is

faqti, rom 1-4 saukuneebis kolxeTSi umaRlesi safexuris ritorikuli

skola arsebobda (rac SesaZloa erTaderTi ar iyo), mosamzadebeli

safexuris skolebis arsebobazec migviTiTebs. aseTi skolebi im “ayvavebul

qalaqebSi” iqneboda mimobneuli, romlebzec pliniusi, straboni da sxva

berZeni istorikosebi mogviTxroben.

saqarTvelos nebiT Tu uneblieT uwevda aRmosavlur da dasavlur

kulturul mimdinareobebTan Sexeba da garkveuli wvlilis Setana maTi

kulturis ganviTarebaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli wina aziisa da

saberZneTis teritoriebze aRmocenebulma qarTuli kulturis kerebma

Seasrules.

qarTveli filosofosebi cnobilni iyvnen saqarTvelos farglebs

gareTac, wina aziasa Tu saberZneTSi. magaliTad, cnobili iyo vinme

bakuri, romelic me-4 saukuneSi moRvaweobda da misi saxiT farTo

erudiciis mqone, neoplatonuri mimarTulebis filosofosi warmogvidgeba;

me-5 saukuneSi moRvewe petre iberi, romelmac garkveuli mimdinareobis

skola Seqmna siriaSi.

petre iberis siriul skolasTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli me-6 saukunis

saqarTveloSi Semosuli asureli mamebi, romlebic Teologiur-

filosofiuri codniT iyvnen aRWurvilni. saqarTveloSi maTi saqmianoba

49

qristianobis ganmtkicebasa da wina aziuri codnis Semotana-gavrcelebas

isaxavda miznad.

adreuli xanis qarTuli azrovnebiTi kulturis Seswavla rTuldeboda

garkveuli istoriuli viTarebisa da masalebis naklebobis gamo. yoveli

religiur-ideologiuri mimdinareoba xSirad politikur elfers iRebda.

aseTi rTuli politikuri viTarebis gamo garkveuli periodebisaTvis

zrdasrulTa swavala-ganaTlebis Sesaxeb cnobebis amokreba mxolod

gviandeli metafrasuli Txzulebebidan Tu SeiZleba (IX-Xs.s.).

ra Tqma unda, adrefeodaluri xanis filosofiuri da sazogadoebriv-

istoriuli azrovneba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, XI-XII saukuneebis

saqarTvelos kulturuli aRorZinebis momamzadebeli etapi iyo, garkveuli

tradiciuli gzis gagrZeleba unda yofiliyo am mimarTulebiT.

zrdasrulTa swavleba ZiriTadad eklesia-monastrebTan warmoebda da mas

upirveles yovlisa, praqtikuli saqmianoba hqonda miznad, kerZod,

mwignobari ber-monazvnis, eklesiis msaxuris aRzrda, iseve, rogorc es

xdeboda qristianul samyaroSi saerTod da, kerZod, nizibinis skolaSi.

magram am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac saswavlo programa

ZiriTadad egzegetikasa da liturgikas moicavda, saqarTveloSi

Teologiur-filosofiuri mecnierebis Seswavlac xdeboda.

eklesia-monastrebTan arsebul skolebSi Ggarda filosofiisa da

Teologiisa, erT-erTi Sesaswavli sagani galoba iyo. amisaTvis

gamoyenebuli iyo himnografiuli nawarmoebebi. himnografias rom calke

aswavlidnen, amas grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis aRweriloba gvisuraTebs.

grigolis Sesaswavl sagnebSi dasaxelebulia “xmiTa saswavlo swavlai”.

prof. v. Wanturia miiCnevs, rom aq xmiT daswavlis meTodTan unda gvqondes

saqme. Cveni azriT, “xmiTa saswavlo swavlai” ufro himnografiis

Seswavlaze da saerTod, liturgikaze unda migviTiTebdes, vidre xmiT

daswavlis meTodze.

Satberdis krebulis erT-erTi “saswavlo wigni” ki erTgvar

warmodgenas gvaZlevs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis saxelmZRvaneloebi

50

arsebobda XIX-XX saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. Satberdi kulturis erT-

erTi kera iyo, iseve, rogorc am drois saqarTveloSi arsebuli sxva

samonastro centrebi. rogorc Cans, aq saswavlo centric arsebobda. Tu

Satberdis krebulSi Setanili sxva SromebiTac vimsjelebT (kerZod,

grigol noselis adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb codnis Semcveli Txzuleba

_”kacisa SesaqmisaTvis”; saistorio matiane _ “moqcevai qarTlisai”54;

basili didis cxovelTa qcevebis Semcveli Txzuleba; ipolite romaelis

Zveli da axali saRmrTo werilebis Sesaxeb mocemuli ganmartebebi;

epifane kviprelis naSromi Tormeti Zvirfasi Tvlis Sesaxeb; amas emateba

daviTis fsalmunebis daCiseuli Targmani, qronologiuri cnobebi

gamoCenil ebraelTa, sparsTa, romaelTa da bizantiel mefeTa Sesaxeb da

bolos “saswavlo wigni”, sadac ebraul da berZnul anbanze da Zveli

aRTqmis wignTa Sesaxeb gvxvdeba msjeloba), maSin V-X saukuneebis

saqarTveloSi arsebuli saswavlo programebis Sesaxeb sakmaod naTeli

warmodgena gveqmneba. Aamis mixedviT, garda im sagnebisa, romlebzec zemoT

gvqonda saubari (Teologia, filosofia, galoba, ucxo enebi), iswavleboda

saqarTvelos istoria, romlisTvisac mokle cnobebis Semcveli

saxelmZRvanelo wigni “moqcevai qarTlisai” iyo gankuTvnili. aseve,

sazRvargareTis qveynebis (gamoCenil ebrael, sparsTa, romael da

bizantiel mefeTa) mokle qronologiuri cnobebis Semcveli istoriac.

zemoaRniSnuli Txzulebebi, rogorc saxelmZRvaneloebi, saSualo

ganaTlebis misaRebad iyo gankuTvnili. isini TavianTi SinaarsiT da

Txrobis meTodiT zrdasruli asakis moswavleTaTvis savsebiT gasagebia.

axasiaTebT Txrobis lakonuroba, sakiTxebis Sinaarss ZiriTadi arsis

warmoCeniT gadmoscemen. zrdasrulTaTvis saswavlod gankuTvnili

saxelmZRvanelo wignebi jer kidev asureli mamebis dros iwereboda. maT

Soris iyo, magaliTad, Sio mRvimelis originaluri saxelmZRvanelo.

54


51

unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoeba, rom IX-X s.s. saqarTveloSi

eklesias, rogorc Zlier feodalur instituts, metad mtkiced hqonda

qveynis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi fexi gadgmuli, risi mkafio

dadasturebacaa TviT merCules, an gindac basili zarzmelis Txzulebebi.

swavla-ganaTlebis saqmec am dros eklesiis xelSi iyo. savaraudoa, rom

zrdasruli adamianebic eklesiasTan msaxurobaSi iRebdnen ganaTlebas.

amave periodSi yalibdeba da gavrcelebul saxes iRebs xelosanTa

amqruli, profesionaluri gaerTianeba. xelosnobas saqarTveloSi

odiTganve misdevdnen. saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebi, romelic Cvens welTaRricxvamde epoqas

miekuTvneba, imaze miuTiTebs, rom aq xelosnoba maRal doneze iyo

ganviTarebuli.

qarTvel xelosanTa nakeTobebi imdenad did mowonebas imsaxurebda, rom

Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi saberZneTSic ki gahqondaT.

Semdgom xanebSi is kidev ufro ganviTarda da XI-XII saukuneebSi

ganviTarebis umaRles dones miaRwia. akademikosi ivane javaxiSvili

adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli xelosnobis ramdenime

saxes gamohyofs, romlebic moxsenebulia aRmoCenil warwerebsa da

sigelebSi. xelosnobis es saxeebia: xatwera, oqromWedloba, iaraRis

warmoeba, mWedloba da sxv. xelosnebi moxsenebuli arian XIV-XVII s.s.

dokumentebSi. magaliTad, “xelmwifis karis garigebaSi” naxsenebia

“mkervalTa uxucesi”, romelsac Segirdebad ostati mkeravebi hyavda. aseve

moxsenebulia “xabazi”, “metyaveni” da sxv. profesori giorgi gamyreliZe

samarTlianad aRniSnavs: “raki mefis karze xelosanTa imdenad

mniSvnelovani ricxvi moipoveboda, rom maT sagangebo “uxucesebi”

ganagebdnen, unda vifiqroT, rom calkeuli batonis mamulSic

imyofebodnen sxvadasxva xelobis adamianebi. magaliTad, XVI saukunis 40-

ian wlebSi zogierTi batonis mamulSi vxvdebiT garkveul fenas, e.w.

“msaxurebs”, romelTa Soris arian mewaReebi, mWedlebi, Tu xarazebi. aseTi

xelobis adamianebi msaxurobdnen, rogorc mefis karze, iseve Tavadebisa

52

da aznaurebis mamulebSic. xelosnebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, naxsenebi arian

XIV-XVII s.s. dokumentebSi da gansakuTrebiT xSirad gvxvdebian – XVII-XVIII

s.s. saqarTveloSi. kerZod, TbilisSi, romelic xelosnuri warmoebis

msxvil centrad iqca, imdroisaTvis arsebuli xelosnobis yvela saxeoba

yofila gavrcelebuli. amave periodSi yalibdeba da gavrcelebul saxes

iRebs xelosanTa amqruli, profesionaluri gaerTianeba. aseTi

gaerTianebebi XVI saukuneze gacilebiT adre unda Seqmniliyo

saqarTveloSi, razedac TviT termini “uxucesi” metyvelebs (magaliTad,

“mandaturTuxucesi”, “mxatvarTuxucesi”, aseve “ostati” - ufrosis

mniSvnelobiT). es terminebi X-XII saukuneebis wyaroebSic gvxvdeba.

aRniSnuli terminebi xelosanTa gaerTianebis ufrosis aRmniSvnelia. amave

dros, xelosanTa amqruli gaerTianeba gare mizezTa gavlenis Sedegad ki

ar warmoiSva, rogorc amas zogi mkvlevari miiCnevs, aramed saqarTveloSi

feodaluri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis, “mTeli qveynis feodaluri

organizaciis”, saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebis, “qalaqsa da sofels

Soris dapirispirebisa da brZolis”, sasaqonlo warmoebis Sedegad55.

samwuxarod, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeboda xelosnobis Seswavla

adreuli xanis saqarTveloSi, wyaroebSi garkveviT araferia naTqvami. Aam

mxriv SedarebiT naTel warmodgenas gviani xanis amqarTa Sesaxeb arsebuli

dokumentebi gviqmnian. ise, rogorc saerTod gviani xanis saqarTveloSi,

adreuli xanis saqarTeloSic xelobas msaxurebis sanacvlod Segirdad

mibarebiT aswavlidnen. xelosani Segirds Sromis procesSi ganumartavda

da aswavlida xelobas. erT-erT dokumentSi avgaroz bandaisZe

mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor daeufla igi wignis gadawerasTan dakavSirebuli

xelobis zogierT saxeobas, magaliTad, tyavis kervas. aq wignis gadaweris

teqnikis Seswavlac ki xelosnobis Seswavladaa ganxiluli.

yuradRebas ipyrobs termini “Segirdi”. igi sparsuli warmoSobis sityvaa

da xelosnobis Semswavlel mowafes niSnavs. AaRniSnuli termini am

55


53

mniSvnelobiTaa moxsenebuli vaxtangis “dasturlamalSi”. Segirdad

iyenebdnen yma-glexTa Svilebs da msaxurebs. XVII-XVIII s.s. dokumentebis

SeswavliT aSkara xdeba, rom xelosnoba saqarTveloSi friad

gavrcelebuli iyo da dabali socialuri wris warmomadgenelebi

cdilobdnen am saqmianobaSi Cabmuliyvnen.

ra Tqma unda, xelosnuri aRzrda wminda praqtikuli miznebiT iyo

gapirobebuli da zneobrivi aRzrdis garkveul elementebsac Seicavda.

xelosanTa garkveul jgufs ki, romelic wignTan dakavSirebul

saqmianobas eweoda, gonebriv aRzrdasTanac hqonda saqme. es jgufi

ZiriTadad saeklesio wreSi mzaddeboda da xelosnobasTan erTad wera-

kiTxvas, gramatikas da saerTod, qarTul mwignobrobas swavlobda.

XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedi, e.i. periodi, rodesac vaxtang VI

“swavluli kacebTan” erTad kulturul saqmianobas eweoda, aRorZinebis

xanis yvelaze SemoqmedebiTi, kulminaciuri etapi iyo.

vaxtang VI-is, sulxan-saba orbelianis, vaxuStisa da sxva “swavlul

kacTa” saqmianoba pirvel rigSi miznad isaxavda im kultur uli

memkvidreobis gadarCenas, romelic monRolebis, yizilbaSebisa da

osmalebis mier Seiryvna da ganadgurda. agreTve am kulturuli

memkvidreobis axali msoflmxedvelobrivi miRwevebiT Sevsebas da

Tanadroulobis samsaxurSi Cayenebas.

vaxuStis dros swavla-ganaTlebis saqme imdenad dakninebuli iyo, rom

wignis kiTxva da wera Turme did codnad miiCneoda. im ubedurebis Semdeg,

rac saqarTvelom gadaitana, drogamoSvebiT marTlac SeiZleba yofiliyo

aseTi mdgomareoba. vaxtang VI da misi kulturuli dasi gansakuTrebuli

mondomebiT Seudga axal saxelmZRvaneloTa Sedgenas. vaxtang VI-is mier

dawyebuli saqmis gagrZeleba iyo Semdeg anton I-is TaosnobiT gaCaRebuli

muSaoba, romelic saqarTveloSi saxelmZRvaneloTa gamravlebas

emsaxureboda. vaxtang VI-is da anton I-is mizani iyo ara marto Zvelad

arsebuli saxelmZRvaneloebis AaRdgena, aramed sruliad axali

saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna, rac xels Seuwyobda saqarTveloSi axali

54

dargebis gacnobasa da Seswavlas. ase, rom qarTuli mwignobrobis,

saqarTvelos istoriis, geografiis, Teologiis, astrologiisa da

astronomiis gverdiT Cven ukve vxvdebiT msoflio geografiis, qimiis,

kosmografiis da geodeziis dargSi Seqmnil Txzulebebs. antonis dros,

XVIII s. meore naxevarSi, kidev ufro gafarTovda interesTa are da

fizikis, fsiqologiis, filosofiisa da sxva dargebic moicva.

iTargmneboda saxelmZRvanelo wignebi sparsulidan, somxuridan, umetesad

ki rusuli enidan, radgan evropisaken mimaval gzaze TurqeTi kedeliviT

iyo aRmarTuli. mxolod ruseTis gavliT Tu SeiZleboda evropasTan

kulturuli kavSirebis damyareba.

aRniSnuli saqmianoba garkveul erudiciasa da intensiur Sromas

moiTxovda. qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi swored aseTi intensivobiT,

dauRalavi SromiTa da rudunebiT Seudgnen am droisaTvis metad rTuli

movaleobis Sesrulebas. TviT vaxtang VI-s imdenad aucilebel da

gadaudebel amocanad miaCnda saxelmZRvaneloTa Seqmnisa da gamravlebis

saqme, rom Tavadac Sesdgomia maT Sedgenas.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebam, rogorc ganaTlebis calke sferom

saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 60-80 w.w. iCina Tavi da TandaTan popularobac

moipova. amis winapirobebi iyo: batonymobis mospoba da kapitalizmis

pirveli Canasaxis gamoCena qveyanaSi; qarTuli intelegenciis mier evropaSi

miRebuli ganaTleba; rusi demokratebis zegavlena; da qveynis socialur-

ekonomiuri mdgomareoba.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis idea aRiarebdnen demokratiuli

inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi, romelTac miznad daisaxes sakuTari

qveynis mosaxleobis ganaTlebis da kulturuli donis amaRleba. me-19

saukunis meore naxevarSi ilia WavWavaZem samocianelTa sxva gamoCenil

warmomadgenlebTan erTad, rogoric arian akaki wereTeli, niko nikolaZe

da sxvebi, daafuZna ramdenime saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba, maT Soris,

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba. am periodSi sazogadoebrivi

interesis gaRviveba saxalxo ganaTlebis institutebisadmi gamowveuli iyo

55

klsobrivi omisa da sistemis SecvliT, evropuli gamocdilebis

gaziarebiT. upiratesobas aniWebdnen zrdasrulTa saxalxo ganaTlebis im

aspeqts, rom SedarebiT mcire saxsrebiT SeiZleboda mosaxleobaSi

progresuli ideebis, elementaruli da sabazo codnis gavrceleba da amiT

kulturuli donis amaRleba.

qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi ar Semoifarglebodnen mxolod ruseTisa da

evropis qveynebis gamocdilebiT. maT zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

ganviTarebaSi SeqondaT sakuTari wvlilic regionebis Taviseburebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. am mxriv didi mniSvneloba hqonda ganaTlebisa da

kulturis iseTi moRvaweebis Sromebs, rogorebic arian: iakob

gogebaSvili, eqvTime TayaiSvili, dimitri yifiani, ivane maCabeli, iakob

nikolaZe, rafael erisTavi da sxv. maTi dauRalavi Sromis wyalobiT

ixsneboda damatebiTi ganaTlebis skolebi, biblioTekebi, saxalxo

universitetebi, eTnografiuli muzeumebi da sxv.

XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli gazeTebis

gverdebze Cndeboda statiebi da Canawerebi, romlebic zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebas eZRvneboda. am mxriv gamoirCeoda egnate ninoSvilis “rogori

ganaTleba gvWirdeba” (1893 w.) da iakob gogebaSvilis “rogor

gavaumjobesoT kavkasiuri saxalxo skola” (1903 w.). aq saubaria

auditoriis asakobriv Taviseburebebze, saswavlo procesebisadmi

SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebaze, sakvirao skolebze da a.S.

garda zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebisa, qarTveli ganmanaTleblebi am

periodSi msjelobdnen zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mecnierul xasiaTze da

mis xelmisawvdomobaze; saxalxo universitetebis organizaciul mxareze.

isini xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom saxalxo universitetebSi sagnis

swavlebis mkacrad gamokveTili samecniero-pedagogiuri mimarTuleba unda

hqondes.

XX saukunis 20-40-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa eris dasawyisSi, zrdasrulTa

ganaTleba ZiriTadad mSromelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis

aRmofxvras emsaxureboda. 1921 wlis 4 ivliss gamoica saqarTvelos

56

“revkomis” dekreti “mosaxleobaSi wera-kiTxvis” likvidaciis Sesaxeb,

romlis mixedviT 14-dan 50 wlis asakis yvela is adamiani, romelmac wera-

kiTxva ar icoda, valdebuli iyo eswavla. am mizniT saxalxo

universitetebi gaixsna TbilisSi, baTumSi, quTaisSi, gorSi, WiaTuraSi,

foTSi, senakSi, zugdidSi, xonSi, TelavSi, siRnaRsa da axalcixeSi.

meore msoflio omis periodSi zrdasrulTa saganmanaTleblo

organizaciebi ZiriTadad farTo propaganduli da samxedro-patriotuli

swavlebis adgilad iqca.

omis Semdgom periodSi gaCnda kulturul-saganmnaTleblo da

mecnierul-politikuri ganaTlebis centrebis qseli, romelic SemdgomSi

sazogadoeba “codnad” Camoyalibda. es qseli saxelmwifo SekveTaze iyo

agebuli da ganaTlebisadmi individualur da SemoqmedebiT midgomas ar

iTvaliswinebda.

XX saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi sazogadoeba “codnis” saxalxo

universitetebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda (139-dan 502-mde) da aTi

aTasobiT adamiani gaxda maTi msmeneli. leqciebs gamudmebiT politikuri

elferi dahkravda da maTze daswreba savaldebulo xasiaTs atarebda.

sazogadoeba “codnas” propagandistuli mizani hqonda da msmenelTa

momzadebis xarisxi ar Seesabameboda drois moTxovnebs. sabWoTa periodis

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema socialisturi Sromis principebze iyo

orientirebuli, sabazro ekonomikis Taviseburebebs ar iTvaliswinebda da

Tematikac xSirad meordeboda. mokled, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis sistema sabWoTa periodSi ar Sedga.

postsabWoTa sivrceSi qarTveli filosofosis merab mamardaSvilis

mier gavrcelda termini “akmeologia” zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

mimarTebaSi (“akme” Zvel berZnulad niSnavs “mwvervals”, “simwifes”), rac

Semdeg akdemikosma nina kuzminam sanqt-peterburgis gercenis saxelobis

saxelmwifo pedagogiur institutSi Seiqmnili akmeologiis kaTedris

wesdebis preambulaSi gamoiyena. merab mamardaSvilma yuradReba mimarTa

57

“adamianis survilsken, iswrafodes mwvervalisken”56, rac emTxveva

mocemuli kvlevis aqtualobis erT-erT maxasiaTebels - adamiani unda

gamudmebiT cdilobdes sakuTari Tavis srulyofas, raTa ar iqnes

socialurad izolirebuli.

mamardaSvilis Teoriuli naSromebis roli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

ganviTarebaSi metad mniSvnelovania da mas saqarTveloSic gauCndnen

mimdevrebi. am sferoSi Tavisi namuSevrebi gamoqveynebuli aqvT

profesorebs k. ramiSvils, n. imedaZes, l. CikvaiZes e. daviTulians da sxv.

Tumca, gardamaval periodSi qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri da

ekonomikuri cvlilebebis Tanmdevi kataklizmebis gamo, mkvlevarebs ar

miecaT praqtikuli nabijebis gakeTebis saSualeba ganaTlebis sistemaSi

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT.

mxolod 2000 wlidan, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis xelSewyobiT, gaxda

SesaZlebeli am mimarTulebiT garkveuli eqsperimentebis Catareba,

romelSic uSualod miiRo monawileoba axlad Seqmnilma saqarTvelos

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebis asociaciam. am asociaciis

wevrebma moaxerxes da qarTuli saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis yuradReba

miapyres zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobisken57.

2002 wlis oqtomberSi IIZ/DVV-is (axla ukve dvv international)

warmomadgenlobis iniciativiT, saqarTveloSi pirvelad gaimarTa

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis dReebi deviziT „swavla siberemde“. momdevno 2003

wels RonisZieba festivalSi gadaizarda, romlis centraluri RonisZieba

zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis organizaciaTa pirveli gamofena

iyo. gamofenis farglebSi moewyo Ria gakveTilebi, seminarebi da

mravalricxovani prezentaciebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva

Temebze. didi interesi gamoiwvia festivalis kulturulma programamac.

mTlianobaSi, festivalSi monawile pirTa ricxvma 3.000-s miaRwia.

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Мамардашвили М.К. «Необходимость себя». Лекции. Статьи.Философские заметки.Под общей редакцией

Ю.П.Сенокосова.-Издательство «Лабиринт», Москва.-1996г.-432. 57

l. CikvaiZe, “pedagogikis sakiTxebi ufrosebis ganaTlebaSi”. moamzada da gamosca organizaciam IZZ-DVV, 2004 wels. BBK 88.5 /78

58

festivalSi monawileoba miiRes agreTve zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

organizatorebma azerbaijanidan, germaniidan da somxeTidan. 2004 wels

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnili mTavari RonisZieba iyo ivnisSi

gamarTuli saerTaSoriso konferencia Temaze: „zrdasrulTa ganaTleba da

swavla mTeli sicocxlis manZilze samxreT kavkasiaSi - arsebuli

viTareba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi“. konferenciaSi, romelic iuneskos

ganaTlebis institutisa (hamburgi) da fond „Ria sazogadoeba -

saqarTvelos“ (OSGF) finansuri mxardaWeriT Catarda, 12 qveynis 120-ze

metma specialistma miiRo monawileoba. aRniSnuli konferencia

saqarTvelos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebisaTvis iqca

seriozul impulsad da maT 2004 wlis noemberSi daafuZnes saqarTvelos

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis asociacia (AEAG) da pirvelad saqarTveloSi

gamoaqveynes monacemTa baza zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis msurvelTaTvis58. 2005

wlidan asociacia IIZ/DVV-is mTavari partniori da kvireulis

sruluflebiani Tanaorganizatoria.

amave wels germaniis saxalxo universitetebis saerTaSoriso

asociaciis kavkasiis filialma saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros

dawyebiTi profesiuli ganaTlebis departamentTan da profesiuli

ganaTlebis muSakTa asociacia “piramidasTan” erTad gaxsna damatebiTi

profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis centri. aseve, qalTa

organizaciebis koaliciis ganaTlebis samuSao jgufma germanul

organizacias IZZ/DVV mxardaWeriT gamoaqveyna saqarTveloSi dRes

arsebuli saganmanaTleblo fasiani kursebis sainformacio baza

zrdasrulTaTvis.

2006 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da evrokomisias Soris

Sedga saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris evropuli samezoblo politikis samoqmedo

gegmis SeTanxmeba, romelic TanamSromlobis strategiuli miznebisa da

58

“saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi” – monacemTa baza. moamzada da gamosca organizaciam IZZ-DVV, 2004 wels. ISBN 99928- 995- 4- 9

59

Sesabamisi politikuri da ekonomikuri prioritetebis ganxorcielebas

uwyobs xels. gaCnda e.w. evrodireqtivebi ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebis

gatarebis dros gasaTvaliswineblad evropul da evroatlantikur

struqturebSi integraciis mizniT59. Sesabamis uwyebebTan TanamSromlobiT,

yovelwliurad xorcieldeba evropuli samezoblo politikis samezoblo

gegmis (ENP AP) ganxorcielebis angariSis momzadeba. gamomdinare aqedan,

2009 wels, rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, saqarTvelom pirvelad miiRo

monawileoba zrdasrulTa ganTlebisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso

konferenciaze braziliaSi, CONFINTEA VI. erTi wliT adre

konferenciisTvis mzadebis procesSi saqarTveloSi Seiqmna zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis problematikisadmi miZRvnili interseqtolaruli dialogi.

masSi monawileobdnen rogorc samTavrobo, ise arasamTavrobo seqtorebis

wamomadgeneli dainteresebuli pirebi (maT Soris, mocemuli naSromis

avtoric) da misi mizani iyo qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb angariSis momzadeba. konferenciaze saqarTvelom

sxva monawile qveynebTan erTad miiRo mniSvnelovani mowodeba

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT efeqturi moqmedebebisken. Tu

rogor unda ganxorcieldes es mowodeba, amaze momdevno TavebSi gveqneba

saubari.

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ENP Country Progress Report 2009 – Georgia, Brussels, 12/05/2010, SEC(2010) 518

60

3.3. saerTaSoriso gamocdileba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituciuri

mowyobis Sesaxeb, misi sakanonmdeblo da finansuri safuZvlebi

boloniis 1998 wlisa da praRis 2001 wlis deklaraciebSi evropis

qveynebma gamoacxades ganaTlebis sistemis erTiani evropuli sivrcis

Seqmnis aucilebloba, rasac saqarTveloc uerTdeba da Tavisi

kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis mizniT,

erovnuli programis ganxorcielebis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministros 2004 wlis individualur samoqmedo gegmaSi wers:

“evrokavSiris qveynebis bolo aTwelulis aqtivoba ganaTlebis sferoSi

mimarTulia saerTo saganmanaTleblo sivrcis Seqmnisaken. am mizniT

saWiroa struqturuli, Sinaarsobrivi da sakanonmdeblo gardaqmnebi . . .

maT Soris:

unda dainergos dasavleT evropaSi bolo dros metad popularuli

strategia “swavla sicocxlis manZilze”, rac pirovnebas saSualebas

aZlevs konkurentunariani gaxdes axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebaSi,

gaiadvilos socialuri urTierTobebi, Seiqmnas Tanaswori

SesaZleblobebi da gaiumjobesos cxovrebis xarisxi.

saqarTvelo aqtiurad unda CaerTos saerTaSoriso programaSi

“ganaTleba yvelasaTvis”, rac saSualebas miscems mas SeinarCunos is

miRwevebi, romelic mas aqamde hqonda da saswrafod daZlios is

uaryofiTi tendenciebi, romlebmac iCines Tavi bolo dros.

unda Seiqmnas distanciuri ganaTlebis centrebi da saqarTvelom

aqtiuri monawileoba unda miiRos am swavlebaSi sakuTari kursebisa da

modulebis SeTavazebis gziT60”.

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros aqtiuri CarTva zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi qmnis axal SesaZleblobebs da am

mimarTulebis finansuri mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs saxavs. qarTuli

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ixileT saqarTvelo ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros vebgverdi: www.mes.gov.ge

61

pedagogikis mecnierebma Tavisi wvlili unda Seitanon ganaTlebis

saministros samoqmedo gegmaSi dasaxuli struqturuli da Sinarsobrivi

cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaSi, maT Soris zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

ganviTarebis saqmeSi. saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis kvleva am mimarTulebiT

migviTiTebs mraval magaliTze, rogor unda moxdes zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis instituciuri mowyoba, rogori unda iyos misi sakanonmdeblo

da finansuri safuZvlebi da, bolos, rogor warimarTos zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis saswavlo procesebi.

CvenSi naklebad cnobili zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis iseTi formebi,

rogoric aris zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTleba (Adult Non-formal

Education), distanciuri swavleba (Distant Learning), ganaTleba yvelasaTvis

(Learning for All), ganaTleba sicocxlis manZilze (Learning for Life), damatebiTi

ganaTleba (Additional Education) da sxv. Tanamedrove msoflioSi farTod

gavrcelebuli praqtikuli saqmianobaa da uamravi mkvlevari muSaobs

Tanamedrove etapze maTi ganviTarebisTvis.

saxalxo universitetebi da sxva zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi

evropaSi sami tipis programaze arian koncentrirebuli:

zogadi ganaTlebis saskolo programa, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia

maTTvis, visac mxolod dawyebiTi ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli.

istoriis, iuridiuli, sabunebismetyvelo da socialuri

mecnierebebis saswavlo programa, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia

maTTvis, visac miRebuli aqvs zogadi ganaTleba.

profesiul-teqnikur ganaTlebis programa yvelasaTvis, sadac

aswavlian, magaliTad: mSeneblobis teqnologiebs, saremonto

teqnologiebs, buRalterias, wigniT vaWrobis saqmes da sxv.

amasTan erTad, gaizarda moTxovna Temaze orientirebul saswavlo

sagnebze, ris safuZvelzec gaixsna saswavlo kursebi sabunebismetyvelo,

ekonomikuri da fsigologiuri mecnerebebis Sesaswavlad, janmrTelobisa

da higienis sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, xelovnebisa da kulturis

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Sesaswavlad. gaizarda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis miRebis msurvelTa asakic.

evropis qveynebSi sapensio asakis adamianebi xSirad swavloben axal

unarebs da saWiroebis an survilis SemTxvevaSi momsaxurebis sferoSi

iwyeben muSaobas.

Camoyalibda mecnieruli mimdinareobac, romelic muSaobs

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kvlevaze da romlis mTavari amocanaa ufro

detalurad daazustos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis miznebi. magaliTad,

mimdinare mecnierulma kvlevam evropaSi Camoayaliba saxalxo

universitetebis oTxi mTavari mizani:

moamzadon msmenelebi saTanado doneze, raTa maT SeZlon

cxovrebasTan adaptireba;

aswavlon msmenelebs damoukidebeli inteleqtualuri saqmianoba;

daexmaron msmenelebs moaxdinon TviTrealizacia, gaerkvnen sakuTar

inteleqtualur moTxovnebSi;

moamzados msmenelebi imisTvis, rom maT aqtiuri monawileoba miiRon

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis meqanizmebis muSaobaSi.

amerikuli Jurnalis “umaRlesi ganaTlebis gamocemebi”61 mixedviT aSS-

Si saTemo organizaciebis bazaze arsebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

skolebs nawilobriv afinansebs adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis biujeti,

teqnikur mxardaWeras uwevs adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo ganaTlebis

saagentoebi (maT Soris universitetebi) da nawil Tanxas gaiRebs kerZo

struqturebi. aqve aRniSnulia, rom aseTi skolis pedagogebi

sertificirebas amerikis universitetebSi iReben.

amerikeli mkvlevarebi kostas metaqsiotisi da jon psarasi62

mkvlevarebi umaRles saswavleblebs sTavazoben, Tavad Seqmnan

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis aseTi centrebi da Tavad awarmoon codnis

61

Black Issues in Higher Education (authors are not indicated). 1/29/2004, Vol 20 Issue 25; p.7 ½ p. Project Surveys

Community Based Schools Article <[email protected]> Database: Academic Search Premier. 62

Kostas Metaxiotis and John Psarras 2003, Applying Knowledege Management in Higher Education: The Creation of

a Lerning Organizations. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management. Vol. 2 No 4 353-359

63

menejmenti, anu gamoiyenon sakuTari resursebi im mizniT, raTa Seqmnan

saTanado saswavlo masalebi da moamzadon zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

specialistebi. isini gvTavazoben codnis menejmentis aseT midgomas:

movipovoT da gadavaqcioT informacia codnad (1), anu vawarmooT

gamokiTxva, SeviswvloT moTxovnebi adgilze, aRvweroT adgilobrivi

Sromis bazari da miRebuli informacia vaqcioT codnad.

ganvsazRvroT da SevamowmoT codna (2), anu analizi gavukeToT

gamokiTxvis Sedegebs da miRebul informacias da ganvsazRvroT

saswavlo porfilebi;

SevinaxoT codna (3), anu miRebuli Sedegebi SevitanoT Sesabamis

monacemTa bazaSi, sainformaciao bankSi da vaqcioT informaciis

wyarod;

gavukeToT organizeba codnas (4), anu CamovayaliboT Sesabamisi

socialur-pedagogiuri principebi, SevimuSaoT meTodika

fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis da regionaluri Taviseburebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT;

CamovayaliboT codna (5), anu SevarCioT da movamzadoT Sesabamisi

saswavlo-meToduri masala;

kombinireba gavukeToT codnas (6) anu davakompleqtoT masalebi

konkretuli profilebisTvis, SevqmnaT saswavlo modulebi;

SevqmnaT codna (7), anu davgegmoT saswavlo procesi, ganvsazRvroT

swavlebis moculoba da struqtura;

gavecnoT codnas (8), anu movamzadoT specialisti: pedagogi, treneri

an instruqtori;

gavceT codna (9), anu vaswavloT.

64

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituciuri mowyoba Tanamedrove sakandinaviis

qveynebSi

2003 wels daniaSi kopenhagenis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centris, AOF-

is stumrobis dros, mogveca saSualaeba gavcnobodiT skandinaviis

qveynebis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemas. miviReT informacia am

sistemis ganviTarebis, sakanonmdeblo da finansuri bazis Sesaxeb.

danielma kolegebma mogvawodes literatura, dagvaswres mecadineobis

process da gagvacnes saswavlo centris monawileebi. iq warmoebuli

kvlevis Sedegad CaverTeT zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebis qselSi da

internetis saSualebiT movipoveT Semdgomi kvlevisTvis saWiro masalebi

mocemul TemasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.

daniaSi 1991 wels miiRes zrdasruleTaA ganaTlebis xelSewyobis

aqti63, romelic momzadebuli iqna arasamTavrobo organizaciebis da

saTemo organizaciebis mier da daefuZna maT mier gaweuli kvelvebis da

ganviTarebisTvis warmoebuli muSaobis Sedegebs.

fineTSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebis marTva regulirdeba

maTive wesdebiT64, Tumca mzaddeba reforma sakanonmdeblo bazaSi

zrdasruleTa ganaTlebis sferos gaTvaliswinebis mizniT. arsebuli

kanoni ganaTlebis Sesaxeb moicavs ramdenime muxls zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis regulirebis Sesaxeb, romelic gansazRvravs sad da vis mier

SeiZleba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizeba.

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba fineTSi 1000-mde dawesebulebaSi imarTeba.

aqedan nawili dakavebulia uSualod zrdasrulTa ganaTlebiT, xolo

nawili eweva orive mimarTulebiT ganaTlebas, rogorc zrdasrulTaTvis,

aseve mozardebisTvisac. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi funqcionireben

universitetebSi, profesiul saswavleblebSi, specialur centrebSi, im

63

FOVU, a steering group under the Nordic Council of Ministers Action Plan 2000-2004 Nordic “Folkeopplysning”

and Adult Education 2000-2004 64

Blomqvist, I.; Niemi, H.; Ruuskanen, T. Participation in adult education and training in Finland. Helsinki:

Statistics Finland, 1998. (Adult education survey 1995)

65

saSualo skolebSi, sadac maRali klasebi swavloben, saxalxo da

sazafxulo universitetebSi, sportul da musikalur dawesebulebebSi.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialur formas warmoadgens “zrdasrulTa

dasaqmebis trening centrebi”, sadac am centris mesveurebi uzrunvelyofen

dausaqmebel, an Semcirebis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgar mosaxleobas

universitetebidan da specialuri institutebidan samuSoze

orientirebuli nayidi kursebiT.

sabazo ganaTleba zrdasrulTaTvis fineTSi ufasoa65. mas

uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis biujeti.

rac Seexeba zrdasrulTa profesionalur treningebs, maT sxvadasxva

sistema afinansebs erTdroulad. damqiraveblebi, ganaTlebis da treningis

mimwodeblebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba da kerZo struqtura.

fineTSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kategoriebi maT mizanzea

damokidebuli: (a) sabazo ganaTleba, (b) TviTmotivirebuli ganaTleba da

treningi, (g) Sromis bazarze orientirebuli treningi, da sxv.

SvedeTSi regulaciebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb Tavmoyrilia

kanonSi skolis Sesaxeb (UFB SOS 1996) da miznobriv jgufebSi

gaTvaliswinebuli yavs 19 wlidan zemoT asakis adamianebi. zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis mTliani sistema Sedgeba municipaluri zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis da emigranTTa ganaTlebis sistemebisgan66. e.w SFI, KOMVUX

programebSi monawile ucxoelebi da emigrantebi swavlis sfasurisgan

gaTavisuflebulni arian. adgilobrivi mosaxleobas nawilobriv

municipaliteti afinansebs, nawilobriv Tavad ixdian swavlebis safasurs.

SvedeTSi aseve arsebobs am mizniT grantis miRebis praqtika kerZo

struqturebisgan.

winamdebare naSromis avtors zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituciuri

ganviTarebis ufro vrclad Seswavlis SesaZlebloba poloneTis

65

The financing of lifelong learning. Finland's country report for the OECD. Helsinki: Ministry of Education,

1998. 66

OECD. Thematic review of the transition from initial education to working life: Sweden country note. Paris:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999.

66

magaliTze mieca qalaq krakovis egilenonis universitetis zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis menejmentis gacnobis dros. es qveyana

kvlevisTvis bevrad ufro saintereso aRmoCnda, radgan yofili

socialisturi qveynis SigniT momxdari istoriuli kataklizmebi analogad

gamodgeboda saqarTvelosTvis. mopovebuli masalebi detalurad gvacnobs

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis, misi sakanonmdeblo da

finansuri bazis Sesaxeb poloneTSi. mocemul paragrafSi swored am

qveynis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanamedrove statusia detalurad

aRwerili.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituciuri mowyoba Tanamedrve poloneTSi67

poloneTSi oci wlis win dawyebuli reorientaciis Semdeg jer

sakmarisi dro ar gasula imisaTvis, rom davaskvnaT, myarad damkvidrda Tu

ara qveyanaSi uwyveti ganaTlebis struqturebi, romelTac SeuZliaT

qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis funqciis Sesruleba. Tumca SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom arasamTavrobo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebi,

gansakuTrebiT ki is organizaciebi, romlebic ar arian mogebaze

orientirebulni, cdiloben, TavianTi saqmianoba mdgradi gaxadon da

SeZlebisdagvarad gaafarToon igi. am mxriv Zalze sasargebloa

liberaluli, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis politikis gatareba,

vinaidan es iZleva kerZo, saxelmwifos mier akreditirebul saSualo da

umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa Camoyalibebis saSualebas.

kerZo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, romlebic nawilobriv

dafinansebas Rebuloben saxelmwifosgan (administrirebisTvis), xolo

saswavlo programebs afinanseben swavlebis gadasaxadebiT, finansur bazas

sponsorebis saSualebiT ivseben.

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Norbert F.B., Ewa Przylska. Adult Education in Poland – Copyright: 2001 IIZ-DVV

67

politikurma, ekonomikurma da socialurma situaciam poloneTSi

Zirfesviani cvlilebebi ganicada 1989 wels. cvlilebebi ganxorcielda

yvela sferoSi, ganaTlebis CaTvliT. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri

sistemis danergvis Sedegad uwyveti ganaTlebis seqtors saxelmwifo

dafinanseba umeteswilad Seuwyda. vinaidan uwyveti ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebi TiTqmis aRar Rebulobdnen dafinansebas saxelmwifosagan,

isini iZulebulni gaxdnen, Cabmuliyvnen Tavisufal konkurenciaSi da

moexdinaT sakuTari resursebis sruli mobilizacia TviTgadarCenis

mizniT. bevri maTgani daixura, zogma ki uwyveti profesiuli momzadebis

kuTxiT gaaZliera muSaoba; ZiriTadad yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen ucxo

enebis, gansakuTrebiT inglisurisa da germanulis swavlebaze.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis Zalze rTuli aRmoCnda

gardamavali periodis SokTan gamklaveba, axal da ufro Tanamedrove

codnaze moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba, zrdasrul adamianTaTvis

profesionalizmis da kvalifikaciis, aseve SromiT bazarze

konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi daxmarebis gaweva. ganaTlebis

saministroSi xelmZRvanel pirTa xSiri Secvla uaryofiTad moqmedebda

uwyveti ganaTlebis ganviTarebaze. 1990 wlidan moyolebuli ganaTlebis

ministri rvajer Seicvala da TiToeulma sakuTari prioritetebi

warmoadgina. ukanaskneli aTi wlis gamocdilebam aCvena, rom miuxedavad

garkveuli progresisa, saWiro iqneba mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva uwyveti

ganaTlebis struqturebis gansaviTareblad, romlebic problemas

gadawyveten regionalur doneze.

praqtikulad, zrdasrulTa ganaTleba kvlav Tavisufali bazris

meqanizmebis xelSia. marTalia, ganaTlebis saministrom 90-iani wlebis

SuaSi garkveuli nabijebi gadadga zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb

sakanonmdeblo bazis Sesaqmnelad, magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. Tumca

amasobaSi warmomadgenelTa jgufma seimSi waradgina kanonproeqti, romlis

safuZvelzec am sakiTxis irgvliv politikuri debatebi gaimarTa. imis

miuxedavad, Tu ra bedi eweva kanonproeqts, ukve cxadia, rom dafinansebis

68

sakiTxi ZiriTadad ucvleli darCeba. kanonproeqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia

mxolod ganaTlebis saministros mier wardgenili uwyveti ganaTlebis

proeqtebis dafinanseba da dafinansebis tradiciuli wyaroebi (SromiTi

organizaciebi, dafinanseba SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone

adamianTaTvis, damsaqmeblis finansebi da swavlebis gadasaxadebi, rac

uwyveti ganaTlebis dafinansebis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens).

marTalia, poloneTis ganaTlebis saministrom Zalian adre gaacnobiera

zrdasrulTa da uwyveti ganaTlebis ganviTarebis saWiroeba, magram

mTavrobis mxridan dafinansebis SesaZlebloba sakmaod SezRuduli iyo.

1992 wels ganaTlebis saministros iniciativis Tanaxmad, parlamentma

miiRo ramdenime dadgenileba, romelSic gansazRvruli iyo uwyveti

ganaTlebis ZiriTadi principebi da amocanebi. am dadgenilebebSi aRwerili

swavlebis formebi Seicavs instruqtaJs da ZiriTad da Semdgom swavlebas

dRis da saRamos kursebis, damatebiTi da distanciuri swavlebis da

kombinirebuli swavlebis formebis CaTvliT. swavlebis kursebis

organizebas axorcielebs mTavroba da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, magaliTad, “distanciuri ganaTlebis

erovnuli centri” da uwyveti swavlebis centrebi, aseve arasaskolo

dawesebulebebi saxalxo universitetebis CaTvliT. dadgenilebis Tanaxmad,

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba moicavs Semdegi saxis RonisZiebebs:

profesiuli saRamo skolebi da distanciuri swavleba;

saSualo saRamo skolebi da saSualo distanciuri ganaTleba;

umaRlesi ganaTlebis saRamo da distanciuri skolebi;

diplomis Semdgomi swavleba;

sxvadasxva kursebi codnis asamaRleblad da Sesavsebad, axali

codnisa da unar-Cvevebis SesaZenad da Semdgomi profesiuli

swavleba.

miiRes specialuri dadgenileba distanciuri swavlebis Sedegad

saskolo diplomebisa da profesiuli kvalifikaciebis miniWebis

69

proceduraTa dasaregulireblad. “distanciuri swavlebis erovnul

centrs” daevala:

distanciuri swavlebisaTvis axal teqnologiaTa SemuSaveba da

popularizacia;

leqtorebisa da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa pedagogebisaTvis

ZiriTadi da uwyveti ganaTlebis organizeba da koordinireba

poloneTis da sxva qveynebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT;

meTodologiisa da didaqtikis Sesaxeb saswavlo masalis mowodeba;

distanciuri swavlebis meTodologiasTan dakavSirebiT kvlevis

Catareba;

ucxouri swavlebis programebis da masalebis adaptireba;

audio-vizualuri saswavlo masalebis momzadeba;

distanciuri swavlebis sainformacio sistemaTa SemuSaveba.

yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi poloneTis saganmanaTleblo

sistemaSi 1999 wlis reformis dros ganxorcielda. 1998 wlamde

saxelmwifo politika uwyvet ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT ZiriTadad

orientirebuli iyo uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebis administraciis

finanasur mxardaWeraze da distanciuri swavlebis sistemis

Camoyalibebaze. regionaluri reformis danergvasTan erTad, axalma

mTavrobam skolebi da maT ganviTarebaze pasuxismgebloba adgilobriv da

regionalur TviTmmarTvelobebs gadaabara. SesaZlebelia am cvlilebebma

dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRos uwyveti ganaTlebisTvis. adgilobrivi da

regionaluri TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs SeuZliaT saministroze ukeT

Seafason sazogadoebrivi an sazogadoebis mxardaWeriT Seqmnili uwyveti

ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis saWiroeba. ra Tqma unda, Sesabamis

municipalitetebs, olqebs da provinciebs TavianT gankargulebaSi unda

hqondeT amisaTvis saTanado finansuri resursebi. magram ganaTlebis

biujeti kvlavindeburad deficits ganicdis da jer kidev gasarkvevia, Tu

70

rogor ganviTardeba ganaTlebis sistema TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa mier

marTvis SemTxvevaSi.

1994 wlidan 1998 wlamde ganaTlebis saministro gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas aqcevda distanciuri swavlebis sistemis Camoyalibebas. es

garkveulwilad finansuri mosazrebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, vinaidan

distanciuri swavlebis programebis Rirebuleba Sesabamisi sauniversiteto

programebis Rirebulebis mxolod 30 procents Seadgens. ganaTlebis

saministros SexedulebiT, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanes

amocanas warmoadgens dainergos ZiriTadi da uwyveti ganaTlebis axali

formebi, gansakuTrebiT ki distanciuri swavlebisa, raTa codnisa da

profesiuli kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli programebi yvelasTvis

xelmisawvdomi iyos; gaumjobesdes am programebis xarisxi da amaRldes

dargis specialistTa profesionalizmi.

1998 wels axalma mTavrobam miiRo dadgenileba, romelic ZalaSi

Sevida 1999 wlis ianvarSi, da romelic miznad isaxavda “distanciuri

ganaTlebis erovnuli centris” maswavlebelTa swavlebis erovnul

institutad transformirebas. centris umTavres amocanad iqca

programebis SemuSaveba zogadi ganaTlebisaTvis da saxelmZRvaneloebis

momzadeba. centris erT-erT mTavar amocanad kvlavac rCeba distanciuri

ganaTlebis ganviTareba. es gulisxmobs, upirveles yovlisa,

konferenciebisa da seminarebis organizebas avtorTa da distanciuri

ganaTlebis programis dizainerTaTvis; distanciuri ganaTlebis

programaTa miwodebas distanciuri ganaTlebis dawesebulebebisTvis.

1992 wels miRebuli dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, daiwyo “uwyveti swavlebis

centrebis” Seqmna. 2001 wlisaTvis poloneTSi 51 aseTi centri moqmedebda.

1999 wels gatarebuli administraciuli da ganaTlebis sistemis reformis

Tanaxmad, municipalitetebma, olqebma da zog SemTxvevaSi provinciebma

miiRes skolebis marTvis ufleba, rac adre mTavrobis kompetenciaSi

Sedioda. am reformaTa gatarebis Sedegad uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebis

71

saqmianobaze pasuxismgebeloba axla saolqo donis TviTmmarTvelobis

centrebs daekisra. am centrTa ufleba-movaleobaSi ki Sedis:

zrdasrulTa ZiriTadi da Semdgomi ganaTleba oficialuri da

araoficialuri programebis farglebSi;

saswavlo masalebis SemuSaveba da gamocema;

ama Tu im regionSi moqmed uwyveti ganaTlebis sxva

organizaciebTan TanamSromloba da maTi mxardaWera.

samTavrobo skolebis wesdeba warmoadgens uwyveti ganaTlebis

centrebis moqmedebis safuZvels, romelTac SeuZliaT yvela saxis

saskolo programebis ganxorcieleba yvela doneze. garda amisa, es

centrebi gvTavazoben farTo speqtris arasaskolo programebs. xSirad

isini mWidrod TanamSromloben SromiT dawesebulebebTan da biznes

organizaciebTan.

ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens is, rom bevr centrs ar gaaCnia

sakuTari aRWurviloba. provinciebSi, sadac am centrebs sakuTari ofisebi

aqvT, cdiloben, danergon infrastruqtura, romelic daexmarebaT uwyveti

ganaTlebis Tanamedrove tipis organizaciebad CamoyalibebaSi.

adre uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebi kontroldeboda pirdapir

ganaTlebis saministros mier. oficialuri saskolo programebi

finansdeboda saxelmwifo resursebiT, xolo kerZo programebi gadaxdili

swavlis safasuriT. ganaTlebis sferoSi gatarebuli reformis Sedegad

uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebi saolqo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

organoTa kompetenciaSi gadavida da Sesabamisad subsidiebic ukve saolqo

biujetebSia gaTvaliswinebuli.

praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis swavlebaze orientirebuli profesiuli

momzadebis centrebi, e.w. “praqtikuli swavlebis centrebi”, ukve 1996

wlidan Cndeba “uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebTan” erTad. maTi raodenoba

ufro mcirea imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ufro Zvirad Rirebuli saswavlo

masala esaWiroebaT. ganaTlebis reformis Semdeg garda “uwyveti

72

ganaTlebis centrebisa”, umaRlesi ganaTlebis yvela samTavrobo skolas

aqvs uwyveti ganaTlebis programebis Catarebis ufleba. amasTanave,

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs aqvT Sesabamisi uflebamosileba am sferoSi

saTanado pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. imdenad, ramdenadac centralizebulidan

decentralizebul sistemaze garadamaval periodSi finansuri situacia

jer kidev sakmaod gaurkvevelia, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

organoebs jer ar gaaCniaT saTanado finansuri saxsrebi TavianT

gankargulebaSi da, Sesabamisad, municipalur da saolqo administraciebs

mxolod SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvT ganaTlebis seqtoris

ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli investiciebis gansaxorcieleblad.

“sabazo da uwyveti swavlebis centri” mdebareobs radomSi da igi

warmoadgens saxelmwifo samecniero instituts, romelic 1986 wels

daarsda. centri dakavebulia sabazo da uwyveti profesiuli swavlebis

programebis momzadebiT. misi saqmianobaa profesiuli swavlebis

programebis momzadeba saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisaTvis; uwyveti

ganaTlebis sferoSi samecniero kvlevis warmoeba; ganaTlebis

efeqturobis kvleva; samecniero publikaciebis gamocema. centrSi tardeba

kvlevebi profesiuli swavlebis Sesaxeb da muSavdeba profesiuli

momzadebis modelebi evropuli kvalifikaciebis sistemisa da xarisxis

standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 1994 wlidan 1998 wlamde centrSi

ganxorcielda samecniero kvlevaTa centris mier dafinansebuli ori

proeqti. erTi maTgani moicavda profesiuli swavlebis kursebis

SemuSavebas, meore ki multimediuri profesiuli swavlebisaTvis sanimuSo

saxelmZRvanelos momzadebas. amJamad centri muSaobs saxelmwifo

profesiuli swavlebis sistemis Camoyalibebaze, profesiuli ganaTlebis

standartizaciasa da profesiuli ganaTlebis xarisxis uzrunvelyofis

sistemaze. centri aseve daxmarebas uwevs ganaTlebis saministros kursebis

Sinaarsisa da Sefasebis pedagogiuri eqsperimentebis CatarebaSi. centrma

mniSvnelovanwilad SeiTavsa im profesiuli swavlebis saxelmwifo

institutis funqcia, romelic 1992 wels daixura. centris saqmianobaSi

73

gansakuTrebuli roli uWiravs publikaciebs. arsebobis manZilze Mman

daaxloebiT 400 dokumenti gamosca.

arasamTavrobo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs poloneTSi

saxelmwifo ar afinansebs. isini iReben samTavrobo saxsrebs mxolod

specialuri proeqtebisaTvis. statistikis centraluri biuros mier

gamoqveynebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 1998 wels arsebobda 2151

registrirebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis instituti, romelic 17

kategoriad iyofoda. 1466 msxvili saganmanaTleblo centri, sadac 41068

sxvadasxva kursi tardeba, kerZo dawesebulebebs warmoadgens. es centrebi

saganmanaTleblo organizaciaTa saerTo raodenobis 70 procents Seadgens.

maTgan mxolod 15 procenti ar aris mogebaze orientirebuli. danarCenebi

ki finansdeba eklesiis, administraciuli da kooperaciuli

organizaciebis mier. yvela ver akmayofilebs xarisxis standartebs. ufro

metic, bevr maTgans ara hyavs kvalificirebuli maswavleblebi, garda

ufro msxvili arasamTavrobo, aramomgebiani organizaciebisa, rogoric

aris “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis polonuri asociacia”, “Semdgomi

profesiuli ganaTlebis sazogadoeba”, “saxalxo universitetebis

sazogadoeba”, “umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tavisufali polonuri skolebis

sazogadoeba”, “ekonomikis sazogadoeba” da “teqnologiis centraluri

asociacia”, arsebobs aseve mcire zomis kerZo institutebi. 1989 wlis

Semdeg, postsocialistur periodSi, SesaZlebeli gaxda saeklesio

saxalxo universitetebis xelaxla gaxsna. aseTebia:

1. “saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba”. sazogadoebas aqvs 20-ze

meti filiali, romlebic TavianT regionebSi saxalxo skolebs

uweven administrirebas. skolebi xalxs sTavazoben swavlebis

mravalmxriv programas iseTi kursebis CaTvliT, rogoric aris

tradiciuli xeloba, sasoflo meurneoba, garemos dacva, sasoflo

da ekoturizmi, monacemTa damuSaveba da kulturuli da jandacvis

ganaTleba. aseve arsebobs specialuri programebi TviTon am

skolebis maswavleblebisaTvis.

74

2. vielkopolskis saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba. es

sazogadoeba, emsaxureba qveynis dasavleT nawils, romelic

seminarebs atarebs ZiriTadad SabaT-kviras regionis sxvadasxva

nawilSi. seminarebis mTavar Temas warmoadgens soflis meurneoba,

ekonomika da garemos dacva.

3. masoviis saxalxo universitetebis asociaciis plokis saxalxo

universiteti. es dawesebuleba emsaxureba qalaq plokSi da mis

maxloblad mcxovreb mosaxleobas. garda amisa igi awyobs

sazafxulo ardadegebs sazRvargareT mcxovrebi polonelebisTvis.

4. prJevorskas kooperaciuli saxalxo universiteti. rogorc

sacxovrebeli centri, es instituti atarebs kursebs

axalgazrdebisaTvis soflis meurneobis konkretuli sakiTxebis

Sesaxeb. igi awyobs sakvirao seminarebsa da sazogadoebriv

RonisZiebebs soflis mosaxleobisaTvis. programaSi CarTulia

zogadi ganaTlebis sakiTxebi, gansakuTrebiT ki saojaxo

ganaTlebaze maxvildeba yuradReba.

5. vieJica/starbieninoSi mdebare kaSubis saxalxo unievrsiteti. kaSubis

saxalxo universitets marTavs kaSubisa da pomeraniis asociacia. aq

tardeba kursebi regionaluri kulturisa da xalxuri xelovnebis,

ekologiisa da biznesis marTvis Sesaxeb.

6. wminda jvris saxalxo universiteti ameliovkaSi. wminda jvris

saxalxo unievrsiteti ar warmoadgens kaTolikur universitets.

saxeli aRniSnavs im regions, romelsac igi emsaxureba. institutis

specializacias warmoadgens garemos dacvis sakiTxebi da igi

regionSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani organizaciaa ekologiis sferoSi.

meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg poloneTis zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis institutebma swrafad ganaaxles da ganavrces TavianTi

saqmianoba. msgavsi institutebi gaixsna yofil germanul qalaqebSic,

magaliTad, SCecinsa (germanulad Steteni) da olJtinSi (germanulad

75

alenStaini). instituts saxeli Seecvala da Tavdapirvelad daerqva

“xelobis swavlebis asociacia”, xolo 1962 wels ewoda “Semdgomi

profesiuli swavlebis asociacia”.

saxelis SecvlasTan erTad Seicvala institutebis specializaciac.

institutebma yuradReba gaamaxviles daostatebuli muSebis Semdgom

daxelovnebaze. socialistur periodSi swavlebis centrTa ricxvi

Cvidmetamde gaizarda. isini sakmaod Zlier saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebad Camoyalibdnen. hqondaT sakuTari Senobebi da

saxelosnoebi da sakmaod farTo profilis ZiriTadi da Semdgomi

ganaTlebis programebs sTavazobdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobas. amis gamo

ufro gauadvildaT sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, radgan SesaZlebloba

miecaT SromiTi bazris cvalebadi moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad SeecvalaT

sakuTari saqmianobis profili. 1989 wlis Semdeg institutTa raodenoba

ocdaxuTamde gaizarda. dResdReobiT isini mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben

im SromiT organizaciebTan partniorobaSi, romlebic dausaqmebeli

mosaxleobis profesiul gadamzadebaze zrunaven.

“polonel ganmanaTlebelTa asociacia” warmoadgens saxalxo

ganmanaTlebelTa interesebs am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT. am

organizaciis arsi da funqcia xelaxla iqna gadaazrebuli komunizmis

dacemis Semdeg. 1991 wels asociaciam miiRo deklaracia, romlis

Tanaxmadac igi Sors iyo yovelgvari ideologiisagan. asociaciis miznebi

Semdegnairad iqna Camoyalibebuli: “polonel ganmanaTlebelTa asociacia”

warmoadgens nebayoflobiT organizacias kerZo da iuridiul pirTaTvis,

romlebic iswrafvian uwyveti swavlebis ideis danergvisaken

saganmanaTleblo, kulturuli da ekonomikuri saqmianobis gziT. asociacia

yvelasaTvis Riaa miuxedavad erovnebisa, an mrwamsisa. igi aRiarebs

evropuli da msoflio kulturis maradiul Rirebulebebs. cdilobs,

Seqmnas saTanado pirobebi pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebisaTvis.

uwyveti ganaTlebis idea Tanamedroved orientirebuli saganmanaTleblo

sistemis safuZvels warmoadgens.

76

ukve 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi naTeli gaxda, rom transformacia,

romelsac poloneTSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero ganicdida,

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebisagan inteleqtualuri

orientaciis axleburad mimarTvasa da azrovnebis axali garemoebebisaTvis

morgebas moiTxovda. swored am mosazrebis safuZvelze asociaciam

specializebuli seminarebis Catareba daiwyo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

organizatorTa da maswavlebelTaTvis. seminarebis pirvel kurss “luna”

ewoda. amas moyva sazafxulo skolis kursebi andragogikis sferoSi.

asociaciis saqmianoba Zalze efeqturi da nayofieri iyo im TvalsazrisiT,

rom is maswavleblebi, romlebic am kursebs eswrebodnen, Semdgom TviTon

atarebdnen seminarebs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. am tipis

saqmianoba amJamadac asociaciis saqmianobis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens.

varSavaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi Zalze mniSvnelovani roli

iTamaSa zrdasrul ganmanaTlebelTa klubma, saxelwodebiT “ali”. am

klubma, romelic skandinaviuri, amerikuli da britanuli gamocdilebebis,

aseve saxalxo universitetebis praqtikis safuZvelze Camoyalibda, didi

xani ver iarseba da maleve daiSala. Tumca klubis idea jer kidev

cocxalia da aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi, oRond modificirebuli formiT,

albaT sakmaod sasargeblo gaxdeba asociaciis wevrTaTvis. asociaciam

warmatebulad gamoiyena axali kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, gaCenili

SesaZlebloba da gaxsna kerZo skolebi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebi. mas aqvs uwyveti ganaTlebis 48 skola da umaRlesi

ganaTlebis sami instituti.

1994 wels poloneTSi daarsda saxalxo universitetebis erovnuli

sabWo sxvadasxva tipis saxalxo unievrsitetebis organizaciaTa

gasaerTianeblad. sabWos aqvs konsultaciebis Catarebis uflebamosileba

da faqtiurad gamocdilebaTa da ideaTa gacvla-gamocvlis adgils

warmoadgens.

77

poloneTSi specialur universitetebs asakovanTaTvis “mesame Taobis

universitetebi” ewodeba. isini ZiriTadad umaRlesi ganaTlebis

institutebis farglebSi arseboben, magram zogierT maTgans moqmedebis

avtonomia aqvs. pirveli “mesame Taobis universiteti” fizikuri ganaTlebis

universitetSi daarsda varSavaSi 1975 wels. SemdgomSi gaixsna TerTmeti

aseTi universiteti. leqciebi da seminarebi tardeba yvela akademiur

disciplinaSi. programis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens prevenciuli

jandacvis, medicinisa da gerontologiis kursebi. tardeba fizikuri

gamajansaRebeli varjiSebi, aseve gasarTobi RonisZiebebi da saswavlo

eqskursiebi.

“mesame Taobis universitetebi” uwyveti ganaTlebis Zalze mniSvnelovan

nawils warmoadgens. aseT universitetebSi swavlis msurvelTa raodenoba

wlidan wlamde izrdeba. studentTa 80 procentze meti qalia. saSualod

70% 60-dan 70 wlamde asakisaa. garda sauniversiteto kursebisa,

monawileebi xSirad awyoben RonisZiebebs sakuTari iniciativiT da

exmarebian xalxs saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaSi.

“zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis polonuri asociacia” 1950 wlis 5 maiss

daarsda ministrTa sabWos mier miRebuli dadgenilebis safuZvelze. mis

mizans wesdebis Tanaxmad, ganaTlebis, teqnologiisa da xelovnebis

gavrceleba, aseve ganaTlebisa da xelovnebis popularizacia

warmoadgenda. sazogadoebis saqmianobas Rrma safuZvlebi hqonda –

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis tradicia modioda jer kidev poloneTis

dayofis, msoflio omebisa da poloneTis okupaciis droidan.

sazogadoebaSi gaerTiandnen zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebi da

igi Camoyalibda memarcxene muSaTa da radikalur fermerTa moZraobis

memkvidred, romlis mizansac zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis komunisturi

ideologiis Sesabamisad adaptireba warmoadgenda.

arsebobis pirvel wlebSi sazogadoeba aqtiurad atarebda leqciebs.

publikaciebSi gamoqveynebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, 1950-51 wlebSi sul

27000 leqcia Catarda. sainteresoa, rom am leqciebis Temebs warmoadgenda:

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“rogor iwyeba cxovreba”, “adamianuri sawyisis Sesaxeb”, “samyaros

struqturis Sesaxeb”, “ra aris elva”, an “klimatis cvlileba, miwisZvrebi

da maTi zegavlena”. leqciebi imarTeboda aseve mimdinare aqtualuri

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da iseTi social-politikuri Temebis Sesaxeb, rogoric

aris eqvswliani rekonstruqciis gegma da omisSemdgomi politikuri

transformacia.

garda leqciebis Catarebisa, sazogadoeba aseve gamoscemda farTo

profilis publikaciebs. ukve 1950 wels sazogadoebam daiwyo iseTi

perioduli gamocemebis gamoSveba, rogoric iyo “problemebi” da “codna

da cxovreba”. sazogadoebam aseve daiwyo e.w. mcire sabiblioTeko seriis

gamocema, romelSic ganxiluli iyo inteleqtualuri da kulturuli

cxovrebis yvela sfero: sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, teqnologia,

geografia, istoria, socialuri politika, ekonomika, literatura da

kultura. 1958 wlisaTvis TiToeul am sferoSi daibeWda tomebi

daaxloebiT aTiaTasiani tiraJiT. 1957 wels aRdga e.w. “xalxuri skolebi”,

rogorc uwyveti ganaTlebis adgilobrivi centrebi. daarsda orasi aseTi

centri da maTi raodenoba sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda. centrebis

saqmianoba ZiriTadad leqciebis CatarebiT Semoifargleboda da Zalze

cota hqonda saerTo saxalxo universitetebis adre arsebul

tradiciasTan. dadebiT gamonakliss warmoadgenda ucxo enis kursebi. es

skolebi zogjer swavlis dasrulebis saSualebas aZlevda im adamianebs,

romlebmac Tavis droze skolaSi swavlas daanebes Tavi.

70-ian wlebSi sazogadoeba ufro Ria gaxda da daiwyo kavSirebis

damyareba dasavleT evropis arasocialistur qveynebTan da msoflio

organizaciebTan. aman gamoiwvia misi saqmianobis profilis gafarToeba,

kerZod ki, saskolo diplomebis mosamzadebeli, aseve ZiriTadi da Semgomi

profesiuli ganaTlebis kursebis CarTva programaSi.

1989 wels komunizmis dacemis Semdeg axali garemoebeba sistemis

restruqturizacias moiTxovda. yofili provinciuli filialebi

gadakeTda damoukidebel iuridiul erTeulebad, romlebic ama Tu im

79

konkretul regions emsaxureboda. dResdReobiT erovnuli aRmasrulebeli

komiteti mxolod sazogadoebis warmomadgenlobiT funqcias asrulebs.

gasuli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi “sazogadoebis” transformaciis procesi

didi siswrafiT mimdinareobda da misi profili Zirfesvianad Seicvala,

rogorc Sinaarsobrivi, aseve stuqturuli TvalsazrisiT. 1989 wels

mxolod ormocdacxra provinciuli filiali arsebobda. 1995 wels es

ricxvi jer ocdaerTamde Semcirda, Semdgom ki gaizarda da ocdaTerTmeti

gaxda. filialebis umetesoba amJamad regionalur safuZvelze muSaobs. aTi

maTgani damoukidebeli iuridiuli erTeuli gaxda da amJamad aqvT

sakuTari Senobebi, an administraciuli ofisebi da saklaso oTaxebi.

institutis midgoma da meTodebi Zirfesvianad gadaisinja. adre aqtualuri

e.w. “saleqcio” meTodi dRes aRar gamoiyeneba. amis nacvlad im adamianebs,

vinc adreul asakSi miatova skola, ufro meti saSualeba eZlevaT,

daasrulon swavla. yuradReba eqceva teqnikuri kolejebisa da umaRlesi

ganaTlebis skolebis Seqmnas da ucxo enebis arasaskolo kursebisa da

profesiuli swavlebis kursebis Catarebas. gansakuTrebiT gaizarda

konkurencia ucxo enebis swavlebis bazarze da am fonze asociaciis mier

Catarebuli ucxo enebis kursebis raodenoba 30 %-iT Semcirda. amis gamo

asociaciisaTvis kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda programaSi axali

kursebis CarTva – seminarebi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

organoebisaTvis, kompiuteruli dizainis kursebi, swavleba uZravi qonebis

agentTaTvis, ekonomikis kursebi specialur sferoebSi, rogoric aris

importi, eqsporti, sabaJo da sagadasaxado regulireba da auditi.

1999/2000 akademiuri wlis ganmavlobaSi asociaciis oTx institutSi

oci aTasi studenti swavlobda (institutebs saxelmwifo aRmasrulebeli

komiteti da aseve SCecinis, vroclavisa da olJinis regionaluri

filialebi marTavs); ucxo enebis kursebze eqvsasi studenti swavlobda

inglisur da germanul enebs; sxvadasxva regionaluri filialebis 266

saSualo skolaSi ki, 17 aTasi moswavle swavlobda.

80

reorganizaciis Tanmimdevrulma procesma “sazogadoebas” saSualeba

misca sakuTari adgili daemkvidrebina ganaTlebis bazarze da

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seetana kerZo ganaTlebis sferoSi.

wesdebis Tanaxmad, “umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tavisufali polonuri

skolebis sazogadoeba” samecniero da socialur organizaciaa, romlis

mizansac mecnierebis popularizacia warmoadgens. gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eqceva uwyvet ganaTlebas iseT sferoebSi, rogoric aris

socialuri politika, kultura da garemos dacva. misi saqmianoba

“umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tavisufali polonuri skolebis” tradiciebs

efuZneba. am sazogadoebis wevrebi gansxvavebuli samecniero sferoebidan

modiodnen. wesdebis mixedviT sazogadoebis mizans warmoadgens:

humanisturi xasiaTis progresuli idealebis mxardaWera; samecniero

codnis gavrceleba da misi gamoyeneba praqtikaSi; agreTve swavlebis

motivaciis amaRleba mosaxleobaSi.

sazogadoeba Tavisi miznebis miRwevas cdilobs kvleviTi proeqtebis

ganxorcielebis, samecniero seminarebis Catarebis, publikaciebis

gamocemis da socialur-kulturuli programebis Catarebis gziT.

sazogadoebas TerTmet provinciaSi Tormeti centri aqvs.

1996 wels uwyveti ganaTlebis aTma organizaciam poloneTSi xeli

moawera “Tanxmobis qartias zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciaTa

Soris”. ganaTlebis saministroSi xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobis pirebis

xSiri cvlis gamo uwyveti ganaTlebis seqtori xSirad yuradRebis

naklebobas ganicdida. qartia ki miznad isaxavda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

samoqalaqo organizaciaTa Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas am problemis

gadasaWrelad. qartiis mizans warmoadgens zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

organizaciaTa erToblivi qmedebebis mxardaWera saerTo miznebis

misaRwevad. es iTvaliswinebs miznebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvras,

aseve am miznebis miRwevisaTvis saWiro meTodebis SemuSavebas. gaerTianebas

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb TavianTi interesebis warsadgenad

samTavrobo organoebis winaSe saxelmwifo da adgilobriv doneze da aseve

81

sxva sazogadoebrivi dajgufebebis winaSe. Sesabamisad qartiis

xelismomweri organizaciebi erTad atareben kvlevebs, erTad amzadeben da

avrceleben publikaciebs, awyoben konferenciebs, simpoziumebs, seminarebsa

da saerTaSoriso kongresebs. regularuli konsultaciebi, romlebic,

rogorc wesi, weliwadSi orjer tardeba, TanamSromlobis erT-erT

umTavres formas warmoadgens. qartiis xelismomweri organizaciebi arian:

“polonel ganmanaTlebelTa sazogadoeba”, “muSaTa universitetebis

sazogadoeba”, “umaRlesi ganaTlebis Tavisufali polonuri skolebis

sazogadoeba”, “saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba”, “zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis polonuri asociacia”, “Semdgomi profesiuli ganaTlebis

centri”, “uwyveti ganaTlebis centrTa direqtorebis erovnuli asociacia”,

“aRmasrulebel pirTa ganaTlebisa da uwyveti ganaTlebis centri”,

“samecniero organizaciaTa asociacia” da “polonuri xelobis asociacia”.

qartiis wevrebi kvartalurad gamoscemen Jurnals, romelic ZiriTadad

profesiuli swavlebis sakiTxebs Seexeba. pirvelad Jurnali gamovida

saxelwodebiT “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba”. amJamad ki mas “mozardTa uwyveti

ganaTleba” ewodeba.

1998 wels qartiis gavleniT parlamentma ganaTlebis aqtSi

mniSvnelovani cvlileba Seitana. kerZod, aqtSi Seitanes Semdegi sityvebi:

“sazogadoebebi da fondebi, romelTa mizans warmoadgens mozrdilTa

ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa, ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovan nawils

Seadgenen.” es debuleba cnobs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kanonirebas da

uzrunvelyofs misTvis iuridiul safuZvels poloneTis ganaTlebis

sistemaSi. amdenad, es udavod progresis maCvenebelia. qartiis

xelismomwerTa mier dasaxul amocanebs Soris aris saparlamento aqtis

miReba uwyveti ganaTlebis marTvisa da Sesabamisi institutis daarsebis

Sesaxeb.

“zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis aramomgebiani organizaciebis kategoria”

aseve moicavs profesiuli swavlebis organizaciebs, rogoric aris

“polonel buRalterTa asociacia”. Aam asociaciis ZiriTad amocanas

82

wesdebis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens buRalterTa ZiriTadi da Semdgomi

swavleba. asociaciam daaarsa “profesiuli swavlebis centri, romelic

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi atarebda distanciuri swavlebis kurss

buRalteriasa da sabuRaltro aRricxvaSi sxvadasxva doneze saolqo

organizaciaTa bazaze.

komunizmis dacemis Semdeg asociacias mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis

gatareba mouxda, rogorc kursebis Sinaarsis, aseve maTi struqturisa da

organizebis TvalsazrisiT. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanamedrove

Teoriebisa da meTodebis aTvisebis Sedegad asociaciam SeimuSava axali

koncefciebi da teqnologiebi. asociacia atarebs grZelvadian kursebs

buRalterTa profesionalur doneze momzadebis uzrunvelsayofad. garda

aramomgebiani asociaciebisa da organizaciebisa, arsebobs aseve ramdenime

fondi, romelic ganaTlebis sferoSi eweva saqmianobas. aseTia, magaliTad,

“sasoflo kulturuli fondi”. am fondis xedviT, soflis fermerTa

kultura erovnuli kulturisa da identurobis ganuyofel nawils

warmoadgens.

fondis muSaobis umTavres princips warmoadgens soflis RirebulebaTa

kultivireba, Senaxva da gavrceleba. Sesabamisad igi gansakuTrebiT uWers

mxars iseTi Tanamedrove mxatvrebis, Teatraluri da musikaluri jgufebis

saqmianobas, romelic soflis tradiciebTanaa dakavSirebuli. igi Tavis

saqmianobas warmarTavs semianrebis, leqciebis, prezentaciebisa da sxva

RonisZiebebis saSualebiT. fondi aseve gamoscems enciklopediebs, video

da audio Canawerebs. fonds aqvs kvartaluri Jurnali “regionebi”, sadac

qveyndeba soflis cxovrebis kulturis amsaxveli eseebi, poezia da proza.

fondi Tavis saqmianobas afinansebs kerZo pirebisa da dawesebulebebisgan

miRebuli SemowirulobebiTa da daxmarebiT.

krakovSi mdebare iagielonianis universitets uwyveti ganaTlebis,

rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinis, Seswavlis sakmaod xangrZlivi

gamocdileba aqvs. 1945 wlis Semdeg es tradicia maswavlebelTa swavlebis

kolejTan erTad gagrZelda. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis pirveli kaTedra

83

daarsda krakovis universitetSi. swored aq tardeboda yvelaze

mniSvnelovani samecniero kvlevebi da maTi Sedegebic aq qveyndeboda.

maqsimilian siemenskim gansazRvra is ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi, romlebic

andragogikas ganasxvavebs sxva pedagogiuri da humanitaruli

mecnierebebisagan. aseT Taviseburebebs warmoadgens Sinaarsis da formebis

analizi, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis meTodebi da ganaTlebis procesis

zegavlena zrdasrulTa moralur da inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze da

maT TviTrealizaciaze sazogadoebaSi. siemienski miiCnevda, rom termini

“zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriebi” ufro mravlismomcveli iyo, radganac

andragogika gulisxmobs ufro konkretul sakiTxebs, rogorebic aris

programebi, meTodebi da formebi, romlebic xels uwyoben zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis process. franCisek urbanCikis kvlevebi ZiriTadad

zrdasrulTa swavlebis fsiqiur da motivaciur faqtorebs Seexeboda. man

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialuri funqcia gansazRvra, rogorc

adaptaciuri, integraciuli, kompensaciuri, ekonomikuri, revoluciuri da

politikuri.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis meore universiteti, romelmac zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis Seswavla

daiwyo, iyo loZis universiteti. am universitetSi aswvlidnen

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis cnobili eqspertebi Helena radlinska da

aleqsandre Kaminski. Helena radlinskam gamoikvlia zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis socialuri aspeqti da is socialuri garemoebebi, romlebic

xels uwyobs, an piriqiT, aferxebs im zrdasrul adamianebs, romlebsac

surT TviTrealizacia moaxdinon. Helena radlinskas studenti,

aleqsandre kaminski ki garTobis saSualebiT ganaTlebisa da xandazmulTa

ganaTlebis fuZemdeblad iTvleba.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sferoSi samecniero kvleva varSavis

universitetSi SedarebiT mogvianebiT Catarda. kerZod, 1960 wels. kvlevebi

tardeboda sxva mniSvnelovan centrebSic, magaliTad, poznanis

universitetSi, vroclavSi, torunsa da liublinSi. socialisturi epoqis

84

dros zrdasrulTa ganaTleba, rogorc samecniero sfero ar warmoadgenda

prioritets, radganac individebis kvleva ver Tavsdeboda socialistur

ideologiasTan.

kvlevebi ZiriTadad Seexeboda wera-kiTxvis swavlebas, zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis Teoriul safuZvlebs, zrdasrulTa skolebs, meTodologiasa

da didaqtikas, aseve damoukidebel, TviTmotivirebul swavlebas da

zrdasrulTa swavlebis istoriasa da SedarebiT kvlevas.

maSin, roca sxva qveynebSi zrdasrulTa swavlebis axali akademiuri

formebi viTardeboda, poloneTSi Ria universitetis gaxsna sul ufro da

ufro rTuldeboda. ufro metic, distanciuri swavlebis studentTa

raodenoba 100000-iT Semcirda. ar tardeboda aranairi RonisZieba uwyveti

ganaTlebis, rogorc samecniero sferos axali formis gansaviTareblad da

saxalxo samecniero leqciebis Catareba izRudeboda. ar arsebobda

saswavlo kursebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis eqspertTaTvis, arc swavlebis

kursebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplinis

Sesaxeb da am sferoSi leqciebis, kvlevebisa da publikaciebis raodenoba

SezRuduli iyo. es niSnavda ara mxolod uwyveti ganaTlebis samecniero

Seswavlis kargad organizebuli sistemis moSlas, romelic omamde

viTardeboda, aramed miuTiTebda zogadad ganaTlebis stagnaciaze,

radganac ar xdeboda Teoriuli da didaqtikuri masalis ganaxleba da

arsebuli saerTaSoriso kavSirebic gawyda. sauniversiteto zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis aRdgena moxda mxolod 1989 wlis Semdeg. amjerad kvleva ukve

axal Temebze iyo orientirebuli. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda

socialur transformacias da mis zegavlenas individebze. dResdReobiT

mniSvnelovan sakiTxTa siaSi Sedis socialuri sistemebis kvleva,

gasatarebeli cvlilebebi da ganaTlebis roli gardamavali periodis

problemaTa gadaWraSi. garda amisa, mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgens im

gzebis moZieba, romelsac ekonomikis stimulireba, regionaluri kulturis

ganviTareba da demokratiuli procesebis mxardaWera SeuZlia. poloneTis

ganaTlebis sistema debatebisa da kamaTis sagnad iqca da meti yuradReba

85

mieqca arasaskolo ganaTlebis ganviTarebas. saxalxo universitetebis

funqciebis gadaazrebasTan, programebisa da kursebis Sinaarsis

SecvlasTan erTad xdeboda axali koncefciebis danergva. mimdinareobda

ganxilvebi da msjelobebi omebs Soris periodSi warmoqmnili

saganmanaTleblo tradiciebis aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT.

ganxilvis kidev erT sagans warmoadgenda “profesionalizacia”.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebs utardebodaT ZiriTadi da

Semdgomi akademiuri swavleba, xdeboda samecniero koncefciebis

damuSaveba da sxvadasxva profilis mqone specialistebis swavleba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT moxda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistTa

rolisa da idealuri piradi Tvisebebis gadafaseba. uwyveti ganaTlebis

sistemis stabilizirebis mizniT xdeba axali winadadebebis SemuSaveba da

wardgena.

poloneli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebi gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas aqceven saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis Seswavlas, kerZod ki,

ganaTlebis sistemaTa sxvadasxva tipebis da evropis sxvadasxva qveynebis

praqtikas, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis gansakuTrebul tipebs da konkretuli

jgufebisaTvis arsebul gansakuTrebul koncefciebs, rogoric aris,

magaliTad, qalTa ganaTleba germaniaSi.

uwyveti ganaTlebis sferoSi gaCnda axali Temebis Seswavlis interesi.

magaliTad, sul ufro meti da meti kvleva tardeba jandacvisa da

ekologiuri ganaTlebis sferoSi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba

mesame Taobis ganaTlebas, aseve konkretuli fokus-jgufebis kvlevas.

bevri samecniero kvleva gamoqveynda andragogikis statusiT. es sfero ar

eqvemdebareba mTavrobis gavlenas, magram kvleva am sferoSi

dafinansebulia saxelmwifo seqtoris mier. saWiroa Semdgomi kvlevisa da

analizis Catareba adgilobriv SromiT bazrebze situaciisa da

profesiul swavlebaze moTxovnis dasadgenad. gasarkvevia zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis specialistTa kvalifikaciisa da statusis sakiTxi, aseve

SesamuSavebelia saswavlo programaTa modelebi. Casatarebelia kvleva

86

arasaskolo ganaTlebis sferoSi, aseve axal aqtualur sferoebSi,

rogoric aris jandacvis ganaTleba, axali teqnologiebi, an ojaxuri

ganaTleba.

“andragogikis akademiuri sazogadoeba”, romelic 1993 wels daarsda,

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis reorganizaciis procesSi mniSvnelovan

organizacias warmoadgens. sazogadoebis wevrebi arian, rogorc

mecnierebi, aseve am sferos praqtikosebi. sazogadoebis mizans warmoadgens

andragogikis akademiuri formebis institucionalizacia, zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis specialistTa swavleba, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriis

SemuSaveba da am sferos popularizacia publikaciebisa da sxvadasxva

gamocemebis saSualebiT. garda amisa, sazogadoeba TanamSromlobs

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizaciebTan, saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan

da saxelmwifo seqtorSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis interesebs warmoadgens.

sazogadoeba awyobs yovelwliur seminarebs da 1993 wlidan aqveynebs

kvartalur Jurnals saxelwodebiT “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba”. gamocemaTa

seriaSi “zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis biblioTeka” sazogadoeba aqveynebs

sakonferencio masalebsa da samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebs. sul

gamocemulia am seriis 22 tomi. 1994-1998 wlebSi sazogadoeba aseve

xelmZRvanelobda erTwlian diplomis Semdgom kurss zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebaSi torunis universitetSi. sazogadoebam daiwyo sazafxulo

seminarebis Catareba am sferos axalgazrda profesionalTaTvis. es

seminari mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

specialistTa swavlebaSi. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb konferenciebi

ewyoba ara mxolod am sazogadoebis, aramed poloneTis sxvadasxva

universitetebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis profesorTa mier. loZisa

da hanoveris universitetebma, aseve varSavisa da humboldtis

universitetebma TanamSromloba 80-ian wlebSi daiwyes da igi kvlavac

grZeldeba. sagrZnoblad gafarTovda saerTaSoriso kontaqtebi.

ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi polonuri universitetebi Caebnen

evropisa da msoflios universitetebis iniciativebsa da kvleviT

87

proeqtebSi. erT-erTi aseTi proeqti, romelic torunis universitetisa da

berlinis humboldtis universitetis mier ganxorcielda, Seexeboda qalTa

ganaTlebis sakiTxebs poloneTsa da germaniaSi.

poloneTis ganaTlebis seqtorSi SeiniSneba erTi mniSvnelovani

tendencia: mcirdeba im programebSi monawileobis msurvelTa ricxvi,

romlebic imaTTvis aris gankuTvnili, vinc adreul asakSi miatova

skolaSi swavla. sanacvlod, izrdeba profesiuli momzadebis, uwyveti

ganaTlebisa da profesiuli gadamzadebis programebSi monawileobis

msurvelTa ricxvi. Zireuli cvlilebebi adasturebs, rom zrdasrulTa

ganaTleba ukve aRar warmoadgens oficialuri saswavlo procesis

alternativas, aramed sruliad damoukidebeli sferoa ganaTlebis

sistemaSi. am monacemebis mixedviT poloneTSi jer kidev bevria

gasakeTebeli imisaTvis, rom aqauri zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema

evropul standartebs gauTanabrdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi

cvlilebebi gatarda ukanaskneli wlebis ganmaaaavlobaSi, uwyveti

ganaTleba jer kidev meorexarisxovan rols TamaSobs. samTavrobo

politikis gamtareblebs jer kidev ar gaucnobierebiaT zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis didi potenciali, rogorc sazogadoebis momavlis erT-erTi

ganmsazRvreli faqtorisa. saWiroa xalxs mieces saSualeba, gamoxatos

TavianTi interesebi, izrunos sakuTar profesiul karieraze da aqtiuri

monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. aucilebelia mTavrobam

garkveuli zomebi miiRos. qveyanaSi saswrafod unda SemuSavdes saTanado

sakanonmdeblo baza uwyveti ganaTlebisaTvis. uwyveti ganaTlebis

programebze xeli unda miuwvdebodes sazogadoebis yvela fenis

warmomadgenels, gansakuTrebiT ki Rarib da daucvel mosaxleobas.

aucilebelia Sesabamisi zomebis miReba uwyveti ganaTlebis

komercializaciis mzardi tendenciis sapasuxod.

saganmanaTleblo programebze mosaxleobis sayovelTao

xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa sruliad axali

struqturebis Camoyalibeba, gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba soflebsa da patara

88

qalaqebs. regionalizaciis tendencia da saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebze pasuxismgeblobis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

organoebisaTvis gadacema am process sagrZnoblad Seuwyobs xels. Tumca

aseve mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis samoqalaqo

organoebs. miznis misaRwevad aseve saWiroa zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

specialistTa kvalifikaciisa da profesionalizmis amaRleba.

ramdenadac zrdasrulTa ganaTleba zemoT aRwerili procesis nawils

warmoadgens, man aseve unda moaxdinos daucveli jgufebis – fizikuri

naklis mqone pirebis, socialurad daucveli pirebis, qalTa, soflis

mosaxleobis, aseve patara qalaqebis mosaxleobis integracia sistemaSi.

saWiroa saxalxo universitetebis infrastruqturis ganviTareba da maT

Soris kavSirebis damyareba. es iTvaliswinebs am universitetebisa da maTi

programebis reorganizebas SromiTi bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

saubedurod, distanciuri ganaTlebis sistemaSi didi progresi ar

SeiniSneba. arada es is dargia, romelsac didi potenciali aqvs ZiriTadi

da Semdgomi profesiuli swavlebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

uwyveti ganaTlebis wamyvan organizaciebs Soris aris “Secenis

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis polonuri asociacia”, romelmac 1993 wels

miiRo “regionaluri filialis” iuridiuli statusi da daiwyo Tavisi

saqmianobis gavrceleba regionSi. asociaciis saxeliT gadawyvetilebebs

iRebs misi generaluri asamblea da aRmasrulebeli sabWo. sazogadoebas

hyavs direqtori da xuTi mudmivi TanamSromeli. 1999 wels asociaciaSi

gawevrianebuli iyo sxvadasxva profesiisa da kvalifikaciis mqone 471

wevri. asociaciis saqmianobas afinansebs ocze meti sawarmo. maT aqvT

“mxardamWeri wevrebis” statusi. generaluri asamblea ikribeba weliwadSi

erTxel. aRmasrulebeli sabWos sxdoma, romelic 7 wevrisagan Sedgeba,

Cveulebriv weliwadSi eqvsjer imarTeba. asociaciis mniSvnelovan organos

warmoadgens mrCevelTa sabWo, romelic 17 wevrisagan Sedgeba, TiToeuli

maTgani pasuxismgebelia saqmianobis ama Tu im konkretul sferoze,

89

rogoric aris, magaliTad, sawarmoebTan urTierToba, koncefciis dizaini,

an socialuri da kulturuli ganaTleba.

garda diplomis Semdgomi ganaTlebisa da ucxo enis kursebisa,

asociacia aseve atarebs programebs sxvadasxva specifikur sakiTxebze.

1998/1999 wlebSi Catarda sul 509 aseTi programa, romelSic monawileoba

miiRo 10 949 adamianma. aqedan 373 Catarda ucxo enebis programis saxiT.

asociacia cdilobs, ganaTlebis dasrulebis saSualeba misces im

adamianebs, vinc es adre ver SeZlo da miatova skola. amisaTvis

asociacias aqvs saRamo skolebi da distanciuri saSualo ganaTlebis

programebi. asociacia aseve atarebs profesiuli swavlebis programas

zrdasrulTaTvis. am programis farglebSi sul 58-ma adamianma miiRo

diplomi. garda amisa, igi atarebs profesiuli swavlebis programebs

saSualo skoladamTavrebulTaTvis monacemTa damuSavebaSi, aseve samuSao

usafrTxoebasa da higienaSi. 1999 wels am ori programis farglebSi 64-ma

adamianma miiRo diplomi. garda amisa, asociacia sxva programebsac

axorcielebs.

rac Seexeba uwyveti ganaTlebis programebs da Taviseburebebs, 1996

wels SJeCinis regionalur filialSi daarsda humanitaruli koleji,

romelSic gaerTianebulia 4 fakulteti: samuSao adgilis pedagogika,

dawyebiTi skolis pedagogika, socialuri pedagogika da ganaTlebis

Teoria. 1998-1999 akademiur wels kolejSi 1026 studenti swavlobda.

instituti aseve awyobs saswavlo mivlinebebs. kolejs aqvs sakmaod kargi

adgilmdebareoba germanuli dawesebulebebis warmomadgenlebTan

Sexvedrebis Casatareblad. aseTi programebi xSirad tardeba

gansakuTrebiT geografiis, kulturisa da ucxo enebis swavlebis dargSi.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos kolejsa da germanul sazogadoebrivi

uwyveti ganaTlebis centrebs Soris arsebuli mWidro TanamSromloba.

arsebul saxalxo universitetebs Soris sanimuSo uwyveti ganaTlebis

dawesebulebas warmoadgens “rezidentuli saxalxo universiteti

lubievoSi”. universiteti mdebareobs varSavis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT

90

mdebare provinciaSi. igi ganTavsebulia yofili sasoflo sameurneo

institutis SenobaSi. skolas aqvs eqvsi saklaso oTaxi da sacxovrebeli

adgili 40 studentisaTvis. universiteti 1993 gaixsna da igi efuZneba

ekologiuri saxalxo universitetis ideas. universitetSi tardeba

seminarebi da sakvirao RonisZiebebi ekologiur sakiTxebze, rogoric aris

ekologiuri humanizmi, soflis meurneobis ekologiuri da biodinamikuri

koncefciebi, mSeneblobis ekologiurad gamarTlebuli meTodebi, saSinao

meurneoba, aqtiuri garemos dabinZureba, miwis damuSavebis Sedegad

niadagis dabinZureba da ganaxlebadi resursebi. saklaso oTaxebi

aRWurvilia ekologiuri sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad da saSinao meurneobis

kursebis Casatareblad. garda amisa, ramdenime mcire zomis ekologiuri

sakanalizacio sistema, romelic sxvadasxva adgilas damontaJda, iZleva

narCeni wylebis dasufTavebis procesis Seswavlis saSualebas.

rezidentuli saxalxo umaRlesi skola aseve atarebs enis kursebs da

sxvadasxva RonisZiebebs soflis cxovrebisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. am

kursebsa da programebSi daaxloebiT 700 studenti iRebs monawileobas.

“torunis uwyveti ganaTlebis centri” 1978 wels daarsda ramdenime

skolis gaerTianebis Sedegad. centrs hyavs sakuTari pedagogiuri da

administraciuli personali, aseve aRWurviloba, maT Soris sagamomcemlo

danadgarebi. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi instituti umniSvnelo rols

TamaSobda ganaTlebis sistemaSi. mxolod 1990-ian wlebSi aRiara centri

ganaTlebis saministrom uwyveti ganaTlebis dawesebulebad mier da moxda

misi funqciebis xelaxali gansazRvra. 1992 wlis Semdeg centrma TandaTan

daiwyo ganviTareba. amJamad mis gankargulebaSi aris sami Senoba 54

saklaso oTaxiT, eqvsi Tanamedrove kompiuteruli laboratoriiT, sabeWdi

saklaso oTaxiT, praqtikuli mecadineobis kabinetiT, ori biblioTekiT

(romelSic 40 aTasi wignia), aseve administraciuli oTaxebiTa da

Tanamedrove sagamomcemlo danadgarebiT. aq ibeWdeba saswavlo masala ara

mxolod centris Sida gamoyenebisaTvis, aramed poloneTis uwyveti

ganaTlebis sxva dawesebulebebisTvisac. garda amisa, centrs aqvs

91

studentTa saerTo sacxovrebeli. dagegmilia sastumro oTaxebis mowyobac

mowveuli eqspertebisTvis. es oTaxebi ise unda iyos mowyobili, rom

saWiro SemTxvevaSi maTi gamoyeneba saswavlo procesisTvisac SeiZlebodes.

120 kacisgan Semdgari TanamSromlebis StatiT torunis uwyveti

ganaTlebis centri emsaxureba ramdenime jgufs. garda 13 sxvadasxva

dasaxelebis xelobisa, aq iswavleba ekonomika, biznesi, sxvadasxva

teqnologiebi da agreTve SesaZloa zogadi ganaTlebis skolis programis

Seswavlac. centrSi moqmedebs 16 sxvadasxva profesiis Semswavleli

orwliani kursi skoladamTavrebulTaTvis da kursebi swavlis

gagrZelebis nebismieri asakis msurvelTaTvis. es ukanasknelni or

kategorias miekuTvnebian: isini, visac damoukideblad surT rame

specialobis Seswavla, an isini, vinc damqiraveblebis mier arian

mivlinebulni samsaxurebidan garkveuli unarebis gasaviTareblad. centrSi

aswavlian kompiuterul programebs, monacemTa bazis Sedgenas,

buRalterias, marketings da TviTon zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis pedagogikas.

amasTan erTad, centrs gaaCnia aTi sakonsultacio centri sxvadasxva

provinciaSi, romlebic Tavis mxriv amzadeben msurvelebs misaRebi

gamocdebis Casabareblad.

imis gamo, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mniSvneloba sul ufro da

ufro izrdeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis dasavlur saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebam moaxerxa, rom damoukidebel

disciplinad Camoyalibebuliyo, rasac jer-jerobiT ver vityviT Cvens

qveyanaze.

92

III Tavis daskvna

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis istoria antikuri xanidan iRebs saTaves,

magram instituciur saxes me-18 saukuneSi iRebs. pirveli saxalxo

universitetebi gaCnda skandinaviis qveynebSi, germaniaSi, poloneTsa da

evropis sxva qveynebSi. xSirad am mimarTulebis ganviTareba qveyanaSi

mosaxleobis erovnuli an socialuri Tavisuflebis mopovebasTan iyo

dakavSirebuli. didi roli ekava zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis

saqmeSi eklesia-monastrebs. ganaTlebis am sistemis degradacia ki, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, qveynis okupaciasTan, an komunisturi sistemis

damkvidrebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba me-20 saukunis saqarTveloSi, sabWoTa kavSiris

SemadgenlobaSi yofnis dros saxelmwifos dakveTaze aages da mimarTaves

mxolod profesiuli kvalifikaciis amRlebisken. gardaqmnis periodSi

gaCnda saqarTveloSi moRvawe mkvlevarTa pirveli Teoriuli publikaciebi

dasavleTSi gavrcelebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis

Sesaxeb, magram qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri da ekonomikuri

cvlilebebis Tanmdevi kataklizmebis gamo, maT ar miecaT saSualeba

praqtikulad SeesxaT xorci Teoriulad Camoyalibebuli ideebisTvis.

mxolod meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi gaxda SesaZlebeli saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis mxardaWeriT gadagmuliyo pirveli praqtikuli nabijebi.

21-e saukunis mijnaze am evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi,

saqarTvelo evropisa da evroatlantikur struqturebTan integraciis

mizniT, ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT samoqmedo gegmaSi zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis mimarTulebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebis CarTva da

gaTvaliswineba mouwevs.

mocemul TavSi detalurad aris aRwerili zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

institutebis ganviTarebis etapebi evropaSi me-20 saukuneSi, Tumca am

mimarTulebam, axali Sromis bazris moTxovnebis sapasuxod, axali

Rirebulebebi SeiZina, razec saubari iqneba momdevno TavebSi.

93

IV Tavi: zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialur-pedagogiuri

rolis Sefaseba Sromis bazris axali moTxovnebis sapasuxod

(statistikuri mimoxilva da diskusia)

4.1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli Sromis bazris axali moTxovnebis

dakmayofilebaSi

statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis 2010 wlis monacemebiT

saqarTveloSi umuSevroba daaxloebiT 17% Seadgens. eqspertTa SefasebiT

umuSevrobis realuri done qveyanaSi sul cota 30-35%-ia68, radgan

oficialur monacemebs daemata bolo wlebis reformebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli sajaro institutebis profesiuli da struqturuli

reorganizacia-restruqturizaciis Sedegad samuSaos gareSe darCenil

mosamsaxureTa ricxvi, romelTa erTi nawili SeTavsebiT eweoda garkveul

saqmianobas (TviTdasaqmebis mimarTulebiT) da agrZelebs kvlav, magram

meore nawili darCa absoluturad umuSevari (maTi raodenoba jer

aRricxuli ar aris, mimdinareobs xelaxali atestaciebi da konkursebi

sajaro samsaxurebSi gamocxadebul vakansiebze) da TviTdasaqmebas eweva.

qvemoT mocemulia ori cxrili, romelic adasturebs oficialur da

araoficialur monacemebs umuSevrobis Sesaxeb.

cxrili 1: umuSevarTa da dasaqmebelTa raodenoba 2004-2010

დასაქმება და უმუშევრობა

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

ეკონომიკურად აქტიური მოსახლეობა (სამუშაო ძალა), ათასი კაცი 2041.0 2023.9 2021.8 1965.3 1917.8 1991.8 1944.9

დასაქმებული, ათასი კაცი 1783.3 1744.6 1747.3 1704.3 1601.9 1656.1 1628.1

უმუშევარი, ათასი კაცი 257.6 279.3 274.5 261.0 315.8 335.6 316.9

უმუშევრობის დონე, პროცენტებში 12.6 13.8 13.6 13.3 16.5 16.9 16.3

წყარო: საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური

68

ekonomikis ganviTarebis saministros statistikis departamentis 2003 w. angariSi

94

gardamaval periodSi myof qveynebSi asakovani adamianebi (45-65),

rogorc wesi umuSevrobis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgari adamianebis did

segments warmoadgenen. socialuri kvlevis statistikur monacemTa

analitikurma kvlevam aseTi suraTi gviCvena:

cxrili 2: socialuri kvelvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi dasaqmebis

Sesaxeb 2011 wlisTvis

27% dasaqmebulia (srul an naxevar ganakveTze)

31% dausaqmebelia, an eZebs samsaxurs (aq Sedian rogorc umuSevrebi, aseve gadamdgari pirebi, romlebic isev eZeben samsaxurs)

5% dausaqmebelia da ar eZebs samsaxurs (aq Sedian rogorc umuSevrebi, aseve gadamdgari pirebi, romlebic dainteresebuli arian dasaqmebiT, magram ar eZeben samsaxurs)

36% ara-aqtiuri samuSao Zala (aq Sedian studentebi, diasaxlisebi, pensionerebi, romlebic ar arian dainteresebuli samsaxuriT, umuSevrebi, romlebic ar arian dainteresebuli dasaqmebiT)

wyaro: NDI-is kvleva, dafinansebuli SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis da TanamSrolobis saagentos (Sida), evraziis partnioruli fondis (Eurasia Foundation) da didi britaneTis gaerTianebyli samefos saelCos mier, 2011 wlis marti.

95

dasaqmebis statistikis maCvneblebSi zemoaniSnuli asakobrivi

jgufebi ZiriTadad TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxvSi xvdebian.

cxrili 3: umuSevarTa da dausaqmebelTa raodenoba asakis mixedviT 2010

wlis maCveneblebi69

dasaqmebis done (procentebSi) 9.6 33.5 51.1 58.3 67.0 70.7 71.7 71.8 70.3 62.9 39.7 52.9

2010

aTasi kaci

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65+ sul sul aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala) 44.1 162.2 182.1 184.3 193.3 195.3 232.1 212.7 179.4 135.4 224.2 1944.9 dasaqmebuli 31.4 100.0 131.6 139.7 156.3 169.8 204.4 188.7 158.6 124.9 222.6 1628.1 daqiravebuli 5.3 45.1 70.2 72.1 74.0 71.9 82.0 73.6 60.6 38.5 25.3 618.6 TviTdasaqmebuli 26.0 54.5 61.1 67.5 82.0 97.8 121.9 114.9 97.9 86.4 197.2 1007.1 gaurkveveli 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.4

umuSevari 12.8 62.2 50.6 44.5 36.9 25.5 27.8 23.9 20.8 10.4 1.6 316.9 mosaxleoba samuSao Zalis gareT 227.7 108.2 64.6 49.5 37.5 36.0 46.0 44.1 51.4 60.9 357.3 1083.3 umuSevrobis done (procentebSi) 28.9 38.3 27.8 24.2 19.1 13.0 12.0 11.2 11.6 7.7 0.7 16.3 aqtiurobis done (procentebSi) 16.2 60.0 73.8 78.8 83.7 84.4 83.4 82.8 77.7 69.0 38.6 64.2 dasaqmebis done (procentebSi) 11.5 37.0 53.3 59.8 67.7 73.4 73.5 73.5 68.7 63.7 38.3 53.8

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (cxrilebSi mocemuli maCveneblebi miRebulia Sinameurneobebis integrirebuli gamokvlevidan)

erTi sistemidan meore sistemaze gadasvlis gamo, Sromis bazris

sferoSi gaCnda disbalansi. miuxedavad imisa, rom dasaqmebis maCvenebeli

mkveTrad daeca, garkveul wilad gaCnda profesionalurad momzadebuli

kadrebis deficitic; mosaxleobis did nawils ar gaaCnda saTanado unar-

Cvevebi imisTvis, rom konkurentunariani yofiliyo; Tavisufal sabazro

69

ixileT “socaluri mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi 2004 wlisTvis”. gv. 24. Sifri: saqarTvelos ekonomikis saministros statistikis departamenti. Tbilisi, 2004 weli

96

ekonomikaze gadasvlam gamoiwvia xelfasebis mzardi diferenciacia, xolo

Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis uqonlobis gamo samuSao adgilebi daucveli

aRmoCnda; mniSvnelovnad zrdis dausaqmebeli adamianebis raodenobas

zogadsaganmanaTleblo da umaRlesi saswavleblebis kursdamTavrebulTa

ricxvi da is faqti, rom 1989 wlidan moyolebuli qveyana yovelwliurad

saSualod 2.2-2.6 procentiT mcirdebada mosaxleobis sazRvargareT

migraciis gamo. da bolos, 2008 wlis movlenebma daRi daasva ganviTarebis

procesebs qveyanaSi, razec metyvelebs qvemoT mocemuli cxrili:

cxrili 4: rogor Seicvala situacia saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis ianvris mdgomarobasTan SedarebiT, ukeTesobisken, uaresobisken Tu igivea.

dasaqmeba fasebis mateba teritoriebi siRaribe pensiebi janmrTeloba xelfasebi natos wevroba ganaTleba ruseT.damok. adam.uflebebi samarTl.arCevn. sakuTr. ufl. sasamrTlo sist. sityv. Tavisuf. korufcia evrokavS. wevr. mediis Tavisuf.

mwvane: ukeTesia yviTeli: igivea wiTeli: uaresia nacrisferi: ar vici

wyaro: NDI-is kvleva, dafinansebuli SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis da TanamSrolobis saagentos (Sida), evraziis partnioruli fondis (Eurasia Foundation) da didi britaneTis gaerTianebyli samefos saelCos mier, 2011 wlis marti.

97

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-16 muxli ambobs: "yvelas aqvs sakuTari

pirovnebis Tavisuflad ganviTarebis ufleba"70. Cveni sazogadoebis didi

nawili ki dRes moklebulia am uflebas, radgan xeli ar miuwvdeba

damatebiT ganaTlebaze. mimdinare periodSi irRveva adamianis Sromis

uflebac. qvemoT mocemuli statistikuri monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT,

mimdinare reformebis Tanmdevi kataklizmebis, ekonomikis sxvadasxva

sferoebis profilis Secvlis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa da sxva sajaro

institutebis restruqturizaciis Sedegad erovnul meurneobaSi

dasaqmebulTa ricxvi erT milionze meti kaciT Semcirda, rac qveynisTvis

umwvaves socalur-ekonomikur gamowvevad iqca. yovelive zemoTqmuls

emateba teqnologiuri da komunikaciuri revoluciis Sedegad Secvlili

Sromis bazris moTxovnebi.

adgili aqvs seriozul disbalanss samuSao Zalaze moTxovnasa da

mis miwodebas Soris, rogorc raodenobrivi, ise struqturuli da

xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT. umuSevrobas kidev ufro amwvavebs

profesiebis, kvalifikaciis da asakis mixedviT samuSao Zalaze moTxovna-

miwodebas Soris arsebuli disbalansi. Sromis bazarze moTxovna Warbobs

SedarebiT dabalkvalificiur da arakvalificiur Sromaze, rogoric aris:

realizatori, mimtani, mZRoli, mSenebeli muSa, mcxobeli, mzareuli,

momvleli, damsufTavebeli da sxv., xolo miwodebaSi Warbobs umaRlesi

ganaTlebis mqone specialistebi, romelTa didi procenti cudad an

saerTod ar icnobs Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi danergil axal

teqnologiebs, romelic saqarTveloSic ikidebs fexs. Aar arsebobs

adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis samsaxurebi, Tu ar CavTvliT Sromis,

janmrTelobisa da socaluri dacvis saministrosTan arsebul dasaqmebis

departaments, romelsac limitirebuli monacemTa baza gaaCnia da isic

mxolod dedaqalaqiT Semoifargleba. saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ar gaaCnia

dabali kvalifikaciis profesiebis aTvisebis arc saSualeba da jer-

70

saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tavi II, muxli 16, gv. 5

98

jerobiT naklebia maTi msurvelTa raodenobac garkveuli fsiqologiuri

barieris gadaulaxaobis gamo.

sazogadoeba axali socialuri gamowvevis winaSe dgas. socialuri foni

gansxvavdeba asakobriv kategoriebSi. sWarbobs dausaqmebelTa raodenoba

teqnikuri da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneTa Soris. imavdroulad gaCnda

kadrebis deficiti, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom arsebul kvalifikaciaze

moTxovna aRar aris da saWiroa axeli unarebis da codnis SeZena, raTa

dakmayofildes Sromis bazris axali moTxovnebi. bevri ganaTlebuli da

Sromismoyvare adamiani darCa umuSevari da dResac dgas am saSiSroebis

winaSe. qveynis xelisufleba iniciativebiT gamodis, raTa pirdapiri Tu

iribi gzebiT izrunos zrdasrulTa am asakobrivi segmentis adamianebis

axal Sromis bazarTan dakavSirebaze. asakovani specialistebis dasaqmebis

mimarTulebiT, isini kerZo bizness garkveuli stimulebis paketis da

SeRavaTebis (garkveuli periodiT saSemosavlo gadasaxdidan

gaTavisufleba, kadrebis gadamzadeba da sxv.) sanacvlod asakovani (45-60

wlis) adamianebis dasaqmebas sTavazoben, raTa garkveul socialur efeqts

miaRwion. am mizniT ixarjeba garkveuli Tanxebi sxvadasxva saxelisuflo

organizaciebis mierac. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi Camoyalibda

konkretuli meTodologia, Tu rogor daexmaros skolis maswavleblebs

maTi Sromis axal bazarTan morgebaSi (reformirebuli ganaTlebis

sistemis mimarTulebiT). sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad efeqturia Sedegi da

sworad aris Tu ara es xarjebi gaRebuli. unda Seiqmnas iseTi

meTodologia, rom ar iyos tyuilad daxarjuli Tanxebi. garda amisa,

saqarTveloSi iseve, rogorc sxva dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropis da

aseve, aziis ganviTarebul qveynebSi, yvela asakis adamians unda hqondes

saSualeba, mudmivad iRebdes ganaTlebas da ergebodes Tanamedrove bazris

moTxovnebs.

ganaTlebis saministros mier organizebuli maswavlebelTa profesiuli

ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa, romelic sajaro skolis

maswavleblebis sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis mosamzadeblad 2009

99

wlidan tardeba, yvela asakis pedagogs ver gauCina am gamocdebis

Cabarebis motivacia. Tu SevadarebT qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi naCveneb

pedagogebis raodenobas sajaro skolebSi 2009-2010 da 2010-2011 saswvlo

wlebs Soris, dainaxavT sajaro skloebSi dasaqmebuli maswavleblebis

raodenobis klebis tendencias, rac, savaraudod 2010-2014 wlebSi

dagegmili maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisadmi asakovani

maswavleblebis damokidebulebis Sedegi unda iyos (ixileT qvemoT me-4

Tavi, kvelvis meTodologia).

cxrili 5: pedagogebis raodenoba sajaro skolebSi

saswavlo wlis dasawyisisaTvis, kaci 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011*

pedagogebi, sul 69718 68779 69444 79891 63512 aqedan qalebi 61344 58649 59202 68587 54962

maT Soris I-VI klasSi: 47171 45724 45941 52010 …

aqedan qalebi 40274 40217 39478 46405 …

VII-XII klasSi 49755 67909 48131 54956 …

aqedan qalebi 39478 56257 39354 46058 …

wyaro: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro * 2011 wlis 5 aprilis mdgomareobiT

zemoT mocemuli cxrilebi maCveneblebi metyvelebs imaze, rom

asakobriv kategoriebs Soris umuSevrobis done asakovan adamianebSi

bevrad maRalia. es iwvevs socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworobis

gaRrmavebas, rac Tavis mxriv safrTxes uqmnis mosaxleobis keTildReobas.

amasTan, mosaxleobis didi nawili ver axerxebs TviTrealizacias. zogi

maTgani adre miRebuli ganaTlebasa da kvalifikacias veraferSi iyenebs.

zogic arCeul (an izulebiT arCeul) saqmianobaSi ver xedavs Tavis Tavs.

SeSfoTebas iwvevs is faqtic, rom globalizacia da axali

teqnologiebi udides gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis piradi da

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela aspeqtze. axali teqnologiebi iTxovs

100

nakleb muSaxels da maRal profesionalizms, xolo am teqnologiebis

aTvisebisTvis saWiro gadamzadebis kursebi an ar arsebobs, an Znelad

xelmisawvdomia.

informaciul vakuumSi moqceuli regioniebis mosaxleoba socalur

izolaciaSi eqceva da ganicdis frustracias. globalizaciis procesebis

da teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT gamowveuli axali unar-Cvevebis

ganviTarebis saWiroeba da adamianis cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare mudmiv

cvalebad pirobebTan aucilebeli adaptacia iTxovs xelmisawvdomobas

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva formebze.

yvelas unda axsovdes, rom socialur izolaciaSi moqcevis saSiSroebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, adamiani gamudmebiT unda iyos movlenaTa epicentrSi da

TviTrealizaciis mizniT, man gamudmebiT unda srulyos sakuTari

SesaZleblobebi, orientacia, kariera da partniorTa qseli, anu daicvas

sakuTari Tavi socialurad, gadalaxos inovaciuri barierebi da dasZlios

siRaribe. man unda daikavos Tavisi adgili Sromis bazarze zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis “umniSvnelovanesi funqcia aris da yovelTvis iqneba aswavlos

adamians, icxovros janmrTeli da aqtiuri cxovrebiT, raTa ipovos

sakuTari biliki cxovrebis gzaze, raTa SeZlos sakuTari Tavis

sazogadoebasTan integrireba, TviTon aimaRlos TviTSegneba, radgan

TiToeuli adamiani kacobriobis istoriis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia”71.

rogorc aRvniSneT, umuSevrobis erT-erTi mizezi isic aris, rom

profesiul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT, damqiraveblebs gauCndaT axali

moTxovnebi. qveyanaSi gaCnda axali specialobebi, romelTa Seswavlis

SesaZlebloba saTanado saxsrebisa Tu Sesabamisi ganaTlebis uqonlobis

gamo saqarTvelos regionebis mosaxleobas ar gaaCnia. damqiravebelsa da

daqiravebulTa Soris arsebuli vakuumis amovseba zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis erT-erTi amocanaa.

71

norber f.b. gregeri da eva prJibilska “zrdasrulTa ganaTleba poloneTSi”

101

amerikeli mkvlevarebis linda delpis da miranda auTmen-krameris72

azriT, 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi Crdilo amerikel mSromelebs pesimizmis

sakmao mizezi aqvT, radgan globaluri ekonomikis, teqnologiuri da

sakomunikacio revoluciis miRwevebi da sargebeli sulac ar aris

samrTlianad ganawilebuli da gaziarebuli mosaxleobas Soris.

maSin, roca Crdilo amerikis mosaxleobas da ganaTlebis mesveurebs

aqvT Relvis sababi, warmoidgineT, raoden Rrmad dgas igive problema

saqarTveloSi, iq, sadac ufskruli ubralo admaianebsa da “e.w.

ganaTlebul elitas” (igulisxmeba adamianebis priviligirebuli fena,

romlesac finansuri SesaZlebloba gaaCnia Svilebs ganaTleba

sazRvargareT miscen) Soris mizezTa da mizezTa gamo isedac didia.

amerikeli mkvlevarebis azriT, es sakiTxi pirvel rigSi

ganmanaTleblebs unda aRelvebdeT, maT, visac miaCnia, rom ganaTleba erT-

erTi umTavresi iaraRia socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgenis saqmeSi73.

termini “ganaTlebuli elita”74 danieli mRvdlis, nikolai grudtvigis

miewereba. igi, rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, saxalxo universitetebis

erT-erT damfuZneblad iTvleboda da misi mizani iyo ganaTlebis gziT im

“xidis” aSeneba, romelic ubralo adamianebsa da “ganaTlebul elitas”

Soris arsebuli ufskrulis gadalaxvaSi moexmareboda qveyanas.

ekonomikuri cvlilebebiT gamowveuli umuSevroba, migracia,

ganaTlebis krizisi da sxv. metwilad aisaxa 30-60 wlis adamianebze75,

romelTac mouwiaT saqmianobis sferos, samuSao koleqtivisa da

teqnologiebis cvla.

72

Linda Delp, Miranda Outman-Kramer, S.J. Schruman and K. Wong Teaching for Change: Popular Education and

the Labor Movement. Los Angeles, UCLA Center for Labor Research and Education, 2002, 253 p. Journal Adult

Education Quarterly 2004, Vol 54 No 2. 73

Kwang Kim Westat, Sean Creighton Education Statistics Services Institute, National Center for Education Statistics,

November 1999 Participation in Adult Education in the United States: 1998-1999. 74

Nordic “folkeopplysing” and Adult Education – gamoqveynebulia skandinaviis qveynebis nordiuli ministrTa sabWos mier. 1997 w. AKA-PRINT A/S 75

zrdasrulTa asakobrivi gradaciis sakiTxi ganxilulia mocemuli disertaciis mesame Tavis meore paragrafSi.

102

amerikeli mkvlevarebi lin kelneri da david hedadi76 TavianT kvlevaSi

weren, rom gamokiTxuli respondentebi, romlebic warmoadgenen programa

“keTildReoba da samsaxuris” monawileebs, moicaven 25-dan 65 da zeviT

asakis adamianebi da isini aRniSnaven, rom keTildReobis misaRwevad 12

sferodan erT-erTi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaa. gamokiTxulidan 20%

aRniSnavs, rom maT keTildReobas zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis programebSi

monawileobiT miaRwies. unda iTqvas, rom es maCvenebeli kidev ufro

gaizrdeba grZelvadiani kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan am mimarTulebidan

miRebuli miRwevebis Sedegebi ufro grZel vadazea gaTvlili.

amerikis ganaTlebis departamentis77 statistikuri monacemebiT

(satelefono gamokiTxvebis Sedegad) zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi

monawileTa raodenoba bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi 46%-iT gaizarda.

zogierTi maTganis mizania ZiriTadi unarebis SeZena; zogis - Sromis

bazris SesabamisobaSi mosvla, zogis – keTildReobis miRweva da zogis –

karieris gakeTeba.

1989 wels komunizmis dacemis Semdeg poloneTSi sazogadoeba sakmaod

rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. vinaidan mTavrobis mxridan dafinanseba

Sewyda, sazogadoeba iZulebuli gaxda, Cabmuliyo Tavisufal

konkurenciaSi Tavisufal bazarze gamosul sxva organizaciebTan.

mdgomareoba imanac gaarTula, rom sazogadoeba sakuTari Senoba-

nagebobebisa da oTaxebis naklebobas ganicdida. Sesabamisad bevri

provinciuli filiali daixura. mxolod im filialebma gaagrZeles

saqmianoba, romelTa mmarTvelebmac SesZles da saxelmwifo, kerZo da

arasamTavrobo organizaciebs konkurencia gauwies. am institutTa

sabednierod, uwyvet ganaTlebaze moTxovna sakmaod maRali iyo da xalxi

survils iCenda, TviTon gadaexada swavlis safasuri. moxda zogadi,

76

Lynne A. Keller and David Haddad with Ann G. Forcier, Sept. 2001, Volume 6 Number 3. “She Even Walked the

Dog” The Roles of Relational Context and Goal Setting in a Welfare to Work Program. The Qualitative Report

<www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR6-3/kellner.html 77

National Hosehold Education Survey of 1999. Adult Education Interview Data File. User's Manual 2000. U.S.

Department of Education. Office of Educational Research and Improvement. NCES 2000-077

103

socialuri da kulturuli Temebis ugulebelyofa saswavlo programaSi.

humanitaruli da kulturuli sferoebidan swavlebis koncentracia

gadavida praqtikul da gamoyenebiT sferoebsa da unar-Cvevebze.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis umniSvnelovanesi amocana, ra Tqma unda,

Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da SromiTi bazris moTxovnebze saTanadod

reagirebaa. statistikuri monacemebiT poloneTSi saSualo

skoladamTavrebulTa 24 % iyenebs uwyveti ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebs. am

adamianTa erTi nawili aris soflis macxovrebeli da meore –

dausaqmebeli mosaxleoba.

1999 wels poloneTSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sertifikati miiRo 279

msmenelma, romelTac sxvadasxva profesiebi Seiswavles; 419 studentma,

romelTac Seiswavles zogadi ganaTlebis kursi, rac saSualo skolis

daumTavreblobis gamo ver gaiares Tavis droze; 223 studentma,

romelTac hqondaT prof-teqnikuri ganaTlebis miRebis survili skolis

damTavrebis Semdeg. sertifikatebi gaica aseve daaxloebiT 1000 msmenelze,

romelTac gaiares trening-programebi sxvadasxva unarebis

gasaumjobeseblad da 580 msmenelze, romelTac survili hqondaT

eqsternad daesrulebinaT swavla saSualo skolebsa Tu sxvadasxva

profesiul-teqnikur saswavleblebSi.

rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, 1997 wels hamburgSi (germania) gaimarTa

UNESCO-s ganaTlebis institutis mier organizebuli saerTaSoriso

konferencia CONFINTEA-s, romelSic monawileobas iRebda afrikis, aziis,

evropis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebis warmomadgenlobebi. angariSi

zemoRniSnul konferenciaze daibeWda inglisur, frangul. espanur, Cinur,

rusul da arabul enebze (mogvianebiT daniur, estonur, finur, latviur

da sxv. enebzec), daegzavna monawile qveynebs da gamoqveynda institutis

vebgverdze78. konferenciaze miRebuli deklaracia mogviwodebs, rom unda

moxdes:

78

www.unesco.org/education/uie

104

yvelasaTvis muSaobis da mdgrad saarsebo saSualebebze uflebebis

aRiareba.

samsaxurze orientirebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa

konkretuli codniTa da unar-CvevebiT da amiT Sromis bazarze

SeRwevadobisa da profesiuli mobilurobis xelSewyoba.

damqiravebelsa da daqiravebulebs Soris partnioruli

TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.

araformalur safuZvelze miRebuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis sruli

aRiarebis xelSewyoba.

sxadasxva miznobrivi jgufebisTvis orientirebul samsaxurze

SeRwevis mizniT zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemaSi Sesabamisi

RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba.

samuSaoze orientirebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis iseTi

ganviTareba, romelic ganxorcieldeba iseTi RonisZiebebis

meSveobiT, rogoricaa saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa

moqalaqeTa uflebebis, saorganizacio mSeneblobis, bunebrivi

resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, sasursaTo usafrTxoebis da

reproduqtiuli jandacvis sferoebSi.

konferenciis deklaraciis mTavari mowodeba (mesiji) mdgomarobda

SemdegSi: “aqtiuri da informirebuli (ganaTlebuli) moqalaqeebis yolis

gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba msoflioSi arsebuli globaluri riskebis,

ekologiuri riskebis, janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi gavrcelebuli

daavadebebis, kulturisTvis saSiSi movlenebis (rasizmi, qsenofobia)

Tavidan arideba. moqalaqeebs axlave, gadaudeblad sWirdebaT SeiZinion, an

gaiZlieron unari sakuTari iniciativebis gamosavlenad. ver davelodebiT

im dros, roca bavSvebi wamoizrdebian. amas 30 weli dasWirdeba, es ki

Zalian didi droa. aucilebelia Semdgomi ganaTlebis saSualeba mieces

amJamindel zrdasrul adamianebs, kacebs da qalebs. zrdasrulTa

ganaTleba dReisTvis centraluri sakiTxia. yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom

105

adamianebis SesaZlebloba, potencia da unari, iswavlos sicocxlis

manZilze axali saukunis da axali mileniumis sworad formirebis

amocanis Sesasruleblad centraluri sakiTxebia. TiToeuli moqalaqis

avtonomiurobis, SemoqmedebiTobis da TviTgamoxatulebis unari

demokratiisTvis ara marto mizania, aramed pirobac”79.

qveyanaSi krizisis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi xSirad dakavSirebulia

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobisa da Rirebulebebis globalur

cvlilebasTan. xdeba Semobruneba principulad axali socialur-

kulturuli tipis sazogadoebisken, romelic dafuZnebulia garkveuli

codnis sistemaze. am codnis mobilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

saSualebad, ganaTlebis sxva sferoebTan erTad, zrdasrulTa ganaTleba

unda iqnes miCneuli. mTavari roli ki am codnis mobilizaciaSi

saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis sistemam, kerZod ki, umaRlesma saswavleblebma

unda Sesrulon

amerikeli mkvlevarebi kostas metaqsiotisi da jon psarasi80

gvTavazoben mivmarToT codnis menejments umaRles ganaTlebaSi. maTi

mizania sazogadoebis yuradReba miapyron Sromis bazarze arsebul wnexze,

romlis daZlevis gzad miaCniaT adamianis inteleqtualuri kapitalis da

teqnologiebis gamoyeneba.

sxvadsxva evropuli qveynis magaliTze kargad Cans, rom dasavleTSi

araformaluri ganaTlebis sistemebi iqmneboda, raTa umuSevarTaTavis

gaewiaT daxmareba, gadaelaxaT axali teqnologiebis SemotaniT Seqmnili

inovaciuri barierebi, daecvaT mosaxleoba socialuri izolaciisgan da

sxv. amasTan, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebas eweodnen im mizniTac, rom

adamianebs, visac dro gamouTavisufldaT pensiaze gasvlisa Tu sxva

mizazis gamo da maT, visac surT Zalebi mosinjon sxva dargSic, damatebiT

im samuSao adgilisa, saidanac ZiriTad saarsebo saSualebas iReben,

mieceT saSualeba moaxdinon TviTrealizacia. 79

Declaration para. 1-2, Agenda for the Future para. 2,4,5,9,11,12,14. CONFITEA Meetings. 80

Kostas Metaxiotis and John Psarras 2003, Applying Knowledege Management in Higher Education: The Creation of

a Lerning Organizations. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management. Vol. 2 No 4 353-359

106

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi gansakuTrebiT popularulia patara

qalaqebsa da soflebSi, iq, sadac mosaxleoba mowyvetilia zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis centrebs Sori manZilisa da drois ukmarisobis gamo, sadac

dasaqmebis da socialuri izolaciis problema ufro mwvaved dgas. Tumca

Tanamedrove skandinaviuri qveynebis da avtonomiebis e.w. “Crdilouri”

ministrTa sabWos81 statistikuri kvlevebis avtorebis azriT, zrdasrulTa

ganaTleba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre mxolod profesiuli, an saxelobo

momzadeba da am sferos ganxilvisas e.w. socialur-kulturul

ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul terminebsac iyeneben (anu, maTi azriT,

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba ar unda Semoifarglebodes mxolod

profesiuli/saxelobo gadamzadebiT).

kanadeli mecnieris, keren braTvaitis82 mixedviT, zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis skolebis erT-erTi damsaxureba is aris, rom aq sxvadasxva

rasis, eTnosis da mrwamsis adamianebi erTad iReben ganaTlebas, rac xels

uwyobs mravalerovnul regionebSi mosaxleobis urTierTobebis

gaumjobesebas. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis socialur-pedagogiuri

principebis areali da mravalferovneba swored sxvadasxva warmoSobis

adamianebis gamocdilebis urTierTgaziarebis xarjze xdeba83.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis axali xedva uaryofs arCevanis gakeTebas

adgilobriv kulturasa da globalur konteqsts Soris, identifikaciasa

da Tanasworobas Soris. Tanasworobis miRweva, sxvebTan dialogSi

Tanabaruflebiani CarTva SeuZlebelia moqalaqeebisaTvis sakuTari

fesvebis, warmoSobis da unarebis codnis SeTavazebis gareSe84.

ganviTarebuli da demokratiis gzas Semdgari ganviTarebadi qveynebis

mosaxleobas Segnebuli aqvs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis, rogorc

centraluri sakiTxis mniSvneloba, amitom isini aqtiurad arian Cabmuli am

81

Nordic “folkeopplysing” and Adult Education – gamoqveynebulia skandinaviis qveynebis nordiuli ministrTa sabWos mier. 1997 w. AKA-PRINT A/S 82

Keren S. Brathwaite. Access and Equity in the University Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholars' Press 2003, 435 pp.

Journal Adult Education Quarterly 2004, Vol 54 No 2 see the research paper 83

OECD and Statistics Canada. Literacy in the information age: Final report on the international adult literacy

survey. Paris and Ottawa: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and Statistics Canada, 2000. 84

Agenda for Future. para 13, 16, 26, 32, 43-47 – CONFINTEA Meetings

107

sistemaSi da xels uwyoben mis ganviTarebas demokratiis formirebis,

mosaxleobis TviTrCenisa Tu TviTrealizaciis mizniT. am miznis

ganxorcielebis erTerTi saukeTeso gza ki, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna

zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebaa, romlis erTerTi saxeobac

zrdasrulTa treningebia.

maswavleblebis sasertifikaco gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebeli

treningebi, romelic maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli

dafinansebis programis farglebSia organizebuli TavisTavad warmoadgens

zrdasrulTa treningis magaliTs da misi erTerTi mizani asakovani

maswavlebelbis ganaTlebis Tanamedrove bazarze morgeba. magram erTia,

roca saxelmwifo umuSevrobis aRmofxvraze zrunavs da meore - roca

vsaubrobT treningis efeqturobaze, rom araferi vTqvaT ganaTlebis

xarisxze. Tu ganvixilavT 2009 wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli treningebis

Sedegebs (ixileT qveTavi 3.2) da maswavlebelTa am treningebisadmi

damokidebulebis sakiTxebs (ixileT me-4 Tavi) mivalT daskvnamde, rom

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis praqtikosebis momzadeba da treningis

programebis dadgena samTavrobo da licenzirebul arasamTavrobo

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi unda moxdes. rogorc aRmoCnda, aseTi

organizacia dRes mxolod erTia (ixileT Sesavali), sadac zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis praqtikosebs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebs acnoben da

trenings utareben zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis unarebSi.

mocemuli kvlevis momdevno qveTavSi detalurad aris aRwerili

saqarTveloSi 2010-2014 wlebSi maswavlebelTa sertificirebisTvis saWiro

procesebi da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier am

mimarTulebiT 2009 wlis mosamzadebeli treningebis Sefaseba, sadac

miTiTebulia Catarebuli treningebis pozitiuri da negatiuri mxareebi.

108

4.2. maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis

programa - saqarTveloSi 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa sertificirebisTvis

2009 wlis mosamzadebili treningebis Sefaseba

reforma ganaTlebis sistemaSi sxva saganmanaTleblo sakiTxebis

mogvarebasTan erTad cdilobs upasuxos sabazro moTxovnebs evrokavSiris

dadgenili standartebis mixedviT. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erTerTi

aseTi RonisZiebaa skolis maswavleblebi sertificireba.

ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom ganaTlebis reformebis

farglebSi daiwyo maswavleblis sertificirebis procesi da

saserTifikacio gamocdebi 2010-2014 w.w. periodSi yovelwliurad Catardeba

ori mimarTulebiT: sagnobrivi testebi da pedagogiuri (profesiuli)

unarebis testebi. 2014 wlamde sasertifikacio gamocdebis Cabarebis

ufleba aqvs yvela moqmed maswavlebels, imis miuxedavad aqvs Tu ara mas

pedagogiuri ganaTleba, an pirs, romelic amJamad ar muSaobs skolaSi,

magram aqvs saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi pedagogiuri saqmianobis

minimum 1 wliani gamocdileba. aseve pirs, romelmac warmatebiT gaiara

maZieblobis 1 wliani periodi. 2014 wlamde sasertifikacio gamocdaze

gasvla nebayoflobiTia, 2014 wlidan ki yvelasTvis savaldebulo.

serTificirebis debulebi 24-e muxlis me-4 punqtiT gansazRvruli vadis

amowurvis Semdeg paedagogiuri saqmianobis gagrZelebisaTvis maswavlebeli

valdebulia, ganaaxlos maswavleblis ufleba da Caabaros saserifikacio

gamocda an gaiaros akreditebuli profesiuli ganviTarebis programebi da

daagrovos kreditebi.

pirveli sasertifikacio gamocda 2010 wels Catarda sabazo/sasualo

skolis maswavleblebisTvis qarTul enasa da literaturaSi, ucxo enebSi,

maTematikasa da pedagogiur unarebSi.

profesiuli unarebisa da sagnobrivi testebis Sinaars erovnuli

saswavlo gegmebisa da maswavleblis profesiuli standartis moTxovnebis

109

safuZvelze moamzada maswavlebeTa profesiuli ganviTarebis erovnulma

centrma.

maswavleblis sertificireba miznad isaxavs maswavleblis profesiis

statusis amaRlebas da pedagogis rolis gamokveTas sazogadoebis

formirebasa da ganviTarebaSi (TPDC)85

. is xels Seuwyobs maswavleblis

profesiis regulirebas, profesiul ganviTarebis mizanmimarTul dagegmvas

da swavlebis da swavlis xarisxis mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesebas.

sasertifikacio gamocda maswavlebels SesaZleblobas miscems

daadasturos Tavisi profesiuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis Sesabamisoba

dadgenil standartTan. gamocdis warmatebiT Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi

maswavlebeli miiRebs kvalifikaciis Sesabamis sertifikats, xolo

warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, maT miecemaT SesaZlebloba ganmeorebiT

Caabaron gamocdebi.

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa

profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa -

maswavlebelTa treningebi

maswavleblTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis

programa (mosamzadebili treningebi) 2009 wels daiwyo. dafinansda

trening-programebi im sagnebSi, romlebiTac daiwyo maswavlebelTa

sertificirebis procesi. esenia: programebi ganaTlebis sabazo-saSualo

safexuris qarTulis, maTematikis da ucxo enebis maswavleblebisTvis.

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis treningebi ganxorcielda

saqarTvelos masStabiT. saxelmwifos finansuri mxardaWeris iniciativis

farglebSi maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis programa gaiara

daaxloebiT 6500 maswavlebelma.

maswavlebelTa maRali aqtiurobis Sesabamisad 2010 wlis ianvarSi

daiwyo maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis finansuri mxardaWeris

85



110

programis axali etapi, romlis samizne jgufi 2009 wlis programisgan

gansxvavebiT gafarTovda. garda sabazo-saSualo safexuris qarTuli,

maTematikisa da ucxo enebis maswavleblebisa, 2010 wlis vauCeris miReba

(mxolod profesiuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebis programis

dasafinanseblad) SeeZlo erovnuli saswavlo gegmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

sagnebis sabazo da saSualo safexuris da dawyebiTi safexuris yvela

maswavlebels. 2010 wlis programis farglebSi mTeli saqarTvelos

masStabiT ukve 12 aTasze metma maswavlebelma miiRo vauCeri sagmobrivi da

profesiuli unarebis programis dasafinanseblad.

2009-2010 w.w. vauCeruli dafinansebis programaSi monawile

maswavleblebs profesiuli saWiroebidan gamomdinare, uflebamosili iyo

SeerCia sagnobrivi da profesiuli unar-Cvevebis, sul oTxi kreditis

odenobiT (mocemuli oTxi kreditidan, ori krediti gansazRvrulia

sagnobrivi da ori krediti – profesiuli unarCvevebis programebis

dafinansebisTvis), an dafinansebuli oTxive krediti gamoeyenebina mxolod

sagnobrivi, an mxolod profesiuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisTvis.

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis (mosamzadebeli treningebis)

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis mixedviT, orkreditiani programis

Rirebuleba Seadgens 80 lars. orkreditiani programis gavlis SemTxvevaSi

maswavlebeli finansdeba 160 lariT.

programis farglebSi treningebs atareben ganmaxorcielebeli

organizaciebi (e.w. provaiderebi), romelTac miiRes akreditacia Sesabamisi

programebis gansaxorcieleblad. maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis

akreditebuli programebi emsaxureba maswavleblebis zogad profesiuli

unar-Cvevebis da sagnobrivi codnis, unar-Cvevebis ganivTarebas.

111

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa

profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis

samsaxuris dakvirvebis angariSi86

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris vauCeruli

dafinansebis programis monitoringis angariSis periodi moicavs 2009 wlis

seqtembers, oqtombers, noembersa da dekembris pirvel naxevars.

monitoringi ganxorcielda saqarTvelos 11 regionSi.

monitoringis regionuli specialistebi imyofebodnen skolebSi,

resurscentrebsa da trening-provaider organizaciebSi. maT ganaxorcieles

CarTuli dakvirveba adgilze da, dakvirvebis Sedegad Segrovebuli

masalis gamoyenebiT, moamzades monitoringis Sualeduri angariSebi. aseve,

daeswrnen saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis mier Catarebul treningebs.

treningze myof maswavleblebsa da trenerebs Seavsebines Sefasebis

Sesabamisi kiTxvarebi.

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centris vauCeruli

dafinansebis programis monitoringis Sualeduri angariSi warmodgenilia

or nawilad: pirvel nawilSi mocemulia CarTuli dakvirvebis Sedegad

Segrovebuli monacemebis analizi, gamoyofilia monitoringis procesSi

saganmanaTleblo organizaciebSi, skolebsa da resurscentrebSi

aRmoCenili, programis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri da

negatiuri aspeqtebi, xolo angariSis meore nawilSi mocemulia

monitoringis procesSi ganxorcielebuli treningebis Sesafaseblad

Catarebuli maswavlebelTa Sefasebis raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi.

monitoringis specialistebi imyofebodnen 132 skolasa da 69

resurscentrSi. resurscentrebi Seamowmes samjer, programis dawyebisas,

SuaSi da dasrulebis Semdeg. aseve Seafases yvela saganmanaTleblo

organizacia, romelmac Caatara treningi vauCeruli dafinansebis

programis farglebSi. dakvirvebis procesSi Segrovebuli masalis

86

www.tpdc.ge kvlevebi, 2009 w.

http://www.tpdc.ge/

112

safuZvelze gakeTebul angariSebSi gamovlenili pozitiuri da negatiuri

mxareebi oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila. oTxi Tve

ar aris drois is monakveTi, romelic saSualebas mogvcemda gvesaubra

raime tendenciis ganviTarebaze, an raime seriozul cvlilebaze.

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebaze didi gavlena iqonia

qveyanaSi arsebulma urTierTobebis kulturam, socialur-ekonomiurma

pirobebma da pedagogebis ganwyobam. programis ganxorcielebisas

gamovlinda ramodenime saintereso tendencia.

dakvirvebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis analizi (skolebi)

monitoringis Sedegad aRmoCenili, programis ganxorcielebis

pozitiuri mxareebi:

1. programuli anotaciebis xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyofilia.

dakvirvebis procesSi gamokvleuli skolebis umravlesobaSi

saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis programuli anotaciebi xelmisawvdomi

iyo: cixisZiris skolis pedagogebis TqmiT: "direqtorma yvela maTgans

miawoda informacia vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb. rac

Seexeba programul anotaciebs, isini nebismieri pedagogisTvis

xelmisawvdomia da maSin SeuZliaT gaecnon, roca moisurveben” ; ananuris

sajaro skolaSi: "maswavleblebTan gasaubreba mSvid da Tbil garemoSi

moxda. davaskveni, rom isini sakmaod kargad arian informirebuli

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb. anotaciebi xelmisawvdomia

yvela maswavleblisTvis”. anotaciebis xelmisawvdomobaze monitoringis

specialistebis Sefaseba gamokvleuli skolebis umravlesobaSi identuria.

2. maswavlebelTa maRali motivacia. vauCeruli dafinansebis programis

mimarT daintereseba oqtombris TveSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Sesabamisad,

gaizarda pedagogebis motivacia mieRoT vauCerebi da CarTuliyvnen

treningebSi. ”rac Seexeba maswavleblebis qcevasa da damokidebulebas

treningisadmi, Cans, rom isini Zalian mondomebulni da dainteresebulni

113

arian. jgufi sul 22 maswavleblisagan Sedgeba. Cemi vizitis dRes yvela

maTgani adgilze imyofeboda da, treneris TqmiT, jer seminari aravis

gaucdenia"; aseve: ”maswavleblebi metad aqtiurebi iyvnen da dainteresebiT

usmendnen trenings da yvela micemul davalebas xalisiT asrulebdnen, es

iyo jgufuri samuSaoebi, kiTxva-pasuxi rogorc trener-monawilesTan, ise

TviT pedagogebSi roluri TamaSebiT, da Tanac Sefaseba xdeboda

trenerebis mier yvela treningis bolos." msgavsi Sefasebebi qondaT

yvela regionis monitoringis specialistebs. savaraudod maswavlebelTa

motivacia 2010 wlis programis ganmavlobaSi ufro gaizrdeba, vinaidan am

droisaTvis ufro moaxloebuli iqneba sasertifikacio gamocdebi.

3. skolis direqtorebi ar Sevidnen romelime trening-provaider

organizaciasTan korufciul garigebaSi. gamokvleuli skolis

direqtorebidan yvelam Tavi Seikava saganmanaTleblo organizaciebTan

raime saxis molaparakebaze. magaliTad baTumis #1 sajaro skolis

direqtoris moadgilis gancxadebiT: ”skolas daukavSirda erT-erTi

provaideri (ilia WavWavaZis universiteti) da ganacxada, rom Tu direqcia

jgufs daakompleqtebs maTi skolis maswavleblebisgan, isini Caatareben

treningebs. – razec skolis direqciam uari ganacxada". am SemTxvevaSi

direqciam Tavidan aicila is safrTxe, romelic gulisxmobs, Tavs moaxvio

maswavleblebs romelime saganmanaTleblo organizacia, maTi arCevanis

gauTvaliswineblad;

monitoringis Sedegad aRmoCenili programis ganxorcielebis negatiuri

mxareebi:

1. programuli anotaciebis paketi skolebSi ar aris sakmarisi.

marTalia anotaciebis paketi yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomia, magram aris

SemTxvevebi, rodesac programuli anotaciebis paketis simwiris gamo,

pedagogebi ver axerxebdnen mis gamoyenebas. ase, magaliTad, rusTavis #2

skolaSi: "provaiderebis programebis anotaciebi skolaSi aris, magram sad

ar ician. samaswavlebloSi idoo da axla vis aqvs ar viciTo. Sesabamisad

114

maswavlebelTa nawili anotaciebs gacnobili ar aris"; aseve baTumis #1

skolaSi: "skolis direqtoris gancxadebiT. programul anotaciebis

gacnoba maswavleblebs SeuZliaT samaswavlebloSi. gadamowmebis procesSi

ki anotaciebi samaswavlebloSi ar aRmoCnda. erT-erTi maswavleblis

gancxadebiT, anotaciebi gasacnobad kaTedris gamgeebma waiRes". Jinvalis

sajaro skolaSi, am mxriv, mZime mdgomareoba aRmoCnda, pedagogebma ar

icodnen ra aris programuli anotacia: ”arcerT pedagogs ar hqonda

informacia programuli anotaciebis Sesaxeb. kiTxvarebis Sevsebisas

erTmaneTs ekiTxebodnen, vinmem xom ar icoda, Tu ras niSnavs programuli

anotacia”.

2. maswavleblebi programuli anotaciebis gacnobis gareSe irCevdnen

saganmanaTleblo organizaciebs: marTalia programul anotaciebze

xelmisawvdomoba uzrunvelyofilia, magram mTlianobaSi programulma

anotaciebma ar gaamarTla. yvela gamokvleuli skolis pedagogi aRniSnavs,

rom maTTvis umjobesia saganmanaTleblo organizaciebma maT skolebSi

Caataros programebis Sesaxeb prezentacia da uSualod miawodon

informacia pedagogebs programebis Sesaxeb. prezentaciebis naklebobis

Sedegad aRmoCndnen pedagogebi, romlebmac saganmanaTleblo

organizaciaSi registracia gaiares programuli anotaciebis gverdis

avliT: "pedagogebs ukve gavlili hqondaT registracia erT-erT

organizaciaSi, „skola-ojaxi-sazogadoeba“, da male treningic igegmeboda.

Cems SekiTxvaze, gaecnen Tu ara isini programul anotaciebs, sanam

aRniSnul organizaciaSi gaivlidnen registracias, maTi pasuxi iyo - ara.

maswavleblebma arc ki icodnen, ras niSnavs programuli anotacia da

arsebobs Tu ara is saerTod" .

3. gadaadgilebis sirTule: monitoringis ganmavlobaSi aRmoCenili

problemebidan yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatuli aris ”pedagogebis

gadaaadgilebis problema”. regionSi mcxovrebi pedagogebi ver axerxebdnen

treningebze daswrebas, usaxsrobisa da drois uqonlobis gamo.

„maswavleblebis gancxadebiT, maTTvis mouxerxebelia baTumSi Catarebul

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treningebSi monawileoba, Sesabamisad, mouwevT vauCerebis aReba im

provaiderebTan, romlebic maT regionSi moqmedeben, rac uzRudavs maT

arCevanis saSualebas da araTanabar pirobebSi ayenebs qalaqis

maswavleblebTan SedarebiT"; sofelSi mcxovreb maswavleblebs

transportirebis problema hqondaT raionul centrTan, rom araferi

vTqvaT sxva raionSi gadaadgilebaze. rogorc ananuris skolis pedagogebi

aRniSnaven: "maTTvis Znelia raionidan sxva regionSi gadaadgileba. Tu

iqneba SesaZlebeli, maswavlebelTa umetesobas surs, mTelma raionma

airCios erTi organizacia, romelic Camova maT raionSi da Caatarebs

treningebs”, igive problema aqvT stefanwmindis sajaro skolis

pedagogebs: “survili marTlac didia, magram arsebobs problema:

maswavleblebs ainteresebT - rogor moxerxdeba maTi gadaadgileba

yazbegidan im organizaciis adgilsamyofelSi, sadac treningi tardeba (Tu

maT mier arCeuli organizacia ar Cadis yazbegSi). iTqva, rom maT aqvT

meurneoba, romelsac movla Wirdeba da sacxovrebeli adgilebis datoveba

ar SeuZliaT. aseve Tu treningebis msvleloba daemTxveva zamTars,

didTovlianobis gamo gadaadgileba regionidan regionSi SeuZlebeli

gaxdeba. maswavleblebs ainteresebT SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom

saganmanaTleblo organizaciebma, romlebsac isini airCeven, yazbegSi

gamoagzavnon trenerebi da treningebi maT adgilze CautardeT. Tu es

SesaZlebelia, ra evalebaT am SemTxvevaSi pedagogebs (safasuris gadaxda,

kveba, sacxovrebeli adgili). Tu es ar iqneba SesaZlebeli, miuxedavad

didi survilisa maswavleblebis umetesoba vauCeris aRebas ar apirebs”.

igive problema daasaxeles, CoxataurSi, "didaqtikis" treningze: "sofelSi

moRvawe maswavleblebi aRniSnavdnen, rom treningis ganrigis gamo

(dasrulebis dro), maT eqmneboda problemebi transportrTan";

4. regionuli specifika da damatebiTi xarjebi kvebisa da

mgzavrobisaTvis: gamokvleuli maswavleblebis mosazrebiT programaSi

Cadebuli unda iyos konkretuli regionis specifika da damatebiT Tanxa

mgzavrobisa da kvebisaTvis. qedaSi, skola-ojaxi-sazogadoebis mier

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Catarebul treningze damswre pedagogebi aRniSnaven: "ganaTlebis

saministros unda gaeTvaliswinebina yoveli regionis reliefuri

Taviseburebani da vauCeris TanxaSi, soflis skolaSi momuSave

maswavleblebisTvis, damatebiT mgzavrobis da kvebis xarjebi Caedo";

5. regionul doneze, provaiderTa pasiurobis Sedegad, pedagogebs ara

aqvT treningebis mravalferovani arCevanis saSualeba: pedagogebi

ukmayofiloni arian saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis pasiurobiT, iTxoven

rom organizaciebma moawyon prezentaciebi da Caataron treningebi

regionalur doneze: "maswavleblebi gamoTqvamen ukmayofilebas imiT, rom

mxolod erTi provaideri moqmedebs maT raionSi, ris gamoc maT ar aqvT

arCevanis saSualeba" . aseve ozurgeTis raionis sofel WianeTis skolis

pedagogebis gancxadebiT: "sasurvelia, rom provaiderebma moaxdinon

skolaSi programebis prezentacia, vinaidan programul anotaciebze

dayrdnobiT Znelia arCevanis gakeTeba." zemoT CamoTvlili problemebis

gamo, pedagogebs uwevdaT Tavad morgebodnen vauCeruli dafinansebis

programas da ara piriqiT, programa morgeboda maT moTxovnebs da

gaeTvaliswinebina is xelisSemSleli faqtorebi, romelic zRudavs

pedagogebis arCevanis Tavisuflebas.

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebisas skolebSi

gamovlenili tendenciebi:

1. TbilisTan axlos mcxovrebi pedagogebi amjobineben treningebis

gavlas TbilisSi: TbilisTan axlos mcxovrebi pedagogebi cdilobdnen

TbilisSi Catarebul treningebs daswrebodnen, aman kidev ufro SeuSala

xeli provaiderebis aqtiurobas regionalur doneze:"qvemo qarTlis sxva

raionebTan SedarebiT, aq ufro bevrma maswavlebelma aiRo vauCeri. es

TbilisTan soflebis siaxloviTac aixsneba. maswavleblebs saSualeba

aqvT, dedaqalaqSi gaiaron treningebi."

2. axalgazrda maswavleblebi gulisyuriT ekidebian vauCerizaciis

process, xolo SedarebiT asakovan pedagogebSi SeimCneva dainteresebis

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dabali done; rogorc baTumis #4 skolis direqtori aRniSnavs:

"vauCerizaciis procesi, ZiriTadad, ainteresebT axalgazrda pedagogebs,

xolo asakovani pedagogebi undoblobiT ekidebian vauCerizaciis

process." msgavsi informacia aqvT gamokvleuli skolis direqtorebis

umravlesobas; asakiani pedagogebis TqmiT serTificirebis gamovdisaTvis

isini aRar iqnebian moqmedi maswavleblebi, Sesabamisad ar qondaT survili

monawileoba mieRoT vauCeruli dafinansebis programaSi. vauCeruli

dafinansebis programis monawile pedagogebis raodenobrivi gamokvlevis

Sedegad dadginda, rom pedagogebis umravlesoba nawildeba 28-dan 60

wlamde asakobriv kategoriaSi. SedarebiT naklebia aqtivoba 17-27 da 60

wels gadacilebuli pedagogebis mxridan.

3. erT-erTi ZiriTadi tendencia, ris gamoc pedagogebi uars amboben

vauCerebis aRebaze, aris kavSiri vauCerizaciis procesis, sertificirebis

gamocdebTan. pedagogebs egonaT, rom vauCeruli dafinansebis gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad mouwevdaT sasertifikacio gamocdebis Cabareba.

am cru informaciis gamo programis ganxorcielebis sawyis etapze bevrma

pedagogma uari ganacxada monawileoba mieRo programaSi: "kurdRelauris

skolis maswavleblebi vauCerebis aRebas ar apireben imis gamo, rom

hgoniaT treningebis gavlis Semdeg valdebulni iqnebian Caabaron

sertificirebis gamocdebi. isini ki ar apireben saserTifikacio

gamocdebSi monawileobas da amitom treningebis gavlasac arideben Tavs".

Tu ratom ar apireben maswavleblebi sertificirebis gamocdis gavlas,

qvemo qarTlSi, kerZod rusTavSi, #2 skolaSi dafiqsirda saintereso

tendencia: "arc erTi cnoba skolas ar aqvs gacemuli. maswavleblebi

aRniSnaven, rom ar surT am etapze gaiaron sertificireba, radgan

gamocdaze ar gadian da gamocdaze ar gadian, radgan ar elian xelfasebis

momatebas". pedagogebis umravlesoba aRniSnavda, rom Tu xelfasi ar

gaezrdebaT ar miiReben monawileobas sasertifikacio gamocdebSi. es

mosazreba laitmotivad gasdevda vauCeruli dafinansebis programas.

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saintereso faqtebi

1. pedagogebi ganawyendnen vauCerebis arsebuli raodenobis gamo.

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis sawyis etapze pedagogebis umravlesobam

Tavi Seikava da ar aiRo vauCeri. Sesabamisad vauCerebi aiRes im

pedagogebma vinc Tavidanve gaiazra am programebis sargeblianoba da

daregistrirda saganmanaTleblo organizaciebSi. oqtombris meore

naxevarSi ukve iklo vauCerebis raodenobam da swored am dros warmoiqmna

ukmayofilo pedagogebis fena, romlebmac ar aiRes vauCeri an ver moaswres

vauCerebis aReba: "Cemi iq yofnis ganmavlobaSi movida 2 pedagogi vauCeris

administrirebisaTvis magram v.a.p.p.-ma ganumarta rom vauCerebi aRar aris

da 2010 wels daiwyeba vauCerebis gacema, ramac maTi gaRizianeba gamoiwvia".

aseve: "viyavi ist-is treningis monitoringze, romelSi monawile

maswavleblebic ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen vauCerebis gacemis Sewyvetis

gamo."; Sida qarTlis magaliTi identuria sxva regionebTan. monitoringis

specialistebis mier warmodgenil angariSebSi vkiTxulobT, rom

pedagogebis mTavari ukmayofileba gamowveulia vauCerebis arasakmarisi

odenobiT.

2. vauCeruli dafinansebis programis dros Cndeboda sxvadasxva

mosazrebebi da Worebi programis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT.

monitoringis samsaxuri swrafad reagirebda msgavs faqtebze da amowmebda

maT simarTlesTan Sesabamisobas. qobuleTis raionis, leRvas skolis

pedagogebis azriT: ”provaider "ganaTlebis instituts" lobirebs

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministro. (argumenti – mxolod es provaideri

aqtiurobs qobuleTSi)”. aseTi mosazrebebi mravlad iyo pedagogebis,

skolis direqtorebisa da resurscentrebis mxridan, magram es

informaciebi Worebi ufro iyo, vidre sinamdvile. Worebis garda

saintereso mosazrebebi qondaT pedagogebsa da direqtorebs: goris #7

sajaro skolis pedagogebi Tvlian, rom "sanam aseTi saxis treningebSi

CaerTvebian pedagogebi, unda arsebobdes sakanonmdeblo baza sadac

dafiqsirebuli iqneba, rom vauCeruli dafinansebiT gadamzadebul

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pedagogs aravin daaZalebs Tavisi survilis gareSe gaiaros

saserTifikacio gamocda". baTumis # 13 sajaro skolis direqtoris

gancxadebiT resurscentrma mas ar miawoda programuli anotaciebi.

resurscentrSi arsebuli miReba-Cabarebis aqtiT ki, skolis direqtors

xelmoweriT aqvs dadasturebuli anotaciebis miReba. maTxojis skolis

direqtori erkveoda vauCerizaciis procesSi, magram mainc ucxo iyo

misTvis es programa.

dakvirvebis Sedegad Segrovebuli masalis analizi -

trening-provaideri organizaciebi

monitoringis Sedegad aRmoCenili, programis ganxorcielebis pozitiuri

mxareebi:

1. treningis msvlelobisas monawileebi uzrunvelyofili iyvnen

masalebiT. gamokvluli pedagogebis umravlesoba kmayofili iyo

Catarebuli treningebis xarisxiT: "maswavleblebi kmayofili iyvnen

treningebiT, treningze darigebuli masalebiTa da TvalsaCinoebebiT"

(ganaTlebis instituti, treningi "rusuli enis swavlebis meTodika"-

treneri - lali lomTaTiZe. damswreTa raodenoba 30); aseve,

"maswavleblebi kmayofilebi iyvnen treningebiT da moqmedi provaideri

organizaciis saqmianobas dadebiTad afasebdnen". treningebis Sefaseba

yvela regionSi identuria. iyvnen ukmayofilo pedagogebic, romelTa

magaliTebi qvemoTaa aRwerili;

2. treningebs uZRvebodnen kvalificiuri trenerebi: pedagogebi

kmayofilebi iyvnen trenerebis kvalifikaciiT: "treneris Zlieri mxare

aris is, rom yvela sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi mas aqvs originaluri

situaciuri magaliTebi da Tu pedagogoebi ver asaxeleben nimuSebs

sakuTari praqtikidan, is awvdis aseTi tipis gansaxilvel sakiTxebs. aseve,

treners mohyavs situaciis Sesabamisi anekdotic, rac kargi gantvirTvis

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saSualebaa da jgufis monawileTa ganwyobac maRldeba" . aseve: "treningi

kargad aris organizebuli, - treneri metad pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba

masze dakisrebul saqmes, aqtiurad da energiulad atarebs trenings,

gasagebad xsnis, aqvs maRali xmis tembri da axerxebs maswavleblebis

dainteresebas. yovel maTgans saSualebas aZlevs, CaerTos mecadineobaSi,

iaqtiuros da Tavisi azri gamoTqvas axsnil sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT";

aseve: "treningis mimdinareobis procesSi treneris mxridan yvela dasmul

SekiTxvaze gacemul iqna amomwuravi pasuxi, ramac maswavlebelTa interesi

kidev ufro aamaRla. treningSi erTnairad aqtiurad iyo CarTuli orive

mxare: treneric da msmenelic, romlebic didi interesiT ismendnen da

aanalizebdnen miwodebul informacias. treningi mimdinareobda

sainteresod, gamoyenebuli iyo sxvadasxva meTodebi: kiTxva, pasuxi da

roluri TamaSebi." ;

3. raodenobrivad bevri jgufis Sekreba moaxerxes im trening-

provaiderma organizaciebma, romlebmac treningebi Caatares regionul

doneze. saganmanaTleblo organizaciebma, romelTac iaqtiures regionul

doneze ufro meti jgufebi daakompleqtes vidre im organizaciebma,

romelTac mxolod TbilisSi an regionul centrebSi Caatares treningebi:

"fondi "ganaTlebis instituti" erTaderTi provaideri organizaciaa

xobSi, amdenad maT ar gaWirvebiaT msmenelTa jgufebis Sekvra. es

organizacia gamoirCeva imiT, rom adgilze sTavazobs yvela regionis

warmomadgenlebs treningebis Catarebas, rac xelmisawvdomia adgilobrivi

maswavleblebisaTvis, aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom treningebze msmeneli

maswavleblebis raodenoba maRalia >...< ".

4. treningprovaiderma organizaciebma Seasrules dadebiTi roli

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis reklamirebasa da maswavlebelTaTvis

informaciis miwodebaSi. trening-provaideri organizaciebi akeTebdnen

prezentaciebs pedagogebisaTvis, maT uwevdaT mraval SekiTxvaze pasuxis

gacema, romelic maswavleblebs uCndebodaT vauCeruli dafinansebis

programis Sesaxeb: "radgan skolis pedagogebi naklebad iyvnen

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informirebuebli mimdinare vauCerizaciis procesze, prezentatorebma

dawvrilebiT isaubres maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli

dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb" ("skola-ojaxi- sazogadoeba", prezentacia

baTumis #13 sajaro skolaSi);

5. treningprovaiderma organizaciebma nayofierad iTanamSromles

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centrTan. yoveli treningis

dawyebis win saganmanaTleblo organizaciebs moqondaT maswavlebelTa

aRricxvis forma da treningis Catarebis koordinatebi;

6. Catarebuli treningebis dros treningprovaiderma organizaciebma

daicves xelSekrulebiT da akreditaciiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi.

saganmanaTleblo organizaciebi Seecadnen daecvaT is wesebi da

valdebulebebi, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo xelSekrulebiT:

"provaideri organizacia iyenebs Sefasebis formebs, romlebsac avseben

monawile pedagogebi TiToeuli treningis dasrulebis Semdeg. treningis

dasrulebis Semdeg monawile maswavleblebi iReben serTifikats, magram

mxolod isini vinc daeswro kursis 70%-ze mets da warmatebiT Caabara

testi. ("didaqtika", sabazo da saSualo safexuris maTematikis

maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTareba, Tbilisi); aRniSnuli moTxovnebi

treningis ganxorcielebisas Seasrules inglisuri enis maswavlebelTa

asociaciam, ilia WavWavaZis saxelwifo universitetma, fondma "uwyveti

ganaTleba" quTaisSi Catarebul treningebze. aseve didaqtikis mier

qarelSi Catarebuli treningi: "treningi mimdinareobda mowesrigebul

garemoSi. daswrebis aRricxva mimdinareobda yovel treningze. treningis

msvlelobisas gamoyenebuli iyo jgufuri da individualuri aqtivobebi.

treneri cdilobda yvela monawilis erTnairad CarTvas treningSi. axlad

gavlili masalis gansamtkiceblad qondaT testi. pedagogebma Seajames

ganvlili masala". ("ganviTarebisa da swavlebis Teoriebi da maTi

gamoyenebis praqtika skolaSi", "didaqtika");

7. treningebis umravlsoba Catarda skolebSi. SerCeuli iyo samuSaod

vargisi saklaso oTaxebi, biblioTekebi da darbazebi. treningebisaTvis,

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SeZlebisdagvarad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli pirobebidan gamomdinare SeirCa

saukeTeso saklaso oTaxebi, biblioTekebi da sakonferencio darbazebi:

"treningi tardeboda 23-e sajaro skolis erT-erT saklaso oTaxSi,

Sesabamisad garemo iyo tipiuri gakveTilis Sesaferisi. didi da naTeli

oTaxi, ise rom yvela monawile kargad xedavda dafasac da iolad

urTierTobda trenerTan." ("didaqtika", sabazo da saSualo safexuris

maTematikis maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTareba, Tbilisi).

monitoringis specialistebis Sefaseba saklaso oTaxebTan dakavSirebiT

yvela regionSi identuria.

monitoringis Sedegad aRmoCenili, programis ganxorcielebis negatiuri

mxareebi:

1. treningprovaideri organizaciebis dabali aqtiuroba regionalur

doneze. gamokvleuli skolebis umravlesobaSi pedagogebisa da skolis

direqtorebis ukmayofileba ZiriTadad exeboda pasiur provaiderebs,

romelTac ar gamarTes prezentaciebi da ar Caatares treningebi regionul

doneze.

2. saganmanaTleblo treningebisa da saswavlo procesis damTxveva;

yvela gamokvleuli raionisa da skolis monacemebis gaanalizebis Sedegad,

dadginda, rom "pedagogebs, samuSao grafikebidan gamomdinare, uWirT

treningebze daswreba, rac moqmedebs maTi muSaobis xarisxze" , aseve:

"pedagogebi aRniSnaven, rom treningenisTvis gamoyofili saaTebi ar aris

sakmarisi saWiro masalis asaTviseblad. aRniSnaven, agreTve, rom Znelad

uTavsebdnen sagakveTilo processa da treningebs erTmaneTs".

3. SenobaSi, sadac treningebi mimdinareobda, ar iyo sasadilo.

4. saswavlo garemos araorganizebuloba. dakvirvebisas aRmoCnda

treningebi, sadac samuSao garemo ar iyo mowesrigebuli da Sesabamisi:

"saswavlo garemo ar Seesabameboda treneris mier micemul davalebebs,

radgan mikrojgufebSi muSaobisas, pedagogebs, magidebisa da skamebis

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ganlagebis gamo, ar hqondaT saSualeba, damsxdariyvnen moxerxebulad. am

mouxerxebeli garemoebis gamo pedagogebi ar icvlidnen samuSao adgils

da mikrojgufebSi xvdeboda araTanabari raodenobis monawile. aseve, iyo

instruqtaJis problema, radgan treneri mikrojgufebSi aZlevda

davalebebs da maT ar hqondaT informacia, rom bolos es unda gadaetanaT

furcelze da gaekeTebinaT prezentacia. maT ar hqondaT samuSao

furclebi da markerebi, werdnen kalmebiT patara rveulebSi, Sesabamisad,

prezentaciisas, an adgilidan kiTxulobdnen, an gamohqondaT patara

furcelze kalmiT Camowerili sakiTxebi, ris dafaze gakvrasac ar hqonda

mniSvneloba." aseve: "Sesvenebis Semdeg msmenelebi araorganizebulad

brundebodnen jgufSi, ar iyo erTi konkretuli dro SeTanxmebuli, amitom

trenerma treningi mcirericxovan jgufSi ganagrZo, rac ar iyo

gamarTlebuli, radgan instruqtaJis micema dagvianebuli pedagogebiaTvis

destruqciulad moqmedebda jgufis samuSao dinamikaze."

5. provaiderebma ufleba misces pedagogebs, treningebs vauCerebis

gareSe daswrebodnen da mere moetanaT vauCerebi. dafiqsirda SemTxveva,

rodesac saganmanaTleblo organizaciam uvauCero pedagogs ufleba misca

treningze daswrebis, im pirobiT rom pedagogebi SemdegSi miitandnen Tavis

kuTvnil vauCers: "trenings eswreba gldani-naZaladevis raionis 2

pedagogi, romlebmac gaiares registracia provaiderTan da aRar SexvdaT

vauCerebi. maTi sakiTxi Riad darCa, radgan jer ar ician, aiReben vauCerebs

Tu mouwevT, Tavad gadaixadon treningis Rirebuleba."

6. maswavleblebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen treningebis ganrigis

gamo: "sofelSi moRvawe maswavleblebi aRniSnavdnen, rom treningis

ganrigis gamo (dasrulebis dro), maT eqmneboda problemebi

transportrTan". ("didaqtika", Coxatauris #1 skola, "qarTuli enisa da

literaturis swavleba sabazo da saSualo skolaSi".);

7. pedagogebi ukmayofilebas gamoxataven drois simciris gamo. i.

WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis maswavlebelTa profesiuli

mxardaWeris centris treningze damswre pedagogebi Tvlian, rom

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treningebis xangrZlivoba unda gaizardos sakiTxebis sirTulidan

gamomdinare. aseTive azri dafiqsirda uwyveti ganaTlebis mier quTaisSi

Catarebuli treningis ganmavlobaSi: "ZiriTad problemad aRiniSna drois

simcire, sakiTxebis sirTule da am mcire droSi ucxo teqstebis aRqma da

gaanalizeba. moTxovnebi iyo Semdegi: meti dro, meti kreditebi da

saxelmwifos dafinansebis gagrZeleba gamocdebis dawyebamde,

sasertifikacio gamocdebis gadavadeba, masalebis, testebis daxvewa da

gamartiveba".

8. trening-provaideri organizaciebis mcdeloba skolis direqtorebisa

da resurscentris pasuxismgebeli piris gamoyenebiT, moexdinaT

maswavlebelTa daregistrireba TavianT programebze, maswavlebelTa

survilis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe: axmetis resurscentris pasuxismgebel

pirs erT-erTma provaiderma, "skola-ojaxi-sazogadoeba", SesTavaza: "rom

isini (skola, ojaxi, sazogadoeba) wauReben maswavleblebs vauCerebs da

gauioleben saqmes. anu moxdeba maswavleblebis dauswreblad vauCerebis

gacema". aseve, baTumis #1 sajaro skolis direqtors: "daukavSirda erT-

erTi provaideri (ilia WavWavaZis universiteti) da ganacxada, rom Tu

direqcia jgufs daakompleqtebs maTi skolis maswavleblebisgan, isini

Caatareben treningebs".

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebisas, treningebze

gamovlenili tendenciebi:

1. pedagogebi piradi nacnobobis safuZvelze irCevdnen provaiderebs:

pedagogebi saganmanaTleblo organizacias irCevdnen misi xelmZRvanelis

nacnobobis safuZvelze, magaliTad: "gardabnis resurscentris ufross

vauCerebis gacemis dasawyisSi eWvi Seepara provaiderisa (ganaTlebis

instituti) da pedagogebis urTierTobaSi, radgan sul erTsa da imave

organizaciaze mohqondaT moTxovna. magram mere gamoirkva, rom es,

ubralod, im provaideris muSaobisa da pedagogebTan misi nacnobobis

125

Sedegi iyo" . es zemoT naxseneb tendenciebsac exmianeba. pedagogTa arCevani

xSir SemTxvevaSi ganapiroba ara saintereso anotaciebma an prezentaciebma,

aramed piradma nacnobobam.

2. skolis maswavleblebi xSirad moiTxoven, rom treningebi Cautaron

Tbilisidan mowveulma trenerebma;

3. organizatorebs uWirT treningebisaTvis mkafio grafikebis

Camoyalibeba, radgan maswavleblebs aqvT sxvadasxvagavari moTxovnebi

saswavlo grafikebidan gamomdinare. xSirad pedagogebi treningis pirvel

dRes trenerTan erTad wyveten momdevno dReebis TariRebsa da sasurvel

saaTebs. Tumca es grafikic SeiZleba Seicvalos, romelime trening dRis

bolos, isev maswavlebelTa moTxovnidan gamomdinare;

4. raodenobrivad pedagogebis didi nawili daregistrirda im trening-

provaider organizaciebSi, romelTac iaqtiures regionalur doneze.

saintereso faqtebi:

1. ,,maswavlebelTa ganwyoba iyo pozitiuri, igrZnoboda kmayofileba

programis mimarT da pedagogebi madlierebas gamoxatavdnen trenerTan

dakavSirebiT. aseve, saubrobdnen momavali TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebze,

zogierTma pedagogma gamoTqva survili, TviTdafinansebiTac daeswros sxva

treningebs "

2. fondi "uwyveti ganaTlebis" direqtoris gancxadebiT: "kargi iqneba

Tu moewyoba provaiderebis erToblivi da koordinirebuli prezentaciebi

ama Tu im regionalur centrebSi, raTa Tanabar pirobebSi xdebodes

provaideri organizaciebis wardgena-gacnoba. saWiroa saxelmwifos

mxridan raime meqanizmis SemuSaveba am kuTxiT maT dasaxmareblad".

126

kvleva Catarebuli treningebSi monawile da aramonawile maswavleblebis

treningebisadmi damokidebulebis Sefasebis mizniT:

2009 wlis seqtembris, oqtombris, noembrisa da dekembris TveebSi

uSualod Catarebuli treningebis Sefasebis mizniT maswavlebelTa

profesiuli ganviTarebis centris monitoringis samsaxuris mier

Catarebul kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes treningze damswre

maswavleblebma. monitoringis specialistebi daeswrnen 132 trenings da

gamokiTxes 2702 pedagogi. regionebis mixedviT gamokvleuli treningebi

Semdegnairad gadanawilda (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 1) - aWara

da guria, kaxeTi, imereTi da raWa, Tbilisi, samegrelo, qvemo qarTli,

Sida qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi, mcxeTa mTianeTi

pedagogTa umravlesoba, 2556 pedagogi (95%) mdedrobiTi sqesis

warmomadgenelia. treningze damswre maswavleblebi, asakobrivi

TvalsazrisiT, Semdegnairad gadanawildnen:

grafiki 1: treningze damswre maswavleblebis asakobrivi ranJireba

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

asakobrivi

ganawileba

17-27

28-38

39-49

50-60

60+

127

maswavleblebis yvelaze meti raodenoba (770 pedagogi (29%)) modis

"39-49" asakobriv jgufze, xolo yvelaze naklebi (200 pedagogi (8%)) - "22-

27" asakobriv jgufze (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 2).

pedagogebma Seavses treningebis Sefasebis kiTxvarebi, romelic

Sedgeboda Ria, naxevrad Ria da daxuruli SekiTxvebisagan. angariSSi

warmodgenilia maswavlebelTa Sefasebis kiTxvaris yvela daxuruli da

naxevrad Ria SekiTxvis analizi. yoveli treningis calke Sefasebisas

gaanalizda Ria SekiTxvebi da maswavlebelTa rekomendaciebi, romelic

monitoringis dakvirvebis angariSSi aisaxa.

debulebaze: "maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli

dafinansebis programa xels Seuwyobs pedagogebs sertificirebis

gamocdis warmatebiT CabarebaSi", ZiriTadad dadebiTi pasuxebi dafiqsirda

pasuxebi dafiqsirda (icileT pirveli danarTi, cxrli 3).

monitoringis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli monacemebi ar Secvlila.

pedagogebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen treningebis sargeblianobis,

organizebulobisa da trenerebis maRali kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb. iyo

ukmayofilebac. pedagogebis umetesoba kiTxvarSi arsebuli

rekomendaciebis blokSi saubrobda treningebis xangrZlivobisa da

sertifikaciis gamocdisaTvis mosamzadebeli drois simciris Sesaxeb.

pedagogebisaTvis problemas warmoadgenda gadaadgileba, sezonuri

samuSaoebi da kveba treningis ganmavlobaSi. maTi azriT, Semdeg etapze

saganmanaTleblo organizaciebma unda gaiTvaliswinon regionis

reliefuri, sasoflo-sameurneo da sezonuri maxasiaTeblebi. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi maRalmTiani da regionuli centrebidan daSorebiT mcxovrebi

pedagogebisaTvis azri ar eqneba msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebas.

debulebaze: "msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels uwyobs

maswavlebelTa profesiuli donis amaRlebas", vauCeruli dafinansebis

programis msvlelobisas, yoveli Tvis SualedSi fiqsirdeboda msgavsi

procentuli maCvenebeli (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 4)

128

rogorc dakvirvebam gamoavlina trening-provaideri organizaciebis

warmatebaze didi gavlena moaxdina aqtiurobam regionul doneze da

piradma nacnobobam. iyo ukmayofileba organizaciebs Soris Tumca es ar

gadazrdila seriozuli saxis dapirispirebaSi.

SekiTxvaze, Tu saidan miiRes treningze damswre maswavleblebma

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb informacia, Semdegi pasuxebi

dafiqsirda: pedagogebis umravlesobam programis Sesaxeb informacia

miiRo sakuTari skolis direqtorisgan (80%), aseve satelevzio reklamidan

(41%), adgilobrivi resurscentrisa(28%) da skolis pedagogebis

saSualebiT (13%). es monacemebi kidev erTxel amyarebs mosazrebas, rom

skolis direqtorebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes vauCeruli

dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebaSi. magaliTad, pedagogebi ase

afiqsirebdnen, sad gaecnen programul anotaciebs:

grafiki 2: saidan miiRes treningze damswre maswavleblebma vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb informacia

wyaro: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis samsaxuri

129

rogorc dakvirvebam, aseve raodenobrivad miRebulma monacemebma aCvena,

rom pedagogebis umravlesobam programuli anotaciebis gacnoba moaxerxa

skolebSi da skolis direqtoris meSveobiT (ixileT pirveli danarTi,

cxrili #5).

debulebaze: ”sertificirebis gamocdisaTvis momzadebulad vgrZnob

Tavs”, sagnebis mixedviT raodenobrivi monacemebi ise gadanawilda, rom

ufro didi procenti (65%) nawilobriv eTanxmeba, dasmul SekiTxvas

(ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 6).

mTlianad miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

treningze damswre pedagogebis 30% (766) mzadaa sertificirebis

gamocdisaTvis da Sesabamisad, es raodenoba miiRebs monawileobas

sertificirebis gamocdis pirvelive wlebSi. Tumca, SesaZloa

sertificirebis gamocdis pirvelive wels im maswavleblebis didi nawili

gavisuliyo, romelic gaivlida vauCeruli dafinansebis programis

farglebSi Catarebul treningebs. marTalia, garkveuli raodenoba

SeiZleba Tavs ver grZnobda sertifikaciis gamocdisaTvis momzadebulad,

magram sxva saSualeba an SesaZlebloba ar hqonda momzadebis da amitom

axlave scados gamocdaze gasvla, imis SiSiT, rom samomavlod gadadebis

SemTxvevaSi is masalac daaviwydeba, rac treningze aiTvisa.

kvlevis angariSi aseve moicavs maswavlebelTa profesiuli

ganviTarebis centris vauCeruli dafinansebis programis aramonawile

pedagogebis mier programis Sefasebasa da rekomendaciebs.

monitoringis specialistebis mier aramonawile pedagogebis moZieba

daiwyo 2009 wlis 1 noembris Semdeg, vauCerebis gacemis SewyvetisTanave.

monitoringis gegmaSi SerCeviT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo daaxloebiT 1000

aramonawile pedagogis gamokiTxva. saboolod monitoringis regionuli

specialistebis mier gamokiTxuli iqna 979 pedagogi. regionebis mixedviT

gamokiTxuli pedagogebis gadanawileba ix. pirveli danarTis, #7 cxrilSi.

130

regionebSi gamokiTxuli pedagogebi Tanabrad gadanawilda raionuli

centrebis sididis mixedviT. pedagogTa umravlesoba, 909 pedagogi (93%)

mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelia. gamokiTxuli maswavleblebi,

asakobrivi TvalsazrisiT, Semdegnairad gadanawildnen (ixileT pirveli

danarTi, cxrili # 8): maswavleblebis yvelaze meti raodenoba (287

pedagogi (29%)) modis "50-60" asakobriv jgufze, xolo yvelaze naklebi (60

pedagogi (6%) - "22-27" asakobriv jgufze. 50 wels gadacilebuli

pedagogebis jamma sabolood 45% Seadgina. am maCvenebelma kidev erTxel

cxadyo, rom SedarebiT xnieri pedagogebma Tavi Seikaves treningebze

daswrebisagan.

pedagogebma Seavses vauCeruli dafinansebis Sefasebis kiTxvarebi,

romelic Sedgeboda Ria, naxevrad Ria da daxuruli SekiTxvebisagan.

angariSSi warmodgenilia aramonawile maswavlebelTa Sefasebis kiTxvaris

yvela daxuruli da naxevrad Ria SekiTxvis analizi. yoveli treninigis

calke Sefasebisas gaanalizda Ria SekiTxvebi da maswavlebelTa

rekomendaciebi. aramonawile pedagogebis mosazrebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi

TanxvedraSi movida monawile pedagogebis mosazrebebTan.

gamokiTxuli pedagogebidan yvelas smenia maswavlebelTa profesiuli

ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb. es aris skolis

direqtorebis, resurscentrebis, trening-provaideri organizaciebis

muSaobisa da sareklamo kampaniis Sedegi, romlic mimdinareobda

programis msvlelobasTan erTad. qvemoT ganxilulia aramonawile

pedagogTa pasuxebi Sefasebis kiTxvarSi arsebul SekiTxvebze.

debulebaze: "maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli

dafinansebis programa xels Seuwyobs pedagogebs sertificirebis

gamocdis warmatebiT CabarebaSi" (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 9),

sakmaod maRali monacemi (51%) dafiqsirda, rac saSualebas iZleva

davaskvnaT, rom qveyanaSi zogadad pedagogebi dadebiTad Sexvdnen

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis ganxorcielebas. am mosazrebas

cxadyofs debulebaze "msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels uwyobs

131

maswavlebelTa profesiuli donis amaRlebas" da aseve debulebaze:

"msgavsi programebi xels Seuwyobs saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis

konkurentunariani bazris Seqmnas" miRebuli monacemebi (ixileT pirveli

danarTi, cxrilebi # 10, 11).

SekiTxvaze: ”apirebT Tu ara maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Semdeg etapze aiRoT vauCeri”, dadebiTi

pasuxis didi procenti dafiqsirda (ix. pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 12),

xolo asakis mixedviT, yvelaze didi raodenoba 39-60 wlis asakis

pedagogebze modis (ixileT pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 13)

rogorc Cans, pedagogebis umravlesoba elodeba vauCerizaciis Semdegi

etapis dawyebas da maTi umravlesoba apirebs monawileoba miiRos

programaSi. pedagogebis ricxvi, romelic saerTod ar apirebs

monawileobis miRebas maTi asakis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba.

Ria SekiTxvebis klasifikaciis Semdeg dadginda is ZiriTadi

problemebi, romlebmac xeli SeuSala pedagogebs vauCeruli dafinansebis

pirvel etapze aeRoT da gamoeyenebinaT vauCerebi. 979 pedagogidan

problema daasaxela 725 pedagogma. sul dasaxelda 12 problema. (ixileT

pirveli danarTi, cxrili # 14).

rogorc vxedavT yvelaze masStaburi problema, ramac xeli SeuSala

pedagogebs vauCerebis aRebaSi aris vauCerebis nakleboba.

rac Seexeba rekomendaciebs, kvlevis Sedegad pedagogebma daafiqsires

Semdegi rekomendaciebi:

treningebi Catardes regionebSi, raionul centrebsa da soflebSi;

treningebi Catardes ardadegebis periodSi;

iaqtiuron provaiderebma, Caataron regionul doneze prezentaciebi

da axlos gaecnon pedagogebs;

gaizardos dafinansebuli kreditebis raodenoba;

garkveul programebze Tanxis damateba aRar iyos saWiro;

Catardes ufro meti treningi profesiul unarCvevebSi.

132

saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa da trenerTa

treningebisadmi damokidebulebis Sefaseba:

kvlevis angariSi moicavs maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis

centris vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis farglebSi

gamokiTxuli saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis warmomadgenelTa da

trenerTa Sefasebas. vauCeruli dafinansebis programis msvlelobisas

monitoringis specialistebi daeswrnen 132 trenings da gamokiTxes 148

treneri. respondentebma Seavses maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis

vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis Sefasebis raodenobrivi

kiTxvarebi, romelic Sedgeboda Ria, naxevrad Ria da daxuruli

SekiTxvebisagan. damuSavda Ria SekiTxvebi da maswavlebelTa

rekomendaciebi, romelic monitoringis dakvirvebis angariSSi aisaxa da

gamoyenebuli iqna programaSi CarTuli mxareebisaTvis gaweril

rekomendaciebSi. trenerebis umravlesoba, 133 treneri (90%) mdedrobiTi

sqesis warmomadgenelia. trenerebis Sefaseba, problemebi da

rekomendaciebi gansxvavdeboda pedagogebisa da skolis direqtorebis mier

gakeTebuli Sefasebebisagan. SekiTxvaze: ”daeswro Tu ara Tqveni

treningis yvela sesias, yvela is maswavlebeli, romelic winaswar

daregistrirda Tqvens programaze”? pasuxebi Semdegnairad gadanawilda:

grafiki 3: trenerebis pasuxi kiTxvaze daeswro Tu ara yvela daregistritrebyli

maswavlebeli yvela sesias

48%

49%

49%

50%

50%

51%

51%

skolis direqtori

diax 51%

ara 49 %

133

uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi trenerebi asaxelebdnen ZiriTad

tendenciebs, ris gamoc winaswar daregistrirebulma pedagogebma aRar

gaiares maT mier ganxorcielebuli treningebi:

1. pedagogebis garkveulma nawilma moiTxova treningebze daswreba

vauCeris gareSe;

2. pedagogebi winaswari daregistrirebis Semdeg cvlidnen

gadawyvetilebas da registrirdebodnen sxva saganmanaTleblo

organizaciis treningze;

3. pedagogebs akliaT sabazo codna (aqtivobebi), mzad ar arian treningze

ganxiluli sakiTxebis asaTviseblad, amitom iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac

aRar modiodnen da aRar eswrebodnen treningebs;

4. pedagogebi srulad ar eswrebodnen treningebs.

garda amisa trenerebma CamoTvales problemebi romlebmac xeli

SeuSala pedagogebs vauCerebis aRebasa da gamoyenebaSi. yvelaze xSirad

dasaxelebuli problemebia:

1. vauCerebis arasakmarisi raodenoba;

2. araskmarisi dro vauCeris gamosayeneblad, xSirad iyo SemTxveva rom

pedagogebma aiRes vauCeri magram ver Caetivnen treningis

ganxorcielebis vadebSi;

3. maswavlebelTa arainformirebuloba; maswavleblebi ver erkveodnen

programasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi an erkveodnen arasworad;

4. maswavleblebs mcire dro hqondaT programebis gasacnobad;

5. maswavlebelTa gulgriloba, iyvnen maswavleblebi, romlebmac ver

moaswres wels vauCeris aReba, radgan Tavis droze ar dauTmes mas

saTanado yuradReba;

6. inglisuri enis codnis dabali done maswavlebelTa Soris.

134

trenerebma aseve Seafases zogadad pedagogebis damokidebuleba da

treningze damswre pedagogebis CarTuloba (ix. pirveli danarTi, cxrili

# 15).

saintereso gamodga trenerebis mier mocemuli rekomendaciebi,

programis ukeT ganxorcielebisaTvis:

1. maswavleblebisaTvis drouli da zusti informaciis miwodeba

programis ganxorcielebisa da vauCerebis administrirebis Sesaxeb.

ukeTesi sareklamo kampaniis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba;

2. soflad mcxovrebi maswavleblebisaTvis gadaadgilebis saSualebiT

uzrunvelyofa, treningis Catarebis grafikis mogvareba;

3. meti vauCerebis miwodeba resurscentrebisaTvis;

4. maswavleblebma ufro meti unda imuSaon damoukideblad;

5. kargi iqneboda maswavlebelTa sabazo momzadeba. momzadebuli

pedagogebi ukeT aiTviseben treningze ganxilul sakiTxebsa da

masalebs. skolaSi kaTedrebma unda imuSaon am mimarTulebiT;

6. sasurvelia treningi ufro xangrZlivi iyos, raTa srulad moicvas is

programa, romlis mixedviTac Catardeba maswavlebelTa sertificireba.

7. sasurvelia, yvelgan, sadac tardeba treningebi auditoriebi iyos

Sesabamisad aRWurvili da keTilmowyobili;

8. programa ukeTesad ganxorcieldeba, Tu skolebs, sadac treningi

tardeba, droulad miecema ufleba skolis garkveuli farTis

gaqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT.

winamdebare qveTavSi mocemul SefasebebSi araferia naTqvami

zrdasrulTa treningebis praqtikosTa winaswar momzadebis saWiroebis

Sesaxeb. garda amisa, calke sakiTxia, Tu ra meTodebs mimarTavan trenerebi

da provaideri organizaciebi maswavlebelTa swavlebis procesSi, aris Tu

ara efeqturi es meTodebi da rogoria calkeuli provaideri organizaciis

mier datreningebuli pedagogebis sagamocdo Sedegebi, risi kvlevac

135

dRemde ar ganxorcielebula. zogi maTgani warmatebulia, zogi naklebad.

ar aris Camoyalibebuli kriteriumebi, ris mixedviTac SeiZleboda

gvemsjela treningebis provaideri organizaciebis warmatebul

saqmianobaze. magaliTad, 2011 wels pedagogTa kavSiri „ganaTleba da

samyaros“ ofisma norvegiis ltolvilTa sabWos mxardaWeriT gadaamzada

20 pedagogi sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis profesiul unarebSi, saidanac

9 maswavlebelma Caabara gamocda warmatebiT profesiul unarebSi87.

aRniSnuli Sedegi damakmayofilebelia Tu ara da ra aris ganaTlebisa

da mecnierebis da saministros mier Catarebuli monitoringis Sedegad

gamokveTili naklovanebebis aRmofxvris gzebi, amaSi momdevno qveTavSi

iqneba saubari, kerZod, gaanalizdeba zrdasrulTa treningebze

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswinebul modulirebuli

midgomis upiratesoba. xolo naSromis kvlevis meTodologiis nawilSi

vnaxavT, rogor unda gaizardos maswavlebelTa treningis potenciali,

raTa realurad gamarTldes zemoaRniSnuli erTerTi debuleba:

„maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis

programa xels Seuwyobs pedagogebis sasertifikacio gamocdebis

warmatebiT Cabarebas88“.

87

http://uteu.ge/news/masts'avlebelta_sasertipik'atsio_gamotsdis_shedegebi/2011-09-10-23 88

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis samsaxuris angariSi, 2009w.

http://uteu.ge/news/masts'avlebelta_sasertipik'atsio_gamotsdis_shedegebi/2011-09-10-23

136

4.3. zrdasrulTa swavlebis procesebSi zrdasrulTa ganTlebis

principebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli midgomis upiratesoba

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom msoflio sazogadoebaSi ukve

gavrcelebuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis formebis: „distanciuri

ganaTleba“, “ganaTleba sicocxlis manZilze”, “uwyveti ganaTleba”,

“ganaTleba yvelasaTvis”, “saxalxo skolebi Tu saxalxo universitetebi“

saerTo maxasiaTebeli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaa.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis procesSi yvela asakis zrdasruli adamiani

SeiZleba iyos CarTuli e.w. miznobriv jgufebSi konkretuli sagnis an

unaris Sesaswavlad. Tavad saganmanaTleblo RonisZieba SeiZleba iyos

sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis da ar aris aucilebeli, sruldebodes rame

saxis saganmanTleblo dokumentis gacemiT. TiToeuli miznobrivi jgufis

swavlebisTvis unda Seiqmnas Sesabamis socialur-pedagogiur principebze

agebuli saswavlo masalebi (magaliTad, samdonian midgomaze da erTgvar

programul-miznobriv meTodze agebuli saswavlo masalebi, warmodgenili

modulebis saxiT89).

rac Seexeba modulirebul swavlebas, mas xSirad mimarTaven axali

unarebis ganviTarebis mizniT da igi iTvaliswinebs zrdasrulTaTvis

Sesatyvis socialur-pedagogiur principebs. ganaTlebaSi modulirebuli

swavlebis midgoma niSnavs ama Tu im sagnis an unarebis swavlebis

gamartivebul meTods, rac gulisxmobs sagnis swavlebas saswavlo masalis

Sinaarsis dajgufebis safuZvelze, sagnis etapobriv aTvisebas miznobrivi

jgufis Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistma winaswar, swavlis dawyebamde

unda dagegmos swavlis procesis zogadi strategia; gansazRvros,

Camoweros da ganmartos konkretuli Temis an sagnis swavlebis miznebi da

Sedegebi; daasabuTos sakuTari mosazrebebi; moiZios is specifikuri 89

Numminen, U.; Blom, H. Yhteistoiminta - oppilaitosten uusi toimintatapa. Kaytannon kokemuksia ja

ratkaisumalleja. Kehittyva koulutus 6/1999. [Cooperation - new methods of action at educational institutions. Practical

experiences and solution models. Developing education 6/99]. Helsinki: National Board of Education, 1999.

137

aspeqtebi, romelzec msmenelebi gulisyuriT imuSaveben; gamoavlinos

msmenelis susti da Zlieri mxareebi; SesTavazos msmenels gamoTqmuli

mosazrebis alternativa; moaxdinos msmenelis pozitiuri gamowveva;

winaswar gaiTvaliswinos da ganWvritos mosalodneli Sedegebi.

Cven mier Seswavlili saswavlo modulebi da mecadineobebi isea

agebuli, rom msmeneli bihevioruli cvlilebis process ganicdis (lira

srinivasenis koncefcia). bihevioruli cvlilebis procesis pirveli etapi

individis problemasTan gacnobiT iwyeba, gadadis problemis ganxilvaSi,

Semdeg gadadis mocemul problemaze informaciis mopovebaSi da bolos –

im unarebis SeZenaSi, rac problemis mogvarebasa da gadalaxvaSi

daexmareba mas. Semdeg etapze individi SeZenil axal unars gamocdis, anu

gamoiyenebs praqtikuli savarjiSos keTebis dros, xolo bolo etapze

individi ukukavSiris procesSi sakuTar warmatebas afasebs, anu saubrobs

miRweul mizanze. yvela am etaps zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis

specialisti/pedagogi da msmeneli zemoT aRwerili principebis

gamoyenebiT gaivlian. pedagogi valdebulia, ar Seitanos iseTi

cvlilebebi, romelic negatiur damokidebulebas gamoiwvevs msmenelSi,

piriqiT, yvela aqtivoba imisken unda mimarTos, rom Tvali adevnos, Tu

ramdenad efeqturad xorcieldeba sasargeblo cvlilebebi msmenelSi.

Sedegad gaizrdeba msmenelis yuradRebis moculoba sxvadasxva

sakiTxisadmi.

modulirebuli swavlebis midgomaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania pedagogma

gaiazros biheviorizmis, konstruqtivizmisa da socialuri

konstruqtivizmis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi saswavlo praqtikasTan

mimarTebaSi.

pozitiuri da negatiuri damokidebulebebis garda, romelzec ukve

zemoT visaubreT, biheviorizmSi aqtiuri, pasiuri da individualuri

damokidebulebac igulisxmeba. pedagogma usaTuod unda gansazRvros

TavisTvis msmenelTa kategoriebi am sami maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, raTa

SemdegSi specialuri midgomebi gamoiyenos maT mimarT.

138

konstruqtivizms rac Seexeba, Zalian mniSvnelovania, pedagogma xeli

Seuwyos msmenels, damoukideblad imoqmedos da aagos Tavisi codna da

unar-Cvevebi sakuTar gamocdilebaze; gamoiwvios masSi maRali donis

motivacia da, SeZlebisdagvarad, adgilzeve moaxdinos miRebuli codnis

praqtikuli realizacia.

socialur konstruqtivizmSi igulisxmeba urTierTdamokidebuleba

msmenelsa da pedagogs Soris. interaqtivis meSveobiT unda ganviTardes

urTierTTanamSromloba saswavlo garemoSi. es orive mxarisgan maRali

donis mzadyofnas moiTxovs, Tumca bevri ram aris damokidebuli

pedagogze. didi qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli ilia WavWavaZe Tavis droze

werda:

“wurTvna mimarTulia xasiaTis zrdasa da ganviTarebaze da swavla ki –

gonebis gaxsnasa da msjelobis gaZlierebaze... zne-xasiaTis wurTvna didad

damokidebulia swavlasa da codnaze.” (i. WavWavaZe, 1888 weli).

TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg masaCusetsis axali teqnologiebis

institutis leqtori da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi “organizaciuli

swavlebis sazogadoebis” damfuZnebeli piter sanJi wers:

“namdvil swavlas gulis dadeba sWirdeba. swavlis procesSi Cven

vayalibebT sakuTar Tavs. swavlis procesSi Cven SevimecnebT samyaros da

Cvens damokidebulebas mis mimarT. swavlis procesi gviRrmavebs axlis

Seqmnis niWs da gvaZlevs Zalas, CaverToT cxovrebaSi. CvenSi arsebobs

aseTi survili” (Peter Senge, 1999).

modulirebuli swavlebis midgomaze damyarebuli zrdasrulTa

araformaluri ganaTlebis, rogorc pedagogikis erT-erTi samecniero

mimarTulebis specifika swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom msmeneli

gaazrebulad, sakuTari saWiroebis mixedviT TviTrealizaciaze

orientirebuli iTvisebs axal unarebs, SemoqmedebiTad udgeba sakiTxs,

iRrmavebs niWs da individualur damokidebulebas iCens Sesaswavli

sagnisadmi, rac zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sabWoTa sistemaSi

gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo. arsebobda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema,

139

magram ar arsebobda pedagogiur-socialuri principebi, riTic am sistemas

unda exelmZRvanela.

modulirebul midgomaze agebuli swavlebisa da swavlis aqtivobebis

xuTi kategoria arsebobs:

mzardi, romlis dros msmeneli davalebis Sesrulebis procesSi

igebs axal principebs, ideebs, koncefciebs da iZens unar-Cvevebs.

restruqturizebadi, romlis dros msmeneli akeTebs axal aRmoCenebs

winaswar SeZenil unar-Cvevebze dayrdnobiT.

codnis gamosacdeli, romlis dros ukve nacnobi ideebis,

koncefciebis, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gamoyeneba xdeba axal

situaciebSi problemis gadasawyvetad.

praqtikaze damyarebuli, rodesac praqtikuli savarjiSoebis

saSualebiT nacnobi ideebis, koncefciebis, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis

ganmtkiceba xdeba.

gameorebaze damyarebuli, rodesac nacnobi ideebis, koncefciebis,

codnisa da unar-Cvevebis gameoreba xdeba garkveuli drois gavlis

Semdeg.

modulirebuli swavlebis mniSvnelovani elementebia:

verbaluri informacia (Teoriuli nawili);

swavlebis vizualizacia (TvalsaCino masalebi, suraTebi, grafikebi,

modelebi, klipebi, filmebi);

savarjiSoebi (roluri TamaSebi, amocanebi, davalebebi,

eqsperimentebi);

diskusia (kiTxva-pasuxebi, wyvilebSi muSaoba, jgufebSi muSaoba,

proeqtebis ganxilva);

azrovneba, fiqri (problemis gadaWris savarjiSoebi, situaciuri

amocanebi, jgufuri ganxilvebi)

140

modulirebuli swavlebis midgomaze dafuZnebuli zrdasrulTa

treningebi Semdegi upiratesobebiT gamoirCeva:

advilad xelmisawvdomia da mcire xarjebiT aris organizebuli.

miRwevis zona didia da naklebia saswavlo procesebisTvis gaweuli

danaxarjebi.

miwodebuli masalebi Seesatyviseba msmenelis gamocdilebasa da

cxovrebiseul saWiroebas. gaTvaliswinebulia miznobrivi jgufis

interesebi.

pedagogsa da msmenels Soris Tanabaruflebiani dialogi

mimdinareobs. urTierToba agebulia pativiscemaze.

savarjiSoebis Sesruleba mTliani jgufis patara jgufebad

dayofis principzea agebuli.

swavlis procesSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia diskusiebsa da

urTierTSefasebas.

gamoyenebulia iseTi aqtivobebi, rac saSualebas aZlevs msmenels,

dasaxuli davaleba gaiazros, aiTvisos da Seasrulos.

saswavlo garemo ekologiurad validuria, anu sasargebloa da ar

azianebs msmenelis interesebis sxva segments. gaTvlilia riskebi

da daSvebebi.

swavlebis modulirebuli midgoma miznad isaxavs:

msmenelTa jgufis marTvis gzebis winaswar gansazRvras;

efeqturi saswavlo garemos Camoyalibebas;

saswavlo Teoriebis kavSirs saswavlo praqtikasTan;

Tanamedrove Teoriebisa da meTodologiebis gamoyenebas;

codnis Semowmebisa da Sefasebis dros urTierTTanamSromlobis

principebis gamoyenebas.

mocemuli kvlevisTvis saeqsperimento jgufTan Catarebuli treningi

Semdeg principebze iyo agebuli:

141

1. zrdasrulebs unda undodeT swavla - zogierTi saxelmwifo programa

TavisTavad moiTxovs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi monawileobas – unda

moxdes maTi monawileobis saWiroebis ganviTareba:

zrdasrulebma Tavad unda gaakeTon saswavlo aqtivobebSi

monawileobis arCevani droisa da adgilis TvalsazrisiT;

zrdasrulebi swavlis faqtorebis identificirebas Tavad axdenen;

swavlis efeqturoba da miRwevebi pirad motivebTan unda iyos

kavSirSi.

swavlis mniSvnelovani barierebia: zogs dabali TviTSefaseba aqvs;

ar sjera sakuTari SesaZleblobebis; marcxis an dacinvis eSinia.

2. swavla cvlilebaa - dausaxeT zrdasrulebs TviTrealizaciis

perspeqtiva:

swavla individualuri procesia;

swavla cvlis qcevas;

xdeba axali codnisa da unaris SeZena;

axali codnisa da informaciis SeZena zrdasruli adamianis

moTxovnilebaa da isini Tavad eZeben maTi miRebis SesaZleblobebs.

3. zrdasrulebs ara aqvT dro da moTmineba, miiRon Seusabamo

informacia - iseTi RonisZiebebi unda daigegmos, rac garantirebulad

warmatebiT damTavrdeba:

fokusireba realistur problemebze unda moxdes;

miawodeT codna da unarebi, romelsac maleve gamoiyeneben;

gamoiyeneT swavlisadmi induqciuri midgoma, ganaviTareT daskvnebi;

gamokveTeT da gansazRvreT problema; SesTavazeT alternatiuli

gamosavali90;

90

Brundage, Donald H.; MacKeracher, Dorothy. “Adult Learning Principles and Their Application to Program

Planning”. Ontario Government Bookstore, 880 Bay Street, Toronto, Canada M7A 1L2, 1980

142

IV Tavis daskvna

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanmxlebi socialur-pedagogiuri principebi

bevri sxva qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaSi calke Teoriad yalibdeba da im

umaRlesi saswavleblebis programebis sagnad iqceva (mag. CrdiloeT

amerikisa da evropis qveynebSi, maT Soris baltiispireTis qveynebSi da

ruseTis federaciaSi), romlebic zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis specialistebs,

trenerebs amzadeben. am qveynebSi mTavar gamowvevad rCeba zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebaSi monawileobis gazrdis aucilebloba. realoba gviCvenebs, rom

zrdasrulTa swavleba xorcieldeba ufro formaluri saswavlo garemos

miRma, rogorc araformaluri, ise informaluri swavlebis gziT.

reformebi ar SeiZleba Semoifarglebodes mxolod struqturebis

ganaxlebiT da axali teqnologiebis SemotaniT. saWiroa Zvel sistemaSi

miRebuli ganaTlebis mqone pirebis axal sabazro ekonomikasTan, codnis

ekonomikasTan adaptaciis specialuri saganmanaTleblo programebis

amuSaveba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania amis gakeTeba regionebSi (reforma

qvemodan), sadac mosaxleoba socialur izolaciaSia moqceuli. rogorc

statistikuri monacemebidan Cans, procentulad asakovani adamianebi arain

am cvlilebebiT dazaralebuli. calke sakiTxia, ramdenad xarisxianad

xorcieldeba esa Tu is programa. saWiroa ganaTlebis axali

mimarTulebis, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis kvleva da qveynis uzarmazari

saganmanaTleblo da inteleqtualuri potencialis gamoyeneba am

mimarTulebiT, raTa Sromis bazarze profesionaluri mobilizacia moxdes.

qveyanaSi krizisis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi xSirad dakavSirebulia

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo memkvidreobisa da Rirebulebebis globalur

cvlilebasTan. xdeba Semobruneba principulad axali socialur-

kulturuli tipis sazogadoebisken, romelic dafuZnebulia garkveuli

codnis sistemaze. am codnis mobilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

saSualebad ganaTlebis sxva sferoebTan erTad zrdasrulTa ganaTleba

unda iqnes miCneuli, romelic agebuli iqneba Sesabamis socialur-

pedagogiur pricipebze.

143

V Tavi: kvlevis etapebi da meTodologia

5.1. kvlevis etapebi

kvleva mimdinareobda sam etapad:

kvlevis pirvel etapi (2000 - 2002 w.w.) daeTmo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

problemebis gacnobas da im arsebuli literaturis, saerTaSoriso da

adgilobrivi dokumenturi masalebis Seswavlas, rac moipoveboda qveynis

erovnul da sauniversiteto biblioTekebSi.

1997-2000 w.w. germaniasa da senegalSi gamarTuli CONFINTEA-s

saerTaSoriso konferenciebis masalebi mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda da

gamoqveynda nabeWdi literatura zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis

Tanamedrove mimarTulebebze. saqarTveloSi akreditebuli saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis saSualebiT es literatura saqarTveloSic gavrcelda.

garda amisa, bevrad xelmisawvdomi gaxda interneti, sadac literaturis

moZieba inglisuri enis mcodne mkvlevarebisTvis ioli gaxda. kvlevas

moyva praqtikuli saqmianobac. pirveli eqsperimentebi bevrad adre Catarda,

vidre winamdebare sadisertacio naSromi saboloo saxes miiRebda.

gamoikiTxa 3000-mde sxvadasxva asakis zrdasruli adamiani. gamokiTxvis

sagani iyo zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis potenciali

socialuri izolaciidan Tavis daRwevisa da TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi

(likertis Skalis meSveobiT). gamokiTxvis cdis pirebi iyvnen qvemoT

CamoTvlili trening-seminarebis monawile zrdasrulebi (25-70 wlis).

axlad Seqmnili arasamTavrobo organizaciebis „martoxela mSobelTa

asociacia“ da „zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisa akmeologiuri kvlevis centris“

trenerebis mier qalaq rusTavis (me-13 saSulo skola), mcxeTisa (armazis

dawyebiTi skola) da Tbilisis (me-6 gimnazia) ramdenime saSualo skolis

moswavleTa mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs (anu zrdasrulTa konkretul

miznobriv jgufs) Cautarda “mSobelTa unarebis ganviTarebis” treningebi;

amave asociaciebis trenerebis meSveobiT treningebi Catarda aseve mcire

144

ojaxuri biznesis ganviTarebis Temaze, mcire ojaxuri biznesis marTvis,

marketingisa da buRalteriis sakiTxebSi; da bolos, qalTa mcire jgufebs

CautardaT seminari samoqalaqo ganaTlebis Temaze. am eqsperimentebs

erTjeradi xasiaTi hqonda. dafinansebisa da sakanonmdeblo mxardaWeris

uqonlobis gamo, ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli kursebi saxalxo

universitetebad ver Camoyalibda, magram moxda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

ganviTarebis ideis gaRviveba. Catarebuli eqsperimentebis analizis

Sedegad, mas Semdeg, rac aRmoCna, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi

interesi gazrdilia, miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis sakiTxebis irgvliv kvlevis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb,

zrdasrulTaTvis saswavlo profilebis SerCevisa da saswavlo procesebis

Semdgomi srulyofis mizniT, raTa qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa araformaluri

ganaTlebis institutebis damkvidrebisTvis niadagi momzadebuliyo.

kvlevis meore etapi (2002-2006 w.w.) mimdinareobda winamdebare kvlevis

avtoris mier samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad yofil sulxan-saba

orbelianis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutSi

(dRevandel ilias universitetSi) maZieblad gaformebisa da saqarTvelos

sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutSi (GIPA) magistris wodebis mopovebis

periodSi. am periodSi gadaidga konkretuli praqtikuli nabijebi Temis

aprobaciis mizniT da TiTqmis dasrulda samecniero naSromze muSaobac,

romelic 2006 wlisTvis mzad iyo pedagogiuri mecnierebis xarisxis

kandidatis wodebis (ganaTlebis saministros Zveli debulebiT)

mosapoveblad dacvaze gasatanad.

kvleva daeTmo saqarTveloSi socialuri, kerZod, siRaribis donis,

dasaqmebisa da ganaTlebis urTierTkavSiris problemebis Seswavlas.

sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi zrdasrulTaTvis maTi zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebisadmi moTxovnis kvlevisa da saswavlo profilebis SerCevis

mizniT, eqsperimentis saxiT, amjerad qveynis regionebSi Catarda (svaneTi,

aWara, mcxeTa-mTianeTi, guria, samcxe-javaxeTi, Tbilisi, rusTavi).

gamoikiTxa 3000-mde respondenti. kiTxvarebi agebuli iyo raodenobriv da

145

xarisxobriv analizze, nominalur da kategoriebad Camoyalibebul

sazomebze91 (im xerxebisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rac winamdebare

naSromis avtorma Seiswavla kvlevis meTodikisa da statistikis klasSi,

sazogadoebriv saqmeTa institutis profesoris, rebeka katcis

xelmZRvanelobiT). kiTxvarebi daurigdaT soflebis, raionebisa da qalaqis

mosaxleobis im kategoriebs, romlebic ganicdidnen qveyanaSi mimdinare

ekonomikuri krizisiTa da saxelmwifos restruqturizaciis pirveli

etapiT gamowveul negatiur zegavlenas. ZiriTadi yuradReba sam momentze

iyo gamaxvilebuli:

rogoria maTi socialuri mdgomareoba;

smeniaT Tu ara rame zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisa da TviTrealizaciis

Sesaxeb;

ra Seicvleboda maT cxovrebaSi profilis Secvlis, an rame axali

unarebis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi;

ra profiliT arian dainteresebuli.

gamokiTxulTa TiTqmis 35% umuSevari aRmoCnda, (maT Soris didi nawili

dakavebuli iyo TviTdasaqmebiT, soflad sakuTari meurneobis warmoebiT,

xolo qalaqad, dRiuri vaWrobiT). daaxloebiT 60 procentma araferi

icoda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. is nawili ki, romelmac ase Tu

ise icoda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, aigivebda mas mxolod

sabWoTa periodis stereotipebTan. rac Seexeba axal kvalifikaciebsa da

unarebs, ZiriTadad gamoikveTa ucxo enis, kompiuteruli teqnikisa da

bazarze Semosuli axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Seswavlis survili.

ufro detalurad ki moTxovna iyo Semdeg profilebze: (1) samewarmeo

saqmianobis menejmenti, marketingi, buRalteria (anu mcire biznesis

marTva). (2) mSeneblobis/remontis/xelosnobis axali teqnologiebi; (3)

infrastruqturis ganviTarebis dasavluri gamocdileba; (4) biznes-gegmebis

91 Kwang Kim Westat, Sean Creighton Education Statistics Services Institute, National Center for Education

Statistics, November 1999 Participation in Adult Education in the United States: 1998-1999.

146

wera; (5) saojaxo medicina da saojaxo ekonomika; (5) dizainis esTetika da

xelsaqme; da sxv.

garda zemoT CamoTvlili profilebisa, iyo moTxovna konkretuli

regionisTvis arsebuli tradiciuli rewvis aRdgenasa da ganviTarebaze.

miTiTebul periodSi germaniis saxalxo universitetebis asociaciis

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis institutis (IZZ DVV) egidiT TbilisSi

Catarda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ramdenime kvireuli, sadac miwveuli iyo

ganaTlebis programebiT dakavebuli sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo

organizacia, ganaTlebis saministros warmomadgenlebi da profesiuli

ganaTlebis mesveurebi. damswre sazogadoebas waredgina mocemuli kvlevis

mier Catarebuli eqsperimentebis analizis Sedegad miRebuli informaciac,

ramac didi mowoneba daimsaxura. maT gamoxates gaweuli samuSaosadmi

mxardaWera. amave etaps Tan sdevda saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis uSualo

gaziareba zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT. 2003

wlis aprilSi naSromis avtori miwveuli iyo germaniasa (qalaqi kilSi,

evropis Tavisufali ganaTlebis forumis, organizacia effe-s mier) da

daniaSi (qalaq kopenhagenSi, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centris AOF-is

mier), sadac movinaxuleT saxalxo universitetebi da uSualod daveswariT

zrdasrulTa arformaluri ganaTlebis swavlebis procesebs. interesi

ZiriTadad zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis Rirebulebis,

sakanonmdeblo bazasa da dafinansebis wyaroebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

kvlevis mesame etapi uSualod ilias saxelmwifo universitetis

samagistro da sadoqtoro programebis fakultetze, doqturanturaSi

Cabarebis Semdeg ganxorcielda. kvleva zogadad zrdasrulTa

araformalur ganaTlebaSi zrdasrulTa CarTulobasa da am mimarTulebiT

informirebulobas Seexo, xolo misi viwro sfero 2010-2014 w.w.

maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis maswavlebelTa

mosamzadebeli treningebis kvlevas warmoadgenda. ix. momdevno qveTavebSi.

147

5.2. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobisa da informirebis

donis kvleva 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa sertificirebis wina periodSi

Catarda kvleva – ”zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi (kursebi, treningebi)

mosaxleobis CarTuloba da maTi informirebis done” pirispir

interviuebis safuZvelze. cdis piri iyo zrdasruli mosaxleoba. kvlevis

arealma moicva saqarTvelos 9 qalaqi: Tbilisi, baTumi, rusTavi, gori,

axalcixe, mestia, mcxeTa, ozurgeTi, quTaisi.

kvlevis ganrigi

Sesasrulebeli samuSaoebi vadebi

kvlevis instrumentis (kiTxvaris) dagegmva 1 dRe kiTxvaris testireba 1 dRe kvlevis wertilebis ganawileba da respondentTa SerCevis gansazRvra 1 dRe interviuerebis treningi 1 dRe kiTxvaris beWdva 9 X 1 dRe velis mimdinareoba 9 X 3 dRe monacemTa Seyvana 9 X 1 dRe monacemTa damuSaveba/analizi 9 X 1 dRe saprezentacio masalis/angariSis momzadeba 2 dRe

interviuerebis treningi:

1 etapi:

Tbilisisa da regionebis supervaizerebisTvis Catarda treningi, maT

miewodaT kvlevis instrumentis (kiTxvaris) Sesabamisi instruqciebi.

konkretulad ganxiluli iyo yoveli mosalodneli arastandartuli

SemTxveva. supervaizerebma monawileoba miiRes modelirebul interviuebSi,

rogorc respondentebma da rogorc interviuerebma.

148

2 etapi:

monacemTa baza Seikriba trenirebuli inteviuerebis (studentebis,

martoxela mSoblebis asociaciisa da mTiani regionis qalebis asociaciis

wevrebis) mier respondentTa ojaxebSi.

kvlevis meTodi

SerCevis zoma: N= 3000 dasrulebuli interviu. mTavar jgufs

warmoadgenda Tbilisisa da saqarTvelos 8 qalaqis (rusTavi, gori,

quTaisi, zugdidi, baTumi, Telavi, axalcixe, ozurgeTi) 45 welze ufrosi

asakis mosaxleoba. kvleva Catarda respondentTan saxlSi, pirispir

intervius meTodiT 45 wlis zeviT mosaxleobaze.

ganawileba: TbilisSi Catarda 360 interviu. SerCevis darCenili

moculoba regionul centrebze gadanawilda Tanabrad. TiToel qalaqSi

Catarda 330 interviu.

SerCevis es moculobebi uzrunvelyofs, rom TiToeul qalaqSi

gamokvleviT miRebuli Sedegebis cdomileba 95%-iani saimedobiT ar

aRematebodes 5.4 %-s. interviuerebs TiToeul SerCevis erTeulSi miecaT

ganawilebis Sesabamisi aTvliTi wertilebis raodenoba, intervius

gansazRvruli odenobiT (cxrili #1), (cxrili #2).

miRebuli Sedegebis mTel erTobliobaze agregirebis mizniT

ganxorcielda monacemTa damuSaveba respondentTa sqesisa da asakis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

SerCevis meTodi: e.w. "SemTxveviTi SerCevis (xetialis)" meTodi.

gamokvlevisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna sam safexuriani SemTxveviTi

klasteruli SerCeva:

sastarto (pirveli) ojaxis moZebna:

1. kerZo dasaxlebebSi sastarto ojaxi sawyis wertilTan mdebare

uaxloesi ojaxi, gamokvlevis marSrutis mimarTulebiT.

2. sawyis wertilSi mravalbiniani korpusi - pirveli gamosakiTxi

ojaxis nomeri emTxveva kiTxvaris nomris bolo cifrs.

149

3. sawyis wertilSi ”italiuri” ezo - marjvena mxridan viTvliT

ojaxebs da pirvel ojaxs virCevT kiTxvaris nomris bolo cifris

damrgvalebuli naxevris bijiT.

ojaxi SeirCa winaswar dawesebuli bijis Sesabamisad:

1. aTvlis wertilidan yoveli me-3 korpusi, korpusSi yoveli me-7

ojaxi.

2. yoveli me-5 kerZo saxli.

3. ~italiur ezoSi~ 2 interviu. Tu ezoSi cxovrobs 6 ojaxze naklebi,

gamoikiTxa erTi ojaxi.

ojaxSi respondentis SerCeva:

1. ojaxis wevrebs Soris, visac 45 da zemoT asakis adamiani

interviuze uari:

1. Sesabamisi respondentis aryofnis, an uaris SemTxvevaSi Semdegi

interviu tardeboda dawesebuli bijiT, momdevno binaSi/ojaxSi.

(cxrili #3)

velis kontroli: velis kontroli ganxorcielda koordinatorebisa

da kontrolis jgufis mier.

cxrili # 1: gamokiTxulTa ganawileba:

qalaqi intervius raodenoba SerCevis wertilebis

raodenoba SerCevis wertilSi

interviueris raodenoba

1 Tbilisi 360 3 120

2 baTumi 330 3 110

3 rusTavi 330 3 110

4 gori 330 3 110

5 axalcixe 330 3 110

6 mestia 330 3 110

7 mcxeTa 330 3 110

8 ozurgeTi 330 3 110

9 quTaisi 330 3 110 sul 3000 27

150

intervius xangrZlivoba – saSualod 60 wT.

cxrili #2: interviuerebis raodenoba SerCevis wertilebSi

qalaqi

interviuerebis raodenoba

intervius raodenoba erTi

interviuerisTvis

velis

xangrZlivoba

intervius

saS. raod. dReSi

Tbilisi 3 120 3 dRe 120 X 1 int.

dReSi

baTumi 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.

dReSi

rusTavi 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.

dReSi

gori 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.

dReSi

axalcixe 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.

dReSi

mestia 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.

dReSi

mcxeTa 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.

dReSi

ozurgeTi 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.

dReSi

quTaisi 3 110 3 dRe 110 X 1 int.

dReSi sul 27 3000 27 dRe

cxrili #3: arSemdgar interviuTa pasuxebis ranJireba

pasuxebis ranJireba SemTxveva %

misamarTi ar arsebobs 0%

uari interviuze 20.8%

respondents ar SeuZlia pasuxi avadaa, nasvamia, smeniTi probl. da a. S.

21.7%

asakovani respondenti ar aris saxlSi 34.2%

aravin ar aris saxlSi 23.3%

sul 100%

velis kontroli: daaxl. 30% TiToeul qalaqSi.

151

kontroli Catarda sami mimarTulebiT:

1. 11 % - kontroli, intervius Semdgom koordinatorebis misvliT

2. 10-11 % - kontroli, intervius Semdgom makontrolirebeli pirebs

misvliT.

3. 10-11 % - intervius Semdgom makontrolirebeli pirebis mier

satelefono kontroli.

cxrili #4: sqesTa monawileoba gamokiTxvaSi

monacemTa baza: miRebuli monacemebi kodirebulia, gawmendilia da

damuSavebulia nino SarvaSiZis mier SPSS for Windows, version 10.0.-s

gamoyenebiT.

kvlevis Sedegebi: rogorc Catarebulma gamokvlevam cxadyo,

gamokiTxulTa mxolod 5% aqvs gavlili moklevadiani profesiuli

momzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi, mosmenili aqvs leqcia-

seminarebi da trening-programebi da amdenivea CarTuli kompiuterisa da

inglisuri enis Seswavlis ufaso kursebSi.

respondentTa did umravlesobas (daaxloebiT 75%) cota ram, an

saerTod ar smenia zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb da

gamokiTxulTa mxolod 15%-s waukiTxavs zrdasrulTa araformaluri

ganaTlebis Sesaxeb specialur literaturasa da mediis saSualebebSi.

mosaxleobis Zalian mcire nawili akavSirebs Tavis codnas

zrdasrulTa araformalur ganaTlebasTan. kiTxvaze, Tu rogor uyureben

sqesi qalaqi sul

Tbilisi baTumi rusTavi gori axalcixe

mestia mcxeTa ozurgeTi

quTaisi

kaci 43,3% 44,5% 46,0% 43,5% 47,8% 43,4% 44,4% 42,4% 44,7% 43.8%

qali 56,7% 55,5% 54,0% 56,5% 52,2% 56,6% 55,6% 57,6% 55,3% 56.2%

sul 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

152

isini Sromis axali bazris sapasuxod axali an damatebiTi unarebis

SeZenis SesaZleblobas, 84%-ma gamoxata dadebiTi damokidebuleba, 1%

uaryofiTi, xolo 15% - gaurkveveli.

winamdebare kvlevis Catarebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda im

TvalsazrisiT, rom dagvedgina qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis wili

informirebuli (mcodne) sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) Camoyalibebis

saqmeSi. kvlevis Sedegebis analizma da Sedarebam sxva, gardamaval

(reformebis) safexurze myof qveynebSi arsebul mdgomareobasTan

dagvanaxa, rom saqarTveloSi bevria gasakeTebeli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

ganviTarebis saqmeSi, raTa reformebi bevrad efeqturad da warmatebiT

ganxorcieldes.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelobasa da mis rolze

sxva ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi bevri visaubreT naSromis

SesavalSi, kvlevis aqtualobisa da literaturis mimoxilvis nawilSi

(ixileT wina Tavebi), xolo dadasturebas konkretulad, zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis mTavari principebis gaTvaliswinebis mniSvnelobisa 2010-2014

w.w. maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebel

treningebSi, mocemuli naSromis saboloo kvlevaSi, daskvnebsa da

rekomendaciebSi vnaxavT da ganvixilavT (ixileT qveTavi 4.3. da me-5 Tavi).

153

5.3. zrdasrulTa treningis potencialis zrdisa da zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebis gamoyenebis mizan-Sedegobrivi kavSiris

kvleva maswavlebelTa treningebis magaliTze

kvlevis meTodologia

mizani da kvelvis mTavari kiTxvebi:

kvlevis mizani iyo gaerkvia, Tu rogor SeiZleba gazardos

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebulma treningma maswavlebelTa

dadebiTi damokidebuleba maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis

dafinansebuli treningebis mimarT. kerZod ki mkvlevrma scada, pasuxi

mieRo Semdeg kiTxvebze:

1) rogoria maswavlebelTa mier treningebis aRqma da swavlis motivacia:

asrulebs Tu ara zrdasrulTa treningebi mniSvnelovan rols

maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebisa da TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi.

2) ra damokidebuleba da molodinebi aqvT maswavleblebs vauCeruli

programis farglebSi mimdinare treningebTan dakavSirebiT, treningis

dawyebamde da Semdeg.

3) axdens Tu ara dadebiT gavlenas zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze

agebuli treningis kontenti treningis Sedegebze.

populacia da cdis piris SerCeva:

kvlevis cdis pirs warmoadgens saqarTvelos saSualo skolis

maswavleblebi, romlebmac 2010-2014 w.w. maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio

gamocdebi unda Caabaron, xolo gamocdebamde monawileobas iReben

saxelmwifo vauCeruli programis farglebSi gamocdebisTvis

mosamzadebel treningebSi. maswavleblebis asaki 25-75 weli. maswavlebelTa

raodenoba n=320 (gadawyda, am kvlevaSi gamokiTxulTa raodenoba

gansazRvruliyo zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi CarTulobis kvlevis dros

gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT erTi meaTediT).

154

kvlevis Tvisobrivi monacemebi Seikriba maswavleblebTan pirispir

intervius safuZvelze treningebis adgilze. interviuebis mizani iyo

maswavlebelebis mier treningebis aRqmis, maTi kmayofilebisa da

ukmayofilebis mizezebis, TviTrealizaciis survilisa da swavlis

motivaciis dadgena. treningis mimarT damokidebulebisa da molodinebis

raodenobrivi monacemebi Seikriba likertis Skalis kiTxvaris saSualebiT.

pirispiri interviuebi Catarda da kiTxvarebi darigda ilias saxelmwifo

universitetis maswavlebelTa mxardaWeris centris trenerebis daxmarebiT.

kvleva warmoebda treningebamde da treningebis dasrulebis Semdeg.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli treningebis maT

Sedegebze dadebiTi zegavlenis Sesaxeb nulovani hipoTezis uarsayofad an

SesanarCuneblad gamoyenebuli iqna e.w. ”studentis” (uiliam gosetis

zedmetsaxeli) T-test-i treningis Sedegebis Semowmebis Semdeg.

mocemuli kvleva ganxorcielda saqarTvelos oTx qalaqSi: quTaisi,

zugdidi, zestafoni da xobi.

pirveli cxrili warmoadgens kvlevis monawileTa ganawilebas

treningebis adgilze saqarTvelos oTx qalaqSi treningebis mimarT

damokidebulebisa da molodinebis raodenobrivi monacemebis Sesakrebad.

cxrili # 1: kvlevis monawile maswavlebelTa ganawileba

qalaqi maswavlebelTa raodenoba (n=320)

quTaisi 80

zestafoni 80

zugdidi 80

xobi 80

320

imis gasarkvevad, axdens Tu ara dadebiT gavlenas zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebze agebuli treningis kontenti treningis Sedegebze,

Sedarebis mizniT treningebis dros Seiqmna ori homogenuri jgufi:

155

“saeqsperimento” jgufi (n=80) da “sakontrolo” jgufi (n=80). treningis

TiToeul adgilze moxda maswavlebelTa jgufebis SemTxveviTi SerCeva

aRniSnuli saeqsperimento jgufebisTvis.

saeqsperimento jgufebisTvis satreningo masala (informacia da

praqtika) SeirCa zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis pirincipebze agebuli

modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis gaTvaliswinebiT. sakontrolo jgufSi

myofT ar miuRiaT informacia zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis

Sesaxeb da arc treningis kontenti yofila agebuli am principebze.

saeqsperimento jgufSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis saganze

informaciis miwodebiT kvlevis mizani iyo, rogorc zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis Rirebulebebis gavrceleba, aseve jgufis wevrebs Soris

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze diskursis inicireba. kargad

gvesmoda, rom amiT garkveul mikerZoebas viCendiT, magram ramdenadac

treningi ganaTlebis Teoriebs exeboda, es iniciativa gamarTlebulic ki

iyo. saeqsperimento jgufSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis

gamoyenebis Semdeg mkvlevarma moaxdina agreTve SerCeul monawileTa

treningze Sexedulebis cvlilebis gazomva, Seadara maTi treningamde da

treningis Semdgomi damokidebulebebi treningisadmi.

monacemebis Segroveba da analizi:

kvleva sam fazad warimarTa. pirvel fazaze moxda cdis pirebis

pirispir interviureba da likertis SkaliT gamokiTxva treningamde; meore

fazaze eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo jgufis monawileebma gaiares

treningi; mesame fazaze moxda imave monawileTa xelaxali gamokiTxva

likertis Skalis imave kiTxvarebiT treningis Semdeg.

rogorc aRiniSna, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra gavlenas moaxdenda

zrdasrulTa treningebi skolis maswavleblebis damokidebulebis

Secvlaze sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da misTvis mosamzadebeli

treningebis mimarT, mocemul kvlevaSi raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi

meTodebis kombinacia iqna gamoyenebuli. Tvisobrivi analizi mimarTuli

156

iyo ori ramis dasadgenad. (1) SeuZlia Tu ara zrdasrulTa trenings

zogadad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos profesiul ganviTarebisa da

TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi; da (2) rogoria vauCeruli dafinansebis

programis farglebSi Catarebuli treningisadmi maswavlebelTa

molodinebi, anu am treningebis meSveobiT sasertifikacio gamocdebs

maswavleblebi warmatebiT Caabareben Tu ara (ixileT kvlevis Sedegebi).

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, oTx sxvadasxva qalaqSi, treningis adgilze

320 (4 X 80) maswavlebels Cautarda pirispir interviu da daurigda

kiTxvari kvlevis am or mTavar kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad (monacemebi da

maTi analizi qvemoT, #2,3 cxrilebSia mocemuli). Semdeg Catarda

treningebi (profesiul unarebSi) saeqsperimento (n=80) da sakontrolo

jgufebSi (n=80) da bolos, SedarebiT mcire zomis jgufebSi Semowmda

sxvaobis nulovani hipoTeza. ori damoukidebeli jgufisTvis t-test

gamoyenebisas nulovani hipoTezis uarsayofad an SesanarCuneblad

sxvaobis parametrebi .05-iT aRiniSna.

treningis Sedegebis Semowmebis mizniT, Catarda testi eqsperimentul da

sakontrolo jgufebSi miRebuli qulebis aRricxvis meTodiT (ix. cxrili

# 4). moxda cdis pirebis treningze miRebuli Sedegebis Semowmeba da

Sedareba. am mizniT aRebuli iqna treningis dasrulebis Semdeg codnis

Sesamowmeblad Sesrulebuli testebi im msmenelTagan, romlebic

warmoadgendnen SemTxveviT SerCeul 10% -s (n=8) saeqsperimento jgufidan

(romelic treningze treningis kontentTan erTad gaecno zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebs, xolo maTi treningis kontenti agebuli iyo amave

principebze) da - 10% (n=8) sakontrolo jgufidan (romelmac mxolod

treningis arsebuli kontenti moismina).

testis mizani iyo, Semowmebuliyo miRebuli codnis done or

gansxvavebul jgufs Soris da dageniliyo sxvaobis koeficienti. t-test -i t-

test kalkulatoris (Seiqmna 1908 wels uiliam gosetis mier, romelic

daiqirava ginesma, rogorc oqsfordisa da kembrijis erT-erTi

kursdamTavrebuli Tavisi industriis bioqimiuri da statistikuri

157

kvlevebis Catarebis mizniT) saSualebiT adgens, aris Tu ara ori jgufis

saSualo mniSvnelobas Soris statistikuri gansxvaveba da gamoiyeneba

SemTxveviT SerCeuli ori jgufis post-testirebis mizniT.

t-test-is kalkulatorSi (ixileT cxrili #5) Seyvanili iqna ori

damoukidebeli jgufis monacemebi, raTa gansazRvruliyo, iyo Tu ara

mniSvnelovani sxvaoba testis Sedegebs/qulebs Soris jgufis

Semadgenlobis mixedviT (saeqsperimento da sakontrolo). anu, mkvlevaris

mizani iyo daedgina, mniSvnelovani t – statistika, rac miuTiTebda

sxvaobaze saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebs Soris da am sxvaobis

mniSvnelobaze, riTac daadasturebda hipoTezas, rom zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebis CarTva profesiuli mxardaWeris treningebSi

dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens mis Sedegebze da iqneba efeqturobis garanti.

kvlevis Sedegebi

qvemoT mocemuli cxrilebi kvlevis Sedegebs warmoadgens.

cxrili #2 da cxrili #3 pasuxs scems kiTxvaze, asrulebs Tu ara

maswavlebelTa (zrdasrulTa) treningebi dadebiT rols maTi profesiuli

mxardaWeris saqmeSi. kiTxva dasmuli iyo treningebis dawyebamde da

treningebis Semdeg:

cxrili # 2: treningis monawileTa pasuxebi treningamde pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba

(n=320) procentuli maCvenebeli sul = 100%

sruliad ar veTanxmebi

0

0

nawilobriv ar veTanxmebi

32

10

arc veTanxmbi da arc ar veTanxmebi

16 5

nawilobriv veTanxmebi

96

30

sruliad veTanxmebi 176

55

158

cxrili # 3: treningis monawileTa pasuxebi treningis Semdeg pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba

(n=320) procentuli maCvenebeli sul = 100%


8

2.5

nawilobriv ar veTanxmebi

16

5

arc veTanxmebi da arc ar veTanxmebi

8 2.5

nawilobriv veTanxmebi

64

20

sruliad veTanxmebi 224

70

gamokiTxulTagan umetesoba treningamde da treningis Semdegac miiCnevs,

rom zrdasrulTa treningi dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens maT profesiul

ganviTarebaze. kategoriulad dadebiTi pasuxebis raodenoba sagrZnoblad

gaizarda treningis Semdeg (kontrasti = 15%). yuradsaRebia is faqtic, rom

treningebis Semdeg mcired, magram mainc imata kategoriulad uaryofiTi

damokidebulebis raodenobamac. Tu ris xarjze moxda es cvlilebebi,

gamoCnda treningebis Sedegebis Semowmebisa da Sedarebis Sedegad, mas

Semdeg, rac moxda jgufebis diferencireba eqsperimentis Catarebis mizniT.

mocemuli kvlevis kritikul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad – axdens Tu

ara dadebiT gavlenas zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli

treningis kontenti treningis Sedegebze - SedarebiT mcire zomis

saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebidan (n=80) SemTxveviTi SerCevis

principiT SeirCa rva-rva cdis piri da moxda maTi satreningo testebis

Sedegebis Setana t-test kalkulatorSi. qvemoT mocemuli cxrilebi

gviCvenebs SerCeuli cdis pirebis testebSi miRebul qulaTa monacemebs 1-

dan 10-mde da maT Soris sxvaobis koeficientis daangariSebas.

159

cxrili #4: saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebis cdis pirebis testSi miRebuli monacemebis (qulebis) Sedareba

cxrili #5: testis monacemTa t-test kalkulatoriT daangariSeba

x (x-Mx)2 y (y - My)

2

6 2.25 8 16

7 0.25 2 9

9 2.25 4 0

8 0.25 6 4

9 2.25 5 4

7 0.25 4 0

6 2.25 1 9

8 0.25 2 4

x=60 (x-

Mx)2=10

y=32 (y-My)2=46

Mx=7.5 Sx

2

=1.428671 My=4

zemoT mocemul cxrilSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvnelovan t –

statistikas gvTavazobs, rac miuTiTebs did sxvaobaze saeqsperimento da

sakontrolo jgufebs Soris (t (14) = 3.5, p < .05. kvlevis aseTi Sedegi

uaryofs nulovan hipoTezas da adasturebs mkvlevaris hipoTezas, rom

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswineba maswavlebelTa

profesiuli mxardaWeris treningebSi dadebiT gavlenas axdens maT

Sedegebze.

testebSi miRebuli qulebi

saeqsperiment. jgufi (X)

6 7 9 8 9 7 6 8

sakontrolo jgufi (Y)

8 2 4 6 5 4 1 2

160

amgvarad, zrdasrulTa treningis potencialis zrdisa da zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebis gamoyenebis mizan-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvleva

maswavlebelTa treningebis magaliTze ori nawilisgan Sedgeboda:

kvlevis erTi nawilis Sedegad gairkva, rom sasertifikacio

gamocdebisTvis saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul vauCeruli programis

farglebSi mimdinare treningebTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblebis

damokidebuleba da molodinebi treningis dawyebamde da treningis Semdeg

gansxvavebuli iyo. treningis Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizarda kategoriulad

dadebiTi damokidebuleba da Semcirda nawilobrivi da negatiuri

damokidebuleba, Tumca, amavdroulad, mcired, magram mainc gaizarda

kategoriulad negatiuri damokidebuleba. garda amisa, pirispir

interviuebSi treningebis Semdeg gaizarda TviTaqtualizaciis survilis

gacnobiereba da TviTrealizaciisken ltolva maswavleblebSi.

kvlevis meore nawilis Sedegad ki dadasturda, rom zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebuli swavlebis

midgomis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi treningebis Sedegebi bevrad efeqturia.

daSveba, rom treningis Semdeg dadebiTi damokidebulebisa da

molodinebis mqoneTa ricxvis zrda kvlevis meore nawilSi saeqsperimento

jgufebTan zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT

modulirebuli midgomiT swavlebis Sedegad moxda, gamarTlebulia. amas

jgufebis testirebis Sedegebs Soris sxvaobis koeficienti adasturebs.

treningis testebis SedegebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom dadebiTi

damokidebulebisa da molodinebis mqone maswavleblebis ricxvi

saeqsperimento jgufebis monawileTa xarjze gaizarda.

161

V Tavis daskvna

mocemuli kvleva Seswavlis xasiaTs atarebs. is warmoadgens

raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi meTodebis kombinacias imis dasadgenad, Tu

ra gavlenas moaxdenda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli

zrdasrulTa treningebi skolis maswavleblebis damokidebulebis

Secvlaze sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da treningebis mimarT; da SeuZlia

Tu ara zrdasrulTa trenings zogadad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSos

sazogadoebis informirebulobis, profesiuli mxardaWerisa da

TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi. am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis mizniT Catarda

mosaxleobis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis procesebSi CarTulobis kvleva;

skolis maswavleblebis, rogorc zrdasrulebis gamokiTxva pirispir

interviuebis gamoyenebiT; da bolos, moxda maTi treningebamde da

treningebis Semdeg gamokiTxva statistikuri monacemebis misaRebad imis

Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara sxvaoba eqsperimentebis monawileTa Sedegebs

Soris. eqsperimentebis analizisa da koeficientebis daangariSebis Sedegad

mkvlevarma miiRo dadastureba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze

agebuli swavlebis midgomis upiratesobis Sesaxeb.

kvlevis Sedegebidan zogadi daskvna ki aseTia: zrdasruli

mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawilia CarTuli zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

iseT mimarTulebebSi, rogoricaa zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTleba,

swavla sicocxlis manZilze, distanciuri ganaTleba da sxv. sazogadoeba

naklebad aris informirebuli qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebis, maT Soris

skolis maswavlebelTa sertificirebis miznebis, sargebelisa da Sedegebis

Sesaxeb. informirebul sazogadoebaze (Knowledge society) dafuZnebuli

codnaze agebuli ekonomika (Knowledge Economy) bevrad warmatebuli da

efeqturi iqneboda ekonomikuri da socialuri gamowvevebis winaSe. Tavis

mxriv, warmatebuli ekonomika ki mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs

sazogadoebis wevrebis profesiuli mxardaWerisa da TviTrealizaciis

saqmeSi.

162

VI Tavi: kvlevis ZiriTadi daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi

„rogorc ki sakuTari Tavis pativiscemas igrZnobT, iolad veRar

dagamarcxeben,“ –abraham maslou, 1954 w.

gasuli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdarma samma mniSvnelovanma

cvlilebam saqarTvelos ekonomikas saxe ucvala da bevri gamowvevis

winaSe daayena. es cvlilebebia: (1) damatebiT Rirebulebis momsaxurebis,

teqnologiebisa da codnaze dafuZnebuli warmoebis gaCena qveyanaSi;

(2) tradiciuli materialuri kapitalidan (fizikuri kapitali: manqana-

danadgarebi da Senobebi) aramaterialur, adamianur kapitalze gadasvla

(programuli uzrunvelyofa da adamianuri resursebi);

(3) maRalkvalificiur adamianur kapitalze moTxovnisa da imavdroulad

umuSevrobis donis zrda.

adamianuri kapitali inovaciuri ekonomikisa da codnis ekonomikis

(Knowledge Economy), rogorc ganviTarebis Semdgomi maRali donis

formirebisa da ganviTarebis maRali faqtoria92. adamianuri kapitalis

cneba ganixileba, rogorc investiciebis erToblioba adamianSi, romelic

mis Sromis unars aZlierebs. esaa ganaTleba da profesiuli Cvevebi.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebis mTavari

da upirvelesi amocana maRalkvalificiuri muSaxelis, adamianuri

kapitalis ganviTareba gaxda. am TvalsazrisiT qveynis ganaTlebis

seqtorSi mimdinare reformis masStabebsa da ambiciurobis zrdaze zrunva

rom aucilebelia, es eWvgareSea. am mimarTulebiT reformebis warmatebiT

ganxorcielebis gzaze yvelaze kritikul moments maswavleblis

profesiuli ganviTarebis sakiTxi warmoadgens.

kvlevis mizniT Catarebuli eqsperimentis dros, maswavlebelTa

sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebel treningebze maTTvis

profesiuli unarebis swavlebisa da swavlis procesebSi aprobacia

92

merab julayiZe, ekonomikis adakedmiuri doqtori, “Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi adamianuri faqtoris roli sul ufro izrdeba” 2010, w. gazeTis “bankebi da finansebi” # 98.

163

ganicada zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebma da masze agebulma

swavlebis modulirebulma midgomam. Catarebuli treningebis Sedegebisa

da interaqtivebis analizma aCvena, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi

warmatebis erT-erTi sawindari swored saswavlo procesebSi zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis principebze agebuli modulirebuli swavlebis midgoma iyo.

saSualo skolis maswavleblebi, romelTa umetesobam avtokratuli da

centralizebuli ganaTlebis sistema gamoiares, winamdebare naSromis

kvlevis cdis pirebad im mizniT SeirCnen, rom profesiuli ganviTarebis

mimarTulebiT treningebze maTze gamogvecada zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

pricipebze agebuli modulirebuli swavlebis midgoma, rac Tavis mxriv,

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier erT-erT

mniSvnelovan aspeqtad ganisazRvra ganaTlebis sistemis reformaSi.

kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli eqsperimentisa da gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan

gamomdinare Camoyalibda Semdegi daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi:

1. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli zrdasrulTa

treningebi dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens skolis maswavleblebis

damokidebulebis Secvlaze sasertifikacio gamocdebisa da

treningebis mimarT;

2. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebul trenings mniSvnelovani

roli SeuZlia iTamaSos maswavlebelbis profesiuli mxardaWerisa

da TviTrealizaciis saqmeSi;

3. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT

modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi

treningebis Sedegebi bevrad efeqturi iqneba.

164

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebi unda gamoviyenoT imisTvis, rom

gavzardoT maswavlebelTa TviTaqtualizaciis SesaZleblobebi.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis daniSnulebaa iseTi grZnobebis gaRviveba

gardamaval periodSi mcxovreb adamianSi, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis

pativiscema, Tavdajerebuloba, kompetencia, TviTaqtualizacia,

damoukidebloba, Tavisufleba. am grZnobebis ganviTareba gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania skolis maswavleblebSi, romlebic momaval Taobas zrdian

da qveynis informirebuli (mcodne) sazogadoeba (Knowledge Society) unda

Camoayalibon. es Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda iyos yofili sabWoTa

kavSiris yvela qveyanaSi, sadac centralizebuli ganaTlebis sistema

gverds uvlida ganaTlebis iseT elementebs, rogoricaa individualoba,

interaqtivi, TviTrealizacia da sxva. saxelmwifo ganaTlebis

struqturebSi am axali iniciativisa da institutis Seqmna ganaTlebis

sistemasa Tu sxva sferoebSi reformebis efeqturi ganxorcielebis mizniT

Zlieri saZirkvelis Cayris tolfasia.

winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi Seesabameba qveynis

ganaTlebis sistemaSi mimdinare reformis paradigmas.

mosaxleobis zrdasrulTa ganaTlebaSi CarTulobis kvlevis Sedegebma

cxadyo, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis wili informirebuli sazogadoebis

(Knowledge Society) Camoyalibebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovania da amdenad,

naSromis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani rekomendacia swored imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom xeli Seewyos zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis ganviTarebas.

aRmosavleT evropis rig qveynebSi 1990-iani wlebidan mniSvnelovani

Zvrebi moxda zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Tanamedrove mimarTulebebis

ganviTarebis sferoSi. Tumca ganviTarebis procesebi araTanabari iyo da

zogierTi qveyana garkveuli TvalsazrisiT CamorCa. winamdebare kvlevaSi

gamoikveTa, rom am mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis daCqareba SesaZlebelia

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos dafinansebiT mimdinare vauCeruli programis

farglebSi organizebuli maswavlebelTa treningebis potencialis

gazrdiT.

165

zrdasrulTa treningis maRali xarisxiT Catarebis uzrunvelyofis

garantia ar arsebobs, magram arsebobs misi gaumjobesebis garkveuli

pirobebi. kerZod, kvlevis avtoris rekomendaciaa, gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba mieqces profesiuli ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT organizebul

maswavlebelTa treningebze zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze agebuli

modulirebuli swavlebis midgomis gamoyenebas, ris safuZvelzec skolis

maswavleblebs saSualeba miecemaT, sakuTari pedagogiuri rwmenebisa da

praqtikis transformireba moaxdinon.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba ganxiluli

iqnes, rogorc faqtori, romelic xels Seuwyobs skolis maswavleblebs,

gaigon sakuTari Tavis realizaciisa da TviT-aqtualizaciis mniSvneloba.

es ki, Tavis mxriv, daexmareba maT, Seicnon maswavleblis WeSmariti

funqcia da roli qveynis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

kvlevis Sedegebma aCvena, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis

gamoyenebas ara marto efeqtur treningebamde mivyavarT, aramed TviT-

aqtualizaciamde da keTildReobamde, rac imas niSnavs, rom maswavleblebi

bevrad met sargebels miiReben, rodesac treningebi agebuli iqneba

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze, xolo ganaTlebis mesveurTaTvis am

principebTan gacnobis valdebuleba treningebis provaiderma

organizaciebma, maT Soris universitetebma unda aiRon Tavis Tavze. maTi

valia, aRWurvon pedagogebi ara marto profesiuli unarebiT, aramed im

instrumentebiTac, rac maT am profesiuli unarebis warmatebuli

ganviTarebisa da modernizaciis saSualebas miscems.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qarTveli pedagogebi martoni ar arian am

sakiTxSi. savaraudod, unda virwmunoT, rom mocemuli kvlevis Sedegebi

sayuradRebo iqneba sxva gardamaval etapze myofi qveynebis maswavlebelTa

ganviTarebis programebisTvisac. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis programebis

realuri arseboba mniSvnelovanwilad im adamianebis cocxal, praqtikul

saqmianobas warmoadgens, romlebic sxvadasxva tipis kursebis, saswavlo

programebisa da seminarebis organizebas axdenen. amdenad, zrdasrulTa

166

ganaTlebis praqtikosebis profesiuli momzadeba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

sakiTxia. unda Seiqmnas perspeqtiva, rom zrdasrulTa araformaluri

ganaTleba pedagogikis erT-erT samecniero mimarTulebad Camoyalibdes da

universitetebs gaaCndes zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis praqtikosebis

momzadebis berketebi. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros aqtiuri

CarTva zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis sferoSi, razec

maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebisTvis mosamzadebeli treningebis

arsebuli vauCeruli dafinansebis programis arsebobac metyvelebs, qmnis

axal SesaZleblobebs qveynis ganviTarebis saqmeSi da saxelmwifos

mxridan am mimarTulebis finansuri mxardaWeris winapirobas iZleva.

qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebi, romelmac qveynis Tanamedrove da

momavali potenciali unda gansazRvros, Seqmnas msoflio

saganmanaTleblo da ekonomikur sivrceSi Sesvlis yvela piroba,

warmatebas miaRwevs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi axleburi midgoma; gaazrebuli iqneba

zrdasrulTa swavlebis axleburi Sinaarsi da mimarTulebebi;

mecnierulad dasabuTebuli iqneba am sistemis swori marTvisa da

Sefasebis xerxebi. amdenad, kvlevis ZiriTadi debulebebia:

axali socialur-profesiuli situaciisa da reformebis pirobebSi,

arsebuli Sromis bazris Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos

dRevandeli mdgomareoba iTxovs zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganaxlebuli

sistemis formirebas;

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis miznebis, amocanebis, principebis,

Sinaarsobrivi mimarTulebebisa da meTodikis Camoyalibeba,

fsiqologiuri sakiTxebi, sistemisadmi zogadi da konkretuli

midgomebis dialeqtika da masTan dakavSirebuli finansuri aspeqtebi

moiTxovs kvlevis gagrZelebas.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis axleburi sistemis formireba, romelic

gulisxmobs moqnili, mravaldoniani da mravalfunqciuri sistemis

Seqmnas, romelic konkurentunarianobasa da profesionalur

167

mobilurobas uzrunvelyofs, moiTxovs qveynis pedagogiur wreebSi

arsebuli materialur-inteleqtualuri resursebis mobilizebas,

arsebuli saswavlo-meToduri masalebis aRwerilobas, saerTaSoriso

gamocdilebis gaziarebas da bolos, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis axali

koncefciis Camoyalibebasa da mis Teoriul dasabuTebas.

saqarTvelos zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema Tanamedrove etapze

saWiroebs araformaluri ganaTlebis damkvidrebas, xolo amisTvis

gankuTvnili miznobrivi, satreningo programebi moiTxovs gamartivebul

da moqnil, e.w. modulirebuli swavlebis midgomas, rac Tavis mxriv

agebuli iqneba zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebze.

zrdasrulTa treningebi, romlis saswavlo procesebi iyenebs arsebul

mecnierul codnasa da gamocdilebas, bevrad ufro warmatebulia,

vinaidan igi SedarebiT mcire danaxarjebiT iZleva gacilebiT met

sargebels, anu warmatebis miRwevis zona bevrad didia, vidre misTvis

gaweuli danaxarjebi.

naSromSi warmodgenili zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Teoriuli

safuZvlebis kvlevisa da statistikis mimoxilvis Sedegad ki gamoikveTa

Semdegi zogadi daskvnebi:

1. saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemis saerTaSoriso (boloniis 1998 wlis

da praRis 2001 wlis) deklaraciebTan mierTebam zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis sistemis reabilitacia da ganviTareba SesaZlebeli gaxada.

2. qveyanaSi arsebuli saganmanaTleblo da socialur-ekonomikuri

krizisis gadalaxvis erT-erT mZlavr, qmediT instrumentad

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba unda iqnes miCneuli.

3. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis mocemul etapze

upiratesoba zrdasrulTa araformalur ganaTlebas eniWeba.

168

4. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli

gaxdeba saqarTvelos regionebSi, saTemo doneze, zrdasrulTa

araformaluri ganaTlebis adgilobrivi centrebis Seqmna-ganviTareba.

5. mocemuli kvlevis periodSi qveyanaSi gadaidga praqtikuli nabijebi

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. aRniSnul

procesebSi, sasurvelia, universitetebis aqtiuri CarTviT moxdes

arsebul inteleqtualur resursebze dayrdnobiT dadgenili saswavlo

sagnebis profesiul-pedagogiuri bazis daxvewa-momzadeba.

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis erT-erT mZlavr, qmediT

instrumentad CaiTvleboda Zlieri socialur-pedagogiuri

infrastruqturisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis Seqmna saTemo doneze

(reforma qvemodan). zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis sakanonmdeblo baza

araerTgvarovania da am sistemis marTva sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva

struqturis prerogativaa. zogan mas marTavs kanoni ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,

zogan zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis romelime organizaciis wesdeba, zogan

adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis debuleba da a.S.

saerTaSoriso gamocdilebidan kargad Cans, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

sistemis materialur-inteleqtualur resursebs Semdegi wyaro gaaCnia:

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi (saministroebi, saxelmwifo sawarmoebi

da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba);

ganaTlebis sistema (universitetebi da profesiuli

saswavleblebi);

kerZo struqtura (biznesmeni, fermeri, mewarme);

samoqalaqo seqtori (arasamTavrobo da saTemo organizaciebi).

Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom zrdasrulTa

ganaTleba aris pedagogiuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri aqtivobebis

integraciuli procesi; rom Cvens qveyanaSic iCina Tavi axalma,

inovaciurma tendenciebma am sferoSi da, rom mocemul sadisertacio

169

naSromSi ganxiluli saerTaSoriso gamocdileba gvaZlevs safuZvels,

gvjerodes, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli mcodne (informirebuli)

sazogadoebis (Knowledge Society) CamoyalibebaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania.

kvlevaSi mimoxiluli literatura iZleva sakmao informacias, raTa

mkiTxveli darwmundes, rom zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis saqmes uSualo

kavSiri aqvs Sromis bazarsa da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebTan.

dasaqmeba, socialuri dacva, TviTrealizacia, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis

mogvareba, demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba da sxv. am problemebis

mogvarebas msoflios bevr qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva

aprobirebuli mimarTuleba emsaxureba.

samwuxarod, axlad Seqmnil damoukidebel saxelmwifoebSi postsabWoTa

periodSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebas saTanado

yuradReba ar eTmoboda arc mTavrobis, arc sazogadoebis mxridan. bolo

ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi momxdari cnobili movlenebis

Semdeg, roca reformebis tempebi daCqarda da qveyana axali struqturuli

da Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebis winaSe dadga, gaCnda interesi zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis mimarTac. gadaidga praqtikuli nabijebi am mimarTulebiT,

magram Sedegebi jer kidev ar aris sakmarisad efeqturi.

maSin, roca TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi gamudmebiT viTardeba

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba [treningebi sxvadasxva

unarebSi (Training in Different Skills), distanciuri ganaTleba (Distant Learning) da

sxv.], saqarTveloSi metwilad saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxardaWeriT

da saministroebis doneze xorcieldeba msgavsi programebi, romlebic

mxolod ramdenime miznobrivi jgufisken aris mimarTuli. zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis kursebis is mcire raodenoba ki, rac adgilobrivi iuridiuli

an kerZo pirebis mier Seiqmna, ZviradRirebulia da regionebSi

mosaxleobas maTze xeli ar miuwvdeba93.

93

“saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebi” – monacemTa baza. moamzada da gamosca organizaciam IZZ-DVV, 2004 wels. ISBN

99928- 995- 4- 9

170

damokidebuleba Sromis bazars, demokratiul institutebsa da

ganaTlebis sistemas Soris am mimarTulebiT dReisTvis dadgenili ar

aris. ganaTlebis kanonmdeblobac moiTxovs garkveul cvlilebebs

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. masSi garkveviT unda

Candes zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis roli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri

sirTuleebis gadalaxvisa da am mizniT mcodne (informirebuli)

sazogadoebis mniSvnelobis gacnobierebis saqmeSi. mocemuli kvlevis

Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom qveynis ganviTarebis daCqarebis mizniT saWiroa

funqciebis gadanawileba saxelmwifosa da Sromis bazars Soris da rom

amaSi mniSvnelovani roli swored zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistemas unda

daekisros.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis Temaze organizebuli saerTaSoriso

konferenciebis mTavari mowodeba mdgomareobs SemdegSi: “aqtiuri da

informirebuli (ganaTlebuli) moqalaqeebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba

msoflioSi arsebuli globaluri riskebis, ekologiuri riskebis,

janmrTelobisTvis saSiSi gavrcelebuli daavadebebis, kulturisTvis

saSiSi movlenebis (rasizmi, qsenofobia) Tavidan arideba“94.

kvlevis umniSvnelovanesi mizania zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis

mniSvnelobis popularizacia, mxardaWeris mopoveba am mimarTulebiT

ganviTarebis gzaze da im saganmanaTleblo qselis Seqmna, romelic

qveyanaSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis gafarToebas, xarisxis

gaumjobesebasa da damkvidrebas myar saZirkvels Cauyrida. yovelive es ki,

Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs informirebuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas

qveyanaSi.

zrdasruli adamianisTvis ganaTlebis miRebisa da Tanamedrove Sromis

bazarTan morgebis sakiTxis mosagvareblad, dausaqmeblad da umuSevrad

darCenis SiSTan dakavSirebuli pesimizmisa da usamraTlobis gancdis

prevenciis, TviTrealizaciis SesaZleblobis gaCenisa da informirebuli

94

CONFINTEA V-VI materials : www.unesco.org/education/uie/confintea/

http://www.unesco.org/education/uie/confintea/

171

sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT, naSromSi warmodgenilia Semdegi

zogadi rekomendaciebi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mesveurebisTvis:

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis sistema araformaluri ganaTlebis

mimarTulebiT unda ganviTardes, rac qveynaSi mimdinare reformebSi

unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.

mimdinare reformebis dros zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis

gaTvaliswinebiT modulirebul midgomaze agebul meTods aSkara

upiratesoba unda mieniWos zrdasrulTa araformaluri ganaTlebis

programebSi. es aris pedagogiuri mecnierebis is axali mimarTuleba,

romlis praqtikuli ganxorcielebac dakavSirebulia SedarebiT

mcire xarjebTan.

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba orientirebuli unda iyos samuSaoze da

mosaxleobisTvis axali unar-Cvevebis SeTavazebis saSualebiT unda

pasuxobdes sabazro moTxovnebs.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis gziT mosaxleobaSi unda moxdes warmatebis

motivaciis aqtualizacia.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis zogadTeoriuli safuZvlebisa da

statistikuri monacemebis kvlevis Sedegad naSromSi kargad gamoikveTa,

rom ganviTarebis mocemul etapze saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis mesveurebma

unda gamoiyenon ukve arsebuli mecnieruli codna zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb, danergon is socialur praqtikaSi,

gadaaqcion saswavlo disciplinad da miawodon mosaxleobas saswavlo

procesebis saxiT.

kvlevis avtors didi imedi aqvs, rom universitetebis aqtiuri

monawileobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros

mier zrdasrulTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul individualur gegmaSi

struqturuli da Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebis da sxva Sesabamisi

evrodireqtivebis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba, risTvisac sTavazobs

Semdeg rekomendaciebs, xeli Seuwyos:

172

codnis ekonomikisa da informirebuli sazogadoebis

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis

aRiarebas;

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis menejmentis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas;

maswavlebelTa (zrdasrulTa) treningisa da maTi potencialis

gazrdis mimarTulebiT ufro mkafio xedvis Camoyalibebas da

winsvlas am mimarTulebiT;

zrdasrulTa treningis provaiderTa saqmianobis xarisxis

marTvas da aRiarebas;

regionebsa da municipalitetebSi zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

centrebis Seqmnas da am mimarTulebiT konkretuli saqmianobis

marTvasa da TanamSromlobas saTemo da municipalur doneze;

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso

konferenciebSi aqtiur monawileobas da maT organizebas

saqarTveloSi;

andragogikis kvlevasa da popularizacias.

zemoT aRniSnuli daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi momaval mkvlevarebs

daexmareba imaSi, rom imuSaon zrdasrulTa treningebis gamokvlevisa da

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis principebis danergvis mimarTulebiT.

173

VII Tavi: naSromis reziume inglisur enaze: The Role of Adult

Learning in Developing of Knowledge Society (Adult Training and its Potential for Professional Support of School Teachers)

Abstract: “Belem Frameworks of Action” the main document launched at the Brazilian Belem

City Adult Education Conference, CONFINTEA VI, declared Adult Education’s priority

importance and urge all World Authorities to follow CONTINTEA’s Resolutions (Brazil, May

2009). “It is time to act, because no acting costs a lot” – stated the Final Resolution, ratified by

the representatives of 156 countries and Georgia among them (CONFINTEA VI, Final Report,

2009). The content, management and delivery of adult education and the accessibility of learning

opportunities for adults need improvements and new studies to be involved. This study reports data

gathered from schoolteachers about their perceptions of the compatibility of the certification

training (Georgia, 2010) with principles of adult learning and the identification of the learning

motivation, level and sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction held for this training by the

teachers. This study was carried out to reveal the causal effect of adult education principles on the

attitudes of schoolteachers towards preparatory training for certification tests and the interaction

quality between the adult learning and the transform of the pedagogical beliefs and practices of

Georgian schoolteacher in transition period; and to research the role of the adult education in

forming Knowledge Society.

Knowledge is an Engine for Social Changes – Nico Stehr, 1986

Adult education has visible economic implications, contributes to the growth of Knowledge

Society, helps bring about change, and improves the quality of life for the individual. Adult

learning is all about change - change in attitude, change in knowledge, change in behavior, change

in a skill, change in how we think, and change in productivity (Korsgaard, 2002). The major

processes experienced by adults, such as a search for self-fulfillment and individual change, are

related explicitly to their decision to enroll in adult education courses and trainings. Likewise, the

benefits of adult education are constructed in terms of reframing identity, well-being, self-growth,

and rather than responding to purely extrinsic motives.

From a life-stage perspective, the motivation of adults (in this study school teachers

undergoing certification tests) to enroll in a training program is different but the meaning they

attach to adult education is very much dependent on cultural aspects of their country. For example,

adults may face issues with completion of courses, including personal obstacles: health, money

issues, job pressure, family pressure, lack of perseverance, a problem with internal motivation.

But all professionals may face the necessity to improve and/or change their qualifications due to

reforms undergoing in the country. This is the case in Georgia.

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The current professional development reforms promise to reintroduce adult education in

Georgia as a significant field of study in the capacity building reforms of the nation (National

Report for COFINTEA VI, 2009). This study offers one example of how adult education can be

applied to teacher professional development.

Many scholars of adult education focus on understanding job satisfaction and self-actualization

in order to help adults meet job market expectations and/or to be self-realized. Disciplines that

form the theoretical foundation of adult training in Georgia can be found in works in social

pedagogy, industrial psychology, and andragogy. In many countries there is a growing conception

of „andragogy‟ as the scholarly approach to the learning of adults. In this connotation

andragogy is the science of and supporting lifelong and lifelong education of adults (Reischmann,

2004). A Georgian philosopher, Merab Mamardashvili, was one of the first initiators of studies on

andragogy in the post-soviet countries (Zmeyov, 1998). One of the main goals of the study was to

determine if the use of adult education/andragogy principles in Adult Training cause an improved

perception by teachers of that training.

Teacher Professional Development Center (TPDC) in Georgia was established to facilitate the

creation of comprehensive teacher training and development. Teachers received training vouchers

that enabled them to finance their professional development. The TPDC entered into agreements

with 19 providers with accredited TPD programs to deliver the training courses around the

country. The program was launched in 2010. Teachers‟ Professional Support Center at Ilia State

University is one of the training providers preparing schoolteachers for certification tests. The

question is how effective are those training courses provided by the above mentioned

organizations. Courses preparing educators for upcoming certification tests in Georgia may have a

positive impact on development of adult education in the country.

A new system of state certification is aimed at producing many changes including 1) increases

in the requirements for initial preparation, 2) the addition of many new fields of certification, 3)

new trends in alternative preparation, 4) developments in the initial and continuing assessment of

educators, and 5) a move toward national certification. This creates an opportunity for scholars to

research adult education processes.

One of the main goals of the current study was to reveal the causal effect of adult education

principles on the attitudes of schoolteachers towards preparatory training for certification tests.

175

The purpose of the study was to examine training that incorporated the principles of adult

education could be linked to an increase in teachers‟ positive feelings about certification and

effective outcomes in result of state provided courses. Specifically the study sought to answer

several questions: (1) Is there a difference in the perceptions held by teachers in courses structured

according to principles of adult education in contrast to those in courses with no adult education

content? (2) Does content based on adult education principles positively impact an individual‟s

attitude toward training? (3) What do teachers report about their training in state provided

certification courses?

RESEARCH DESIGN

OBJECTIVE

The main Experimental Research component to this study was intended to enable the

researcher to examine whether using of adult education principles can have a causal effect on the

values of training on Professional Skills‟ Development for school teachers. The proposed

experimental research design methodology allows for a rigorous test of whether the content based

on adult education principles can positively impact individual‟s attitudes towards training. The

proposed experimental research design aimed to explore causal effects of the content based on

adult education principles on one‟s attitudes towards the training.

DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY

A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used within the proposed

experimental design to measure the level influence of adult education principles on the attitudes of

school teachers towards preparatory training for certification tests.

Two homogenous clusters were set. Homogeneity of each cluster is defined through these

variables: two groups of schoolteachers were selected in Georgia - one was the “treatment” test

unit cluster and the second cluster was the “control” test unit cluster. In each cluster school

teachers of two cities were selected to avoid systematic sampling error. 320 interviews were

carried out face-to-face in each city by the interviewer working for the Teacher professional

Support Center in Ilia State University in Georgia during the base-line phase of the study and the

post-treatment phase of the study. (The research team facilitated all fieldwork components for this

176

project, including the recruitment of study participants, implementation of face-to-face interviews,

etc.)

The school-teachers in the “treatment” cluster were able to be provided with the content based

on adult education principles and completed questionnaires, specifically produced for this study

(The questionnaire included the open ended questions on training and adult learning principles.

The programs focused on topics of Professional Skills and would have the content based on Adult

Education principles that aimed to promote training as a form of Adult Education among the

school-teachers) whose reach does not extend to the “control” test unit cluster.

By providing information on the subject of adult education principles in the treatment cluster,

the study both disseminated values on adult education and initiated the possibility for a discourse

on adult education principles among the population in this cluster. The survey respondents in the

treatment cluster who were randomly selected for the base-line study were instructed to consider

the content on Adult Education (AE) during their training. The follow-up survey with these select

participants measured their views on training after being subject to treatment. The attitudes on

training prior to treatment (obtained through the base-line survey) and after the treatment (obtained

through a post-treatment survey) was compared. In addition, the attitudes on training between the

groups exposed to treatment and the control groups and the training test results were compared.

The goal is to examine AE‟s causal effects on attitudes regarding training. If the AE median

score before pro-AE treatment was 2 and after the exposure to pro-AE programs the median score

increased, the researcher will be able to speak of AE‟s causal impact on attitudes on training. The

definitions of AE will be based on those used in the reviewed literature. While these measures

seemed to have worked in the past research, the researcher proposes to use focus groups, before

the base-line survey questionnaire is finalized, to explore understandings of AE among the

population of Georgia to be sure that the proposed AE principles reflect Georgian conditions.

Based on criticism of past work on AE discussed in the Literature Review, any AE principle must

be carefully calibrated to specific social environments and periods of time. In order to ensure the

list is appropriate for the Georgian conditions, the Adult Education Principles measures for

inclusion in the baseline and post-treatment surveys will be modified as appropriate based on the

conception/understanding of Adult Education of the focus group participants.

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HYPOTHESIS AND OBSERVATION

The researcher proposed to use Pre-test/Post-test design:

EG (Experimental group): R OT1 X OT2

CG (Control group): R OC1 OC2

The treatment effect was obtained by: TE=(OT2-OT1)- (OC2-OC1), which represented

difference in differences estimate. So, the hypothesis was the following:

H1: TE >0

Ho: TE not >0

The hypothesis above expressed the expectation that the treatment (using content based on

Adult Education principles) should have a positive effect on teachers‟ attitudes towards training

and the training results will be more effective.

Thus, the proposed experimental research design allowed the empirical exploration of whether

Adult Education content could cause pro-training attitudes. The main advantage of an experimental

survey research design is the researcher‟s ability to randomly assign treatment, thus improving

capacity for making causal claims. Survey participants in each cluster were selected through a

random sampling method and interviews were conducted by professional interviewers from Ilia

State University. Random selection of the survey participants in the treatment and control group

clusters will mean that there is no systematic difference between those selected into the treatment

and control groups. This way teachers‟ individual level predispositions towards training content

will not determine their exposure to the treatment and thus will not bias the average scores on the

AE measures. This research design addresses a large potential problem of individual-level

characteristics being the cause someone chooses to watch specific content. Any differences, if

found, among treatment and non-treatment groups will be a result of the viewing the programs and

not favorable individual-level pre-dispositions towards training.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES:

A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to characterize the influence

of adult education principles on the attitudes of school teachers towards preparatory training for

certification tests. Qualitative analyses were directed at two main statements (see the results

below). After the experiment, a schoolteacher population of 320 teachers was asked to complete a

questionnaire on the main statements of the study. Data from this questionnaire and the resulting

analysis is presented below. A null hypothesis of difference was tested. That is, parameters of

178

difference were set at the .05 level when using the t-test for two independent samples in order to

retain or reject a null hypothesis.

The study was carried out in three phases. First, 80 subjects from each city were interviewed

prior to the training. Second, the participants of the experimental groups experienced the

intervention or the training. Third, follow up interviews were made with the subjects from each

city again (n = 80).

In addition, prior to assessing the knowledge gained during the training, a survey was

administered to determine how subjects perceived the training. These data are presented below in

Table 2. Then, a test of content mastery of professional skills was randomly administered to 10%

of the subjects in the experimental group (n = 8) and another 10% to those in the control group (n

= 8 after the completion of the course. The purpose was to determine if the actual knowledge

acquired during the training differed according to whether or not the principles of adult education

were included. A t-test of independent samples was used to determine if there was a significant

difference in the mastery scores based on group membership (in the control or experimental

group). Thus the researchers tended to find a significant t statistic indicating a difference between

the experimental and the control group for supporting the hypothesis that including principles of

adult education in professional development training has a positive impact.

Results of Research: Of the whole population, adult education was perceived to be a positive

influence. Table 3 examines teacher perceptions pertaining to the national Voucher training

program and whether this training program was oriented only to the obtaining of a certificate or

more broadly to professional development.

Most of the teachers responding to this query found that the training program consists of mixed

goals that included both certification and professional development. Well over half of these

teachers did not agree that the program was focused only on certification. In a similar manner,

teachers were overwhelming in supporting the importance of adult education over just preparation

for tests. Eighty five percent of the respondents preferred to view the training as education for

professional skill development in contrast to only 15% who saw the training as preparation for

tests. To address the critical question of the study - does training conducted using principles of

adult education impact outcomes, eight randomly selected subjects in both the experimental and

control group were administered a content examination at the conclusion of the training. The test

covered knowledge of the teacher‟s professional skills that constituted much of the training.

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Test Data produced a significant t statistic indicating a difference between the experimental

and the control group (t (14) = 3.5, p < .05. The researchers conclude they can support their

hypothesis that including principles of adult education in professional development training has a

positive impact.

Thus, the study was framed in two parts. In the first part the researchers wished to gather

perceptions from teacher training participants about the use of adult education principles in

governmental professional development training. These teachers reported a positive affirmation of

the importance of adult education. In addition, a quasi experimental study was conducted

examining whether or not the usage of principles of adult learning in a professional development

program for teachers had a positive impact on the learning of the teachers. Two groups of teachers

experienced the curriculum developed by the Teacher Professional Support Center at Ilia State

University, Tbilisi. Again, the impact of adult education on the training was observed. In this

case, those teachers in sessions informed by principles of adult education scored higher on the test

of content than those in the control group.

DISCUSSION:

Three closely related changes over the past 20 years have transformed Georgian economy.

First, a shift to higher value added services – technology and knowledge intensive industries;

Second, a shift from traditional physical assets such as machinery and buildings to investment in

intangible assets such as software and human capital; Third, we have seen an increase in the

number of employees with higher levels of qualifications and unemployment, at the same time.

Development of the employees with higher levels of qualification is the main task of the reforms

taking place in the country.

Georgia‟s national educational reforms are large in scale and ambitious. A critical part of the

success of these reforms will be teacher development. Georgian educators, long schooled in a

more autocratic and centralized system, responded favorably in our study to principles of adult

education as they worked to master the professional development skills identified by the Ministry

of Education as important to the success of the national reforms.

The study was mainly exploratory in intent. The results are encouraging enough to suggest

more needs to be learned about how the principles of adult education can be used to improve

teacher training. This may be of particular importance in former Soviet nations where a highly

180

centralized educational structure obviated the need for the participatory elements common to adult

education. Developing initiative and agency in the national teaching force is an important

foundation for professionalizing this educational reform.

This discusses about adult education training teachers, it is an important task in modern

society and for developing countries. Another positive point is the discussion about certification

versus qualification. It seems that currently for policy makers and government the title/certificate

is more important than the professional development. And the principles of adult education,

according to this exploratory study can contribute for training teachers and also for their engaging

on these activities.

RISKS, which might be faced by Adult Training, are as follows: So called “life-crises event”,

which keeps away adults from classes; and course-related reasons for leaving, like:

o The course not being what they had expected

o Absence of free childcare

o Fear of being robbed while they were out

o The course not being what they had expected

o Not being allowed to choose their own project

o Bad experiences at school

o Too much writing, etc

Prior to the main study of the given dissertation work the auther of the study had researched the

involvement of Georgian population in Adult Education (AE). N = 3000 finalized interviews,

aggregate sum of which was the adult population (above 18) of Tbilisi and eight regional cities of

Georgia (Rustavi, Gori, Kutaisi, Zugdidi, Batumi, Telavi, Akhalkalaki and Ozurgeti). 360

interviews were conducted in Tbilisi. The rest selection volume was allocated to the regional

centers. 330 interviews were conducted in each city. Such volume of selection guarantees that the

discrepancies in the results of the researches carried out in each city will not overwhelm 5.4%

(based on 95% reliability). Random round methodology was choozen for interviewing the

population. The results of the interviews showed that only 5% of population had undergone AE

course; 75% did not know abything about AE; and 15% had only read and/or heard about AE (5%

had rejected the interviews). These results prove the thesis that Adult Education has an important

role in establishing Knowledge Society and the country needs developments in that direction.

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CONCLUSIONS:

“Once you have self-respect, it‟s harder to lose!” (Maslow, 1954). It is the role of the adult

education to develop such feelings as self-respect, confidence, competence, achievement, mastery,

independence, and freedom in adult population and mostly during the transition period. It is

especially important to develop those feelings in school teachers growing future generation and

building knowledge society of their country.

Since 1990, a number of East European countries have made important breakthroughs in the

areas of contemporary adult education. But progress has been uneven and even started to wane.

Many countries lag behind. The authors of the paper recommend accelerating the processes and

filling this gap by developing appropriate environment in the field of state-funded adult trainings

for the purpose of achieving effective results in transition period.

There is no way to guarantee quality in adult training but there are some ways to assure it. In

particular, the authors recommend training providers of school teachers to pay additional attention

to adult education principles during the preparatory trainings on development of professional skills

for teachers‟ certification exams in Georgia in order to stimulate teachers to transform their

pedagogical beliefs and practices.

Using adult education principles can be characterized as a factor facilitating the teachers in

understanding their needs of self-actualization. All this encourages the teachers to enhance their

insight into the world and into themselves.

As the results of the study show, the knowledge of the specificity of adult education leads not

only to effective training and better scores in the tests, but also to self-actualization and wellbeing.

Thus, the teachers appear to profit more when the training is based on adult education principles

and it‟s the role of the training provider to supply educators with the knowledge about those

principles in order to give the teachers necessary tools for successful development and

modernization of their professional skills.

Furthermore, Georgia‟s teachers are not alone in seeking to modernize their skills. It is quite

feasible to believe that national teacher development programs in other transition nations could

also be informed by the results of this study. We recommend that further research be done

exploring the positive benefits of incorporating the principles of adult education in all teacher

preparation programs.

182

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190

danarTebi

danarTi 1: cxrilebisa da grafikebis CamonaTvali IV Tavi. qveTavi 4.1: cxrili 1: umuSevarTa da dasaqmebelTa raodenoba 2004-2010 cxrili 2: socialuri kvelvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi dasaqmebis Sesaxeb 2011 wlisTvis cxrili 3: umuSevarTa da dausaqmebelTa raodenoba asakis mixedviT 2010 wlis maCveneblebi cxrili 4: rogor Seicvala situacia saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis ianvris mdgomarobasTan SedarebiT, ukeTesobisken, uaresobisken Tu igivea. cxrili 5: pedagogebis raodenoba sajaro skolebSi IV Tavi. qveTavi 4.2: (SeniSvna: qvemoT mocemuli cxrilebis wyaro: saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis monitoringis samsaxuri) cxrili 1: regionebi, sadac treningebi Catarda

regioni gamokvleuli treningebis reodenoba

აჭარა, გურია 15

კახეთი 9

იმერეთი, რაჭა 21

თბილისი 23

სამეგრელო 15

ქვემო ქართლი 18

შიდა ქართლი 6

სამცხე-ჯავახეთი 13

მცხეთა-მთიანეთი 12

ჯამში 132

cxrili 2: treningze damswre maswavleblebis asakobrivi maCvenebel procentulad

asakobrivi jgufi maswavlebelTa raodenoba % maCvenebeli

"22-27" 200 8%

"28-38" 669 25%

"39-49" 770 29%

"50-60" 764 28%

"60+" 273 10%

191

cxrili 3: maswavlebelTa pasuxebi maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis mniSvnelobaze

cxrili 4: monacemebi maswavlebelTa damokidebulebis Sesaxeb: “msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels uwyobs maswavlebelTa profesiuli donis amaRlebas”

savaraudo pasuxebi maswavlebelTa raodenoba

procentuli maCvenebeli


35 1%

nawilobriv veTanxmebi, nawilobriv ara

393 15%

sruliad veTanxmebi mocemul debulebas

2214 84%

cxrili 5: programuli anotaciebis gacnobis wyaro

gaecno ar gaecno

skolaSi 81% 19%

adgilobriv resurcentrebSi 21% 79%

akreditebuli organizaciebis daxmarebiT

12% 88%



sruliad ar veTanxmebi 78 3% nawilobriv veTanxmebi, nawilobriv ara

963 37%

sruliad veTanxmebi mocemul debulebas

1584 60%

192

cxrili 6: grZnoben Tu ara maswavleblebi Tavs momzadebulad sertificirebis gamocdisaTvis

sertificirebis gamocdisaTvis

momzadebulad vgrZnob Tavs

სრულიად არ

ვეთანხმები

ნაწილობრივ

ვეთანხმები,

ნაწილობრივ

არა

სრულიად

ვეთანხმები

მოცემულ

დებულებებს

sagnobrivi

specializacia mTliani

qarTuli ena da

literature 62(7%) 664(66%) 275(27%) 1001

matematika 37(6%) 399(67%) 158(27%) 594 inglisuri ena 24(5%) 300(59%) 37(7%) 511 franguli ena 0(0%) 4(40%) 6(60%) 10 rusuli ena 18(5%) 216(63%) 106(31%) 340 germanuli ena 1(1%) 114(77%) 33(22%) 148

mTlianad 142(5%) 1697(65%) 766(30%) 2605

cxrili 7: regionebis mixedviT gamokiTxuli aramonawile pedagogebi

რეგიონი პედაგოგების

რაოდენობა

პროცენტული

წილი

თბილისი 202 21%

ქვემო ქართლი 112 11%

შიდა ქართლი 72 7%

კახეთი 86 9%

იმერეთი 153 16%

სამეგრელო-ზემო

სვანეთი 100 10%

გურია 49 5%

სამცხე-ჯავახეთი 39 4%

აჭარა 101 10%

მცხეთა-მთიანეთი 29 3%

რაჭა-ლეჩხუმი 36 4%

ჯამში 979 100%

193

cxrili 8: gamokiTxuli maswavleblebis asakobrivi maCvnebeli procentebSi

asakobrivi jgufi maswavlebelTa raodenoba procentuli maCvenebeli "22-27" 60 6%

"28-38" 214 22%

"39-49" 260 27%

"50-60" 287 29%

"60+" 155 16%

cxrili 9: maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programa xels Seuwyobs pedagogebs sertificirebis gamocdis warmatebiT CabarebaSi

cxrili 10: msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels uwyobs maswavlebelTa profesiuli donis amaRlebas



სრულიად არ ვეთანხმები 40 4%

ნაწილობრივ ვეთანხმები, ნაწილობრივ არა 319 35%

სრულიად ვეთანხმები მოცემულ დებულებას 552 61%

cxrili 11: msgavsi programebi saWiroa da xels Seuwyobs saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis konkurentunariani bazris Seqmnas

savaraudo pasuxebi maswavlebl. raodenoba procentuli maCvenebeli









194

cxrili 12 apirebT Tu ara maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Semdeg etapze aiRoT vauCeri

diax 823 88%

ara 110 12%

cxrili 13: pedagogebis ricxvi asakis mixedviT, romelic saerTod ar apirebs monawileobis miRebas maTi asakis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba: apirebT Tu ara maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Semdeg etapze aiRoT vauCeri

diax ara jamSi

asaki 22-27 54 4 58 28-38 192 11 203 39-49 234 18 252 50-60 241 34 275 60+ 100 42 142

jamSi 821 109 930

cxrili 14: ra mizeziT ar aiRes vauCerebi maswavleblebma

ra mizeziT ar aiReT vauCeri? raodenoba procentuli maCvenebeli

ojaxuri pirobebis gamo 60 8% vauCerizaciis Semdeg etapze vapireb aRebas

80 11%

programis ganxorcielebisas gaurkvevlobaSi aRmovCndi

22 3%

vauCerebis naklebobis gamo

250 35%

saerTod ar vapireb vauCeruli dafinansebis programaSi monawileobis miRebas

20 3%

ara maqvs motivacia 43 6% finansuri mdgomareobis gamo 55 8% regionSi jgufebis daukompleqteblobis gamo 75 10%

vauCeris aRebis mibma savaldebulo setificirebasTan

60 8%

drois uqonlobis gamo 20 3% ver avarCie sasurveli trening-provaideri organizacia

25 3%

var sapensio asakis 15 2%

195

IV Tavi. qveTavi 4.2: grafiki 1: saidan miiRes treningze damswre maswavleblebma vauCeruli dafinansebis programis Sesaxeb informacia grafiki 2: trenerebis pasuxi V Tavi. qveTavi 5.2: cxrili # 1: gamokiTxulTa ganawileba cxrili # 2: interviuerebis raodenoba SerCevis wertilebSi cxrili # 3: arSemdgar interviuTa pasuxebis ranJireba cxrili # 4: sqesTa monwileoba gamokiTxvaSi V Tavi. qveTavi 5.3: cxrili # 1: kvlevis monawile maswavlebelTa ganawileba cxrili # 2: treningis monawileTa pasuxebi treningamde cxrili # 3: treningis monawileTa pasuxebi treningis Semdeg cxrili #4: saeqsperimento da sakontrolo jgufebis cdis pirebis testSi miRebuli monacemebis (qulebis) Sedareba cxrili #5: testis monacemTa t-test kalkulatoriT daangariSeba

196

danarTi 2: kiTxvari pirispiri interviusTvis

1. maswavlebelTa treningTan mimarTebaSi ra asociaciebi gaqvT?

(magaliTad, asocoaciebi gamowveuli: reformebiT, gamocdebiT,

motivaciiT, xelfasis matebis perspeqtiviT . . .)

2. ra aris Tqveni, rogorc zrdasruli adamianis da maswavleblis

motivacia treningze dasaswrebad? (magaliTad: neba, drois faqtori,

interesi, swavlisken midrekileba, xelfasis matebis perspeqtiva . . .)

3. treningis Semdeg sasertifikato gamocdaze gasvlisTvis Tqvens

mzadebaze, ram SeiZleba iqonios zegavlena? (magaliTad:

gamocdebisadmi SiSma, Tavdajerebulobam, xelfasis dakargvis SiSma,

winsvlis survilma . . .)

4. zogadad treningebTan dakavSirebiT ra gamocdileba gaqvT?

(magaliTad: SeiZineT axali unarebis, aimaRleT kvalifikacia,

mogewonaT, an ar mogewonaT treneris profesionalizmi . . .)

5. mocemul treningisadmi molodini rogoria? (magaliTad: mTavrobis

axirebaa, unda SeiZionT axali unarebi, gaiteresebT axali

mimarTulebebi pedagogikaSi, gamocdas CaabarebT warmatebiT da

gagezrdebaT xelfasi . . .)

6. ra aris TqvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani am treningebSi? (magaliTad:

xelfasis momateba, TviT-aqtualizacia, statusis cvlileba . . .)

7. ra principebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda warimarTos maswavlebelTa

treningi (magaliTad: drois faqtori, TviT-Sefasebis amaRleba,

realisturi problemebis gadalaxvis unarebis SeZena, piradi

motivebis gaTvaliswineba. . .)

8. ra gsmeniaT zrdasrlTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb? (magaliTad: tyuili

fulis xarjvaa, uzrunvelyofs warmatebas, xels uwyobs TviT-

realzacias, emsaxureba axali unarebis SeZenas . . .)

197

danarTi 3: naSromis avtoris publikaciebis CamonaTvali

1. Adult Education in Practice: Teacher Training and its Potential for Changing School

Teachers Trhough Adult Education – Science Education Journal: Problems of Education in the

21-st Century, ISSN 1822-7864, Volume 29, 2011

2. swavlebis modulirebuli meTodi teqnologiis maswavleblebis momzadebis

praqtikaSi pedagogiur universitetebSi (rusul enaze). – teqnologiuri

ganaTlebis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferenciebis (X

konferencia) masalebis ruseTis federaciis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

saministros ganaTlebis saagentos samecniero publikaciebis krebuli. 2004

weli. moskovi ISBN 5–94898-060-X. da sxva publikaciebi.

3. teqnologiuri ganaTleba skolasa da umaRles saswavleblebSi ganaTlebis

modernizaciis pirobebSi (rusul enaze). - teqnologiuri ganaTlebis

sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso konferenciebis masalebis ruseTis

federaciis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros Tavisufali

ganaTlebis institutis samecniero publikaciebis krebuli. 2003 weli.

moskovi ISBN 5–94101-068-0.

4. zrdasrulTa ganaTleba, rogorc socialuri dacvisa da profesiuli

Semoqmedebis inovaciuri barierebis gadalaxvis gza. - mecnierebisa da

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis fondi. perioduli samecniero Jurnali

“inteleqti”, # 2 (13), 2002 w. Tbilisi ISSN 1512-0333.

5. qalTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganaTleba saqarTveloSi Tanamedrove

etapze da pedagogis roli am moZraobaSi. – Tbilisis sulxan-saba

orbelianis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri universitetis perioduli samecniero

Jurnali “promeTe”, XI, 2002 weli. Tbilisi. ISSN 1512-021X.

sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis tbilisis saxelmwifo ...iliauni.edu.ge/uploads/other/1/1437.pdf ·...

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