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ENGLISHPossessive Pronouns

mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs show that something belongs to someone. Note that the possessive pronounsare similar to possessive adjectives (my, his, her). The difference is that the object follows the possessive adjective but does notfollow the possessive pronoun. For example - Possessive Pronoun: That book is mine. - Possessive Adjective: That is my book.

That house is mine.

This is yours.I'm sorry, that's his.Those books are hers.Those students are ours.Look over there, those seats are yours.Theirs will be green.

Imperative

Use the imperative form when giving instructions or orders. The imperative is also very common in written instructions. Be carefulwhen you use the imperative, as it is often considered impolite in English. If someone asks you for instructions, use the imperative. If,on the other hand, you would like to request that someone do something use a polite question form.

There is only one imperative form for both 'you' singular and plural.

Examples:

Hurry up!Take the first left, go straight on and the supermarket is on the left.

Positive

Base Form of Verb + Objects

Turn the music down, please.Insert coins into the slot.

Negative

Do + Not + Base Form of Verb + Objects

Do not smoke in this building. Don't rush, I'm not in a hurry.

SOCIAL

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Bryan Adams

Background information

Birth

name

Bryan Guy Adams

Born 5 November 1959 (age 51)

Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Genres Rock

Occupatio

ns

Singer-songwriter, musician,photographer, so

cial activist

Instrumen

ts

Vocals, guitar, bass, dobro,keyboards, piano,

harmonica

 Years

active

1977–present

Labels A&M, Polydor

Website bryanadams.com

Bryan Adams, OC, OBC (born Bryan Guy Adams, 5 November 1959) is a Canadian rock singer-songwriter, guitarist, bassist,

producer, and photographer. Adams has won dozens of awards and nominations, including 20 Juno Awards among 56 nominations.

He has also had 15 Grammy Award nominations including a win for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television in

1992. He has also won MTV, ASCAP, andAmerican Music awards. In addition, he has won two Ivor Novello Awards for song

composition and has been nominated for several Golden Globe Awards and three times for Academy Awards for his songwriting for 

films.

Adams was awarded the Order of Canada and the Order of British Columbia for contributions to popular music and philanthropic work

via his own foundation, which helps improve education for people around the world.[1][2]

Adams was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame, with the 2,435th star in March 2011 and Canada's Walk of Fame in 1998,

[3] and in April 2006 he was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame at Canada's Juno Awards.[4] In 2008, Bryan was ranked 38

on the list of All-Time top artists by theBillboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary Charts. On 13 January 2010, he received the Allan Waters

Humanitarian Award for his part in numerous charitable concerts and campaigns during his career ,[5] and on 1 May 2010 was given the

Governor General's Performing Arts Award for his 30 years of contributions to the arts.[6]

Discography

Main article: Bryan Adams discography 

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Studio albums

Bryan Adams (1980)

You Want It You Got It   (1981)

Cuts Like a Knife (1983)

Reckless (1984)

Into the Fire (1987)

Waking Up the Neighbours (1991)

18 til I Die (1996)

On a Day Like Today (1998)

Room Service (2004)

11 (2008)

Live albums

Live! Live! Live!   (1988)

MTV Unplugged (1997)

Live at the Budokan (2003)

Live in Lisbon (2005)

Bare Bones (2010)

Compilation albums

Hits On Fire (1988)

So Far So Good (1993)

The Best of Me (1999)

 Anthology (2005)

Icon (2010)

Soundtrack albums

Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002)

Colour Me Kubrick (2005)

MATH

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History

The puzzle was designed by Howard Garns, a retired architect and freelance puzzle constructor, and first published in 1979.Although likely inspired by the Latin square invention of Leonhard Euler, Garns added a third dimension (the regionalrestriction) to the mathematical construct and (unlike Euler) presented the creation as a puzzle, providing a partially-completed grid and requiring the solver to fill in the rest. The puzzle was first published in New York by the specialist puzzlepublisher Dell Magazines in its magazine Dell Pencil Puzzles and Word Games, under the title Number Place (which we canonly assume Garns named it).

The puzzle was introduced in Japan by Nikoli in the paper Monthly Nikolist in April 1984 as Suuji wa dokushin ni kagiru ,which can be translated as "the numbers must be single" or "the numbers must occur only once" (literally means "single;celibate; unmarried"). The puzzle was named by Kaji Maki, the president of Nikoli. At a later date, the name was abbreviatedto Sudoku (pronounced SUE-dough-coo; su = number, doku = single); it is a common practice in Japanese to take only thefirst kanji of compound words to form a shorter version. In 1986, Nikoli introduced two innovations which guaranteed the

popularity of the puzzle: the number of givens was restricted to no more than 32 and puzzles became "symmetrical"(meaning the givens were distributed in rotationally symmetric cells). It is now published in mainstream Japanese periodicals,such as the Asahi Shimbun. Within Japan, Nikoli still holds the trademark for the name Sudoku; other publications in Japanuse alternative names.

In 1989, Loadstar/Softdisk Publishing published DigitHunt on the Commodore 64, which was apparently the first homecomputer version of Sudoku. At least one publisher still uses that title.

Yoshimitsu Kanai published his computerized puzzle generator under the name Single Number for the Apple Macintosh [11]in 1995 in Japanese and English, and in 1996 for the Palm (PDA)

.Bringing the process full-circle, Dell Magazines, which publishes the original Number Place puzzle, now also publishes two

Sudoku magazines: Original Sudoku and Extreme Sudoku. Additionally, Kappa reprints Nikoli Sudoku in GAMES Magazine

under the name Squared Away; the New York Post, USA Today, The Boston Globe, Washington Post, and San Francisco

Chronicle now also publish the puzzle. It is also often included in puzzle anthologies, such as The Giant 1001 Puzzle Book

(under the title Nine Numbers).

Within the context of puzzle history, parallels are often cited to Rubik's Cube, another logic puzzle popular in the 1980s.Sudoku has been called the "Rubik's cube of the 21st century".

Popularity in the media

In 1997, retired Hong Kong judge Wayne Gould, 59, a New Zealander, saw a partly completed puzzle in a Japanesebookshop. Over 6 years he developed a computer program to produce puzzles quickly. Knowing that British newspapershave a long history of publishing crosswords and other puzzles, he promoted Sudoku to The Times in Britain, which launchedit on 12 November 2004 (calling it Su Doku). The puzzles by Pappocom, Gould's software house, have been printed daily inthe Times ever since.

Three days later The Daily Mail began to publish the puzzle under the name "Codenumber". The Daily Telegraph introducedits first Sudoku by its puzzle compiler Michael Mepham on 19 January 2005 and other Telegraph Group newspapers took itup very quickly. Nationwide News Pty Ltd began publishing the puzzle in The Daily Telegraph of Sydney on 20 May 2005;five puzzles with solutions were printed that day. The immense surge in popularity of Sudoku in British newspapers and

internationally has led to it being dubbed in the world media in 2005 the "fastest growing puzzle in the world". There is no doubt that it was not until The Daily Telegraph introduced the puzzle on a daily basis on 23 February 2005 with

the full front-page treatment advertising the fact, that the other UK national newspapers began to take real interest. TheTelegraph continued to splash the puzzle on its front page, realizing that it was gaining sales simply by its presence. Untilthen the Times had kept very quiet about the huge daily interest that its daily Sudoku competition had aroused. Thatnewspaper already had plans for taking advantage of their market lead, and a first Sudoku book was already on the stocksbefore any of the other national papers had realised just how popular Sudoku might be.

By April and May 2005 the puzzle had become popular in these publications and it was rapidly introduced to several other national British newspapers including The Independent, The Guardian, The Sun (where it was labelled Sun Doku), and TheDaily Mirror. As the name Sudoku became well-known in Britain, the Daily Mail adopted it in place of its earlier name"Codenumber". Newspapers competed to promote their Sudoku puzzles, with The Times and the Daily Mail each claiming tohave been the first to feature Sudoku.

The rapid rise of Sudoku from relative obscurity in Britain to a front-page feature in national newspapers attractedcommentary in the media (see References below) and parody (such as when The Guardian's G2 section advertised itself as

the first newspaper supplement with a Sudoku grid on every page [13]). Sudoku became particularly prominent innewspapers soon after the 2005 general election leading some commentators to suggest that it was filling the gapspreviously occupied by election coverage. A simpler explanation is that the puzzle attracts and retains readers—Sudokuplayers report an increasing sense of satisfaction as a puzzle approaches completion. Recognizing the differentpsychological appeals of easy and difficult puzzles The Times introduced both side by side on 20 June 2005. From July 2005Channel 4 included a daily Sudoku game in their Teletext service (at page 391). On 2 August 2005 the BBC's programmeguide Radio Times started to feature a weekly Super Sudoku.

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CBS has run several stories concerning Sudoku, including on the Early Show in Summer 2005, and on the CBS EveningNews that autumn, on October 26.

Most recently, Dr. House was clearly seen working on a Sudoku puzzle on his office computer in one scene of the December 13, 2005 episode of House, M. D..

Sudoku’s rules

Rows

There are 9 rows in a traditional Sudoku puzzle. Every row must contain the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,and 9. There may not be any duplicate numbers in any row. In other words, there can not be any rows that

are identical.

In the illustration at the left the numbers 5, 3, 1, and 2 are the "givens". They can not be changed. The remaining numbers in black arethe numbers that you fill in to complete the row.

Columns

There are 9 columns in a traditional Sudoku puzzle. Like the Sudoku rule for rows, every column must also contain the numbers1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Again, there may not be any duplicate numbers in any column. Each column will be unique as a result.

In the illustration at the left the numbers 7, 2, and 6 are the "givens". They can not be changed. You fill in the remaining numbersas shown in black to complete the column.

Regions 

A region is a 3x3 box like the one shown to the left. There are 9 regions in a traditional Sudoku puzzle.

Like the Sudoku requirements for rows and columns, every region must also contain the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Duplicatenumbers are not permitted in any region. Each region will differ from the other regions.

In the illustration to the left the numbers 1, 2, and 8 are the "givens". They

can not be changed. Fill in the remaining numbers as shown in black tocomplete the region.

SCIENCE

Ecosystems

An Ecological System

The word ecosystem is short for ecological systems. An ecosystem includes all of the living organisms in a specific area. These

systems are the plants and animals interacting with their non-living environments (weather, Earth, Sun, soil, atmosphere). An

ecosystem's development depends on the energy that moves in and out of that system. As far as the boundaries of an ecosystem, it

depends upon how you use the term. You could have an entire ecosystem underneath a big rock. On the other hand, you could be

talking about the overall ecosystem of the entire planet (biosphere).

An ecosystem can be as small as a puddle or as large as the Pacific Ocean. That ecosystem includes every living and non-living thing

in the area. It is several small communities interacting with each other.

Let's look at a puddle example. You might start by looking at the temperature, depth, turbulence, sunlight, atmospheric pressure,

weather patterns, wind, nutrients, etc. Those are just the non-living things in the ecosystem of a puddle. When you add on all the living

interactions, you have a good idea how complex an ecosystem can be. Even a puddle is an amazing place.

Biomes

Scientists discuss some general ecosystem types. They call them biomes. A biome is a large area on the Earth's surface that is

defined by the types of animals and plants living there. A biome can be partially defined by the local climate patterns. You may also

have more than one type of biome within a larger climate zone. Here is a short list of possible biomes.

- Tropical Rainforest (Think about Brazil)

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- Tropical Savanna (Think about Africa)

- Desert (Think about the middle east)

- Mediterranean Woodland (Think about coniferous forests)

- Mid-latitude Grassland (Think about Oklahoma)

- Mid-latitude Deciduous Forest (Think about the east coast of North America)

- Tundra (Think about frozen plains of Alaska)

- Ice Caps (Think about the poles)

Ecotones

Biomes don't just start and stop when they border each other. They all have transitionzones that have characteristics of both sides. That zone is like a blending of twobiomes. Scientists call it an ecotone. Ecotones can happen at the edges of forests,deserts, and mountain ranges. They are often easy to see because one type of world(many trees) changes quickly into another type (the cliffs of a mountain). While anecotone on the ground may not cover a large area of land, climate transition zonesbetween biomes are often very large.

Another Link in the Food Chain

Everyone plays a specific role in the food chain of 

life. You might be a human thinking they are king

of the hill or you might be a bacterium under the feet. You are very important to the survival of 

the system no matter what role you play.

As you study more about ecosystems and cyclesin life, you will see the terms food chains

and food webs. They describe the same series of events that happen when one organism

consumes another to survive. Food web is a more accurate term since every organism is

involved with several other organisms. Cows might be food for humans, bacteria, or flies. Each

of those flies might be connected to frogs, microbes, or spiders. There are dozens of 

connections for every organism. When you draw all of those connecting lines, you get a web-like

shape.

The Producers

Producers are the beginning of a simple food chain. Producers are plants and vegetables. Plants are at the beginning of every food

chain that involves the Sun. All energy comes from the Sun and plants are the ones who make food with that energy. They use theprocess of photosynthesis. Plants also make loads of other nutrients for other organisms to eat.

There are also photosynthetic protists that start food chains. You might find them floating on the surface of the ocean acting as food

for small unicellular animals.

The Consumers

Consumers are the next link in a food chain. There are three levels of consumers. The

levels start with the organisms that eat plants. Scientists named this first group of 

organisms the primary consumers. They are also called herbivores. They are the

plant eaters of the chain. It might be a squirrel or it might be an elk. It will be out there

eating plants and fruits. It will not eat animals.

Secondary consumers eat the primary consumers. A mouse might be a primary consumer and a cat might be the secondary.

Secondary consumers are also calledcarnivores. Carnivore means "meat eater."

In some ecosystems, there is a third level of consumer called the tertiary consumer (that means third level). These are consumers that

eat the secondary and primary consumers. A tertiary consumer could be a wolf that eats the cat and the mouse.

There are also consumers called omnivores. Omnivores can either be secondary or tertiary consumers. Humans and bears are

considered omnivores: we eat meat, plants, and just about anything.

The Decomposers

The last links in the chain are the decomposers. If you die, they eat you. If you poop, they eatthat. If you lose a leaf, they eat it. Whenever something that was alive dies, the decomposersget it. Decomposers break down nutrients in the dead "stuff" and return it to the soil. Theproducers can then use the nutrients and elements once it's in the soil. The decomposerscomplete the system, returning essential molecules to the producers.

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