summary of elementsummary of element effects in ductile ironfoundrygate.com/upload/artigos/summary...
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Summary of ElementSummary of Element Effects in Ductile Iron
Rick GundlachElement Materials Technology Wixomgy
Insert Company Logo HereInsert Company Logo Here
DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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Types of Alloying Elements• Substitutional and Interstitial elements• Substitutional and Interstitial elements• Each has a distinct and unique effect on the
solidification structure and solid statesolidification structure and solid-state transformation products
– Eutectic carbon content– Stability of graphite (versus carbide)– Eutectoid carbon content– Stability of austenite and ferrite phases
Hardenability etc– Hardenability, etc.
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Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram
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Carbon Equivalent• Many elements raise the chemical activity ofMany elements raise the chemical activity of
carbon and, thus, they reduce the eutectic carbon content, such as Si, Al, Ni and Cu
• Some elements reduce the chemical activity of carbon and, thus, they raise the eutectic carbon content, such as Cr and Vcarbon content, such as Cr and V
• Another more comprehensive CE expression
CE = %C + %Si/3 + P/3 – Cr/6 + Ni/12
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Another Carbon Equivalent Formula
%C + %Si/7 = 3.9• The formation of graphite compensates for the Liquid-Solid g p p q
contraction that occurs during solidification
• Chemical composition determines the amount of graphite that forms during solidification.g
• Combinations of carbon and silicon influence the amount of graphite that forms and the type of solidification shrinkage
V l l th 3 9 ll hibit d i f• Values less than 3.9 generally exhibit draw-in or surface sinking
• Values above 3.9 are subject to mold-wall movement and internal shrinkage porosityinternal shrinkage porosity
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Fe-2%Si-C Phase Diagram
DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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Calculating Critical Temperaturesf C itifrom Composition
UCT = 1370oF +78(%Si) – 32(%Mn) – 20(%Ni) ( ) ( ) ( )– 53(%Cu) + 4.6(%Mo) – 160(%P)
LCT = 1324oF +38(%Si) 50(%Mn) 9 6(%Ni)38(%Si) – 50(%Mn) – 9.6(%Ni) – 16(%Cu) + 1.2(%Mo) – 127(%P)
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Interstitial Elements
• Oxygen, Sulfur & NitrogenOxygen, Sulfur & Nitrogen
These elements exhibit Surface Active• These elements exhibit Surface Active behavior and influence the nucleation and growth of graphiteand growth of graphite
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The Role of MagnesiumThe Role of Magnesium
• Reduce the concentrations of the surface active elements S and Osurface active elements S and O
• Promote high nodularity
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How Much Mg is Needed?How Much Mg is Needed?
Too little Mg produces low nodularity• Too little Mg produces low nodularity• Too much Mg leads to carbides• The Mg requirement increases with
decreasing freezing rate• Various methods used for determining an
adequate amount, including Mg:S ratioExcess Mgg
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My Favorite Mg CalculationMy Favorite Mg Calculation
Mgresidual = O.75*%S + 0.018%
This calculation presumes that:
1. The level of soluble sulfur (and oxygen) must1. The level of soluble sulfur (and oxygen) must be reduced below a critical level to achieve a fully nodular structure, and
2. The reaction, Mg + S → MgS does not go to completion – excess Mg is needed to drive the dissolved S down
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Solubility in Solutions
Mg + S → MgS
K = (%Mg) X (%S) / (%MgS)K (%Mg) X (%S) / (%MgS)
K = Equilibrium Constant It defines the limitK = Equilibrium Constant. It defines the limit of solubility of constituents in a solution
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Solubility of Mg and S (according to thermodynamic calculation)
∆Go = RT ln K∆Go = RT ln K
where K = (αMg * αS), andαMg = activity of Mg ≈ wt-% MgMg y g gαS = activity of S ≈ wt-% S
∆Go = RT ln [(%Mg x %S) x C]
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Gibb’s Free Energy for Sulfides
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Solubility of MgS in Melt0.05
0.04
%
0.02
0.03
agne
sium
,
0.01
Ma
00 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01
Sulfur, %Sulfur, %
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Solubility of MgS in Melt
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Rare Earth ElementsRare Earth Elements
• RE aid in achieving high nodularity
• RE are strong deoxidizersRE are strong deoxidizers
• RE are strong sulfide formers
• RE can increase nodule count
• RE react with tramp elements to form pintermetallic compounds, and neutralize the damaging influence of tramp elements
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DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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Relative Influence of Tramp pElements on Graphite NodularityOne formula for rating the damaging influence:
SG =SG = 4.4Ti + 2As + 2.3Sn + 5Sb + 290Pb + 370Bi +1.6Al
When SG <1.0, SG graphite is possible,When SG >1.0 degenerate graphite is likely
• Ce and other RE elements can neutralize these tramp elements• Amount needed to neutralize tramp elements not an exact science. • Unlike S and O reactions, the RE reactions are not well known.
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Tolerances for Tramp ElementsTolerances for Tramp Elements
• Lead – 0 002%Lead 0.002%• Antimony – 0.002%• Tin – 0.002%Tin 0.002%• Bismuth – 0.002%• Tellurium – 0.02%• Aluminum – 0.04%• Titanium – 0.05%• Zirconium – 0.01%• Selenium – 0.01%
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DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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Boron in Ductile Iron• Boron is noted for promoting ferrite and , when
present at elevated levels, more Cu is required to produce pearlitic gradesproduce pearlitic grades
• The boron effect essentially reduces the hardenability of ductile iron.
• Boron is insoluble in austenite and occupies the grain boundaries
• In steels, boron is used to enhance hardenability, as long as nitrogen is tied up by Ti or Zr additions to the melt
• Is it possible that boron nitride nucleates ferrite?
• Could the boron effect be neutralized by reducing the level of dissolved nitrogen?level of dissolved nitrogen?
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Solubility of Boron Nitride0.01
0.008
0.004
0.006
Nitr
ogen
, %
0.002
00 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
Boron %Boron, %
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DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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El t P t P litElements Promote Pearlite
• Copper• ManganeseManganese• Chromium
Ti• Tin• Antimony• Arsenic
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Relative Influence of AlloyingRelative Influence of Alloying on Promoting Pearlite
• Manganese – strong• Chromium – strong• Copper – strongerCopper stronger• Tin – 10 times stronger than Cu
Sb & A t th S• Sb & As – stronger than Sn
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Relative Influence of AlloyingRelative Influence of Alloying on Promoting Pearlite
One formula for rating pearlitizing power:
Alloy Factor = %Cu + %Mn + %Cr + %Mo + %V + 10x%Sn
For 80-55-06: AF must be 110 - 130For 100-70-03: AF must be 140 - 160
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TRANSFORMATION ON CONTINUOUS COOLING
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INCREASED HARDENABILITY WITH ALLOYING
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DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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Elements Influence Transformation to Martensite
Martensite Transformation occurs over a temperature range of 150oCtemperature range of 150oC
Martensite Transformation Start temperature isMartensite Transformation Start temperature is influenced by carbon and the alloying elements
Ms(oF) = 930 – 570C – 60Mn - 50Cr - 30Ni -20 Si – 20Mo – 20W
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Interrupted QuenchInterrupted Quench
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DUCTILE IRON GROWS DENDRITICALLYDENDRITICALLY
DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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Segregation of Solute Elements S fDuring Solidification
• Alloying elements partition between the• Alloying elements partition between the liquid and solid phases according to their effect on melting point temperatureg p p
• Some elements concentrate in the growing solid phase, others concentrate g o g so d p ase, ot e s co ce t atein the remaining liquid
• Ductile iron grows dendritically and alloysDuctile iron grows dendritically, and alloys that segregate to the liquid will concentrate in the interdendritic regions
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Partitioning of Solute Element at Freezing Frontat Freezing Front
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Segregation of Solute Elements S fDuring Solidification
• Ductile iron grows dendritically, and alloys that segregate to the liquid will g g qconcentrate in the interdendritic regions
• The degree of segregation is dependent• The degree of segregation is dependent on freezing distance – the distance between neighboring dendrites (and often g g (neighboring nodules)
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Alloying and Ductile‐to‐Brittle Transition
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QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
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For additional information, l t tplease contact:
• Rick Gundlach• Element Wixom• 51229 Century Court
Ph 248 560 4005• Phone: 248-560-4005• Email: [email protected]• Web Site Address: [email protected]
DIS Annual Meeting, June DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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For additional information, l t tplease contact:
• Rick Gundlach• Element Wixom• 51229 Century Court
Ph 248 560 4005• Phone: 248-560-4005• Email: [email protected]• Web Site Address: [email protected]
DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 DIS Annual Meeting, June 7, 2012 Muskegon, MichiganMuskegon, Michigan
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ALLOY FACTORS FOR HARDENABILITY