summarizing & notetaking

“Practical Applications of Research-based

Instructional Strategies: Summarizing & Note

Taking”

WELCOME!

Please sit five to a table. We’ll begin at 9:00. It’s good to be here!

Identifying Identifying Similarities Similarities and and DifferencesDifferencesSummarizing Summarizing and Note and Note TakingTaking

Reinforcing Effort Reinforcing Effort and Providing and Providing RecognitionRecognition

Homework Homework and Practiceand Practice

Nonlinguistic Nonlinguistic RepresentatiRepresentationsons

Cooperative Cooperative LearningLearning

Setting Setting Objectives and Objectives and Providing Providing FeedbackFeedbackGenerating Generating and Testing and Testing HypothesesHypotheses

Cues, Questions, Cues, Questions, and Advance and Advance OrganizersOrganizers

Table 1.1: Categories of Instructional Strategies that Strongly Affect Student Achievement

Category Ave. Effect Size

Percentile Gain

N SD

Identifying similarities and differences

1.61 45 31 .31

Summarizing and note taking 1.00 34 179 .50 Reinforcing effort and providing recognition

.80 29 21 .35

Homework and practice .77 28 134 .36 Nonlinguistic representations .75 27 246 .40 Cooperative Learning .73 27 122 .40 Setting goals and providing feedback

.61 23 408 .28

Generating and testing hypotheses .61 23 63 .79 Activating prior knowledge .59 22 1251 .26 *Note: N = Number of effect sizes. SD = Standard Deviation. These are the maximum percentile gains possible for students currently at the 50th percentile. What Works In Classroom Instruction (Marzano, Gaddy, Dean, 2000)

“So many of our dreams at first seem impossible,

then they seem improbable, and then,

when we summon the will,

they soon become inevitable.”Christopher Reeve

• To take a closer look at the category of “Summarizing and Note Taking”, reflected in Classroom Instruction that Works by Dr. Robert Marzano, et. al., as found in the MCREL report (Marzano, 1998);

• To be able to identify and explain instructional strategies that increase student achievement in this category;

• To practice several activities from the designated categories in a variety of content areas; and

• To reflect on ways to adapt given strategies for the appropriate content in specific classrooms.

Goals for This Session:








Table 1.1: Categories of Instructional Strategies that Strongly Affect Student Achievement

Category Ave. Effect Size

Percentile Gain

N SD

Identifying similarities and differences

1.61 45 31 .31

Summarizing and note taking 1.00 34 179 .50 Reinforcing effort and providing recognition

.80 29 21 .35

Homework and practice .77 28 134 .36 Nonlinguistic representations .75 27 246 .40 Cooperative Learning .73 27 122 .40 Setting goals and providing feedback

.61 23 408 .28

Generating and testing hypotheses .61 23 63 .79 Activating prior knowledge .59 22 1251 .26 *Note: N = Number of effect sizes. SD = Standard Deviation. These are the maximum percentile gains possible for students currently at the 50th percentile. What Works In Classroom Instruction (Marzano, Gaddy, Dean, 2000)








Normal Distribution








Instructional Strategy (Summarizing & Note Taking)

Effect Size of 1.00 Standard Deviations

Activate prior knowledge!

*Good readers always check with their brain before reading! They ask, “Hey brain, what

do I already know about this?”

Use context clues!

*Good readers sound out words, break words apart, or use context clues when they come to a word they don’t know!

Make inferences

*Good readers predict, draw conclusions, and make judgments before they read, while they

read, and after they read!

Ask questions!

*Good readers STOP and ASK QUESTIONS about what they’re reading!

What Good Readers Do!

• Retell or summarize!*Good readers stick to the important details as

they retell or summarize the story to themselves or somebody else.

• Create images! *Good readers make pictures in their heads!• Determine the most important idea! *Good readers know what is worth remembering!• Self-monitor, self-check, and use fix-up strategies! *Good readers know when they don’t understand what they’re reading! They don’t just keep reading! They try to ‘fix’ the problem!

Three Levels of Learning• Concrete Experience

• Without the concrete experience, the representation or symbol may have little or no meaning no matter how much someone explains it to you.

• This level of learning is often the most memorable for students.

• Representational or Symbolic Learning• Picture of concrete experiences are helpful BUT can not substitute for the

impact of concrete experience.

• Abstract Learning• This level of learning represents the use of words and numbers (democracy

or culture). This learning depends on the ability of the teacher to provide sufficient examples that relate to the students’ experiences.

Before we summarize and take notes, we need to identify the “essential vocabulary”- and let students in on

the secret.

One way of getting at “essential vocabulary” is through

WORD SORTS.

• Use the DOE Curriculum Frameworks and determine the “essential vocabulary”.

• Make one set of cards with these words. • Make another set of cards (different color) with the appropriate

definitions.• Make a third set of cards with a ‘non-linguistic representation” of

the word.• Devise a number of ways use the vocabulary in word sorts or

vocabulary games. Each activity should conclude with a writing component.

nocturnalorb web wetlandcapacit

y

Standard LS.9The student will investigate and understand interactions among populations in a biological community. Key concepts include the relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in food webs; the relationship between predators and prey; competition and cooperation; symbiotic relationships; and niches.

Understanding the StandardLife Science standard LS.9 applies the concept of interactions between populations of different species. This standard extends the concepts of prior K–6 standards, including those concerning producers, consumers, and decomposers (3.5); predator and prey (3.6); and niches (4.5). This standard introduces the concept of symbiosis and focuses on the symbiotic relationship between parasite and host. It is intended that students will actively develop scientific investigation, reasoning, and logic skills (LS.1) in the context of the key concepts presented in this standard.

The concepts developed in this standard include the following:

*In a community, populations interact with other populations by exhibiting a variety of behaviors that aid in the survival of the population.

*Organisms or populations that rely on each other for basic needs form interdependent communities.

*Energy resources of a community are shared through the interactions of producers, consumers, and decomposers.

*The interaction between a consumer that hunts for another consumer for food is the predator-prey relationship.

*Populations of one species may compete with populations of other species for resources. Populations of one species may also cooperate with populations of other species for resources.

*A symbiotic relationship may exist between two or more organisms of different species when they live and work together.

*Symbiotic relationships include mutualism (in which both organisms benefit), commensalism (in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected), and parasitism (in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed).

*Each organism fills a specific role or niche in its community

In order to meet this standard, it is expected that students should be able to:

*identify the populations of producers, consumers, and decomposers and describe the roles they play in their communities.

*interpret, analyze, and evaluate data from systematic studies and experiments concerning the interactions of populations in an ecosystem.

*predict the effect of population changes on the food web of a community.*generate predictions based on graphically represented data of predator-prey

populations.*generate predictions based on graphically represented data of competition

and cooperation between populations.*differentiate between the types of symbiosis and explain examples of each.*infer the niche of organisms from their physical characteristics.

*design an investigation from a testable question related to interactions among populations. The investigation may be a complete experimental design or may focus on systematic observation, description, measurement, and/or data collection and analysis.

Standard LS.9The student will investigate and understand interactions among

populations in a biological community. Key concepts include the relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers in food webs; the relationship between predators and prey; competition and cooperation; symbiotic relationships; and niches.

Understanding the StandardLife Science standard LS.9 applies the concept of interactions between populations of different species. This standard extends the concepts of prior K–6 standards, including those concerning producers, consumers, and decomposers (3.5); predator and prey (3.6); and niches (4.5). This standard introduces the concept of symbiosis and focuses on the symbiotic relationship between parasite and host. It is intended that students will actively develop scientific investigation, reasoning, and logic skills (LS.1) in the context of the key concepts presented in this standard.

The concepts developed in this standard include the following:

*In a community, populations interact with other populations by exhibiting a variety of behaviors that aid in the survival of the population.

*Organisms or populations that rely on each other for basic needs form interdependent communities.

*Energy resources of a community are shared through the interactions of producers, consumers, and decomposers.

*The interaction between a consumer that hunts for another consumer for food is the predator-prey relationship.

*Populations of one species may compete with populations of other species for resources. Populations of one species may also cooperate with populations of other species for resources.

*A symbiotic relationship may exist between two or more organisms of different species when they live and work together.

*Symbiotic relationships include mutualism (in which both organisms benefit), commensalism (in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected), and parasitism (in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed).

*Each organism fills a specific role or niche in its community

In order to meet this standard, it is expected that students should be able to:

*identify the populations of producers, consumers, and decomposers and describe the roles they play in their communities.

*interpret, analyze, and evaluate data from systematic studies and experiments concerning the interactions of populations in an ecosystem.

*predict the effect of population changes on the food web of a community.*generate predictions based on graphically represented data of predator-

prey populations.*generate predictions based on graphically represented data of competition

and cooperation between populations.*differentiate between the types of symbiosis and explain examples of

each.*infer the niche of organisms from their physical characteristics.

*design an investigation from a testable question related to interactions among populations. The investigation may be a complete experimental design or may focus on systematic observation, description, measurement, and/or data collection and analysis.

Give One … Get One …

• On the back of your handout, select one or two words from the essential knowledge from the Life Science curriculum framework. Write a complete sentence that tells how that word/s is/are like being a teacher/administrator in Virginia. Think and be creative.

• When signaled, circulate the room and find other colleagues who selected the same word. Share your sentences.

• The group should select the best sentence and someone to share it with the group. After you’ve done this, return to your seat.

Word sorts are small group, categorizing and classifying activities. Word sortshelp students activate and use their knowledge as well as providing them anopportunity to learn from and with each other.

Words and phrases from materials that students will read (or have read) maybe selected for use with word sorts. Twelve to twenty words or phrases shouldbe selected; only a few words or phrases that are unfamiliar to students shouldbe included.

After words/phrases are selected, multiple copies of the complete set (one foreach student/small group) should be made. Each set is then cut apart, resulting in acut-up set of words/phrases for each group. Storing these in envelopes workswell.

Similarities and Differences: Comparing, Classifying, Metaphors and Analogies

#1 Open Word Sort:

An open word sort is a divergent thinking activity. There is no “right” way to sort words in an open word sort; instead, the focus is on the process students undergo as they complete the activity and on their reasons for creating groups of words.• Students work in pairs or triads. • Directions for an open word sort are as follows: “Working together, decide how to group these words/ phrases. You can’t put all of them in one group, nor can you have a ‘group’ for each slip of paper. Other than that, it’s up to you. Be ready to explain your decisions to the rest of us.”• Give students 5 to 8 minutes to complete their groupings. Then ask volunteers to explain their groupings and the reasons for them. If the open word sort is a pre-reading activity, you might conclude by asking students what they expect to be reading about and why.

#2 Closed Word Sort:

In a closed word sort, the teacher provides categories for students. Other than this, the activity is completed as above. Although closed word sorts tend to yield more convergent responses from groups, the goal is not to produce “correct” responses. Rather, the focus is again on students’ thinking processes and on their reasoning.

Source: Nancy Padak, Kent State University

Endoplasmic

Reticulum

#1 AlphabetizationStudents shuffle and arrange cards alphabetically.

#2 Spelling of Prefixes, Suffixes, or RootsStudents categorize words by how their prefixes, suffixes, or roots are spelled.

ad-, ac-, al-, ap-, ar-, at--able, -iblescrib, scrip, script

Students can cut or fold word cards to separate a prefix and/or suffix a base word or root.

#3 Beginning/Ending Consonants, Number of Syllables, Etc.Students can classify words according to beginning/ending consonants, blends, or diagraphs. They can also sort according to number of syllables and or vowel sounds heard in words.

bi month lyre sign ation

#4 Word HistoriesStudents might sort words based on their origin:

Algonquian Dutch Eskimo French Spanishsquash easel igloo reservoir sombrero

#5 Oral PracticeStudents, working in pairs, can practice pronunciation and spelling by asking each other to spell the word on their card. This activity might be especially effective when students are studying words from other languages (enchilada, bouquet, moccasin).

#6 Interactive GamesStudents choose a word card and act out or draw clues about the word for others to guess. A point is given to the student who both guesses and spells the word correctly. For vocabulary enrichment, students can read aloud the dictionary definition or the thesaurus subentries for a basic list word while other students guess and spell the basic word.

#7 Word BuildingHave students use their understanding of word formation and word families to build new spelling words with the cards provided for prefixes, suffixes, and roots or with cards they make for other familiar word parts.As a self-check, ask students to look up each word they make in a dictionary.

#8 Parts of SpeechStudents could sort words and word parts into columns according to the

parts of speech. They can also see what words are formed when a suffix is added. Students can also see spelling-meaning links by tracking the base word or root across each row.

Base Word/Root

Noun Adjective Verb

Legal Legalize

Fract Fracture

Flex Flexible Flexing

Eleg Elegance Elegant

Vari Variable Various Varying








SUMMARIZING & NOTE-TAKING

•Summarizing and note-taking both require students to process and “distill” information.

•In order for students to summarize the most important points in a selection, they must be able to analyze information in depth.

•Students must be able to mentally sift through, reorder and synthesize information.

Summarizing and Note Taking

1. “Power Outlining”

2. One Sentence Summaries

3. Informal Outlines

4. Flow Charts5. Summary

Frames

6. Webbing

7. Descriptive Pattern

Organizers

8. Concept Pattern Organizer

9. Pictures & Pictographs

10. Combination Notes

#1 Power Outlining

FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY 1: Location

2: Absolute 3: latitude and longitude coordinates3: street address

2: Relative 3: in the Atlantic Ocean3: west of Madagascar3: 30 miles south of Albany

1: Place 2: Human Characteristics

3: houses3: wheat fields3: cities

2: Physical Characteristics 3: mountains3: rivers3: deserts

S

A

M

P

L

E

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARIES

DESCRIPTION

COMPARE/CONTRAST

SEQUENCE

PROBLEM / SOLUTION

CAUSE / EFFECT

ONE SENTENCE SUMMARIES

DESCRIPTION

A (soccer game) is a kind of (game played with a round ball) that (cannot be touched with the hands).

COMPARE/CONTRAST (Soccer) and (basketball) are similar in that they both (are played with round balls in a defined area), while (soccer) and (basketball) are still different in that soccer, you hit the ball with your feet and hands to score points in a large net guarded by one goalie) and (in basketball, you use your hands to shoot the ball into a small basket located approximately 8 feet off the ground).

SEQUENCE

(Playing soccer) begins with (learning the rules of the game), and continues with (practice in handling the ball without touching it with the hands), and then ends with (putting the moves, actions, and plays into effect during a “real” soccer game).

PROBLEM / SOLUTION

(James) wanted (to play soccer), but (he didn’t know the rules of the game until his coach taught him).

CAUSE / EFFECT

(Jenni missed the goal) because (she fell).

SUMMARY SUMS Name

Date 10-16-02

Title Little Armored One

Summary Words: “Sum It Up” for $_____________ ($._____ per word)

Expansion Words$0.01 Words(Worn Out

Words)

$.25 Words(Cool Words)

$1.00 Words(WOW Words)

Said

Big

Sad

Good

Expansion Words$0.01 Words(Worn Out

Words)

$.25 Words(Cool Words)

$1.00 Words(WOW Words)

Said answered yelled called told

demanded articulated chuckled whispered responded

Big large fat huge bulky

enormous gigantic mammoth ponderous

Sad unhappy low down dejected

mournful lugubrious forlorn sorrowful

Good nice competent rad tip-top

unblemished philanthropic inculpable irreprehensible

#3 Informal Outlining

•The informal outline uses indentation to indicate major ideas and their related details.

•Students simply indent ideas that are more subordinate.

FLOWCHARTS are diagrams that represent a sequence of events, actions, plans, or decisions. They are supported by research that confirms they make a difference and can be used in a variety of ways in the core content subjects. Some suggestions include the following.• Structuring events in story plots, historical events, or laboratory instructions• Writing and following instructions• Depicting cycles in nature and cultures• Developing a course of action• Solving content-related (mathematics and science) and personal problems• Focusing on consequences of decisions

FLOWCHARTS can be completed on paper, or formulated using sets of symbols and cards for steps or decisions in a lesson.

They also can be helpful in support of the categories depicted in Classroom Instruction that Works (Marzano, et. al., 2001).• Summarizing and Note Taking• Generating and Testing Hypotheses• Cues, Questions, and Advance Organizers

Add 6 inches to 1 foot and 9 inches.In Math…








#5 SUMMARY FRAMES:

A Way to Summarize and Take

Notes








SUMMARIZING & NOTE-TAKINGSUMMARY FRAMES

•Narrative or Story Pattern

•T-R-I Pattern

•Definition Pattern

•Argumentation Pattern

•Problem-Solving Pattern

•Conversation Pattern

**A summary frame is a series of questions that a teacher gives to students. Because these questions are designed to highlight the critical information, they can help students develop accurate, written summaries of information.

What Works in Classroom Instruction (Marzano, Gaddy, & Dean, 2000)








SUMMARIZING & NOTE-TAKINGSUMMARY FRAMES

NARRATIVE OR STORY PATTERN

Used commonly with fiction, it has seven elements. Of the following elements, 3-7 are sometimes repeated to create an “episode”.

Setting (time, place, and context in which story took place)Characters (main characters)Initiating event (event that starts the beginning action)Internal response (how main characters react to the initiating event)Goal (what the main characters decide to do as a reaction to the initiating event)Consequence (how the main characters try to accomplish the goalResolution (how the story ends or turns out)










SUMMARY FRAMES

T-R-I PATTERN

•Topic (a statement about what information will be discussed)

•Restriction (a statement that limits the information in some way)

•Illustration (a statement the gives an example of the restriction or topic)










SUMMARY FRAMES

DEFINITION PATTERN(text that describes a particular concept and identified

subordinate concepts)

•Term - subject to be defined

•Set-the general category to which the term belongs

•Gross Characteristics- those characteristics that separate the term from other elements in the set

•Minute Differences- the different classes of objects that fall directly beneath the term










SUMMARY FRAMES

ARGUMENTATION PATTERN(text that attempts to support a claim)

•Evidence-information that leads to a claim

•Claim-the assertion that something is true

•Support-examples of or explanations for the claim

•Qualifier-a restriction on the claim or evidence counter to the claim










SUMMARY FRAMES

PROBLEM / SOLUTION PATTERN(text that introduces a problem and then

identifies one or more solutions to the problem)

•Problem-a statement of something that has happened or might happen that is problematic

•Solution-a statement of a possible solution to the problem

•Solution- another possible solution

•Solution- another possible solution








Cues, Questions, Cues, Questions, and Advance and Advance OrganizersOrganizers What Works in Classroom Instruction (Marzano, Gaddy, & Dean, 2000)


SUMMARY FRAMES

CONVERSATION PATTERN(verbal interchange between two or more people)

•Greeting- Some acknowledgement that the parties have not seen each other for a while

•Inquiry-A question about some general or specific topic

•Discussion-An elaboration or analysis of the topicAssertions ThreatsRequests CongratulationsPromisesDemands

•Conclusion

CONVERSATION

NARRATIVE T-R-I DEFINITION ARGUMENTATION

PROBLEM/SOLUTION

How did the participants in the conversation greet one another?

When and where did the story take place? What was the place like?

Topic (T) What is the story about in general?

What is being defined?

What information is presented that leads to a claim?

What is the problem?

What question or topic was brought up or referred to?

Who are the main characters in the story?

Restriction ( R) What information does the author give that narrows or restricts the general topic?

To what general category of things does the item belong?

What claim does the author make about a problem or situation? What does he or she assert is so?

What is a possible solution?

How did the discussion progress?

What happens at the start of the story?

Illustration (I ) What examples does the author present to illustrate the restriction?

What characteristics separate the item from other things in the general category?

What examples or explanations does the author present to support this claim?

What is another possible solution?

Did anyone state facts?

How do the main characters react to what happens at the start of the story?

What are some types or classes of the thing being defined?

What restrictions or explanations does the author present to support his or her claim?


Did anyone make a request?

What goals do the characters set?


Did anyone demand a specific action?

What are the characters’ actions and how do they interact?


Did anyone threaten specific consequences if a demand was not met?

How does the story turn out?

How did the other characters respond to the request, demand, or threat?

Did anyone say something that indicated that he or she valued something that someone else had done?

SUMMARY FRAMES

#6 Webbing

What Works in Classroom Instruction (Marzano, Gaddy, Dean, 2000)

•Webbing is a strategy that uses the relative size of circles to indicate the importance of ideas and lines to indicate relationships.

•More important ideas are are in larger circles than less important ideas.

•Lines from one circle to another indicate that the concepts in the connected circles are related in some way.

•This strategy provides students with a visual representation of the relationship between ideas or elements.

•One disadvantage is that it somewhat limits the amount of information a student can record.

#7 Descriptive Pattern Organizers

•Used for information related to vocabulary terms or for facts about specific persons, places, things, and events

•The information does not need to be in any particular order

Equilateral Triangle

Three equal sides

A perpendicular line from any vertex to the opposite side (altitude)

bisects the side.

Three lines of

symmetry

Three angles each measure

60 degrees

RevolutionaryPeriod

England 13 Colonies

PoliticalIdeas

FactorsLeading to

Victory

Colonists

Patriots Loyalists Neutrals

Locke Jefferson Paine Diplomatic Military

Events Leading to Conflict and War

#8 Concept Pattern Organizers

•Organize information around a word or phrase that represents entire classes or categories of persons, places, things, and events.

•Characteristics or attributes should be listed along with each example.

#9 Pictures and Pictographs

Antibiotics Cold Spring, NY

cytogeneticist

Corn plants

Nobel Peace Prize 1983 Dr. Barbara

McClintock

#10 COMBINATION NOTES

•This strategy uses both the informal outline and pictures or graphics representations.

•Usually each page of notes is divided into two sections by a line running down the middle of the page.

•The left hand side is used for notes using some variation of informal outlining.

•The right side is used for graphic representations.

•Finally a strip across the bottom is reserved for summary statements.

COMBINATION NOTESP1 One of the transport systems of the body

P2 3 functions:

P3 carries food and oxygen to cells

P3 carries away wastes from cells

P3 protects the body from disease

P2 3 parts:

P3 heart

P3 blood vessels

P3 blood

P1 One of the parts of the circulatory system is blood

P2 4 parts:

P3 plasma

P3 red blood cells

P3 white blood cells

P3 platelets

SUMMARY STATEMENTS:

The Circulatory System

CHAPTER REVIEW TITLE: The PeopleQUESTIONS SUPPORT FROM TEXT ADDITIONAL INFO.

Why did Egyptians consume greatquantities of bread and beer?

Because one of the main food itemsgrown in Egypt was grain. This grainwas used to make both bread andbeer.

During the Middle Kingdom, three-dimensional models rather than wallpainting often provided the deceasedwith the essentials for the next life. Suchmodels became elaborate depictionsof daily life, including farming and foodpreparation. The plowing fields was thefirst step in producing two staples of theEgyptian diet---bread and beer, bothmade from grain.

Fact or Opinion?

Page Facts Opinions Support

The Main Thing …There are six principles that drive the use of

determining “essential“ vocabulary and note taking:

• Equity – involves high expectations and appropriate support for ALL students;

• Curriculum – targets the Essential Knowledge, Skills, and Processes contained in the Curriculum Framework;

• Teaching – requires understanding what students know and need to learn and then challenging and supporting them to learn it well;

• Learning – grounded in actively building new knowledge from experience and prior knowledge;

• Assessment – that supports the learning of important content and skills and furnishes useful information to both teachers and students; and

• Professional Development – focused on results ongoing longitudinal data analysis of trends in student achievement and the mission and vision of the division.

Summarizing and Note Taking

1. “Power Outlining”

2. One Sentence Summaries

3. Informal Outlines

4. Flow Charts5. Summary

Frames

6. Webbing

7. Descriptive Pattern

Organizers

8. Concept Pattern Organizer

9. Pictures & Pictographs

10. Combination Notes

The Case for Interactive Note Taking

• Generalizations from the research:– Verbatim note-taking is, perhaps, the least

effective technique.As much as 27 minutes are lost

taking notes at the secondary level.– Notes should be considered a work in progress.– Notes should be used as a study guide for

tests.– Focusing on the “essential knowledge” helps

eliminate extraneous information.

Setting the Stage for Interactive Note Taking

• All major learning theories agree – for learners to internalize ideas, they must act upon them. Learners must do something with information: connect it, draw it, weigh it, manipulate it – in order to make sense of it.

• There are many writing and drawing activities that can help students to engage and explore subject matter in just that way.

• Writing and drawing during Interactive Note Taking is different from genre writing and formal art assignments in several important ways.

Reading Strategies1. Box in and read the title.

2. Trace and number the paragraphs.

3. Stop and think at the end of each paragraph to identify a key point.

4. Circle the key word or write the key point in the margin.

5. Read the questions.

6. Prove your answer. Locate the paragraph where the answer is found.

7. Mark or write your answer.

Tab

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f C

on

ten

t S

amp

les

SPLENDORS OF ANCIENT EGYPTWilliam H. Peck

THE PEOPLE

The Egyptians left one of the most complete and detailed records of daily activities, through objects preserved in graves and tombs, of any people in the ancient world. As early as the Predynastic Period, cookware, utensils, cosmetic items, and jewelry were placed in graves for the use of the deceased in the afterlife. Small sculptures, pottery decoration, and tomb paintings and reliefs depicted many of the routine tasks undertaken by the men and women of Egypt.

Throughout its history, Egyptian society was carefully structured in a manner not unlike a pyramid. There was a large peasant or working class that formed the basis upon which society rested; there was a smaller elite ruling class, which controlled the government and the military; and the king and the royal family were at the apex or top of the pyramid. Simple laborers toiled in the field, in the mines, or on construction projects and produced all manner of foodstuffs and goods. Women’s lives essentially centered around the home and family, but some women had their own businesses and were able to help support their dependents. People lived in simple houses of two or three rooms made of unbaked mud brick, an abundant material derived from the soil of the Nile River bottom that was the basis of domestic architecture for all classes. During the Old Kingdom, the mastaba tombs (so-called from the Arabic word for “bench”) imitated in stone the shapes of these mud-brick dwellings.

The working classes were usually depicted dressed in simply designed garments, typically kilts or loincloths for the man and undecorated shifts for the women. Linen, made from the flax plant, provided the main material for clothing; cotton was not introduced into Egypt until late in its history. The diet was simple, but, as indicated by food offerings left in tombs as well as depictions of such offerings, it included a variety of vegetables, fruits, meats, and fowl. If the inscriptions in tombs are accurate, the Egyptians consumed great quantities of bread and beer as well. Pottery was an important material in the home; storage containers, cooking utensils, serving dishes, and almost all other objects connected with food preparation and consumption were made of fired and unglazed clay.

4 3 2 1Organization

Learning Activities

Relates Graphics To Texts

Writing To Learn

Overall Appearance

Standards VerbsStandards Verbs PROBLEM SOLVINGPROBLEM SOLVING

AnalyzeAnalyze DeriveDerive DiscoverDiscover EvaluateEvaluate ExploreExplore

PredictPredict SolveSolve SurveySurvey VerifyVerify InvestigateInvestigate

REASONINGREASONING

CategorizeCategorize ClassifyClassify CompareCompare ContrastContrastDifferentiate Differentiate

DescribeDescribe EstimateEstimate ExplainExplain GeneralizeGeneralize InterpretInterpret

JustifyJustify OrderOrder HypothesizeHypothesize PredictPredict InferInfer

PrioritizePrioritize RankRank ValidateValidate SummarizeSummarize

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

ClarifyClarify CorrespondCorrespond DescribeDescribe DiscussDiscuss Demonstrate Demonstrate

ExhibitExhibitExplainExplain ExpressExpress PersuadePersuade PortrayPortray

RestateRestateShowShow SpeakSpeak StateState WriteWrite

REHEARSE! REHEARSE! REHEARSE!

Have students practice the procedure, step by step, under your supervision.

Have students repeat the procedure until it becomes a routine.

Don’t just “tell” them what to do!

Do what all good coaches do; what all good music teachers do; what all good kindergarten teachers do.

Run the play; sing the song; practice the procedures until they become ROUTINE.

1. Delete trivial material that is unnecessary tounderstanding.

2. Delete redundant material.3. Substitute superordinate terms for more specific

terms (e.g., “flowers” for “daisies, tulips, androses”).

4. Select a topic sentence, or invent one if it ismissing.

Summarizing can be considered to be “RULE-BASED” .


Students need consistency in

format and process.

How do we accomplish that?

After carefully looking at data and reviewing options, Cumberland County has selected

“The Cornell Method of Note Taking was

developed by Dr. Walter Pauk.

• Director of the Reading and Study Center at Cornell University

• Author of Numerous “Self Help” Texts and Articles– “Essential Skills”, vol. 1-8

– “Essential Study Strategies

– “Study Skills for College Athletes”

– “Efficient Reading”

– “How to Study in College”

– “Conclusions”, vol. 1-11

1. Record: During the lecture, use the main column to record as many meaningful facts and ideas as you can. Write legibly.

2. Questions: As soon after class as possible, formulate questions based on the notes in the right-hand column. Writing questions helps to relationships, establish continuity, and strengthen memory. Also, the writing of questions sets up a perfect stage for exam studying later.

3. Recite: Cover the note taking column with a sheet of paper. Then, lookingat the questions or cue-words in the recall column only, say aloud, in your own words, the answers to the questions, facts, or ideas indicated by the cue-words. Then, uncovering your notes, verify what you have said. This procedure helps to transfer the facts and ideas into your long term memory.

4. Reflect: Reflect on the material by asking yourself questions, for example:“What’s the significance of these facts? What principle are they based on? How can I apply them? How do they fit in with what I already know? What’s beyond them? Unless ideas are placed in categories, unless they are taken up from time to time for re-examination, they will become inert and soon forgotten.

5. Review: Spend at least ten minutes every week reviewing all your previous notes. If you do, you’ll retain a great deal for current use, as well as for the exam.

Dr Pauk says, “One minute spent in immediate recall nearly doubles retention of that piece of data.”

Divide your paper with a vertical line from top to bottom. You’ll need about 2 ½ in. on the left; 6 in. on the right; about 3 in. on the bottom.

Write your name, course, and date at the top of each page. Record your information as fully and as meaningfully as possible in the right hand column. Skip one line between ideas and several lines between topics.

After distilling all of your notes, write a summary at the bottom of the page; mention all key points. Use both columns of your notes and your summary to study for tests.

As soon as possible, review and reorganize your notes; formulate questions and write them in the left hand column.

You can use your preferred style of note taking in the main area.

KeyPoints

Or?

Course/Name/Date

Notes

Summary

The list of strategies is not new. But

what is surprising is finding out whata big difference it makes when studentslearn how to take notes, work in groups, use graphic organizers, etc.

The provision of statistical effect sizes and percentile gains for students

provides a research base from whichthese conclusions must be reached.

Robert J. Marzano

From the author……

How do we follow up and coach each other?

By referring to and using your own copy of What Works in

Classroom Instruction and the Handbook.By considering the impact of the categories on your own

curriculum and pacing guides. By focusing on one strategy at a time. By planning and implementing a strategy and

collaborating with others in a grade group or faculty

meeting.By cataloging and/or filing activities that

support the research based categories for future use

IT’S UP TO YOU!

It’s Up to Us!

There are three types of (instructional leaders), those who make it happen,those who watch it happen, and those who wonder what happened.

Tommy Lasorda

Resources• Marzano, Gaddy, and Dean. What Works in Classroom Instruction.• Robert J. Marzano, et. al., A Handbook for Classroom Instruction that Works.• Daggett, Dr. William. Instructional Strategies: How to Teach for Rigor

and Relevance. International Center for Leadership in Education, Inc.• A Study of Effective Practices in Virginia’s Schools.

www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/accountability/effectivepractice.ppt• Mulligan, Dr. Daniel, Director of Instructional Accountability,

Hampton City Schools• Jones, Dr. Ray. Reading Quest.org-Making Sense in Social Studies. www.curry.edschool.virginia.edu/go/readquest/strat

Thanks for your professionalism, attention, and attendance.

Good [email protected]

434-645-7144

http://www.pen.k12.va.us/VDOE/accountability/effectivepractice.ppt

http://www.curry.edschool.virginia.edu/go/readquest/strat

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