SUMMARY ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Grammar Focus: Relative Clauses of Time

Halloween is a day when kids in the United States dress up in masks and costumes.

November 2 is the day when Mexicans observe the Day of the Dead.

Fall is the season when people in the United States and Canada celebrate Thanksgiving.

GRAMMAR FOCUSRelative clauses

Use who or that for people.

Use which or that for things.

It’s about a guy. He joins a corrupt law firm.

It’s a thriller. It stars Tom Cruise.

It’s about a guy who/that joins a corrupt law firm.

It’s a thriller which/that stars Tom Cruise.

GRAMMAR FOCUSPast modals

Use would have or should have + past participle to talk about imaginary or hypothetical actions in the past.

What would you have done?

I would have told her to leave.I wouldn’t have done anything.

What should I have done?

You should have spoken to her about it.You shouldn’t have lied about it.

GRAMMAR FOCUS Causative: have (have something done)

Subject + have + noun + past participle:

Computers companies have the scenes for their games drawn by artists.

I had my hair cut yesterday.

She has the homework done by her sister.

GRAMMAR FOCUSEvaluations and comparisons

Evaluations with adjectives Evaluations with nouns

The kitchen isn’t big enough There aren’t enough bedrooms.

The living room is too small. There isn’t enough closet space.

Comparisons with adjectives Comparisons with nouns

It’s not as cheap as the last apartment. It doesn’t have as many bedrooms as the last apartment.

It’s almost as cheap (as the last apartment)

It has just as many bedrooms (as the last apartment).

GRAMMAR FOCUSReported speech: requests

Notice how requests are reported with the verb ask, tell and say + the infinitive.

Original request Reported request

Can you bring some soda? She asked me to bring some soda.

She told me to bring some soda.

She said to bring some soda.

Don’t say anything to Albert. She asked me not to say anything to Albert.

She told me not to say anything to Albert.

She said not to say anything to Albert.

GRAMMAR FOCUS Future with going to

and will

Use be going to + verb to talk about plans you’ve decided on. Use will with maybe,

probably, I guess or I think to talk about possible plans

before you’ve made a decision

Where are you going to go?

I’m going to go to the beachI’m not going to take a vacation.

I’m not sure. Maybe I’ll catch up on my reading.I probably won’t take a vacation this year.

What are you going to do?

I’m going to do lots of swimming

I guess I’ll just stay home.I don’t know. I think I’ll go camping.